This document provides information about a soil mechanics laboratory report submitted by five civil engineering students from the National University of Huaraz. It includes an introduction, objectives, theoretical framework, procedures, results, discussion, conclusions, and references related to determining the moisture content and volumetric weight of soil samples. The theoretical framework section defines moisture content determination and describes different types of soils and their characteristics. The procedures section explains how moisture content and volumetric weight were measured in the laboratory for different soil samples. Results and analyses are presented for each test.
Mineralization of Carbon from Sewage sludge in three soils of the Argentine p...Silvana Torri
Como citar este trabajo
Torri S, Alvarez R, Lavado R. 2003. Mineralization of Carbon from Sewage sludge in three soils of the Argentine pampas. Commun. Soil Sci. and Plant Anal. (Taylor & Francis, Inc., 325 Chestnut Street, Suite 800, Philadelphia, PA 19106) 34 (13-14): 2035-2043. ISSN (impresa): 0010-3624. ISSN (electronica): 1532-2416.
A short course in foundation engineeringZaid Majed
This chapter introduces the concepts of effective stress and short-term and long-term stability in geotechnical engineering. Effective stress is defined as the total stress minus the pore water pressure. The principle of effective stress states that soils behave according to the effective stresses and are unaffected by changes in pore water pressure. Short-term stability considers immediate loading conditions while long-term stability accounts for time-dependent consolidation processes. Methods for computing effective stress and assessing short-term and long-term stability are discussed.
This document provides an overview of soil mechanics as a discipline of civil engineering. It discusses the development of soil mechanics as a field systematized by Karl Von Terzaghi. The key topics covered include soil classification, compaction, soil-water relationships, stress distribution and settlement, shear strength, and slope stability. The overall objective is to impart knowledge on the physical and engineering behavior of soils, stress transfer in soils, and stability analysis of slopes. Various laboratory and field tests are also introduced to determine important engineering properties of soils.
This document is a thesis submitted in partial fulfillment of a Master's degree. It examines the influence of the earthworm species Allolobophora chlorotica on soil organic matter mineralization in a Mediterranean soil. The author conducted an experiment using 48 mesocosms with different treatments, including soil only and soil with earthworms. Various biogeochemical variables were measured over time. The MOMOS-6 soil organic matter mineralization model was coded in R software and simulations were run. Statistical analysis showed earthworms significantly increased soil heterotrophic respiration. However, the model simulations did not fully capture earthworm impacts, showing a need to incorporate earthworm effects into such models. Further research is required to calibrate
There is basic introduction about environmental geotechnology. This is the new allied branch of geotechnical engineering which is dealing with hydrology, environmental engineering as well as lithological formations. In some aspects it is also relate with microbiology as well called geomicrobiology.
This new area of geotechnical engineering can contribute to sustainability to the environment, economy of the ground improvement technology n many other fields as well.
This document defines soil mechanics and geotechnical engineering. Soil mechanics is the study of soil behavior, providing the theoretical basis for geotechnical engineering. Geotechnical engineering uses soil mechanics, rock mechanics, and engineering geology principles to investigate subsurface conditions, evaluate stability of natural slopes and structures, assess risks from site conditions, and design earthworks and foundations. A typical geotechnical engineering project involves site investigation, determination of material properties, and design of foundations and earthworks for intended structures.
CN301 Geoenvironmental Engineering. Kajian kes tentang Tragedi Chernobyl. Semoga perkongsian ini bermanfaat.
Ex-Student : Diploma in Environmental Engineering (2010-2013)
Effects of Soil and Air Drying Methods on Soil Plasticity of Different Cities...IJERA Editor
Atterberg Limits were initially defined in 1911, by Albert Atterberg, a Swedish scientist. Their purposes are to classifying cohesive soils and determine engineering properties of soils. According to ASTM, all the soils tested by Atterberg limits should be oven dried, it is because drying the soils in different degree will alter their properties significantly. Some of the physical properties of soils will undergo changes that appear to be permanent. Therefore, the soil samples should be in natural or air-dried form. However, in reality, due to time constraint and other factors, many will run the tests by using soil samples that are prepared by oven drying method. They assumed that there is no difference between the results of two types of drying method. However, in reality, the properties of soil will be affected and thus give a misleading result. The objective of this study is to determine the effect of two drying methods, air-drying method and oven drying method, on the soil plasticity. Six soil samples from different cities were tested. These tests include sieve analysis, specific gravity test, hydrometer analysis, Plastic limit and liquid limit test. Conclusively, the oven drying method could not replace the air-drying method in soil preparation for both Atterberg limits tests.
Mineralization of Carbon from Sewage sludge in three soils of the Argentine p...Silvana Torri
Como citar este trabajo
Torri S, Alvarez R, Lavado R. 2003. Mineralization of Carbon from Sewage sludge in three soils of the Argentine pampas. Commun. Soil Sci. and Plant Anal. (Taylor & Francis, Inc., 325 Chestnut Street, Suite 800, Philadelphia, PA 19106) 34 (13-14): 2035-2043. ISSN (impresa): 0010-3624. ISSN (electronica): 1532-2416.
A short course in foundation engineeringZaid Majed
This chapter introduces the concepts of effective stress and short-term and long-term stability in geotechnical engineering. Effective stress is defined as the total stress minus the pore water pressure. The principle of effective stress states that soils behave according to the effective stresses and are unaffected by changes in pore water pressure. Short-term stability considers immediate loading conditions while long-term stability accounts for time-dependent consolidation processes. Methods for computing effective stress and assessing short-term and long-term stability are discussed.
This document provides an overview of soil mechanics as a discipline of civil engineering. It discusses the development of soil mechanics as a field systematized by Karl Von Terzaghi. The key topics covered include soil classification, compaction, soil-water relationships, stress distribution and settlement, shear strength, and slope stability. The overall objective is to impart knowledge on the physical and engineering behavior of soils, stress transfer in soils, and stability analysis of slopes. Various laboratory and field tests are also introduced to determine important engineering properties of soils.
This document is a thesis submitted in partial fulfillment of a Master's degree. It examines the influence of the earthworm species Allolobophora chlorotica on soil organic matter mineralization in a Mediterranean soil. The author conducted an experiment using 48 mesocosms with different treatments, including soil only and soil with earthworms. Various biogeochemical variables were measured over time. The MOMOS-6 soil organic matter mineralization model was coded in R software and simulations were run. Statistical analysis showed earthworms significantly increased soil heterotrophic respiration. However, the model simulations did not fully capture earthworm impacts, showing a need to incorporate earthworm effects into such models. Further research is required to calibrate
There is basic introduction about environmental geotechnology. This is the new allied branch of geotechnical engineering which is dealing with hydrology, environmental engineering as well as lithological formations. In some aspects it is also relate with microbiology as well called geomicrobiology.
This new area of geotechnical engineering can contribute to sustainability to the environment, economy of the ground improvement technology n many other fields as well.
This document defines soil mechanics and geotechnical engineering. Soil mechanics is the study of soil behavior, providing the theoretical basis for geotechnical engineering. Geotechnical engineering uses soil mechanics, rock mechanics, and engineering geology principles to investigate subsurface conditions, evaluate stability of natural slopes and structures, assess risks from site conditions, and design earthworks and foundations. A typical geotechnical engineering project involves site investigation, determination of material properties, and design of foundations and earthworks for intended structures.
CN301 Geoenvironmental Engineering. Kajian kes tentang Tragedi Chernobyl. Semoga perkongsian ini bermanfaat.
