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9-1
CHAPTER 9
PRINCIPLES OF COOKING
Copyright © 2015 Pearson Canada, Inc.
9-2
Principles of Cooking
• Cooking can be defined as the transfer of
energy from a heat source to a food
• Energy alters the food’s molecular
structure, changes its texture, flavour,
aroma, and appearance
• When food is cooked, the process destroys
microorganisms and makes food easier to
ingest and digest
Copyright © 2015 Pearson Canada, Inc.
9-3
Heat Transfer
• Conduction
• Convection
– Natural
– Mechanical
• Radiation
– Infrared
– Microwave
Copyright © 2015 Pearson Canada, Inc.
9-4
Heat Patterns
Copyright © 2015 Pearson Canada, Inc.
9-5
Effects of Heat
• Proteins coagulate
– Complete coagulation at 71°C to 85°C (160°F to 185°F)
• Starches gelatinize
– Occurs gradually between 66°C and 100°C (150°F to
212°F)
• Sugars caramelize
– Begin caramelizing at 160°C to 170°C (310°F to 338°F)
• Water evaporates
– Evaporation is responsible for the drying of food during
cooking
• Fats melt
– Do not evaporate when heated
Copyright © 2015 Pearson Canada, Inc.
9-6
Cooking Methods
• Dry-heat:
– direct or indirect
• Moist-heat:
– submerged in liquid or exposed to steam
• Combination:
– involves dry heat and moist heat
Copyright © 2015 Pearson Canada, Inc.
9-7
Dry-Heat Cooking Methods
• Broiling
• Grilling
• Roasting
• Baking
• Sautéing
• Pan-frying
• Deep-fat frying
Copyright © 2015 Pearson Canada, Inc.
9-8
Sautéing and Pan-Frying
Sautéing
Pan-frying
Copyright © 2015 Pearson Canada, Inc.
9-9
Deep-Fat Frying
• Although deep-fat frying uses liquid fat, it
is a dry-heat cooking method
• Deep-fat frying uses high temperatures,
allowing the food’s surface to brown and
become crisp
Copyright © 2015 Pearson Canada, Inc.
9-10
Fats for Deep-Frying
• Vegetable oils are often used
– Soybean, safflower, canola, etc.
• Specially formulated frying fats are also
available
– Anti-foaming, anti-oxidant and preservative
agents are added
• Some frying fats are hydrogenated
– A process that turns liquid oil to solid fat
– Being reformulated to eliminate trans fats
Copyright © 2015 Pearson Canada, Inc.
9-11
Procedure for Deep-Frying Foods
Choose the Right Fat
Consider the following:
• The fat’s smoke point:
– Animal fats have a low smoke point
– Vegetable oils have a higher smoke point
• Flavour:
– Clean, natural flavour
• Resistance to chemical breakdown
Copyright © 2015 Pearson Canada, Inc.
9-12
Procedure for Deep-Frying Foods
Maintaining Fryer Fat
• Properly maintaining frying fat will greatly
extend its useful life
– Store fat in sealed containers, away from strong
light
– Skim food particles from the fat’s surface often
– Do not salt food directly over the fat
Copyright © 2015 Pearson Canada, Inc.
9-13
Maintaining Fryer Fat (cont’d)
– Prevent excessive water from coming in contact
with the fat
– Do not overheat the fat (turn down on stand by
when not in use)
– Filter the fat after each shift
Copyright © 2015 Pearson Canada, Inc.
9-14
Enemies of Fryer Fats
• Fryer fat can be damaged by
– Salt
– Water
– Overheating
– Food particles
– Oxygen
• Change fryer fat when it
– Becomes dark
– Smokes
– Foams
– Develops off-flavours
Copyright © 2015 Pearson Canada, Inc.
9-15
Deep-Fat Frying Methods
Basket method
Double-basket method
Swimming method
Copyright © 2015 Pearson Canada, Inc.
9-16
Moist-Heat Cooking Methods
• Poaching
• Simmering
• Boiling
• Steaming
Copyright © 2015 Pearson Canada, Inc.
9-17
Steaming
Copyright © 2015 Pearson Canada, Inc.
9-18
Combination Cooking Methods
• Braising and poêléing
• Stewing
Braising
Copyright © 2015 Pearson Canada, Inc.
9-19
Sous Vide
• French for “under vacuum, cooked in a bag”
• Developed by Georges Pralus in 1971 in France
• Fresh ingredients are combined, vacuum packed
in individual portions, cooked under vacuum,
chilled, then re-thermalized for service
• Widely used by hotels, restaurants and caterers,
but also in retail market
Copyright © 2015 Pearson Canada, Inc.
9-20
Sous Vide
• Safety concerns:
• High quality ingredients with low overall
microbe counts required
• Risk of food poisoning if there are errors in
temperature or time during preparation, storage
or handling
• Leaky packages must be identified and
discarded
Copyright © 2015 Pearson Canada, Inc.
9-21
Cook-Chill Sytems
• Commonly associated with institutional cooking
• Retains nutritional integrity and flavour
• Start with standardized recipe
• Cook by traditional methods then rapidly chill
according to specific temperature benchmarks
• Reheat to an internal temperature of 74°C (165°F)
or hotter for 15 minutes
• Requires care to ensure quality and food safety
Copyright © 2015 Pearson Canada, Inc.
Nutrition and Cooking Methods
Dry-Heat Methods:
• Allow excess fat to drip away
• Using non-stick coatings allows you to use less fat
Moist-Heat Methods:
• Nutrients are not leached from foods during steaming
• Poaching in a broth or court bouillon adds no fat
• Skim visible fat when you cook foods in a liquid
Copyright © 2015 Pearson Canada, Inc. 9-22

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Labensky 6 ce_ch09

  • 1. 9-1 CHAPTER 9 PRINCIPLES OF COOKING Copyright © 2015 Pearson Canada, Inc.
