The document discusses differences in family structures across cultures, comparing families in Britain and Pakistan. In Britain, the typical family is nuclear, with married couples and their biological children, though divorce has become more common resulting in more single-parent households. Gender roles remain somewhat traditional. In Pakistan, the most common family structure is an extended one of multiple generations living together, with women joining the male's household and divorce being stigmatized. Obedience to elders and family duties are emphasized over individualism. Businesses must understand these cultural differences to market effectively in different countries.
International Journal of Humanities and Social Science Invention (IJHSSI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of Humanities and Social Science. IJHSSI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Humanities and Social Science, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
Nikah marriage (marriage n economic well being)MyWritings
Information shared by M.Ali Lahore for the benefits of society. Get positive feedback after reading and serve the human being just through knowledge/money.You will get reward here and hereafter.Its depends upon you how you will use information for sake of ALLAH.You will be responsible for doing wrongs otherwise ALLAH have created human being for NAIKEE(Good Works).
Contact for More Information : MERITEHREER786@gmail.com
International Journal of Humanities and Social Science Invention (IJHSSI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of Humanities and Social Science. IJHSSI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Humanities and Social Science, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
Nikah marriage (marriage n economic well being)MyWritings
Information shared by M.Ali Lahore for the benefits of society. Get positive feedback after reading and serve the human being just through knowledge/money.You will get reward here and hereafter.Its depends upon you how you will use information for sake of ALLAH.You will be responsible for doing wrongs otherwise ALLAH have created human being for NAIKEE(Good Works).
Contact for More Information : MERITEHREER786@gmail.com
Chapter 11 - The Joy and Responsibility of Parenting v2Mercedes Gonzalez
This lesson will:
• Show the value of living in 3-generational families.
• Use published, peer-reviewed, sociological studies to demonstrate some of the significant and positive results of the intact married family structure.
• Point out that the primary responsibilities of the leaders of government, religion and culture are to prepare young people for family-building, i.e. for marriage and parenting.
New threats to an age-old problem: How poverty varies across our generations ...ResolutionFoundation
Wednesday 22 May, 9.30-10.45am, Resolution Foundation offices, Westminster
Poverty is an age-old problem, and one that we often assume is concentrated amongst the young and old. But the nature and timing of poverty varies much more than we think between generations and over the lifecycle. Understanding these shifts is crucial if we are to make the right interventions to reduce poverty throughout society.
At what stage of one’s life is the risk of poverty greatest, and has this changed for different generations? Are specific groups particularly susceptible to certain drivers of poverty? And what are the most effective interventions to reduce poverty among children, pensioners and all other groups?
In the run-up to the launch of the Intergenerational Centre in mid-June, which is housed within the Resolution Foundation and supported by the Nuffield Foundation, our analysts presented research on poverty rates across different generations, and explored how this has evolved over time. A panel of experts then discussed how we should understand – and reduce – poverty through an intergenerational lens, before taking part in an audience Q&A.
Speakers
John Hills, Professor of Social Policy, LSE
Polly Toynbee, Columnist at The Guardian
Fahmida Rahman, Researcher at the Resolution Foundation
Torsten Bell, Director of the Resolution Foundation
Chapter 11 - The Joy and Responsibility of Parenting v2Mercedes Gonzalez
This lesson will:
• Show the value of living in 3-generational families.
• Use published, peer-reviewed, sociological studies to demonstrate some of the significant and positive results of the intact married family structure.
• Point out that the primary responsibilities of the leaders of government, religion and culture are to prepare young people for family-building, i.e. for marriage and parenting.
New threats to an age-old problem: How poverty varies across our generations ...ResolutionFoundation
Wednesday 22 May, 9.30-10.45am, Resolution Foundation offices, Westminster
Poverty is an age-old problem, and one that we often assume is concentrated amongst the young and old. But the nature and timing of poverty varies much more than we think between generations and over the lifecycle. Understanding these shifts is crucial if we are to make the right interventions to reduce poverty throughout society.