Ex-Student : Diploma in Environmental Engineering (2010-2013)
Effects of Soil and Air Drying Methods on Soil Plasticity of Different Cities...IJERA Editor
Atterberg Limits were initially defined in 1911, by Albert Atterberg, a Swedish scientist. Their purposes are to classifying cohesive soils and determine engineering properties of soils. According to ASTM, all the soils tested by Atterberg limits should be oven dried, it is because drying the soils in different degree will alter their properties significantly. Some of the physical properties of soils will undergo changes that appear to be permanent. Therefore, the soil samples should be in natural or air-dried form. However, in reality, due to time constraint and other factors, many will run the tests by using soil samples that are prepared by oven drying method. They assumed that there is no difference between the results of two types of drying method. However, in reality, the properties of soil will be affected and thus give a misleading result. The objective of this study is to determine the effect of two drying methods, air-drying method and oven drying method, on the soil plasticity. Six soil samples from different cities were tested. These tests include sieve analysis, specific gravity test, hydrometer analysis, Plastic limit and liquid limit test. Conclusively, the oven drying method could not replace the air-drying method in soil preparation for both Atterberg limits tests.
The International Journal of Engineering and Science (The IJES)theijes
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The papers for publication in The International Journal of Engineering& Science are selected through rigorous peer reviews to ensure originality, timeliness, relevance, and readability
Soil and water conservation Engineering
Drainage and Irrigation techniques and Engineering processes .
Course outline and step by step processes
Terracing and countouring
Study on conversion of sand to soil organicallySohel Rana
Study on conversion of sand to soil organically.
Through this process we can develop our poor soil surface into the healthy surface and this soil is able to produce different plants for food and others.
This document provides lecture notes on soil mechanics from Einstein College of Engineering. It covers the objectives of the soil mechanics course, which is to provide knowledge of engineering properties of soil. The document then outlines the topics that will be covered, including introduction to soil properties, soil water and flow, stress distribution and compression, shear strength, and slope stability. It lists reference textbooks and provides an in-depth section on soil classification systems, properties, particle size distribution, consistency limits, and the Indian Standard Soil Classification System.
This document discusses methods for estimating soil moisture content. It defines soil moisture as the water held in the spaces between soil particles, particularly in the top 200 cm that is available to plants. There are direct methods that measure the moisture content through gravimetric techniques like oven drying samples, and volumetric methods using bulk density. Indirect methods measure water potential or tension, including tensiometers, gypsum blocks, and neutron probes. Remote sensing techniques estimate soil moisture from visible/infrared reflectance, thermal infrared surface temperature, and passive/active microwave emissions and backscattering related to dielectric properties.
This document provides information about a Fundamentals of Soil Science course taught by Prof. K. S. Dhadave at LOKMANGAL COLLEGE OF AGRICULTURE, WADALA. It includes basic information about the course such as the course number, credits, and distribution of marks between theory and practical exams. The document also outlines the topics that will be covered in the course, allocating a percentage of weightage to each. These include soil formation processes, physical and chemical properties of soil, soil organisms, and soil pollution. It concludes by listing the practical topics that will complement the theoretical components of the course.
Determination of Bulk density of soil sample..pdfMithil Fal Desai
This document provides instructions for determining the bulk density of a soil sample using the cylinder method. It defines bulk density as the dry weight of soil divided by its volume, which includes both soil particles and pore space. The procedure involves heating a soil sample to remove moisture, placing it in a measuring cylinder, and recording the weight and occupied volume without compaction. Bulk density can be expressed in units of g/mL or g/cm3 and provides information about soil properties like porosity, root growth, and nutrient availability.
The document provides an overview of geotechnical engineering and soil mechanics topics. It discusses several types of soil failures including slope stability, soil liquefaction, and soil settlement. Examples of historic landslides and soil failures are given. The roles and responsibilities of geotechnical engineers are outlined. Common soil tests and classification systems used in geotechnical engineering are described, including tests for moisture content, Atterberg limits, specific gravity, density, and compaction. Foundation types such as shallow foundations, deep foundations, individual footings, combined footings, and strip footings are also summarized.
Effect of pH and Curing Time Behaviour on Strength Properties of SoilsIRJET Journal
This document summarizes a study on the effect of pH and curing time on the strength properties of soils. Laboratory experiments were conducted on clay soils from Telangana, India, mixing the soils with varying percentages of lime (1-7%) and allowing curing times of 7-45 days. The results showed that maximum dry density decreased and optimum moisture content increased with higher lime content and longer curing times. Unconfined compressive strength and elastic modulus increased significantly with 7% lime and a 30 day curing time. Additional tests examined the effect of pH variations (3-9) of pore fluids on shear strength, finding that untreated and lime-treated soils exhibited higher cohesion and friction angles at pH levels of 3
An Experimental Study on Stabilization of Loose Soil by Using Jute Fiberijtsrd
Stabilization is one of the methods of modifying the properties of a soil to improve its index parameters as well as strength parameters and it can be used for a variety of engineering works. Expansive soil is the major problem for civil engineers, either for construction of road and foundation works by using the stability of soil and reduces the construction cost. soil is stabilized by in objectives of this research were to investigate the effect of Jute fiber on the engineering property optimum moisture content and maximum dry density, plastic limit, liquid limit, compaction, unconfined compressive strength, triaxial and California bearing ratio test of the soil. Jute fiber is most suitable for increasing the strength of the soil and it is eco friendly material. In the present study, the soil samples prepared with the addition of Jute fibers by 0.25 , 0.5 , 0.75 , and 1 the average length of Jute fiber is going to use in this study is approximately 10 15mm. At first, Optimum Moisture Content OMC was determined through the proctor test. At those OMC, several tests like CBR, UCS were conducted. CBR test was carried in both Unsoaked and soaked condition and maximum values were obtained where 0.75 Jute fiber was added. K. Ravi Kanth | K. Deepthi "An Experimental Study on Stabilization of Loose Soil by Using Jute Fiber" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-3 | Issue-5 , August 2019, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd26441.pdfPaper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/structural-engineering/26441/an-experimental-study-on-stabilization-of-loose--soil-by-using-jute-fiber/k-ravi-kanth
Determination of Some Mechanical And Hydraulic Properties Of Biu Clayey Soils...IJMER
International Journal of Modern Engineering Research (IJMER) is Peer reviewed, online Journal. It serves as an international archival forum of scholarly research related to engineering and science education.
IRJET- Stabilization of Subgrade Soil using Sand, Cement and Terrasil Chemica...IRJET Journal
This document summarizes a study on stabilizing black cotton soil using sand, cement, and Terrasil chemical. Tests were conducted to determine the optimum dosages. The free swell index, liquid limit, standard proctor, unconfined compression, and CBR tests were performed on samples with different additive combinations. The results showed that 30% sand, 3% cement, and 1 kg/m3 of Terrasil provided the best stabilization, significantly improving the soil's strength properties and reducing its swelling behavior. This treatment method proves effective for stabilizing expansive black cotton soils.
Physicochemical analysis of a soil near microbiology laboratory at the univer...Alexander Decker
This study analyzed the physicochemical properties of soil near a microbiology laboratory at the University of Ilorin in Nigeria over six sampling periods. The pH ranged from 7.10 to 7.82, moisture content was between 2.10-5.23%, organic matter was 3.42-4.70%, and water holding capacity was 0.28-0.53 ml/g. The soil texture was determined to be loamy sand with 89% sand, 7% silt, and 4% clay on average. The results indicate the soil properties were suitable for microbial growth and plant development.
SUMMER TRAINING REPORTS OF SOIL TESTINGraish ansari
This document is a summer training report submitted by Mohd Raish Ansari to fulfill the requirements for a Bachelor of Technology degree in Civil Engineering from Babu Banarasidas University. It details a 4-week training conducted at the Geotechnical Engineering Directorate of RDSO, where the student learned various soil testing procedures as outlined in the Indian Standards for soil classification and compaction testing. The report includes an introduction, acknowledgements, procedures for common tests like moisture content, dry density, particle size distribution, liquid limit, plastic limit, and compaction. It emphasizes the importance of standardized testing for quality control on railway projects.
