The document discusses software development using Java components. It covers key concepts like encapsulation, polymorphism and interfaces that make Java suitable for component-based development. Object-oriented features like these allow Java classes to act as reusable software components. The document also provides an example of how the School System is structured into packages that represent components.
M256 Unit 1 - Software Development with JavaYaseen
This document provides an introduction to Unit 1 of the Open University course M256 Software Development with Java. It discusses:
1. The importance of software development as a process that involves planning models through diagrams and text, rather than just writing code.
2. An example school administration system to demonstrate that complex software requires careful planning before implementation.
3. The aims of the course which are to teach software development skills and concepts for individuals and teams to create complex object-oriented software.
4. Key terminology used in the course including Java applications, applications, software systems, and integrated development environments.
5. An overview of studying the unit which involves exercises, self-assessment questions, and exploring an
This question bank is with basic questions for preparing interview,exams related to object oriented programming with c++,and java.This is explicitly designed for students to enhance their programming skills.
This document is a report submitted by Subhash Kumar for the partial fulfillment of the requirements for a Bachelor of Technology degree in Computer Science and Engineering. The report discusses Java programming for software development. It covers key object-oriented programming concepts in Java like classes, objects, constructors, inheritance, composition, encapsulation, and polymorphism. It also discusses Java generics and provides examples of different types of loops in Java like while, for, do-while loops and their usage along with potential pitfalls.
Sateesh Chandra Pathak has over 5 years of experience working as a senior analyst, lead engineer, and SSE using technologies like C, C++, Java, C#, .NET, and more. He has extensive experience in application development, working on projects involving derivatives trading, FIX protocol, data analytics, and telecommunications. Pathak has an MCA from Shri Vaishnav Institute of Technology and Science Indore and is proficient in English and Hindi.
The document outlines the program structure for the second year of engineering at the University of Mumbai for semesters 3 and 4. It includes details of the courses, teaching scheme, examination scheme, labs, and syllabus. Some of the key courses include Data Structures, Database Management Systems, Principles of Communication, and Paradigms and Computer Programming Fundamentals. The syllabus covers topics like Java fundamentals, OOP concepts, inheritance, packages, interfaces, exception handling, multithreading, I/O streams, and GUI programming using AWT and Swing. Students will complete labs related to the coursework and a mini project to develop a front-end or backend application using Java.
This document provides an overview of key concepts in object-oriented programming and Java, including models, classes, objects, fields, methods, object relationships, and the steps to write a Java program. It explains that classes define types through their characteristics and behaviors, while objects are instances of classes. Fields define object properties and methods describe capabilities. The document also covers compiling Java code, types of Java programs, and basic analysis of a HelloWorld example program.
The main control structures in C++ are:
1. Conditional structures:
- if statement - Executes a statement if a condition is true.
- if-else statement - Executes one statement if a condition is true and another statement if it is false.
- switch statement - Allows a variable to be tested for equality against multiple case values.
2. Looping structures:
- while loop - Executes a statement or block of code repeatedly as long as a condition is true.
- do-while loop - Similar to a while loop but the condition is checked at the end of the loop.
- for loop - Executes a statement or block of code repeatedly for a known number of times.
Global Earthquake Monitor. This project based on Java Project. It is real time working project. This project used OOPs concept.
World earthquake shown in map with magnitude, date, time, length, affected area.
M256 Unit 1 - Software Development with JavaYaseen
This document provides an introduction to Unit 1 of the Open University course M256 Software Development with Java. It discusses:
1. The importance of software development as a process that involves planning models through diagrams and text, rather than just writing code.
2. An example school administration system to demonstrate that complex software requires careful planning before implementation.
3. The aims of the course which are to teach software development skills and concepts for individuals and teams to create complex object-oriented software.
4. Key terminology used in the course including Java applications, applications, software systems, and integrated development environments.
5. An overview of studying the unit which involves exercises, self-assessment questions, and exploring an
This question bank is with basic questions for preparing interview,exams related to object oriented programming with c++,and java.This is explicitly designed for students to enhance their programming skills.
This document is a report submitted by Subhash Kumar for the partial fulfillment of the requirements for a Bachelor of Technology degree in Computer Science and Engineering. The report discusses Java programming for software development. It covers key object-oriented programming concepts in Java like classes, objects, constructors, inheritance, composition, encapsulation, and polymorphism. It also discusses Java generics and provides examples of different types of loops in Java like while, for, do-while loops and their usage along with potential pitfalls.
Sateesh Chandra Pathak has over 5 years of experience working as a senior analyst, lead engineer, and SSE using technologies like C, C++, Java, C#, .NET, and more. He has extensive experience in application development, working on projects involving derivatives trading, FIX protocol, data analytics, and telecommunications. Pathak has an MCA from Shri Vaishnav Institute of Technology and Science Indore and is proficient in English and Hindi.
The document outlines the program structure for the second year of engineering at the University of Mumbai for semesters 3 and 4. It includes details of the courses, teaching scheme, examination scheme, labs, and syllabus. Some of the key courses include Data Structures, Database Management Systems, Principles of Communication, and Paradigms and Computer Programming Fundamentals. The syllabus covers topics like Java fundamentals, OOP concepts, inheritance, packages, interfaces, exception handling, multithreading, I/O streams, and GUI programming using AWT and Swing. Students will complete labs related to the coursework and a mini project to develop a front-end or backend application using Java.
