Laird jessica presentation
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This document compares parental leave policies between Sweden and the United States. Sweden implemented paid parental leave in the 1970s that could be taken by both parents, and in 1995 introduced a month of dedicated paternity leave. In contrast, the United States only guarantees unpaid leave through the FMLA, and historically women have taken on most childcare responsibilities due to social and policy factors. These differences in parental leave legislation and norms have led to diverging views of gender roles between the two countries over time.
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This document summarizes key concepts from a chapter about families from the textbook "You May Ask Yourself" by Dalton Conley. It discusses several topics:
1) It describes different family structures like nuclear families, extended families, and how the traditional nuclear family model is not universal.
2) It discusses factors that influence mate selection like legal and cultural factors beyond individual attraction.
3) It outlines changes in families over time, like the shift to more public work during the Industrial Revolution that devalued domestic work traditionally done by women.
4) It also examines diversity in families including trends in marriage, divorce, and non-traditional family structures in modern Western societies.
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VO L . 2 1 / N O. 2 / FA L L 2 0 1 1 3 7
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Young Children
Christopher J. Ruhm
Summary
The struggle to balance work responsibilities with family obligations may be most difficult for
working parents of the youngest children, those five and under. Any policy changes designed to
ease the difficulties for these families are likely to be controversial, requiring a careful effort to
weigh both the costs and benefits of possible interventions while respecting diverse and at times
conflicting American values. In this article, Christopher Ruhm looks at two potential interven-
tions—parental leave and early childhood education and care (ECEC)—comparing differences
in policies in the United States, Canada, and several European nations and assessing their
consequences for important parent and child outcomes.
By and large, Canadian and European policies are more generous than those in the United
States, with most women eligible for paid maternity leave, which in a few countries can last for
three years or more. Many of these countries also provide for paid leave that can be used by
either the mother or the father. And in many European countries ECEC programs are nearly
universal after the child reaches a certain age. In the United States, parental leave, if it is avail-
able, is usually short and unpaid, and ECEC is generally regarded as a private responsibility of
parents, although some federal programs help defray costs of care and preschool education.
Ruhm notes that research on the effects of differences in policies is not completely conclusive,
in part because of the difficulty of isolating consequences of leave and ECEC policies from
other influences on employment and children’s outcomes. But, he says, the comparative evi-
dence does suggest desirable directions for future policy in the United States. Policies establish-
ing rights to short parental leaves increase time at home with infants and slightly improve the
job continuity of mothers, with small, but positive, long-run consequences for mothers and
children. Therefore, Ruhm indicates that moderate extensions of existing U.S. leave entitle-
ments (up to several months in duration) make sense. He also suggests that some form of paid
leave would facilitate its use, particularly among less advantaged parents, and that efforts to
improve the quality of ECEC, while maintaining or enhancing affordability, are desirable.
www.futureofchildren.org
Christopher J. Ruhm is a professor of public policy and economics at the University of Virginia and a research associate at the National
Bureau of Economic Research.
3 8 T H E F U T U R E O F C H I L D R E N
Christopher J. Ruhm
B
alancing the competing needs
of work and family life is a
challenge for most households,
but the difficulties may be
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This document summarizes a study on leave policy preferences in four countries - Sweden, Austria, the United States, and Switzerland. The study uses survey data to analyze individual preferences regarding leave length, how leave time should be divided between parents, and who should pay for leave. The study draws on theories of welfare attitudes and incorporates a gender perspective. Results show leave preferences are influenced by the institutional context of each country's leave policies and welfare regime. Preferences also vary based on individual characteristics like gender, parenthood status, and attitudes toward gender roles and the welfare state. Preferences generally reflect existing leave policies, with Swedish respondents preferring long, state-funded leaves shared equally between parents and Austrian respondents preferring long leaves primarily for mothers.
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1) Sweden has developed an "earner-carer" model of family policy since the 1970s with major reforms to parental leave, public daycare, taxation, and family law.