This document discusses soil-water-plant relationships and contains lecture notes on the topic. It covers several key points:
- Soils store water, nutrients, and air that are necessary for plant growth. The water stored in soil pores is available for plant uptake.
- Soil physical properties like texture, structure, and depth impact water retention, storage, availability, and transport. Proper soil characteristics are important for irrigation and plant growth.
- Soil chemical properties must provide sufficient nutrients for plants. The soil acts as a storehouse and medium for nutrient and water uptake by plant roots.
- Relationships between soil solids, water, air, porosity, bulk density and other factors impact
This document presents the results of an experimental investigation on using a cohesive non-swelling (CNS) layer to inhibit the swelling pressure of black cotton soil (BC soil). Various tests were conducted on BC soil and potential CNS materials to evaluate their properties. Large scale tests with different CNS layer thicknesses showed that swelling deformation decreases with increased thickness. While a CNS layer is effective, its mechanism of inhibiting swelling is not fully understood and depends on factors beyond just dead weight. The study aims to better understand the interaction between CNS layer and expansive soil.
Assessments of Soil Properties by Using Bacterial Culture.ijiert bestjournal
In recent years high rapid development of infrastructures in metro cities of useful land and compelled the engineers to improve the properties of soil to be the load transferred by the i nfrastructure,ex:Buildings,bridges,roadways etc. The soil improvement is continuously increasing using different methods t o improve the mechanical properties of different type of soil,such as black cotton,red alluvial,murum and sand. The methods of treating soil with chemical and cement grout are used widely in geotechnical projects. T he chemical and cement utilized alter the subsurface pH level and hinders groundwater flow. To overcome their effe ct,more sustainable method is the need of the hour. Hence,an attempt has been made to use of microorganisms,nutrients,and biological processes naturally present in subsurface soils to improve the engineering pr operties of soil in sustainable way. The calcite precipitation was achieved using the microorganism BacillusPasteuri i(NCIB8841 or NCIM2477),an aerobic bacterium pervasive in natural soil deposits.
The Impacts of Cement Dust Deposits on Soil Available MicronutrientsEditor IJCATR
The impact of cement dust deposits on soils micronutrient around Ashaka cement factory, Nigeria was evaluated by
determining available micronutrient elements in 68 soil samples and some crop plant stalks using acid extraction and atomic absorption
spectrophotometric methods. Soil samples collected in a radius of 6Km from a 0 – 30cm depth and analysed indicated mean
concentrations of 215.30gKg-1 Fe, 7.96 gKg-1 Zn, 0.33 gKg-1 Cu, 80.79 gKg-1 Mn, 2.05 gKg-1 Ni, and 26.91 gKg-1 Co. The concentration
of each element in the soil varies in a decreasing order with increasing distance away from the cement factory and generally occurring
above background levels (Zn, Mn, Ni). The metals in the crop plants were higher than normal levels with sorghum concentrating more
metals than millet, suggesting a reflection of the soil metal concentrations and this might be due to the presence of available mobile
elements and the slightly acidic nature of the soil outside the factory
The International Journal of Engineering and Science (The IJES)theijes
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The papers for publication in The International Journal of Engineering& Science are selected through rigorous peer reviews to ensure originality, timeliness, relevance, and readability
Soil and water conservation Engineering
Drainage and Irrigation techniques and Engineering processes .
Course outline and step by step processes
Terracing and countouring
Study on conversion of sand to soil organicallySohel Rana
Study on conversion of sand to soil organically.
Through this process we can develop our poor soil surface into the healthy surface and this soil is able to produce different plants for food and others.
This document provides lecture notes on soil mechanics from Einstein College of Engineering. It covers the objectives of the soil mechanics course, which is to provide knowledge of engineering properties of soil. The document then outlines the topics that will be covered, including introduction to soil properties, soil water and flow, stress distribution and compression, shear strength, and slope stability. It lists reference textbooks and provides an in-depth section on soil classification systems, properties, particle size distribution, consistency limits, and the Indian Standard Soil Classification System.
This document discusses methods for estimating soil moisture content. It defines soil moisture as the water held in the spaces between soil particles, particularly in the top 200 cm that is available to plants. There are direct methods that measure the moisture content through gravimetric techniques like oven drying samples, and volumetric methods using bulk density. Indirect methods measure water potential or tension, including tensiometers, gypsum blocks, and neutron probes. Remote sensing techniques estimate soil moisture from visible/infrared reflectance, thermal infrared surface temperature, and passive/active microwave emissions and backscattering related to dielectric properties.
This document provides information about a Fundamentals of Soil Science course taught by Prof. K. S. Dhadave at LOKMANGAL COLLEGE OF AGRICULTURE, WADALA. It includes basic information about the course such as the course number, credits, and distribution of marks between theory and practical exams. The document also outlines the topics that will be covered in the course, allocating a percentage of weightage to each. These include soil formation processes, physical and chemical properties of soil, soil organisms, and soil pollution. It concludes by listing the practical topics that will complement the theoretical components of the course.
Determination of Bulk density of soil sample..pdfMithil Fal Desai
This document provides instructions for determining the bulk density of a soil sample using the cylinder method. It defines bulk density as the dry weight of soil divided by its volume, which includes both soil particles and pore space. The procedure involves heating a soil sample to remove moisture, placing it in a measuring cylinder, and recording the weight and occupied volume without compaction. Bulk density can be expressed in units of g/mL or g/cm3 and provides information about soil properties like porosity, root growth, and nutrient availability.
The document provides an overview of geotechnical engineering and soil mechanics topics. It discusses several types of soil failures including slope stability, soil liquefaction, and soil settlement. Examples of historic landslides and soil failures are given. The roles and responsibilities of geotechnical engineers are outlined. Common soil tests and classification systems used in geotechnical engineering are described, including tests for moisture content, Atterberg limits, specific gravity, density, and compaction. Foundation types such as shallow foundations, deep foundations, individual footings, combined footings, and strip footings are also summarized.
Effect of pH and Curing Time Behaviour on Strength Properties of SoilsIRJET Journal
This document summarizes a study on the effect of pH and curing time on the strength properties of soils. Laboratory experiments were conducted on clay soils from Telangana, India, mixing the soils with varying percentages of lime (1-7%) and allowing curing times of 7-45 days. The results showed that maximum dry density decreased and optimum moisture content increased with higher lime content and longer curing times. Unconfined compressive strength and elastic modulus increased significantly with 7% lime and a 30 day curing time. Additional tests examined the effect of pH variations (3-9) of pore fluids on shear strength, finding that untreated and lime-treated soils exhibited higher cohesion and friction angles at pH levels of 3
An Experimental Study on Stabilization of Loose Soil by Using Jute Fiberijtsrd
Stabilization is one of the methods of modifying the properties of a soil to improve its index parameters as well as strength parameters and it can be used for a variety of engineering works. Expansive soil is the major problem for civil engineers, either for construction of road and foundation works by using the stability of soil and reduces the construction cost. soil is stabilized by in objectives of this research were to investigate the effect of Jute fiber on the engineering property optimum moisture content and maximum dry density, plastic limit, liquid limit, compaction, unconfined compressive strength, triaxial and California bearing ratio test of the soil. Jute fiber is most suitable for increasing the strength of the soil and it is eco friendly material. In the present study, the soil samples prepared with the addition of Jute fibers by 0.25 , 0.5 , 0.75 , and 1 the average length of Jute fiber is going to use in this study is approximately 10 15mm. At first, Optimum Moisture Content OMC was determined through the proctor test. At those OMC, several tests like CBR, UCS were conducted. CBR test was carried in both Unsoaked and soaked condition and maximum values were obtained where 0.75 Jute fiber was added. K. Ravi Kanth | K. Deepthi "An Experimental Study on Stabilization of Loose Soil by Using Jute Fiber" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-3 | Issue-5 , August 2019, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd26441.pdfPaper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/structural-engineering/26441/an-experimental-study-on-stabilization-of-loose--soil-by-using-jute-fiber/k-ravi-kanth
Determination of Some Mechanical And Hydraulic Properties Of Biu Clayey Soils...IJMER
International Journal of Modern Engineering Research (IJMER) is Peer reviewed, online Journal. It serves as an international archival forum of scholarly research related to engineering and science education.