This document provides an overview of key concepts in object-oriented programming and Java, including models, classes, objects, fields, methods, object relationships, and the steps to write a Java program. It explains that classes define types through their characteristics and behaviors, while objects are instances of classes. Fields define object properties and methods describe capabilities. The document also covers compiling Java code, types of Java programs, and basic analysis of a HelloWorld example program.
The main control structures in C++ are:
1. Conditional structures:
- if statement - Executes a statement if a condition is true.
- if-else statement - Executes one statement if a condition is true and another statement if it is false.
- switch statement - Allows a variable to be tested for equality against multiple case values.
2. Looping structures:
- while loop - Executes a statement or block of code repeatedly as long as a condition is true.
- do-while loop - Similar to a while loop but the condition is checked at the end of the loop.
- for loop - Executes a statement or block of code repeatedly for a known number of times.
Global Earthquake Monitor. This project based on Java Project. It is real time working project. This project used OOPs concept.
World earthquake shown in map with magnitude, date, time, length, affected area.
Reusability Metrics for Object-Oriented System: An Alternative ApproachWaqas Tariq
Object-oriented metrics plays an import role in ensuring the desired quality and have widely been applied to practical software projects. The benefits of object-oriented software development increasing leading to development of new measurement techniques. Assessing the reusability is more and more of a necessity. Reusability is the key element to reduce the cost and improve the quality of the software. Generic programming helps us to achieve the concept of reusability through C++ Templates which helps in developing reusable software modules and also identify effectiveness of this reuse strategy. The advantage of defining metrics for templates is the possibility to measure the reusability of software component and to identify the most effective reuse strategy. The need for such metrics is particularly useful when an organization is adopting a new technology, for which established practices have yet to be developed. Many researchers have done research on reusability metrics [2, 9, 3, 4]. In this paper we have proposed four new independent metrics Number of Template Children (NTC), Depth of Template Tree (DTT) Method Template Inheritance Factor (MTIF) and Attribute Template Inheritance Factor (ATIF), to measure the reusability for object-oriented systems.
IRJET - Cognitive based Emotion Analysis of a Child Reading a BookIRJET Journal
1. The document describes a system to analyze the emotions of children while reading by capturing their facial expressions using CNN and analyzing the sentiment of the text using techniques like SVM.
2. The system aims to classify sentences based on emotions like joy, anger, fear etc. using models trained on Twitter data and detect facial expressions using a CNN model trained on a children's facial expression dataset.
3. The proposed application will record a child's face and text they are reading to analyze emotions over time and log the results to help understand responses to different parts of books or educational material.
The document provides an overview of Object Oriented Software Engineering (OOSE). It discusses key OOSE concepts like classes, objects, messages, inheritance, polymorphism, and data abstraction. Examples of real-world applications that use OOSE principles are provided, such as mobile apps, websites, and common software used in various industries. Advantages of OOSE include simplicity, modularity, reusability, and a clear modular structure. Potential weaknesses are larger program size, slower performance, and a steep learning curve for some problems.
Top 50 .NET Interview Questions and Answers 2019 | EdurekaEdureka!
YouTube Link: https://youtu.be/5WwzmjgmqUA
** Microsoft .NET Certification Training: edureka.co/microsoft-dotnet-framework-self-paced **
This Edureka PPT on '.NET Interview Questions and Answers' will help you understand the frequently asked interview questions for .NET. Following are the topics discussed:
Beginner Level Interview Questions
Intermediate Level Interview Questions
Advanced Level Interview Questions
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This Edureka PPT on Top 50 C# Interview Question and Answers will help you to prepare yourself for C# developer Interviews. It covers questions for the following levels:
Beginner Level
Intermediate Level
Experienced Professionals
Follow us to never miss an update in the future.
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This document summarizes a project report submitted by Anish Yadav for a summer training at HCL CDC on Core Java (J2SE). The project involved developing the game "Housie" using Java Swing and event handling. The report acknowledges the guidance provided, describes the game and its winning combinations, outlines the objectives and hardware/software requirements, and discusses key aspects of Java used in developing the project.
PhD Maintainability of transformations in evolving MDE ecosystemsJokin García Pérez
- Co-evolve transformations to metamodel evolution
- Adapter-based approach to co-evolve generated SQL in model to text transformations
- Testing model to text transformations
-
Diving into OOP (Day 5): All About C# Access Modifiers (Public/Private/Protec...Akhil Mittal
Access modifiers (or access specifiers) are keywords in object-oriented languages that set the accessibility of classes, methods, and other members. Access modifiers are a specific part of programming language syntax used to facilitate the encapsulation of components.
This document is a training report submitted by Sumit Jain to fulfill the requirements for a Bachelor of Technology degree in Computer Science and Engineering. It describes a training project completed at Lio Technologies under the guidance of Mr. Rahul Sharma. The report includes an introduction to the company, objectives of the project, system analysis, feasibility study, software requirements specification, system design, screenshots, testing, implementation, maintenance, security, and conclusions.
Android Application Development - Level 1Isham Rashik
Very basics of Android Application Development for the beginners who have no prior experience with programming. Can be used for hobby purpose as well as educational material for the academic purpose.
Android Application Development - Level 3Isham Rashik
Final level of the Android Application Development series. With this tutorial documentation, this will enable mobile developers to gain complete basic knowledge of Android Development. After completing all 3 of the levels, the developers can proceed with intermediary and advanced concepts.