At what stage of one’s life is the risk of poverty greatest, and has this changed for different generations? Are specific groups particularly susceptible to certain drivers of poverty? And what are the most effective interventions to reduce poverty among children, pensioners and all other groups?
In the run-up to the launch of the Intergenerational Centre in mid-June, which is housed within the Resolution Foundation and supported by the Nuffield Foundation, our analysts presented research on poverty rates across different generations, and explored how this has evolved over time. A panel of experts then discussed how we should understand – and reduce – poverty through an intergenerational lens, before taking part in an audience Q&A.
Speakers
John Hills, Professor of Social Policy, LSE
Polly Toynbee, Columnist at The Guardian
Fahmida Rahman, Researcher at the Resolution Foundation
Torsten Bell, Director of the Resolution Foundation
Laat uw toiletruimte uw visitekaartje zijn!Lavans B.V.
Vorige week gingen onze accountmanagers bij bedrijven langs voor een sanitaircheck en soms schrokken ze van de slechte sanitair hygiëne (zie video). Herken je dit?
6 Family, Culture, and Self-Concept DevelopmentA common characte.docxalinainglis
6 Family, Culture, and Self-Concept Development
A common characteristic among different societies and cultural groups is that children are born into families. Barring tragic circumstances, a newborn’s family usually consists of at least a birth mother. Often, families include other relatives such as fathers, possibly siblings, grandparents, aunts, uncles, and others. Cultural variation influences family structure across the globe, but a child’s entry into this world assuredly includes membership and involvement with some identified group. As Baldwin (1993) noted, “Even the most incorrigible maverick has to be born somewhere. He may leave the group that produced him—he may be forced to—but nothing will efface his origins, the marks of which he carries with him everywhere” (p. 10).
Each society and culture places particular importance and significance on unique family beliefs and traditions. Variation in family structure and traditional roles of mothers and fathers, as well as roles of extended family members, are as numerous as world cultures themselves. For example, the United States prides itself on “family values.” Yet, when compared with global cultures these values are often juxtaposed to other commonly held worldviews. As one example, Walsh (2003) explained, “In many cultures, it is still expected that a brother will marry the widow of a deceased husband” to carry on the family name and heritage (p. 11). Differences in aspects of childrearing also exist. Helms and Cook (1999) observed that psychodynamic theories of development used by professional counselors and other therapists rely on mostly individualistic views and “an invariant age-appropriate sequence of development” (p. 142). Furthermore, they noted that research across global cultures indicates many cultures “do not traverse the lifespan in the same manner” suggested by psychodynamic views and stage theories (p. 142). Two examples cited by Helms and Cook (1999) are reports from Chinese and West Indian graduate students that toilet training of children is not a major developmental issue as it sometimes appears in American culture, as well as information that some African newborns are weaned from breast feeding three months earlier than observed in typical Anglo-American families (Triandis, 1994). Consequently, what many Americans often perceive as “normal” in their view of family structure and function is different from what other cultures and societies might accept. Likewise, what other cultures accept as normal in family descriptions and processes vary as much as the number of cultures observed across the globe.
Exercise 6.1
Searching for Families
Instructions: Review the list of group structures and mark those you believe constitute a family. Be prepared to give your rationale for including or excluding particular structures.
Group
Family (Yes or No)
Unrelated teenage boys living in a group home with a house parent
_______________
A gay couple and the son of one partner
____.
Introduction
Adulthood - Adult and Family Development
Finding a Mate: Courtship Patterns
Parent-Arranged Marriages
The American Dating System
Marriage
Types of Marital Relationships
The Family Life Cycle
Leaving Home and Becoming a Single Adult
Developmental Tasks of The Family Establishment Phase
Establishing a Home Base to Call Their Own
JENNIFER GLASS University of IowaLEDA E. NATH University o.docxpriestmanmable
JENNIFER GLASS University of Iowa
LEDA E. NATH University of Wisconsin—Whitewater*
Religious Conservatism and Women’s Market
Behavior Following Marriage and Childbirth
This study explores the effect of religious con-
servatism on the labor force behavior of women
who marry or add a new child to their house-
hold, using the 1988 – 1993 National Survey of
Families and Households (N ¼ 3,494). We
model changes in labor supply, occupation, and
wages as a function of either conservative
denominational membership or conservative
religious belief, holding other economic and
demographic characteristics constant. Among
Whites, conservative denomination did decrease
labor supply following marriage or a marital
birth, whereas conservative religious beliefs
had larger influences on occupation choice and
wages. Among Blacks, conservative denomina-
tion increased labor supply following marital
births, but neither denomination nor belief
affected occupation or wage growth. Results
show the significance of religious ideology for
understanding continuing gender inequality.