2) Key Swedish reforms include expanding paid parental leave to one year and allocating some of it specifically for fathers, expanding public daycare coverage, and individualizing the income tax system.
3) Family policies have emerged gradually in different directions in countries, influenced by economic pressures, politics, and views of gender roles. Long-term changes can be seen in the generosity of family policy benefits oriented towards dual-earners and carers.Parents employment and children welbeing
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Stanford8
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Chapter12and10 4thed3 141203112934-conversion-gate01
1) The passage discusses definitions of family from the US Census Bureau and sociologists, noting that sociologists define family more broadly to include non-nuclear families.
2) It describes how the traditional family structure in America has changed from extended families before the Industrial Revolution to nuclear families after, and now to more diverse structures.
3) Functionalists view the family as an institution that fulfills important functions for society like childrearing while conflict theorists see the family as a site of gender inequality and competition over resources.
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3) It outlines changes in families over time, like the shift to more public work during the Industrial Revolution that devalued domestic work traditionally done by women.
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Christopher J. Ruhm
Summary
The struggle to balance work responsibilities with family obligations may be most difficult for
working parents of the youngest children, those five and under. Any policy changes designed to
ease the difficulties for these families are likely to be controversial, requiring a careful effort to
weigh both the costs and benefits of possible interventions while respecting diverse and at times
conflicting American values. In this article, Christopher Ruhm looks at two potential interven-
tions—parental leave and early childhood education and care (ECEC)—comparing differences
in policies in the United States, Canada, and several European nations and assessing their
consequences for important parent and child outcomes.
By and large, Canadian and European policies are more generous than those in the United
States, with most women eligible for paid maternity leave, which in a few countries can last for
three years or more. Many of these countries also provide for paid leave that can be used by
either the mother or the father. And in many European countries ECEC programs are nearly
universal after the child reaches a certain age. In the United States, parental leave, if it is avail-
able, is usually short and unpaid, and ECEC is generally regarded as a private responsibility of
parents, although some federal programs help defray costs of care and preschool education.
Ruhm notes that research on the effects of differences in policies is not completely conclusive,
in part because of the difficulty of isolating consequences of leave and ECEC policies from
other influences on employment and children’s outcomes. But, he says, the comparative evi-
dence does suggest desirable directions for future policy in the United States. Policies establish-
ing rights to short parental leaves increase time at home with infants and slightly improve the
job continuity of mothers, with small, but positive, long-run consequences for mothers and
children. Therefore, Ruhm indicates that moderate extensions of existing U.S. leave entitle-
ments (up to several months in duration) make sense. He also suggests that some form of paid
leave would facilitate its use, particularly among less advantaged parents, and that efforts to
improve the quality of ECEC, while maintaining or enhancing affordability, are desirable.
www.futureofchildren.org
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Bureau of Economic Research.
3 8 T H E F U T U R E O F C H I L D R E N
Christopher J. Ruhm
B
alancing the competing needs
of work and family life is a
challenge for most households,
but the difficulties may be
greatest for households with
young children, defined here as newborns
through a.
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This document summarizes a study on leave policy preferences in four countries - Sweden, Austria, the United States, and Switzerland. The study uses survey data to analyze individual preferences regarding leave length, how leave time should be divided between parents, and who should pay for leave. The study draws on theories of welfare attitudes and incorporates a gender perspective. Results show leave preferences are influenced by the institutional context of each country's leave policies and welfare regime. Preferences also vary based on individual characteristics like gender, parenthood status, and attitudes toward gender roles and the welfare state. Preferences generally reflect existing leave policies, with Swedish respondents preferring long, state-funded leaves shared equally between parents and Austrian respondents preferring long leaves primarily for mothers.