Android Application Development - Level 2Isham Rashik
This document provides information about an Android application development workshop on level 2 concepts. It includes objectives like understanding new concepts for designing user interfaces in XML, object-oriented programming in Java, and applying concepts to create interactive apps. It describes UI elements like EditText, RadioButtons, CheckBoxes and their usage. It also covers OOP concepts like classes, objects, inheritance and methods. It provides examples to demonstrate concepts like creating objects, calling methods, finding views by ID. Finally, it includes code for a temperature converter app as an example to apply concepts.
EEE oops Vth semester viva questions with answerJeba Moses
1. An object is the basic unit of object-oriented programming and represents an instance of a class. Objects have unique names and can hold their own data.
2. A class defines a collection of similar objects. Instances are objects created from classes through a process called instantiation.
3. Object-oriented programming organizes programs around objects and a set of well-defined interfaces to access object data. Data is encapsulated within classes and accessed through member functions.
This document provides an introduction to threads, events, and mutexes in C# classes. It begins with a basic example of creating a thread to call a method. Subsequent examples demonstrate passing delegate methods to threads, using the Sleep method to simulate multithreading, and accessing the CurrentThread property. The document also notes that the Thread class is sealed and cannot be inherited from.
Andrey Kutuzov and Elizaveta Kuzmenko - WebVectors: Toolkit for Building Web...AIST
WebVectors is an open-source toolkit that allows users to deploy web services for vector semantic models like word2vec. It provides functions like finding semantic associates of words, calculating semantic similarity between words, and visualizing word vectors. The goal is to make these models more accessible to digital humanities and linguistics communities without requiring programming skills. The toolkit runs models efficiently using Python, Flask and Gensim, and models can be loaded and queried via a web interface. Live demos are available for Russian and other languages.
DOC-20210303-WA0017..pptx,coding stuff in cfloraaluoch3
This document provides an overview of procedural programming and object-oriented programming concepts. It discusses modular programming in C language and compilers used for C/C++. It then covers the software crisis and evolution, procedural programming paradigm, and introduction to object-oriented approach. Key characteristics of OOP like classes, objects, encapsulation, inheritance and polymorphism are explained. Benefits of OOP like code reusability and improved reliability are highlighted. Popular OOP languages like Java, C++, and Python are listed with examples of applications like real-time systems and databases.
These are some of the FAQ's that are asked in TCS NQT exam. By preparing these questions you can obtain good marks.
NOTE: These are FAQ's don't completely relay on it.
Object-oriented analysis and design is an evolutionary development method built upon past proven concepts. The document discusses object-oriented systems development processes including use case driven analysis, the Object Modeling Technique (OMT), class diagrams, relationships between classes, and object-oriented modeling. It provides examples of class diagrams showing classes, attributes, operations, and relationships. It also explains the four views of OMT - the object model, dynamic model, functional model, and how OMT separates modeling.
This document discusses an automatic code generation tool called UJECTOR that can generate executable Java code from UML diagrams, including class diagrams, sequence diagrams, and activity diagrams. It notes the benefits of automatic code generation in reducing errors compared to manual coding. The paper also discusses some related work, including Enterprise Architect, Eclipse UML Generators, Rhapsody, and dCode - other tools that can generate code from UML models. Overall, the document examines challenges in ensuring consistency, accuracy, maintainability and efficiency when automatically generating code from UML models.
The document describes key components of software design including data design, architectural design, interface design, and procedural design. It discusses the goals of the design process which are to implement requirements, create an understandable guide for code generation and testing, and address implementation from data, functional, and behavioral perspectives. The document also covers concepts like abstraction, refinement, modularity, program structure, data structures, software procedures, information hiding, and cohesion and coupling.
Reusability Metrics for Object-Oriented System: An Alternative ApproachWaqas Tariq
Object-oriented metrics plays an import role in ensuring the desired quality and have widely been applied to practical software projects. The benefits of object-oriented software development increasing leading to development of new measurement techniques. Assessing the reusability is more and more of a necessity. Reusability is the key element to reduce the cost and improve the quality of the software. Generic programming helps us to achieve the concept of reusability through C++ Templates which helps in developing reusable software modules and also identify effectiveness of this reuse strategy. The advantage of defining metrics for templates is the possibility to measure the reusability of software component and to identify the most effective reuse strategy. The need for such metrics is particularly useful when an organization is adopting a new technology, for which established practices have yet to be developed. Many researchers have done research on reusability metrics [2, 9, 3, 4]. In this paper we have proposed four new independent metrics Number of Template Children (NTC), Depth of Template Tree (DTT) Method Template Inheritance Factor (MTIF) and Attribute Template Inheritance Factor (ATIF), to measure the reusability for object-oriented systems.
IRJET - Cognitive based Emotion Analysis of a Child Reading a BookIRJET Journal
1. The document describes a system to analyze the emotions of children while reading by capturing their facial expressions using CNN and analyzing the sentiment of the text using techniques like SVM.
2. The system aims to classify sentences based on emotions like joy, anger, fear etc. using models trained on Twitter data and detect facial expressions using a CNN model trained on a children's facial expression dataset.
3. The proposed application will record a child's face and text they are reading to analyze emotions over time and log the results to help understand responses to different parts of books or educational material.