Because the obligations of mothers to support
their children financially have been increasing
over time, women’s decisions to limit their
market involvement after forming families carry
significant financial penalties for their families
and for themselves later in life, and are an impor-
tant source of continuing gender inequality in
earnings and workplace authority (Folbre,
2001; U.S. General Accounting Office, 2003;
Williams, 2000). Yet, many women continue to
do so, some because of structural barriers to
employment (lack of education, access to quality
child care, transportation, etc.) but others for
ideological reasons whose persistence across co-
horts is not yet clearly understood (Hays, 1996).
Abundant research has established that women’s
ideological beliefs about the effects of mother’s
employment and nonmaternal child care on chil-
dren and families are important determinants of
labor force withdrawals following childbirth
and planned domesticity in adulthood (Desai &
Waite, 1991; Glass & Riley, 1997; Hakim,
2002; Rosenfeld & Trappe, 1996), even after
controlling for partner’s income and class.
Although social influences on individuals’
gender ideology may come from a variety of
sources, religious institutions serve as impor-
tant transmitters of information about how to
organize and conduct family life and child-
rearing. Conservative religious groups, in par-
ticular, promote a traditional family structure
in which married women concentrate on home-
making rather than career attainment, especially
when their children are young (Bartkowski,
1999; Sherkat, 2000; Smith, 2000). These
groups have been growing in size and influence
(see Brooks, 2002; Hout, Greeley, & Wilde,
2001) despite or perhaps because of the concom-
itant growth in mothers’ obligations to support
their children financially. Woodberry and Smith
(1998) estimate that conservative Protestants
Department of Soc ...
Copyright Information (bibliographic)
Document Type: Book Chapter
Title of book: Stepping In, Stepping Out: Creating Stepfamily Rhythm
Author of book: Joshua M. Gold
Chapter Title: Chapter 1 Introduction: What We Know About Stepfamilies
Author of Chapter: Joshua M. Gold
Year: 2016
Publisher: American Counseling Association
Place of Publishing: United States of America
The copyright law of the United States (Title 17, United States Code) governs the
making of photocopies or other reproductions of copyrighted materials. Under
certain conditions specified in the law, libraries and archives are authorized to
furnish a photocopy or other reproduction. One of these specified conditions is
that the photocopy or reproduction is not to be used for any purpose other than
private study, scholarship, or research. If a user makes a request for, or later
uses, a photocopy or reproduction for purposes in excess of fair use that user
may be liable for copyright infringement.
Introduction:
What We Know About Stepfamilies
Stepfamily constellations represent a growing societal trend (Lewis & Kre
ider, 2015; McGoldrick & Carter, 2011), and clinicians are almost guaranteed
to work with stepfamily dynamics during the course of their careers. This
book will draw on what is known about African American, Latino, gay,
and lesbian stepfamilies in order to explore issues of cultural diversity
within this specific context.
Two terms are used to describe the family constellation and its attendant
dynamics that are the focus of this book. To my mind, stepfamily refers to
a family system in which one of the spouses has previous children, and
blended family denotes families in which both spouses have children from
prior unions. In both instance, the number of external prior and evolving
relationships remain the same. Within the family unit, the term stepchild
is used to distinguish the child to whom one spouse is not the biological
parent, while the generic term child refers to a spouse's biological offspring.
This chapter will provide demographic data on stepfamilies in the
United States, followed by a description of common social myths about
stepfamilies and comments from stepfamily members about their lives.