IRJET- Stabilization of Subgrade Soil using Sand, Cement and Terrasil Chemica...IRJET Journal
This document summarizes a study on stabilizing black cotton soil using sand, cement, and Terrasil chemical. Tests were conducted to determine the optimum dosages. The free swell index, liquid limit, standard proctor, unconfined compression, and CBR tests were performed on samples with different additive combinations. The results showed that 30% sand, 3% cement, and 1 kg/m3 of Terrasil provided the best stabilization, significantly improving the soil's strength properties and reducing its swelling behavior. This treatment method proves effective for stabilizing expansive black cotton soils.
Physicochemical analysis of a soil near microbiology laboratory at the univer...Alexander Decker
This study analyzed the physicochemical properties of soil near a microbiology laboratory at the University of Ilorin in Nigeria over six sampling periods. The pH ranged from 7.10 to 7.82, moisture content was between 2.10-5.23%, organic matter was 3.42-4.70%, and water holding capacity was 0.28-0.53 ml/g. The soil texture was determined to be loamy sand with 89% sand, 7% silt, and 4% clay on average. The results indicate the soil properties were suitable for microbial growth and plant development.
SUMMER TRAINING REPORTS OF SOIL TESTINGraish ansari
This document is a summer training report submitted by Mohd Raish Ansari to fulfill the requirements for a Bachelor of Technology degree in Civil Engineering from Babu Banarasidas University. It details a 4-week training conducted at the Geotechnical Engineering Directorate of RDSO, where the student learned various soil testing procedures as outlined in the Indian Standards for soil classification and compaction testing. The report includes an introduction, acknowledgements, procedures for common tests like moisture content, dry density, particle size distribution, liquid limit, plastic limit, and compaction. It emphasizes the importance of standardized testing for quality control on railway projects.
This document discusses soil-water-plant relationships and contains lecture notes on the topic. It covers several key points:
- Soils store water, nutrients, and air that are necessary for plant growth. The water stored in soil pores is available for plant uptake.
- Soil physical properties like texture, structure, and depth impact water retention, storage, availability, and transport. Proper soil characteristics are important for irrigation and plant growth.
- Soil chemical properties must provide sufficient nutrients for plants. The soil acts as a storehouse and medium for nutrient and water uptake by plant roots.
- Relationships between soil solids, water, air, porosity, bulk density and other factors impact
This document presents the results of an experimental investigation on using a cohesive non-swelling (CNS) layer to inhibit the swelling pressure of black cotton soil (BC soil). Various tests were conducted on BC soil and potential CNS materials to evaluate their properties. Large scale tests with different CNS layer thicknesses showed that swelling deformation decreases with increased thickness. While a CNS layer is effective, its mechanism of inhibiting swelling is not fully understood and depends on factors beyond just dead weight. The study aims to better understand the interaction between CNS layer and expansive soil.
Assessments of Soil Properties by Using Bacterial Culture.ijiert bestjournal
In recent years high rapid development of infrastructures in metro cities of useful land and compelled the engineers to improve the properties of soil to be the load transferred by the i nfrastructure,ex:Buildings,bridges,roadways etc. The soil improvement is continuously increasing using different methods t o improve the mechanical properties of different type of soil,such as black cotton,red alluvial,murum and sand. The methods of treating soil with chemical and cement grout are used widely in geotechnical projects. T he chemical and cement utilized alter the subsurface pH level and hinders groundwater flow. To overcome their effe ct,more sustainable method is the need of the hour. Hence,an attempt has been made to use of microorganisms,nutrients,and biological processes naturally present in subsurface soils to improve the engineering pr operties of soil in sustainable way. The calcite precipitation was achieved using the microorganism BacillusPasteuri i(NCIB8841 or NCIM2477),an aerobic bacterium pervasive in natural soil deposits.
The Impacts of Cement Dust Deposits on Soil Available MicronutrientsEditor IJCATR
The impact of cement dust deposits on soils micronutrient around Ashaka cement factory, Nigeria was evaluated by
determining available micronutrient elements in 68 soil samples and some crop plant stalks using acid extraction and atomic absorption
spectrophotometric methods. Soil samples collected in a radius of 6Km from a 0 – 30cm depth and analysed indicated mean
concentrations of 215.30gKg-1 Fe, 7.96 gKg-1 Zn, 0.33 gKg-1 Cu, 80.79 gKg-1 Mn, 2.05 gKg-1 Ni, and 26.91 gKg-1 Co. The concentration
of each element in the soil varies in a decreasing order with increasing distance away from the cement factory and generally occurring
above background levels (Zn, Mn, Ni). The metals in the crop plants were higher than normal levels with sorghum concentrating more
metals than millet, suggesting a reflection of the soil metal concentrations and this might be due to the presence of available mobile
elements and the slightly acidic nature of the soil outside the factory
Similar to Laboratorio n° 01 mecanica de suelos t (20)
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DEEP LEARNING FOR SMART GRID INTRUSION DETECTION: A HYBRID CNN-LSTM-BASED MODELgerogepatton
As digital technology becomes more deeply embedded in power systems, protecting the communication
networks of Smart Grids (SG) has emerged as a critical concern. Distributed Network Protocol 3 (DNP3)
represents a multi-tiered application layer protocol extensively utilized in Supervisory Control and Data
Acquisition (SCADA)-based smart grids to facilitate real-time data gathering and control functionalities.
Robust Intrusion Detection Systems (IDS) are necessary for early threat detection and mitigation because
of the interconnection of these networks, which makes them vulnerable to a variety of cyberattacks. To
solve this issue, this paper develops a hybrid Deep Learning (DL) model specifically designed for intrusion
detection in smart grids. The proposed approach is a combination of the Convolutional Neural Network
(CNN) and the Long-Short-Term Memory algorithms (LSTM). We employed a recent intrusion detection
dataset (DNP3), which focuses on unauthorized commands and Denial of Service (DoS) cyberattacks, to
train and test our model. The results of our experiments show that our CNN-LSTM method is much better
at finding smart grid intrusions than other deep learning algorithms used for classification. In addition,
our proposed approach improves accuracy, precision, recall, and F1 score, achieving a high detection
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Use PyCharm for remote debugging of WSL on a Windo cf5c162d672e4e58b4dde5d797...shadow0702a
This document serves as a comprehensive step-by-step guide on how to effectively use PyCharm for remote debugging of the Windows Subsystem for Linux (WSL) on a local Windows machine. It meticulously outlines several critical steps in the process, starting with the crucial task of enabling permissions, followed by the installation and configuration of WSL.
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1. MECÁNICA DE SUELOS I 1
UNIVERSIDAD NACIONAL
SANTIAGO ANTÚNEZ DE MAYOLO
FACULTAD DE INGENIERÍA CIVIL
ESCUELAPROFESIONAL DE INGENIERÍACIVIL
CURSO:
TEMA:
MECANICA DE SUELOS.
CONTENIDO DE HUMEDAD Y VOLUMETRIA DE
SUELOS. (INFORME DE LABORATORIO I Y II)
DOCENTE:
Ing. CASTILLEJO MELGAREJO RAUL EDGAR.