The document provides an overview of Object Oriented Software Engineering (OOSE). It discusses key OOSE concepts like classes, objects, messages, inheritance, polymorphism, and data abstraction. Examples of real-world applications that use OOSE principles are provided, such as mobile apps, websites, and common software used in various industries. Advantages of OOSE include simplicity, modularity, reusability, and a clear modular structure. Potential weaknesses are larger program size, slower performance, and a steep learning curve for some problems.
Top 50 .NET Interview Questions and Answers 2019 | EdurekaEdureka!
YouTube Link: https://youtu.be/5WwzmjgmqUA
** Microsoft .NET Certification Training: edureka.co/microsoft-dotnet-framework-self-paced **
This Edureka PPT on '.NET Interview Questions and Answers' will help you understand the frequently asked interview questions for .NET. Following are the topics discussed:
Beginner Level Interview Questions
Intermediate Level Interview Questions
Advanced Level Interview Questions
Follow us to never miss an update in the future.
YouTube: https://www.youtube.com/user/edurekaIN
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Castbox: https://castbox.fm/networks/505?country=in
YouTube Link: https://youtu.be/ipYKV3U8SyM
**Edureka Online Courses: https://www.edureka.co**
This Edureka PPT on Top 50 C# Interview Question and Answers will help you to prepare yourself for C# developer Interviews. It covers questions for the following levels:
Beginner Level
Intermediate Level
Experienced Professionals
Follow us to never miss an update in the future.
YouTube: https://www.youtube.com/user/edurekaIN
Instagram: https://www.instagram.com/edureka_learning/
Facebook: https://www.facebook.com/edurekaIN/
Twitter: https://twitter.com/edurekain
LinkedIn: https://www.linkedin.com/company/edureka
Castbox: https://castbox.fm/networks/505?country=in
This document summarizes a project report submitted by Anish Yadav for a summer training at HCL CDC on Core Java (J2SE). The project involved developing the game "Housie" using Java Swing and event handling. The report acknowledges the guidance provided, describes the game and its winning combinations, outlines the objectives and hardware/software requirements, and discusses key aspects of Java used in developing the project.
PhD Maintainability of transformations in evolving MDE ecosystemsJokin García Pérez
- Co-evolve transformations to metamodel evolution
- Adapter-based approach to co-evolve generated SQL in model to text transformations
- Testing model to text transformations
-
Diving into OOP (Day 5): All About C# Access Modifiers (Public/Private/Protec...Akhil Mittal
Access modifiers (or access specifiers) are keywords in object-oriented languages that set the accessibility of classes, methods, and other members. Access modifiers are a specific part of programming language syntax used to facilitate the encapsulation of components.
This document is a training report submitted by Sumit Jain to fulfill the requirements for a Bachelor of Technology degree in Computer Science and Engineering. It describes a training project completed at Lio Technologies under the guidance of Mr. Rahul Sharma. The report includes an introduction to the company, objectives of the project, system analysis, feasibility study, software requirements specification, system design, screenshots, testing, implementation, maintenance, security, and conclusions.
Android Application Development - Level 1Isham Rashik
Very basics of Android Application Development for the beginners who have no prior experience with programming. Can be used for hobby purpose as well as educational material for the academic purpose.
Android Application Development - Level 3Isham Rashik
Final level of the Android Application Development series. With this tutorial documentation, this will enable mobile developers to gain complete basic knowledge of Android Development. After completing all 3 of the levels, the developers can proceed with intermediary and advanced concepts.
Android Application Development - Level 2Isham Rashik
This document provides information about an Android application development workshop on level 2 concepts. It includes objectives like understanding new concepts for designing user interfaces in XML, object-oriented programming in Java, and applying concepts to create interactive apps. It describes UI elements like EditText, RadioButtons, CheckBoxes and their usage. It also covers OOP concepts like classes, objects, inheritance and methods. It provides examples to demonstrate concepts like creating objects, calling methods, finding views by ID. Finally, it includes code for a temperature converter app as an example to apply concepts.
EEE oops Vth semester viva questions with answerJeba Moses
1. An object is the basic unit of object-oriented programming and represents an instance of a class. Objects have unique names and can hold their own data.
2. A class defines a collection of similar objects. Instances are objects created from classes through a process called instantiation.
3. Object-oriented programming organizes programs around objects and a set of well-defined interfaces to access object data. Data is encapsulated within classes and accessed through member functions.
This document provides an introduction to threads, events, and mutexes in C# classes. It begins with a basic example of creating a thread to call a method. Subsequent examples demonstrate passing delegate methods to threads, using the Sleep method to simulate multithreading, and accessing the CurrentThread property. The document also notes that the Thread class is sealed and cannot be inherited from.
Andrey Kutuzov and Elizaveta Kuzmenko - WebVectors: Toolkit for Building Web...AIST
WebVectors is an open-source toolkit that allows users to deploy web services for vector semantic models like word2vec. It provides functions like finding semantic associates of words, calculating semantic similarity between words, and visualizing word vectors. The goal is to make these models more accessible to digital humanities and linguistics communities without requiring programming skills. The toolkit runs models efficiently using Python, Flask and Gensim, and models can be loaded and queried via a web interface. Live demos are available for Russian and other languages.