Each dominant social myth is deconstructed to illustrate that applica
tion of narrative therapy to these popular notions regarding stepfamily
life. Subsequent chapters explore myths about specific roles within the
stepfamily system.
Stepfamily Demographic Data
A stepfamily is defined as a household in which two adults are in a commit
ted couple relationship and where at least one of the adults has a child or
l
Stepping In, Stepping Out: Creating Stepfamily Rhythm
children from a previous relationship. Those children may be in residence,
be jointly parented, or have reached an age of majority and left the family
home. An estimated 9,100 new American stepfamilies are created each week.
Fifty percen ...
1. FAMILIES ACROSS
CULTURES
MK383: Assignment 2
ABSTRACT
There is huge variety in size and composition of families
across the world due to numerous factors such as:
economic well-being, education, political systems,
religion, societal attitudes and so forth… The need for
businesses to identify and understand these differences
is becoming more and more prevalent due to the
globalised world they operate in.
Tom Harris
MK383: Marketing Across Cultures
2. There is huge variety in size and composition of families across the world due to numerous factors
such as: economic well-being, education, political systems, religion, societal attitudes and so forth.
The need for businesses to identify and understand these differences is becoming more and more
imperative due to the globalised world they operate in. Even though organisations operate in many
different countries they cannot sell their one product under a ‘one-size fits-all’ mantra – the product
must be designed and marketed accordingly. For example, IKEA had 62 different versions of their
catalogue in 2012 to market themselves according to cultural standards. One of these versions
received widespread criticism when women were ‘photoshopped’ out of ads in the Saudi Arabian
version and this negatively impacted their share price (Clark, 2012) and highlights perfectly why a
business must be fully understanding of different cultures and the roles of people within them i.e.
the role of family.
Some say the role of family is in crisis, some have predicted the death of ‘the family’ (Cooper, 1971)
others believe its undergoing transformation due to economic and social changes but will remain an
‘important social institution’). It’s predicted that there will be an inevitable convergence, the non-
Western extended family types will shift towards Western nuclear family types (Georgas, et al. 2006).
This paper will aim to explore differences between ‘the family’ in Britain and Pakistan.
Families in each particular country differ greatly too, none more so than in Britain where a large
influx of migrants throughout history has led to a multicultural and diverse society. However, for the
purpose of this paper I will focus mainly upon a Christian/Atheist family as this accounts for 84.4% of
the population (ONS, 2012) with some reference to sub-communities such as the Bangladeshi
community.
The typical British family is nuclear in structure (Goode, 1963; Millar & Warman, 1996). This is
defined as a married couple at its core, with the addition of biological children only (Farrell, 1999;
Farrell, et al. 2012). According to (Lewis, 2000) 70% of families consist of children living with both of
their parents, however this is a declining trend - from 1961 until 1999 there was a 15% drop in
households of this type. Whilst the number of unmarried or divorced one-parent family households
more than trebled (Goodwin, et al., 2006) this is likely to be as a result of social attitudes – the UK
has moved away from traditional beliefs regarding divorce and it’s now far more accepted:
“My parents are divorced, mum and dad, no siblings, three step siblings (two from dads new partner,
one from mums) and a step parent on each side.” (Appendix B)
“I think it’s [divorce] really common these days. It’s bad but sometimes can’t be helped. It’s becoming
more of a norm nowadays.” (Appendix B)
3. The Divorce Reform Act (Act of Parliament, 1969) allowed the ‘irretrievable breakdown of marriage’
to be the sole reason for divorce and subsequently the number of divorces dramatically increased.
As the years have passed and divorce has become more frequent, the social stigma has diminished
(Goodwin, et al. 2006). The rate in the UK is now the highest within the EU at 2.8 divorces per 1000
(Daily Mail, 2014). The same cannot be said for the UK’s sub-communities, for example, in the
Pakistani and Bangladeshi communities divorce is met with severe hostility (Beishon, et al., 1998).