GRUPO:IV
FECHA DE ENTREGA:23/07/2021
INTEGRANTES: CODIGO
TRUJILLO VEGA WILMER 132.0503.024
CAYO ROSAS CESAR KEVIN 161.0904.799
CELMI RAMIREZ EDGARDO 93.2040.2.ac
MALLQUI MOSQUERA CARLOS ALBERTO 171.0906.012
RAMIREZ BUSTAMANTE BETZABE SURANY 111.0904.431
CICLO: VI
HUARAZ-2021-1
2. MECÁNICA DE SUELOS I
INDICE
I. INTRODUCCION............................................................................................................................... 4
II. OBJETIVOS...................................................................................................................................... 5
III. MARCO TEORICO......................................................................................................................... 6
3.1. DETERMINACIÓN DEL CONTENIDO DE HUMEDAD - ASTM D 2216-71........................................... 6
3.2. TIPOS DE SUELOS Y CARACTERÍSTICAS....................................................................................... 7
3.2.1. SUELOS ARENOSOS........................................................................................................... 8
3.2.2. SUELOS CALIZOS............................................................................................................... 8
3.2.3. SUELOS LIMOSOS.............................................................................................................. 9
3.2.4. SUELOS HUMÍFEROS O DE TIERRA NEGRA............................................................................ 9
3.2.5. SUELOS ARCILLOSOS ....................................................................................................... 10
3.2.6. SUELOS PEDREGOSOS ..................................................................................................... 11
3.2.7. SUELOS DE TURBA .......................................................................................................... 11
3.2.8. SUELOS SALINOS............................................................................................................. 12
IV. RELACIONES VOLUMETRICAS - GRAVIMETRICAS.......................................................................... 13
V. RELACION DE APARATOS Y EQUIPOS UTILIZADOS............................................................................ 15
5.1. ENSAYO DEL CONTENIDO DE HUMEDAD.................................................................................. 15
VI. PROCEDIMIENTO ...................................................................................................................... 17
6.1. PROCEDIMIENTO PARA DETERMINAR EL CONTENIDO DE HUMEDAD......................................... 17
6.2. CALCULOS.............................................................................................................................. 19
6.3. DATOS OBTENIDOS EN LABORATORIO..................................................................................... 19
6.3.1. PARA LA MUESTRA Nº33 ................................................................................................. 19
6.3.2. PARA LA MUESTRA Nº34 ................................................................................................. 20
6.3.3. PARA LA MUESTRA Nº34 ................................................................................................. 20
VII. ENSAYO DE PESOVOLUMETRICO DE SUELO COHESIVO................................................................ 22
7.1. PROCEDIMIENTO PARA DETERMINAR EL PESO VOLUMETRICO.................................................. 22
7.2. CALCULO Y ANALISIS DE ENSAYO PARA EL PESOVOLUMETRICO................................................ 25
7.2.1. PARA LA MUESTRA 1....................................................................................................... 25
7.2.2. PARA LA MUESTRA 2....................................................................................................... 25
7.2.3. PARA LA MUESTRA 2 ………………………………………………………………………………………………………….26
VIII. RESULTADOS ............................................................................................................................. 28
8.1. PESO VOLUMETRICO SUELO COHESIVO ................................................................................... 28
IX. DISCUSION ................................................................................................................................ 29
X. CONCLUSIONES............................................................................................................................. 30
XI. OBSERVACIONES Y RECOMENDACIONES ..................................................................................... 31
XII. BIBLIOGRAFIA............................................................................................................................ 32
3. MECÁNICA DE SUELOS I
I. INTRODUCCION
Por medio del trabajo llevado a cabo en el laboratorio se ha tenido que hacer los
estudios para decidir las propiedades de los agregados (suelos), se ofrece obtener el
contenido de humedad de la muestra que se hizo obtener en laboratorio.
En el campo del análisis de suelos podemos encontrar diferentes tipos de suelos así
como además los materiales como el hormigón es fundamental para la construcción de
diferentes obras y para el desarrollo social y económico de las metrópolis, sin la
dotación de esta infraestructura que los agregados es infalible que deje de haber la vida
poblacional se torna a la vez peligrosa, convirtiéndola vulnerable al peligro que puede
atentar con la vida, elaborado que se muestra por las altas tasas mortalidad que ocurre
en ciertos territorios y en nuestro estado que los hechos ocurridos por un movimiento
sísmico, sismos, tsunamis y otros; de esta forma además es fundamental el análisis
volumétrico de los suelos debido a que de eso es dependiente si se van a poder hacer
construcciones o alguna obra constructivas por esto que nace la necesidad prioritaria de
hacer un anterior análisis, por todo ello es imprescindible es análisis de mecánica de
suelos.
4. MECÁNICA DE SUELOS I
II. OBJETIVOS.
2.1. Objetivo General
Conocer el procedimiento adecuada a seguir para determinar el contenido de
humedad y el peso volumetrico, el buen manejo de los materiales y equipos
en el laboratorio.
2.2. Objetivo Específicos
Determinar el porcentaje de humedad presente en la muestra de suelo.
Determinar el peso volumétrico suelo cohesivo.
5. MECÁNICA DE SUELOS I
III. MARCO TEORICO
3.1.Determinación del Contenido de Humedad - ASTM D 2216-71
Este ensayo tiene por finalidad la determinación del contenido de humedad en una
muestra de suelo; humedad cuya formación está dada por la suma de agua libre, capilar e
higroscópica queposee la muestra de suelo.
Es la determinación del contenido de humedad, hallando el agua presente en la cantidad
de suelo en términos de su peso seco.
Se define como:
𝑊 =
𝑊𝑊
𝑊
𝑆
∗ 100
Donde:
𝑊𝑤 = Peso del agua presente en la masa del suelo.
𝑊𝑠 = Peso de los sólidos en el suelo.
Esta propiedad física del suelo es de gran utilidad en la construcción civil y se obtiene de
una manera sencilla, pues el comportamiento y la resistencia de los sueles en la
construcción están regidos, por la cantidad de agua que contienen. El contenido de
humedad de un suelo es la relación del cociente del peso de las partículas sólidas y el peso
del agua que guarda, esto se expresa en términos de porcentaje
Figura Nº1: Ámbito general de tipos de suelos
6. MECÁNICA DE SUELOS I
El proceso de la obtención del contenido de humedad de una muestra se hace en
laboratorios, el equipo de trabajo consiste en un horno donde la temperatura pueda ser
controlable. Una vez tomada la muestra del sólido en estado natural se introduce al horno.
Ahí se calienta el espécimen a una temperatura de más de 100 grados Celsius, para producir
la evaporación del agua ysu escape a través de ventanillas. Se debe ser cuidadoso de no
sobrepasar el límite, para no correr elriesgo de que el suelo quede cremado con la alteración
del cociente de la determinación del contenido de humedad. El material debe permanecer un
periodo de doce horas en el horno, por esta razón se acostumbra a iniciar el calentamiento de
la muestra de suelo al final del día.
Figura Nº2: Mecanismos de retención del agua
3.2.Tipos de Suelos y Características
El suelo está compuesto por minerales, materia orgánica, diminutos organismos
vegetales y animales, aire y agua. Las plantas y animales que crecen y mueren dentro y
sobre el suelo son descompuestos por los microorganismos, transformados en materia
orgánica y mezclados con el suelo.
El tamaño de las partículas minerales que forman el suelo determina sus propiedades
físicas textura, estructura, porosidad y el color.
7. MECÁNICA DE SUELOS I
Dentro de los tipos de suelos podemos encontrar los arenosos, los limosos, o los de
turba. Aquí teenseñamos las características de cada tipo de suelo, así como sus ventajas y
desventajas.
Hay básicamente cinco tipos de suelos que son los que los jardineros y agricultores
trabajan. Loscinco tipos son en realidad la combinación de tres tipos de partículas de roca
erosionada que componen el suelo, son el limo, la arena y la arcilla. Según se combinan
entre sí estas partículas crean un suelo con unas características distintas.