DOC-20210303-WA0017..pptx,coding stuff in cfloraaluoch3
This document provides an overview of procedural programming and object-oriented programming concepts. It discusses modular programming in C language and compilers used for C/C++. It then covers the software crisis and evolution, procedural programming paradigm, and introduction to object-oriented approach. Key characteristics of OOP like classes, objects, encapsulation, inheritance and polymorphism are explained. Benefits of OOP like code reusability and improved reliability are highlighted. Popular OOP languages like Java, C++, and Python are listed with examples of applications like real-time systems and databases.
These are some of the FAQ's that are asked in TCS NQT exam. By preparing these questions you can obtain good marks.
NOTE: These are FAQ's don't completely relay on it.
Object-oriented analysis and design is an evolutionary development method built upon past proven concepts. The document discusses object-oriented systems development processes including use case driven analysis, the Object Modeling Technique (OMT), class diagrams, relationships between classes, and object-oriented modeling. It provides examples of class diagrams showing classes, attributes, operations, and relationships. It also explains the four views of OMT - the object model, dynamic model, functional model, and how OMT separates modeling.
This document discusses an automatic code generation tool called UJECTOR that can generate executable Java code from UML diagrams, including class diagrams, sequence diagrams, and activity diagrams. It notes the benefits of automatic code generation in reducing errors compared to manual coding. The paper also discusses some related work, including Enterprise Architect, Eclipse UML Generators, Rhapsody, and dCode - other tools that can generate code from UML models. Overall, the document examines challenges in ensuring consistency, accuracy, maintainability and efficiency when automatically generating code from UML models.
The document describes key components of software design including data design, architectural design, interface design, and procedural design. It discusses the goals of the design process which are to implement requirements, create an understandable guide for code generation and testing, and address implementation from data, functional, and behavioral perspectives. The document also covers concepts like abstraction, refinement, modularity, program structure, data structures, software procedures, information hiding, and cohesion and coupling.
The document provides an introduction to object-oriented programming concepts. It discusses the key differences between procedural and object-oriented paradigms, including that OOP organizes a program around objects and data rather than procedures. It then defines important OOP concepts like classes, objects, encapsulation, inheritance, polymorphism and messaging passing. The document also provides a brief example of a simple Java program to demonstrate these concepts.
This document provides information about various programming concepts through a series of questions and answers. It discusses the differences between C and Java, data types and storage classes in C, static variables, printing addresses, macros, pass by value vs reference, objects, classes, pointers, null vs void pointers, function overloading, operator overloading, friend functions, inline functions, abstract classes, realloc vs free, arrays vs lists, data structures, inheritance advantages, database integrity rules, deadlocks and prevention, sorting algorithms, doubly linked lists, data abstraction levels with examples, command line arguments, macro advantages, variable number function header, cache memory, debuggers, const pointers, memory alignment, new vs new operator, delete vs delete[], conversion
The document discusses object-oriented databases (OODBs). It states that choosing the right OODB architecture is crucial for performance and scalability, more so than with relational databases. With OODBs, the application architecture has a greater impact on performance compared to relational databases, as OODBs provide more direct access to persistent data. Consequently, the application architecture affects performance and scalability more than the choice of OODB.
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The document discusses encapsulation in C++ and object-oriented design principles. It covers:
1) Encapsulation requires that classes have clearly defined external interfaces and hide implementation details. This reduces coupling between classes.
2) Functions and classes should minimize side effects by passing parameters as constants and returning values rather than references when possible.
3) References are generally preferable to pointers as they only provide access to an object's interface rather than its memory.
4) Constructors and destructors help classes encapsulate their own resource management by allocating resources during initialization and freeing them during destruction.
The document provides an overview of design patterns, including creational patterns. It defines the Abstract Factory pattern, which provides an interface for creating families of related or dependent objects without specifying their concrete classes. The Abstract Factory pattern allows for creating objects in a generic way and enforces creation constraints. It works by having a super-factory that creates other factories to generate related object types. The document outlines the intent, structure, collaboration and consequences of applying the Abstract Factory pattern, as well as how to implement and apply it to solve object creation problems in a flexible manner.
Sofwear deasign and need of design patternchetankane
This document discusses software design and the need for design patterns. It covers the three phases of software design: analysis, design, and implementation. It then discusses what design patterns are, providing the definition that they are standard solutions to common programming problems. The document outlines the three main categories of design patterns: structural, creational, and behavioral. It provides examples like the factory pattern, explaining how it works to reduce dependencies and improve flexibility. In summary, the document introduces software design processes and argues that using design patterns provides benefits like improved code reuse and developer communication.
The document provides an overview of the Systems Development Life Cycle (SDLC). It describes the main phases of SDLC as feasibility analysis, requirement analysis and specification, design, coding, testing, and maintenance. For each phase, it outlines the key activities and objectives. It also discusses different approaches to SDLC, including waterfall, prototyping, iterative, and object-oriented approaches.
The document discusses various middleware technologies used in distributed systems. It describes two-tier and three-tier architectures, and compares them. It then explains concepts like Remote Method Invocation (RMI), JavaBeans, Enterprise JavaBeans (EJB), Common Object Request Broker Architecture (CORBA), and how they enable communication between distributed components and objects across different platforms and languages.
With the great flexibility that xCP 2.0 gives developers when configuring
applications comes the complexity of understanding the best approaches to take
when meeting business requirements.