Marriage among the white community is generally left to the individuals and there is therefore less
social pressure from the family. However in British-Asian’s, marriages are frequently arranged by
parents based on religious and social-class lines (Ghuman, 1994; Beishon et al. 1998) and although
there is some degree of choice this may contribute to the lower rates of divorce within these
communities (Goodwin, et al. 1997).
Following marriage, the couple usually find their own, separate place of residence apart from
relatives – neolocal residence (Fox, 1967; Goodwin, et al. 2006). However it’s different in minority
groups (Owen, 1996).
Although a belief in conventional marriage is strong (Dench, 1996; Lewis, 2000) it’s generally
declining and happening later on in life (Goodwin, et al. 2006; ONS, 2013). Furthermore the average
family size in decreasing (Goodwin, et al. 2006), the average number of children per family in the UK
has dropped - from 2.0 in 1971 to 1.8. (ONS, 2013; BBC, 2007)
In the UK the majority of people don’t live in three-generational households. The bond between
parent and child remains strong even when the child leaves home with continual support
throughout their life (Goodwin, et al., 2006) however the extent of this support is affected by
economic and geographical factors (Allan, 1985). McGlone, et al. (1998) claim that contact with the
extended family is on the decline due to increasing geographical distance but is likely to depend on
the presence of children - those with children are more likely to see their relatives.
Millar & Warman (1996) argue that the UK possesses a “gender fault” where an “egalitarian surface
masks gender division”. The majority of Britons express support for labour to be divided in a
“traditional” way (Dench, 1996) and women still do 75% of housework (Goodwin, et al. 2006),
although this is an attitude less popular with people under 30 (Dench, 1996). Ferri & Smith (1996)
found that the number of mothers involved in work outside of the home is increasing - currently
14million (Dugan, 2014; ONS, 2014) but they were still responsible for domestic life – only in 1% of
cases did the Father take the prime role in a dual-earning family (Goodwin, et al. 2006). The work of
(Lewis, 2000) and (Warrin, et al. 1999) further support this traditional stance whereby the Fathers
main role was to provide financial support and the Mothers was to look after children and the home.
“I’d say the man is responsible financially in the typical family” (Appendix C)
“I’d say the Mother should look after the kids. She generally has a closer bond and is more nurturing”
(Appendix D)
Edgell (1980) claims that wives have a growing influence over family decisions but it’s still up to the
husband. Goodwin, et al. (2006) claim that although gender roles have changed, they haven’t as
much as Britons like to think. They describe Britain, as home to a “neo-traditional pattern” in which
both partners are in employment and whilst the female does most of the domestic work she usually
gets help from the male (Mansfield & Collard, 1988)
4. Relationships – both vertical and horizontal - within the family structure vary greatly and are highly
individualistic (Goodwin, et al. 2006) Finch states “people are treated as unique persons rather than
occupants of positions in a kinship universe” (Finch, 1997).
Zaman, et al. (2006) describe Pakistan as “diverse” but cite 95% of the population’s faith in Islam as
“an important uniting factor”. The Qur’an places great emphasis on family and so has a great effect
upon it which can be seen with regular reference to Islam in appendix E/F/G. It promotes treating
your elders with respect which ensures hierarchical structures are maintained as well as segregation
between genders. The power within the family is based on gender and age. With age, comes wisdom
and expression of negative feelings towards the elders is unacceptable (Zaman, 1992).
The most widespread family structure is an extended one. With three generations including,
grandparents, sons with their wives, siblings and unmarried children under one roof. Therefore one
house may include several cousins being raised together who are referred to as brothers and sisters.
It should be noted that Pakistani culture is both patrilineal and patri-local and so the women join the
male’s residence (Zaman, et al. 2006; Anon., 2010). This coupled with huge stigmatisation regarding
divorce (although legal) means that the rate of divorce is low - but rising, (Inam, 2011) and one-
parent households are extremely rare (Zaman, et al. 2006).
“My family consists of 4 sisters, 3 brothers, Mother, Cousins (Brothers and Sisters too), Grandparents”
(Appendix E)
On the other hand, polygamy is uncommon even though males are permitted up to 4 wives in Islam
(Zaman, et al. 2006) -this is likely to be due to economic constraints as the man is solely responsible
financially (Ahmad, 1982).