3.2.1. Suelos Arenosos
Son aquellos que están formados principalmente por arena. Este tipo de suelo no
retiene el agua y, al poseer poca materia orgánica, no es apto para la agricultura.
Entre los tipos de suelos, el arenoso contiene partículas más grandes que el resto de
los suelos. Es áspero y seco al tacto porque las partículas que lo componen están muy
separadas entre ellas y no mantienen bien el agua.
El suelo arenoso por otro lado retine mejor la temperatura, así que en cuento llega
la primavera resulta más cálido que otro tipo de suelo. Entre los árboles que se pueden
cultivar en suelos arenosos está el aguacate, las palmeras, los pinos, eucaliptos o los
cipreses.
Figura Nº3: Suelos arenosos
8. MECÁNICA DE SUELOS I
3.2.2. Suelos Calizos
Son aquellos que poseen abundantes sales calcáreas. Este tipo de suelo es de color
blanco, seco y árido, por ende, no es apto para la agricultura.
Llamamos caliza a una roca natural y de pequeño tamaño blanca. En su
composición encontramos el carbonato de calcio, de magnesio y además otros
minerales como puedan ser laarcilla, el cuarzo o la hematita. Se trata de un suelo
especialmente seco y muy árido.
Además, al contener carbonato de calcio hace que se seque muy rápido y que no
pueda adquirir de forma correcta los nutrientes de la tierra a través de las plantas. Es
por esto que el cultivo en los suelos calizos no es nada recomendado porque no tiene
ni agua ni nutrientes y es muy difícil que la planta sobreviva. Aunque siempre existen
tecnologías y fertilizantes que pueden ayudar a cultivar estos suelos, con dificultad.
Figura Nº4: Suelos calizos
3.2.3. Suelos Limosos
Formados por limo o sedimento incoherente, pedregosos, fácil de moldear, color
marrón oscuro, muy compacto, producidos por la sedimentación de materiales muy
9. MECÁNICA DE SUELOS I
finos
depositados por el viento o las aguas, se presentan junto a los lechos de los ríos, son
muy fértiles, filtran el agua con rapidez, suelo rico en nutrientes, la materia
orgánica se descompone rápidamente, son problemáticos para la edificación, se
localizan en los bordes de los ríos o en zonas inundadas, muy utilizados para el cultivo
de las verduras y hortalizas.
Este tipo de suelos se suele dar en el lecho de los ríos. Son suelos muy fértiles dado
su grado de humedad y nutrientes. Más fácil de cultivar que suelos arenosos o los de
arcilla.
Figura Nº5: Suelos limosos
3.2.4. Suelos Humíferos o de Tierra Negra
Los suelos humíferos a aquellos suelos que ya cuentan con material orgánico
descompuesto. En este tipo de suelos podemos ver organismos o microorganismos
que pueden sermuy beneficiosos para sembrar. De esta manera, los suelos humíferos
son los más elegidos para desarrollar actividades del terreno agrícola.
10. MECÁNICA DE SUELOS I
Figura Nº6: Suelos humíferos o de tierra negra
3.2.5. Suelos Arcillosos
El suelo está compuesto por una serie de partículas cuyo tamaño varía
considerablemente. En un extremo de la curva nos encontramos con las piedras y las
gravas, que son las de mayor tamaño. Acto seguido nos encontraríamos con las arenas,
después con las arcillas, y por último con los limos.
De dicho tamaño depende mucho la capacidad del suelo de retener el agua, siendo las
texturas más gruesas las que la pierden con más facilidad. Las más finas, como las
arcillosas, retienen mucha agua y dejan poco espacio a la fase gaseosa, lo que puede
producir problemas de encharcamiento y asfixia de las raíces.
Figura Nº7: Suelos arcillosos
11. MECÁNICA DE SUELOS I
3.2.6. Suelos Pedregosos
Estas clases de suelo pueden identificarse a simple vista a través de las rocas y
piedras de diferentes tamaños que se ubican en sus superficies. Debido a esto, las
características del suelo lo vuelven complejo para el cultivo, sin embargo, ciertas
especies pueden crecer sobre él.
A este tipo de suelos se les llama así porque tienen pequeñas formaciones de
piedra en su composición. Esto se produce porque la superficie terrestre se desdobla
por causas naturales o porcausas provocadas. El gran problema de este tipo de suelos
es que son semi - impermeables por lo que no permiten la entrada de agua. De esta
manera, es muy complicado el cultivo en este tipo desuelos, aunque existe un tipo de
plantas de origen xerófilo que sí pueden crecer en este tipo de suelos.
Figura Nº8: Suelos pedregosos
3.2.7. Suelos de Turba
Un excelente suelo para el cultivo, se usa en la agricultura como sustrato para el
cultivo. El suelo de turba es de color oscuro marrón o negro. Son de textura suave y
tienen un alto contenido en agua y nutrientes. Los suelos de turba suelen estar
saturados de agua, pero una vez drenados sonexcelentes para el cultivo.
12. MECÁNICA DE SUELOS I
Figura Nº9: Suelos de turba
3.2.8. Suelos Salinos
La salinización de los suelos es el proceso de acumulación en el suelo de sales
solubles en agua. Esto puede darse en forma natural, cuando se trata de suelos bajos y
planos, que son periódicamente inundados por ríos o arroyos; o si el nivel de las aguas
subterráneas es poco profundo y el agua que asciende por capilaridad contiene sales
disueltas. Cuando este proceso tiene un origen antropogénico, generalmente está
asociado a sistemas de riego. Se llama suelo salino a un suelo con exceso de sales
solubles. La sal dominante en general es el cloruro de sodio (NaCl), razón por la cual
el suelo también se llama suelo salino-sódico.
Figura Nº10: Suelos salinos
13. MECÁNICA DE SUELOS I
IV. RELACIONES VOLUMETRICAS - GRAVIMETRICAS
El problema de la identificación de los suelos es de importancia fundamental; identificar un
suelo es, en rigor, encasillarlo en un sistema previo de clasificación para ello se deben estudiar sus
propiedades y analizar su comportamiento ya que desde esta práctica se analizarán las tres fases que
comprenden el suelo.
Las fases líquida y gaseosa del suelo suelen comprenderse en el volumen de vacíos (Vv),
mientras que la fase sólida constituye el volumen de sólidos (Vs). Se dice que un suelo es
totalmente saturado cuando todos sus vacíos están ocupados por agua. Un suelo en tal circunstancia
consta, como caso particular de solo dos fases, la sólida y la líquida. Es importante considerar las
características morfológicas de un conjunto de partículas sólidas, en un medio fluido.
Figura N°11: Fases del Suelo
Fase sólida: Fragmentos de roca, minerales individuales, materiales orgánicos.
Fase líquida: Agua, sales, bases y ácidos disueltos, incluso hielo.
Fase gaseosa: Aire, gases, vapor de agua.
Las relaciones entre las diferentes fases constitutivas del suelo (fases sólida, líquida y gaseosa),
permiten avanzar sobre el análisis de la distribución de las partículas por tamaños y sobre el grado
de plasticidad del conjunto.
En los laboratorios de mecánica de suelos puede determinarse fácilmente el peso de las muestras
húmedas, el peso de las muestras secadas al horno y la gravedad específica de las partículas que
conforman el suelo, entre otras.
Las relaciones entre las fases del suelo tienen una amplia aplicación en la Mecánica de Suelos
para el cálculo de esfuerzos.
14. MECÁNICA DE SUELOS I
La relación entre las fases, la granulometría y los límites de Atterberg se utilizan para
clasificar el suelo y estimar su comportamiento.
Modelar el suelo es colocar fronteras que no existen. El suelo es un modelo discreto y eso entra
en la modelación con dos parámetros, e y h (relación de vacíos y porosidad), y con las fases.