In some cases there may only be a single design pattern that will meet a business
requirement, and in other cases there may be several valid patterns, but only one
that is expected to meet performance requirements.
The aim of this white paper is to provides guidelines for designing and
configuring an xCP 2.0 application to meet business requirements based on the
experience of EMC subject matter experts.
This version of the document focuses on the design and configuration of the
application model and business processes.
Software engineering Questions and AnswersBala Ganesh
1. Risk management is the process of identifying, addressing, and eliminating potential problems that could threaten the success of a project before they cause damage. This includes issues that could impact cost, schedule, technical success, product quality, or team morale.
2. HIPO (Hierarchical Input Process Output) diagrams were developed at IBM as a design representation and documentation aid. They contain a visual table of contents, overview diagrams, and detailed diagrams.
3. Software maintenance is any work done to modify software after it is operational, such as fixing errors, adding capabilities, removing obsolete code, or optimizing performance. It aims to preserve the software's value over time as requirements, users, and technology change. M
The document discusses various middleware technologies in Java. It covers Java-based component models like JavaBeans, RMI, RMI-IIOP and EJB. It describes the features of JavaBeans like events, properties, introspection, customization and persistence. It also discusses RMI and how it facilitates distributed object computing. CORBA is introduced as a standard that supports interoperability across different languages.
Coupling based structural metrics for measuring the quality of a software (sy...Mumbai Academisc
This document discusses measuring the quality of software modularization using coupling-based structural metrics. It proposes dividing a large codebase into fine-grained modules at the leaf directory level and applying four metrics - module interaction index, non-API function closedness index, API function usage index, and implicit dependency index - to measure coupling between modules. The existing system divides a codebase into two large modules, making analysis difficult, while the proposed system allows for easier maintenance and analysis by dividing files into individual modules and applying the metrics to different software versions.
The document describes the Adaptive Object-Model architectural style. It summarizes that Adaptive Object-Models store the object model in a database and interpret it at runtime, allowing the object model to be adapted by modifying the descriptive information. The key aspects of the style are:
1) Using patterns like TypeObject, Property, and Strategies to separate the runtime object model from the code model and allow attributes, relationships, and behaviors to be configured through metadata.
2) Storing this metadata describing the object model, rules, and behaviors externally, such as in a database or XML files.
3) Interpreting the metadata at runtime to dynamically build the object model and apply behaviors, allowing the system to
This document provides an overview of topics covered in Chapter 7 on software design and implementation, including object-oriented design using UML, design patterns, implementation issues, and open source development. It discusses the design and implementation process, build vs buy approaches, object-oriented design processes involving system models, and key activities like defining system context, identifying objects and interfaces. Specific examples are provided for designing a wilderness weather station system.
How to Add Chatter in the odoo 17 ERP ModuleCeline George
In Odoo, the chatter is like a chat tool that helps you work together on records. You can leave notes and track things, making it easier to talk with your team and partners. Inside chatter, all communication history, activity, and changes will be displayed.
LAND USE LAND COVER AND NDVI OF MIRZAPUR DISTRICT, UPRAHUL
This Dissertation explores the particular circumstances of Mirzapur, a region located in the
core of India. Mirzapur, with its varied terrains and abundant biodiversity, offers an optimal
environment for investigating the changes in vegetation cover dynamics. Our study utilizes
advanced technologies such as GIS (Geographic Information Systems) and Remote sensing to
analyze the transformations that have taken place over the course of a decade.
The complex relationship between human activities and the environment has been the focus
of extensive research and worry. As the global community grapples with swift urbanization,
population expansion, and economic progress, the effects on natural ecosystems are becoming
more evident. A crucial element of this impact is the alteration of vegetation cover, which plays a
significant role in maintaining the ecological equilibrium of our planet.Land serves as the foundation for all human activities and provides the necessary materials for
these activities. As the most crucial natural resource, its utilization by humans results in different
'Land uses,' which are determined by both human activities and the physical characteristics of the
land.
The utilization of land is impacted by human needs and environmental factors. In countries
like India, rapid population growth and the emphasis on extensive resource exploitation can lead
to significant land degradation, adversely affecting the region's land cover.
Therefore, human intervention has significantly influenced land use patterns over many
centuries, evolving its structure over time and space. In the present era, these changes have
accelerated due to factors such as agriculture and urbanization. Information regarding land use and
cover is essential for various planning and management tasks related to the Earth's surface,
providing crucial environmental data for scientific, resource management, policy purposes, and
diverse human activities.
Accurate understanding of land use and cover is imperative for the development planning
of any area. Consequently, a wide range of professionals, including earth system scientists, land
and water managers, and urban planners, are interested in obtaining data on land use and cover
changes, conversion trends, and other related patterns. The spatial dimensions of land use and
cover support policymakers and scientists in making well-informed decisions, as alterations in
these patterns indicate shifts in economic and social conditions. Monitoring such changes with the
help of Advanced technologies like Remote Sensing and Geographic Information Systems is
crucial for coordinated efforts across different administrative levels. Advanced technologies like
Remote Sensing and Geographic Information Systems
9
Changes in vegetation cover refer to variations in the distribution, composition, and overall
structure of plant communities across different temporal and spatial scales. These changes can
occur natural.