  • 2. 9-2 Principles of Cooking • Cooking can be defined as the transfer of energy from a heat source to a food • Energy alters the food’s molecular structure, changes its texture, flavour, aroma, and appearance • When food is cooked, the process destroys microorganisms and makes food easier to ingest and digest Copyright © 2015 Pearson Canada, Inc.
  • 3. 9-3 Heat Transfer • Conduction • Convection – Natural – Mechanical • Radiation – Infrared – Microwave Copyright © 2015 Pearson Canada, Inc.
  • 4. 9-4 Heat Patterns Copyright © 2015 Pearson Canada, Inc.
  • 5. 9-5 Effects of Heat • Proteins coagulate – Complete coagulation at 71°C to 85°C (160°F to 185°F) • Starches gelatinize – Occurs gradually between 66°C and 100°C (150°F to 212°F) • Sugars caramelize – Begin caramelizing at 160°C to 170°C (310°F to 338°F) • Water evaporates – Evaporation is responsible for the drying of food during cooking • Fats melt – Do not evaporate when heated Copyright © 2015 Pearson Canada, Inc.
  • 6. 9-6 Cooking Methods • Dry-heat: – direct or indirect • Moist-heat: – submerged in liquid or exposed to steam • Combination: – involves dry heat and moist heat Copyright © 2015 Pearson Canada, Inc.
  • 7. 9-7 Dry-Heat Cooking Methods • Broiling • Grilling • Roasting • Baking • Sautéing • Pan-frying • Deep-fat frying Copyright © 2015 Pearson Canada, Inc.
  • 9. 9-9 Deep-Fat Frying • Although deep-fat frying uses liquid fat, it is a dry-heat cooking method • Deep-fat frying uses high temperatures, allowing the food’s surface to brown and become crisp Copyright © 2015 Pearson Canada, Inc.
  • 10. 9-10 Fats for Deep-Frying • Vegetable oils are often used – Soybean, safflower, canola, etc. • Specially formulated frying fats are also available – Anti-foaming, anti-oxidant and preservative agents are added • Some frying fats are hydrogenated – A process that turns liquid oil to solid fat – Being reformulated to eliminate trans fats Copyright © 2015 Pearson Canada, Inc.
  • 11. 9-11 Procedure for Deep-Frying Foods Choose the Right Fat Consider the following: • The fat’s smoke point: – Animal fats have a low smoke point – Vegetable oils have a higher smoke point • Flavour: – Clean, natural flavour • Resistance to chemical breakdown Copyright © 2015 Pearson Canada, Inc.
  • 12. 9-12 Procedure for Deep-Frying Foods Maintaining Fryer Fat • Properly maintaining frying fat will greatly extend its useful life – Store fat in sealed containers, away from strong light – Skim food particles from the fat’s surface often – Do not salt food directly over the fat Copyright © 2015 Pearson Canada, Inc.
  • 13. 9-13 Maintaining Fryer Fat (cont’d) – Prevent excessive water from coming in contact with the fat – Do not overheat the fat (turn down on stand by when not in use) – Filter the fat after each shift Copyright © 2015 Pearson Canada, Inc.
  • 14. 9-14 Enemies of Fryer Fats • Fryer fat can be damaged by – Salt – Water – Overheating – Food particles – Oxygen • Change fryer fat when it – Becomes dark – Smokes – Foams – Develops off-flavours Copyright © 2015 Pearson Canada, Inc.
  • 15. 9-15 Deep-Fat Frying Methods Basket method Double-basket method Swimming method Copyright © 2015 Pearson Canada, Inc.
  • 16. 9-16 Moist-Heat Cooking Methods • Poaching • Simmering • Boiling • Steaming Copyright © 2015 Pearson Canada, Inc.
  • 17. 9-17 Steaming Copyright © 2015 Pearson Canada, Inc.
  • 18. 9-18 Combination Cooking Methods • Braising and poêléing • Stewing Braising Copyright © 2015 Pearson Canada, Inc.
  • 19. 9-19 Sous Vide • French for “under vacuum, cooked in a bag” • Developed by Georges Pralus in 1971 in France • Fresh ingredients are combined, vacuum packed in individual portions, cooked under vacuum, chilled, then re-thermalized for service • Widely used by hotels, restaurants and caterers, but also in retail market Copyright © 2015 Pearson Canada, Inc.
  • 20. 9-20 Sous Vide • Safety concerns: • High quality ingredients with low overall microbe counts required • Risk of food poisoning if there are errors in temperature or time during preparation, storage or handling • Leaky packages must be identified and discarded Copyright © 2015 Pearson Canada, Inc.
  • 21. 9-21 Cook-Chill Sytems • Commonly associated with institutional cooking • Retains nutritional integrity and flavour • Start with standardized recipe • Cook by traditional methods then rapidly chill according to specific temperature benchmarks • Reheat to an internal temperature of 74°C (165°F) or hotter for 15 minutes • Requires care to ensure quality and food safety Copyright © 2015 Pearson Canada, Inc.
  • 22. Nutrition and Cooking Methods Dry-Heat Methods: • Allow excess fat to drip away • Using non-stick coatings allows you to use less fat Moist-Heat Methods: • Nutrients are not leached from foods during steaming • Poaching in a broth or court bouillon adds no fat • Skim visible fat when you cook foods in a liquid Copyright © 2015 Pearson Canada, Inc. 9-22