El agua adherida a la superficie de las partículas, entra en la fase sólida. En la líquida, sólo el
agua libre que podemos sacar a 105 °C cuando, después de 24 o 18 horas, el peso del suelo no baja
más y permanece constante.
Figura N°12: Relaciones Volumétricas – Gravimétricas
15. MECÁNICA DE SUELOS I
V. RELACION DE APARATOS Y EQUIPOS UTILIZADOS
5.1.Ensayo del Contenido de Humedad.
Recipientes para Humedad
(aluminio o latón), identificados, 04 unidades
Figura Nº13: Diversos recipientes para controlar la cantidad de
humedad
Horno
Horno con control de temperatura adecuada (Temperatura a 110 +/- 5 ºC)
Figura Nº14: Horno utilizado en laboratorio para el secado de muestras
Tenaza
Esta herramienta sirve para sostener diferentes objetos de metal como recipientes, vidrio
como buretas, embudos de laboratorio, etc.
16. MECÁNICA DE SUELOS I
Figura Nº15: Tenazas para sostener objetos
Balanza de precisión
Una balanza utilizada para pesar cantidades hasta un número muy preciso, generalmente
hasta unmiligramo". A veces se les denomina "saldos de carga superiores.
Figura Nº16: Balanza de precisión con grado a milésimas
Muestra de suelo
Muestra de suelo variable de acuerdo a la granulometría que presente.
Figura Nº17: Muestra de suelo del área en estudio
17. MECÁNICA DE SUELOS I
VI. PROCEDIMIENTO
6.1.Procedimiento para Determinar el Contenido de Humedad:
PASO 1: Pesado del Recipiente
Se procede a colocar recipiente en la balanza eléctrica para tomar el peso.
Figura Nº18: Peso del recipiente
PASO 2: Pesado Total de las Muestras
Se realiza el cálculo del peso total que contiene el peso de las muestras y el peso del recipiente,
esto se realiza mediante la balanza electrónica.
Figura Nº19: Se realiza el cálculo del peso total que contiene el peso de la muestra
PASO 3: Proceso de Secado de las Muestras
Ahora se realiza el proceso de secado de cada recipiente, para esto se tendrá que colocar al
horno por 24 horas.
18. MECÁNICA DE SUELOS I
Figura Nº20: Se somete al horno las muestras y se realiza el proceso de secado
PASO 4: Proceso de Pesado de las Muestras luego del Secado
Finalmente se saca las muestras del horno y se procede a pesar el recipiente con los materiales
de suelo seco para realizar la parte final del ensayo.
Figura Nº21: Se realiza el pesado de las muestras secadas
19. MECÁNICA DE SUELOS I
29.62g
S:
8.53g
W:
CERO
A:
6.2. Cálculos
Se calcula el contenido de humedad de la muestra, mediante la siguiente formula.
𝑊 =
𝑊
1 − 𝑊
2
𝑊
2 − 𝑊𝑡
∗ 100 =
𝑊𝑊
𝑊𝑆
∗ 100
Donde:
𝑊 = Es el contenido de humedad (%)
𝑊𝑊 = Peso del agua.
𝑊𝑆 = Peso seco del material.
𝑊1 = Peso del recipiente más el suelo húmedo, en gramos.
𝑊2 = Peso del recipiente más el suelo secado en horno, en gramos.
𝑊t = Peso del recipiente, en gramos.
6.3. Datos Obtenidos enLaboratorio
ITEM DESCRIPCION DATOS
1 NUMERO DE CAPSULAS
33 35 37
2 PESO DE LA CAPSULA (g)
36.55 36.8 36.13
3 PESO DE LA CAPSULA + SUELO HUMEDO (g)
74.1 73.88 74.1
4 PESO DE LA CAPSULA + SUELO SECO (g)
65.72 65.72 65.64
5 PESO DEL AGUA Ww (g) 8.38 8.16 8.46
6 PESO DEL SOLIDO Ws (g) 29.17 28.92 29.51
6.3.1. Para la Muestra Nº33
Gaseosa
(Wa): 0 g
Liquida
(Ww): 8.38 g
Solida
(Ws): 29.17 g
Wm: 37.55 g
20. MECÁNICA DE SUELOS I
29.62g
S:
8.53g
W:
CERO
A:
29.62g
S:
8.53g
W:
CERO
A:
𝑊 =
𝑊
𝑊
𝑊
𝑆
∗ 100
𝑊 =
8.38
29.17
∗ 100
𝑾 = 𝟐𝟖.𝟕𝟑%
El contenido de humedad para la muestra N°33 es 28.73%
6.3.2. Para la Muestra Nº35
𝑊 =
𝑊
𝑊
𝑊
𝑆
∗ 100
𝑊 =
8.16
28.92
∗ 100
𝑾 = 𝟐𝟖.𝟐𝟐%
El contenido de humedad para la muestra N°35 es 28.22%
6.3.3. Para la Muestra Nº37
Gaseosa
(Wa): 0 g
Liquida
(Ww): 8.16 g
Solida
(Ws): 28.92 g
Wm: 37.08 g
Gaseosa
(Wa): 0 g
Liquida
(Ww): 8.46 g
Solida
(Ws): 29.51 g
Wm: 37.97 g
21. MECÁNICA DE SUELOS I
𝑊 =
𝑊
𝑊
𝑊
𝑆
∗ 100
𝑊 =
8.46
29.51
∗ 100
𝑾 = 𝟐𝟖.𝟔𝟕%
El contenido de humedad para la muestra N°37 es 28.67%
Finalmente se procede a calcular el promedio aritmético de los porcentajes de humedad
obtenidos:
𝑊𝑃𝑅𝑂𝑀𝐸𝐷𝐼𝑂 =
𝑊
33 + 𝑊
35 + 𝑊37
3
𝑊𝑃𝑅𝑂𝑀𝐸𝐷𝐼𝑂 =
28.73 + 28.22 + 28.67
3
𝑾 = 𝟐𝟖.𝟓𝟒%
Por lo tanto, el porcentaje de humedad presente en la muestra de suelo será 28.54%, esto
significa que el 28.54% de la muestra contiene agua.
22. MECÁNICA DE SUELOS I
VII. ENSAYO DE PESO VOLUMETRICO DE SUELO COHESIVO.
7.1.Procedimiento para Determinar el Contenido de Humedad
PASO 1: Elección del tipo de muestra a analizar
Se talla un espécimen de aproximadamente 10 cm, puede ser de forma cilíndrica, prisma
rectangular o forma irregular, cuidando que ninguna dimensión sea mucho menor que
las otras para iniciar el ensayo.
Figura Nº22: Se escoge el tipo de muestra para analizar el peso volumétrico de suelo
PASO 2: Proceso de Pesado de Muestras
Se procede a pesar las muestras en una balanza electrónica. Al mismo tiempo se calienta la
parafina en un recipiente hasta que se encuentre en estado liquido, deje que enfríe ligeramente si
observa alta temperatura
Figura Nº23: Se procede a pesar las muestras en una balanza electrónica
23. MECÁNICA DE SUELOS I
PASO 3: Cubrimiento de la Muestra con la Parafina
Cubrir la muestra con la parafina liquida, tome la muestra con una mano sujetándola por los
extremos y cuidadosamente cubra la superficie mediante contacto superficial con la parafina
fundida, gire la muestra y repita sucesivamente hasta cubrir todas las caras.
La parafina debe cubrir toda la muestra con una capa fina impermeable, no debe
penetrar en los poros del suelo, tener cuidado que no se formen burbujas debajo de la
parafina. Pesar y registrar la masa del suelo más parafina
Este proceso se lleva a cabo tres veces de manera que no ingrese y salga agua de la muestra.