This presentation was provided by Steph Pollock of The American Psychological Association’s Journals Program, and Damita Snow, of The American Society of Civil Engineers (ASCE), for the initial session of NISO's 2024 Training Series "DEIA in the Scholarly Landscape." Session One: 'Setting Expectations: a DEIA Primer,' was held June 6, 2024.
How to Build a Module in Odoo 17 Using the Scaffold MethodCeline George
Odoo provides an option for creating a module by using a single line command. By using this command the user can make a whole structure of a module. It is very easy for a beginner to make a module. There is no need to make each file manually. This slide will show how to create a module using the scaffold method.
Walmart Business+ and Spark Good for Nonprofits.pdfTechSoup
"Learn about all the ways Walmart supports nonprofit organizations.
You will hear from Liz Willett, the Head of Nonprofits, and hear about what Walmart is doing to help nonprofits, including Walmart Business and Spark Good. Walmart Business+ is a new offer for nonprofits that offers discounts and also streamlines nonprofits order and expense tracking, saving time and money.
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Spark Good (walmart.com/sparkgood) is a charitable platform that enables nonprofits to receive donations directly from customers and associates.
Answers about how you can do more with Walmart!"
How to Fix the Import Error in the Odoo 17Celine George
An import error occurs when a program fails to import a module or library, disrupting its execution. In languages like Python, this issue arises when the specified module cannot be found or accessed, hindering the program's functionality. Resolving import errors is crucial for maintaining smooth software operation and uninterrupted development processes.
it describes the bony anatomy including the femoral head , acetabulum, labrum . also discusses the capsule , ligaments . muscle that act on the hip joint and the range of motion are outlined. factors affecting hip joint stability and weight transmission through the joint are summarized.
Chapter wise All Notes of First year Basic Civil Engineering.pptxDenish Jangid
Chapter wise All Notes of First year Basic Civil Engineering
Syllabus
Chapter-1
Introduction to objective, scope and outcome the subject
Chapter 2
Introduction: Scope and Specialization of Civil Engineering, Role of civil Engineer in Society, Impact of infrastructural development on economy of country.
Chapter 3
Surveying: Object Principles & Types of Surveying; Site Plans, Plans & Maps; Scales & Unit of different Measurements.
Linear Measurements: Instruments used. Linear Measurement by Tape, Ranging out Survey Lines and overcoming Obstructions; Measurements on sloping ground; Tape corrections, conventional symbols. Angular Measurements: Instruments used; Introduction to Compass Surveying, Bearings and Longitude & Latitude of a Line, Introduction to total station.
Levelling: Instrument used Object of levelling, Methods of levelling in brief, and Contour maps.
Chapter 4
Buildings: Selection of site for Buildings, Layout of Building Plan, Types of buildings, Plinth area, carpet area, floor space index, Introduction to building byelaws, concept of sun light & ventilation. Components of Buildings & their functions, Basic concept of R.C.C., Introduction to types of foundation
Chapter 5
Transportation: Introduction to Transportation Engineering; Traffic and Road Safety: Types and Characteristics of Various Modes of Transportation; Various Road Traffic Signs, Causes of Accidents and Road Safety Measures.
Chapter 6
Environmental Engineering: Environmental Pollution, Environmental Acts and Regulations, Functional Concepts of Ecology, Basics of Species, Biodiversity, Ecosystem, Hydrological Cycle; Chemical Cycles: Carbon, Nitrogen & Phosphorus; Energy Flow in Ecosystems.
Water Pollution: Water Quality standards, Introduction to Treatment & Disposal of Waste Water. Reuse and Saving of Water, Rain Water Harvesting. Solid Waste Management: Classification of Solid Waste, Collection, Transportation and Disposal of Solid. Recycling of Solid Waste: Energy Recovery, Sanitary Landfill, On-Site Sanitation. Air & Noise Pollution: Primary and Secondary air pollutants, Harmful effects of Air Pollution, Control of Air Pollution. . Noise Pollution Harmful Effects of noise pollution, control of noise pollution, Global warming & Climate Change, Ozone depletion, Greenhouse effect
Text Books:
1. Palancharmy, Basic Civil Engineering, McGraw Hill publishers.
2. Satheesh Gopi, Basic Civil Engineering, Pearson Publishers.
3. Ketki Rangwala Dalal, Essentials of Civil Engineering, Charotar Publishing House.
4. BCP, Surveying volume 1
A workshop hosted by the South African Journal of Science aimed at postgraduate students and early career researchers with little or no experience in writing and publishing journal articles.
Liberal Approach to the Study of Indian Politics.pdf
L5 m256 block2_unit5
1. Software development with Java
Prepared By: Ms Samar Shilbayeh ,sshilbayeh@arabou.edu.sa
Modified By: Mrs. Nibal Abu Samaa, nebal_samaan@yahoo.com
1
4.
Software quality.
The concept of components, and consider the
characteristics of object oriented software
components
Component-related aspects of Java
The contribution of object-oriented
components to the quality of software,
Production and use of components.
4
5.
A good quality software is the software
features:
1. delivered on time
2. delivered in specific budget (around
predefined budget)
3. reliably carry out its specified tasks
4. Efficiency
5. Portability
6. Testability
5
6. Efficiency
how well does the
system carry out its
tasks, including
making use of the
hardware (e.g. the
processor) and other
software (e.g. the
operating system)?
Portability
how easily can the
system run on different
platforms, i.e. different
hardware and software
combinations?
6
8.