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The document discusses how parents' employment can affect children's wellbeing, both positively and negatively. It may negatively impact wellbeing by reducing bonding time between parents and young children, and decreasing the likelihood of breastfeeding. Low-quality jobs are also linked to higher parental stress, which can negatively impact children, especially for single parents. However, parental employment provides income that can boost child wellbeing through investments in nutrition, childcare, healthcare and education. The impacts likely depend on factors such as job quality, availability of family-friendly policies, and childcare arrangements. Overall, the effects of parental employment are complex and depend on children's developmental needs and family circumstances.
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GCE Sociology Revision (AQA)- Unit 1 Social Policy and the Family (6)
For AQA GCE Sociology Unit 1 Chapter 1 Revision. Print out as a handout, it is a good way to revise. Application, Interpretation and Analysis tips are also included. All derived from the AS Sociology Revision Guide. Good luck!!!
Maternity Leave
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Chapter12and10 4thed3 141203112934-conversion-gate01
1) The passage discusses definitions of family from the US Census Bureau and sociologists, noting that sociologists define family more broadly to include non-nuclear families.
2) It describes how the traditional family structure in America has changed from extended families before the Industrial Revolution to nuclear families after, and now to more diverse structures.
3) Functionalists view the family as an institution that fulfills important functions for society like childrearing while conflict theorists see the family as a site of gender inequality and competition over resources.
Chapter 12
This document discusses family forms and changes. It begins by defining a nuclear family and extended family. It notes there is no typical family today and families can consist of stepsiblings, half-siblings, and single parents. The document also discusses changing attitudes toward marriage and the concept of the "marriage-go-round." It examines diversity in families including exogamy, endogamy, and the legalization of interracial marriage. The roles of families have changed over time and women now participate more in the workforce.
what is family
family commitments : making choices in changing society
Family and Kinship
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Child Maintenance in the USA
Professor Dan Meyer, University of Wisconsin-Madison. Child Maintenance - International Perspectives and Policy Challenges. An ESRC International Research Seminar Series. First principles: comparative legal frameworks and public attitudes. Seminar 1. Comparative legal frameworks and child maintenance schemes. 27 March 2014. Nuffield Foundation, London.
Paper Revised for Final
This document compares maternity leave policies and benefits in the United States, England, Canada, and Norway. It finds that the US offers the least generous benefits, with no national paid leave program and a maximum of 12 weeks of unpaid and job-protected leave. In contrast, the other countries studied mandate longer paid leaves, provide a higher percentage of wages replacement during leave, and guarantee job security upon returning to work. The document concludes that reforming US policies to mirror these more generous benefits could significantly increase women's workforce participation rates.
Reasons for divorce information sheet
Changes in divorce law since 1949 have made divorce easier, quicker, and cheaper to obtain. The declining stigma around divorce and changing social attitudes toward marriage have contributed to rising divorce rates. Secularization and declining religious influence in society have reduced the view of marriage as a sacred, lifelong commitment. Rising expectations of marriage and unrealistic ideals promoted in media have led to more divorces when marriages do not meet high expectations. Greater independence and empowerment of women through paid work and women's rights movements have enabled more women to initiate divorces from unsatisfying marriages.
Gender pay gap pp
This document discusses the gender pay gap in the United States, where women on average make only 77% of what men make. Various factors are blamed for the gap, including differences in occupation and family obligations, though discrimination is the most debated. While laws like the Equal Pay Act of 1963 have helped close the gap, government action alone has proven insufficient. The document recommends better enforcement of legislation, more education for citizens, and improving family leave policies through collaborative efforts between government, businesses, and individuals.
Family Values
This document discusses family values and structures in different cultures and political contexts. It begins by defining family values as the concept that nuclear families are the basic cultural units. It then examines the concept of family values in Australian politics, British politics, Chinese Confucianism, and U.S. politics. Republican and Democratic party stances on family-related issues in the U.S. are also contrasted. The document goes on to discuss child raising, the roles and independence of young adults and the elderly, as well as nuclear and extended family structures. It concludes by noting both stability and changes in family roles and structures over time.