Figura Nº24: Se procede a cubrir la muestra con la parafina liquida
PASO 4: Segundo Pesado de Muestra
Después de cubrir la muestra con parafina y hacerse enfriado, se procede a pesarla.
Figura Nº25: Se procede a cubrir la muestra con parafina y hacerse enfriado
24. MECÁNICA DE SUELOS I
PASO 5: Llenado de Agua en la Probeta
Llene la probeta con agua hasta un volumen inicial exacto luego, incline ligeramente la probeta e
introduzca la muestra parafinada cuidadosamente dejando que se deslice por las paredes de la
probetasin salpicar agua.
Figura Nº26: Se procede a Llene la probeta con agua hasta un volumen inicial exacto
PASO 6: Toma de Datos de Volumen Obtenido
Apoye la probeta sobre la mesa de trabajo y registre el volumen de agua desplazado por
el suelo parafinado.
Figura Nº27: Se registra el volumen de agua desplazado por el suelo parafinado
25. MECÁNICA DE SUELOS I
PASO 7: Retiro de la Muestra de la Parafina
Retire la muestra parafinada de la probeta, seque la superficie y rómpala, tome una
muestra representativa de suelo que esté libre de parafina y determine su contenido de
humedad.
Figura Nº28: Muestra rota
7.2.Calculo y Análisis del Ensayo para el Peso Volumétrico
7.2.1. Para la Muestra 1
Volumen de la Parafina Muestra 1
𝑊𝑃𝐴𝑅𝐴𝐹𝐼𝑁𝐴 = 𝑊
𝑀𝑈𝐸𝑆𝑇𝑅𝐴 +𝑃𝐴𝑅𝐴𝐹𝐼𝑁𝐴 − 𝑊
𝑀𝑈𝐸𝑆𝑇𝑅𝐴
𝑊𝑀𝑈𝐸𝑆𝑇𝑅𝐴 +𝑃𝐴𝑅𝐴𝐹𝐼𝑁𝐴 = 269.17𝑔
𝑊𝑀𝑈𝐸𝑆𝑇𝑅𝐴 = 253.14𝑔
𝑊
𝑃𝐴𝑅𝐴𝐹𝐼𝑁𝐴 = 269.17𝑔 − 253.14𝑔 = 16.03𝑔
𝜌𝑃𝐴𝑅𝐴𝐹𝐼𝑁𝐴 = 0.87𝑔 𝑐𝑚3
⁄
𝑉𝑃𝐴𝑅𝐴𝐹𝐼𝑁𝐴 =
16.03𝑔
0.87𝑔 𝑐𝑚3
⁄
= 18.43 𝑐𝑚3
29. MECÁNICA DE SUELOS I
VIII. RESULTADOS
8.1. Contenido de Humedad de un Suelo
ITEM DESCRIPCION DATOS
1 NUMERO DE CAPSULAS
33 35 37
2 PESO DE LA CAPSULA (g)
36.55 36.8 36.13
3 PESO DE LA CAPSULA + SUELO HUMEDO (g)
74.1 73.88 74.1
4 PESO DE LA CAPSULA + SUELO SECO (g)
65.72 65.72 65.64
5 PESO DEL AGUA Ww (g) 8.38 8.16 8.46
6 PESO DEL SOLIDO Ws (g) 29.17 28.92 29.51
7 CONTENIDO DE HUMEDAD W 28.73% 28.22% 28.67%
8.2. Peso Volumétrico Suelo Cohesivo
ITEM |DESCRIPCION DATOS
1 N° de Muestra 1 2 3
2 Peso del suelo húmedo (g) 253.14 251.51 252.01
3 Peso del suelo húmedo + parafina (g) 269.17 268.90 269.05
4 Volumen inicial (cm3) 500.00 500.00 500.00
5 Volumen final (cm3) 655.27 655.27 655.27
6 ΔV=Volumen final - Volumen Inicial (cm3) 155.27 155.27 155.27
7 γ parafina (g/cm3) 0.87 0.87 0.87
8 Peso de la parafina (g) 16.03 17.39 17.04
9 Volumen de la parafina (cm3) 18.43 19.99 19.59
10 Volumen suelo = ΔV- Volumen parafina
(cm3)
136.84 135.28 135.68
11 Peso volumétrico (g/cm3) 1.850 1.859 1.857
30. MECÁNICA DE SUELOS I
IX. DISCUSION
Es de gran utilidad conocer las características y propiedades del suelo para formular el
diseño de la edificación y la resistencia del concreto, de esta manera prever daños a la
edificación.
Es necesario conocer los cambios de volumen, cohesión, estabilidad mecánica, contenido de
aire, contenido de humedad, pues son siempre distinto en cada lugar. También es importante
hacer el estudio del suelo, con una mínima profundidad de 3 metros.
31. MECÁNICA DE SUELOS I
X. CONCLUSIONES.
Realizando este ensayo de laboratorio se obtuvo que el contenido de humedad
promedio presente en este suelo es del 28.54 %.
En las muestras existe poca variación del contenido de humedad.
En este ensayo pudimos calcular el peso volumétrico del suelo el cual es 1.86 g/cm3
Aprendimos a calcular el peso volumétrico de las muestras de suelo cohesivo con los
métodos de cálculo mostrado en clase.
Los resultados obtenidos pueden variar mínimamente si se consideran los procedimientos
y métodos para la medición del peso volumétrico.
A partir de este ensayo podemos ver que manipular una muestra para encontrar su peso
volumétrico y además saber los estados por los que pasa y como va cambiando su peso y
volumen a través de ellos nos ayuda a entender un poco más experimentalmente sobre las
relaciones volumétricas expuestas en la teoría.
32. MECÁNICA DE SUELOS I
XI. OBSERVACIONES Y RECOMENDACIONES
La muestra debe ser cuidadosamente preservada y transportada para evitar alteraciones en
el resultado real; de igual forma, en el laboratorio se debe efectuar el ensayo rápidamente
para prevenir la condensación del agua presente en la muestra antes de la toma del peso
húmedo.
Se recomienda utilizar la misma balanza para pesar las muestras secas y húmedas para
obtener valores con el mismo grado de precisión y confiabilidad.
El secado de las muestras en el horno debe de ser mínimo 24 horas.
Evitar utilizar muestras frágiles o con fisuras, además evite aplicar la parafina en exceso,
la capa de parafina debe ser fina pero suficiente para impermeabilizar a la muestra.
Para prevenir la mezcla de especímenes y la obtención de resultados incorrectos, todos los
contenedores, deberían ser enumerados y deberían registrarse los números de los
contenedores en los formatos de laboratorio.
Es importante que el estudiante esté siempre atento a las indicaciones que se dan para el
correcto desarrollo del ensayo. Específicamente para esta práctica resulta muy útil llegar a
dominar las fórmulas de contenido de humedad y peso volumétrico para así garantizar una
excelente obtención de datos.
33. MECÁNICA DE SUELOS I
XII. BIBLIOGRAFIA
Ferdinard P. Beer, E. Russell Johnston, John T. DeWolf, Mazurek F. Mecanica de suelos.
3ra edición. México. Mc Graw Hill. (2012).
William F Smith. “Fundamentos de la ciencia e ingeniería de materiales”. Tercera edición.
Interamericana De España S.A.U. Editorial McGraw Hill.1998.
Juárez Badillo, E. y Rico Rodríguez, A. Mecánica de Suelos. 3ra. Ed., Limusa, 2001.
Braja M. Das. Fundamentos de ingeniería geotécnica. Editorial México.
Thomson Learning, cop. 2001.
https://sites.google.com/site/clasesdesueloutcmar/home/suelos-calizos
https://www.probelte.es/noticia/es/suelo-arcilloso-que-es-que-cultivar-y-como-mejorar-el-
suelo/127
https://concepto.de/suelo/
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plantas-usos-en-la-agricultura/