“The Pakistani society believes that only the husband should work and provide for the family”
(Appendix F)
There has been a growing trend within the Pakistani family structure. Families described as “modern”
live independently as couples (Zaman, et al. 2006). Kağıtçıbaşı (1996) has identified this in most
collective cultures as a result of increasing “urbanisation and industrialisation”.
Contrary to the individualistic nature in British families (Goodwin, et al. 2006; Finch, 1997) Pakistani
culture is about the collective and so, obedience and family duties hold greater value (Zaman, et al.
2006) whilst parents promote “mutual interdependence” as opposed to “individual autonomy”
(Stewart, et al. 2000) whilst parental control, family honour and social approval are fundamental
(Stewart, et al. 1999). The Father is the chief breadwinner whilst the Mother’s responsibility is all
things domestic. Mother’s in Islam possess a “central role” – the religion teaches that the path to
Paradise is through devotion to her and so she wields great power (Zaman, et al. 2006) and this is
likely why my participants placed great importance on parental dreams instead of their own.
“It is said in Islam that [for] any bad/good deed carried out by a child the consequences fall on the
parents… Heaven lies under your mother’s feet” (Appendix E)
“To make your parents happy and fulfil your duty to them is the best thing you can do in life so you
must strive to fulfil their dreams for you.” (Appendix F)
5. In conclusion, Britain is moving away from the traditional, nuclear family and towards a neo-
traditional structure which accounts for extramarital and teenage births, divorce and rising
cohabitation (up 5%) (Goodwin, et al. 2006; BBC, 2007). The majority of the population can still be
classified as being “family-centered” but how this family is made up is unique – “Britain is
characterised by its diversity in structure and functions” (Goodwin, et al. 2006) Similarly, Pakistani
culture is based around family however this comes in the form of an extended, three-generational
set up whereby “interrelatedness… takes(s) precedence over autonomy and independence” (Zaman,
et al. 2006).
Families in both cultures are in a state of flux as Charlie Lewis states. The “changeability of families is
likely to increase” (Westhead, 2007) and the change is likely to be the “norm, not the exception”
(Lewis, C. as cited by Westhead, 2007). Professor Lewis claims economic factors such as affordability
are critical in determining the future of families (Lewis, C. as cited by Westhead, 2007).
“I think due to people having less money and the Government cutting benefits more people will think
to wait and start families later” (Appendix F)
As families, because of economic constraints, become smaller, multinational companies must react –
for example in Britain, a family with less mouths to feed is more likely to conduct a branded shop as
opposed to bulk-buying low-cost, inferior products such as Sainsbury’s basics and therefore position
themselves accordingly. In addition to this understanding where the buyer power and decision-
making lies within a family means that companies can market themselves to appeal to that person.
For example a car company knowing that males in both Pakistan and Britain possess major decision
making responsibilities may opt to advertise the fuel efficiency and gadgets of the vehicle instead of
the aesthetics and safety. Furthermore shrinking families in the UK may contribute to a decline in
the family car so they may choose to produce smaller, compact vehicles. In Pakistan, a legal firm may
now be able to seize a market gap by extending its range of services in response to rising divorce
rates by offering, mediation, counselling and annulments. Ultimately, understanding families allows
businesses to be proactive and more likely to be successful in the future as they are the most
important social institution. “Cross-cultural competence is at the crux of today’s sustainable
competitive advantage” (Hummel, 2012)
6. References
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Kağıtçıbaşı, Ç. (1996) The autonomous-relational self: A new synthesis. European Psychology, 1(1),
pp. 180-186.
Lewis, C. (2000) A man's place in the home: Fathers and families in the UK. 1st ed. York: Joseph
Rowntree Foundation.
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McGlone, F., Park, A. & Smith, K. (1998) Families and kinship. London: Family Policy Studies Centre.
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Centre.
ONS (2012) Religion in Britain, London: The Stationery Office. [Online]
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