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Laird jessica presentation
- 2. THESIS • I will be comparing the legislation laws and community norms on parental leave for newborns between Sweden and the United States. • I will be focusing on how parental leave is distributed to the parents, specifically heterosexual couples, and what these differences say about the country’s views on gender roles.
- 3. HISTORY AND POLICIES Sweden • After World War II the nation started to encourage women to stay in the work force to fill the labor force gap. • In the 1970s, paid parental leave replaced paid maternity leave so both parents could take time off for work. • In 1995, “daddy leave” was issued which designated a month of leave only to fathers. United States • After World War II many white, European immigrants came and filled the gap in the work force, and women went back to their households. • In 1978, women finally had ability to have leave with job security after the Pregnancy Discrimination Act stated pregnancy should be treated as a temporary disability. • In 1993, the Family and Medical Leave Act was placed and was the first parental leave policy that protects either parent’s job if they decide to take leave. • Though the FMLA promises job protection, it is unpaid leave.
- 4. FMLA REQUIREMENTS Not every family is covered by the FMLA. 1) Workers must be with the company for at least twelve months and have worked over 1250 hours within that year. 2) Any businesses employing under fifty workers are not affected by the FMLA. 3) The highest paid 10% of salaried employees may be excluded from coverage at the employer’s discretion. (Parry 2001, 75-76).
- 5. WHAT CAUSES THESE DIFFERENCES? • Since women were introduced into the work force (with jobs that were not temporary) in Sweden much sooner than the United States, this gave Sweden a time advantage in gaining equality between the genders. • Example: Before “daddy leave” was in place, both parents had access to parental leave, but traditional roles still played a strong part in deciding which parent took leave. Sweden wanted more gender neutrality so one month of leave was only accessible to the fathers, and this increased the amount of fathers taking leave by 80% (Bennhold, 2017). • The United State’s government is not as involved as Sweden’s government. Swedes historically have been optimistic with government forces involvement with welfare (Parry, 82). Alternatively, Americans have historically wanted the federal government to have a small amount of control over the nation. If the amount of state intervention affects the quality of leave policies, then state intervention is also plays a part in the social construction of gender roles. • Since the US government is more removed from parental leave policies, and do not require paid leave, when parents need to take time off for the children who ever is payed less stays home. In the United States a woman’s salary is typically lower, and therefore, makes more sense for her to stay home while the father works.
- 6. IN CONCLUSION, • In conclusion, it is clear that gender roles are seen differently between the United States and Sweden, when looking at which partner takes time off of work to care for a newborn child. • The difference in perception of gender roles could be due to how a nation was policed through legislative laws. Sweden’s hands on approach to dividing the parental leave regulated the community’s view on who is responsible for newborn care responsibilities, and in result created a more equality in the gender roles. • The United States approach is more removed, and in result their policies do little to change the traditional views of gender roles, in caring for a newborn. • The nation’s view points on gender roles were socially constructed not only by the history that the nation experienced, but also the regulations and policies that were placed in that specific nation that later policed how the community saw gender roles after childbirth.
- 7. REFERENCES Bennhold, K. (2017). In Sweden, Men Can Have It All. [online] Nytimes.com Available at : http://www.nytimes.com/2010/06/10/world/europe/10iht- sweden.html?pagewanted=1&_r=1&ref=homepage&src=me [Accessed 31 Jul. 2017]. • Parry, Janine A. 2001. "Family Leave Policies: Examining Choice and Contingency In Industrialized Nations." NWSA Journal 13 (3): 70-94. https://search.proquest.com/docview/233238057?accountid=14522. • Spakes, Patricia. 1992. "National Family Policy: Sweden Versus the United States." Affilia 7 (2):44. https://search.proquest.com/docview/13025282 26?accountid=14522. • Zagorsky, Jay L. "Divergent Trends in US Maternity and Paternity Leave, 1994- 2015." American Journal of Public Health 107, no. 3 (03, 2017): 460-465. https://search.proquest.com/docview/1861583568?accountid=14522
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