In this section, we concentrate on two
aspects of software quality which generate
much debate amongst software developers
and which have a significant impact on the
design of software. They are:
◦ maintainability
◦ reusability.
8
9.
All tasks required to keep the software in use
and performing to the satisfaction of its
users, after it has been deployed.
fixing emerging problems;
fine-tuning the system to improve its
performance;
enhancing the system by adding extra
facilities:
1-Changing requirements
2-Changing user interfaces
9
10. HAT system
Briefly review the
requirements of the
Hospital system, and
imagine what might
happen to the system
after it is put into
operation. Suggest an
example of each of the
following:
◦ An requirement that may
emerge.
◦ A change to the Hospital
system’s user interface.
answer
Requirement may emerge:
produce a list of all patients
on a given ward who have
not been treated by any
doctor.
a requirement for the
hospital system to have
online access to patient
records at local health
centres.
A change in user interface:
a patient’s details might be
entered by scanning his or
her identity card.
10
11. Using a specific part of the software in
another software .
If two programs needed to carry out
the same task, the relevant part could
simply be copied from one program to
the other.
11
12. Some disadvantages of copying the code:
1. You realize after copying a code to another
program that there is much better way of
writing this code.
2. The copying code does not fit into all
software circumstances. Now you have to
find all the places the code has been reused
and bring them up to date. This will take a
great deal of effort, and some copies will
probably be missed.
12
13. Good approach:
Writing the code once and
refer to it whenever needed.
Then only this shared copy will need
updating.
In this way the code itself is reused.
avoiding unnecessary duplication of
effort
13
15.
a component-based approach to development
and aiming towards component-based
software.
A piece of software with a well defined purpose
that can be combined with other software to
construct a larger system.
This means that the cost of designing the parts
in the first place is spread over all the products
that use it, so the end product can be cheaper.
Example:
◦ the using of components such as spellchecker
and drawing component in the a word
processing application.
15
16.
1.
2.
Designing a components that have been
tried and tested or designing a new
components that could be reused in other
component such as nuts, bolts, engines and
fuel pumps
When new components have to be designed
engineers:
Use existing components;
Design new components so that they can
be reused.
16
17. Different perspectives on an engineering component:
As independent building blocks:
◦ that may be used in the construction of different
products
As a hierarchy of building blocks:
◦ Each engineering component itself may be
constructed from several simpler components,
which themselves may be constructed from
several yet simpler components, and so on until
the components are fundamental building blocks.
17
18.
An engineering component is
designed and built to a specification,
which describes:
1. its interface (how it connects to other
components);
2. its requirements (what it needs);
3. its services (the results of correct usage).
18
20. 1.
2.
3.
4.
Components are designed and packaged as
interacting yet independent building blocks that
may be used in the construction of different
products.
Components are constructed from a hierarchy of
building blocks which are themselves
components.
Components are designed and built to a
specification.
Manufacturers and users of components have
different perspectives on the components, but
have the specification of the component as a
common element.
20
21.
Of course, an object does not exist in isolation, but
is an instance of a particular class which defines its
behaviour.
we will refer to either classes or objects as
components.
In practice, to be a useful reusable entity, a
component may be larger than a single class.
in general, though, the properties of a component
are largely determined by the properties of its
individual classes, so we initially concentrate on
individual classes.
21
22.
Recall that engineering components are:
1. designed and packaged as building
blocks;
2. interacting;
3. independent.
In the discussion that follows, you will see
that classes/objects have all these qualities
22
23. Encapsulation:
the packaging together of data and
the operations that can be applied to
that data This means that everything
needed for the working of a class of
objects is contained within the class.
23
24. The definition of a class includes the following: (providing a
building block that can potentially be reused in different
systems requiring the services offered by objects of that
class):
◦ A class specification of each method that can be invoked on
objects of that class; that is, a description of its purpose
and usage.
◦ Class protocol: the messages that the object could respond
to.
◦ Implementations details how it is coded:
Code for methods
Code for constructors
Declaration of the instance variable
.
24
25.
Object-oriented software is based on the notion
of a collection of objects that interact with each
other to perform some useful purpose.
This interaction is effected by objects
communicating with each other via messages,
that is, collaborating with each other.
In a collaboration, one object (the client) requests
a service of another object (the server).
Each object has a well-defined set of
responsibilities – tasks, or services, which it
carries out on receipt of appropriate messages.
Taken together, an object’s responsibilities
define its behaviour.
25
26.
A key concept in object-oriented technology is that
of data hiding.
Data hiding means protecting an object’s
implementation details by restricting access to
them.
Data hiding provides a basis for the independence
of classes. Clients of an object should be
unaffected by changes made to the implementation
of the object’s class, provided its protocol remains
unchanged.
Data hiding also protects the object’s integrity, that
is, the validity of its state. so that the values of its
instance variable must be consistent with the
invariant of its state
26
28.
In the case of objects, the state of an object is
made up of other data in the system, which the
object references.
In Java, this ‘other data’ may consist of objects or
values of primitive types.
Each object so referenced may itself reference
other data, and so on until the data items involved
(the ‘leaves’) are all values of primitive types such
as numbers and characters, that is, fundamental
building blocks that cannot be further broken
down.
The state of each object can therefore be viewed as
a tree-like structure constructed from a hierarchy
of objects and primitive data values, as in the
following object diagram.
28
29.
A tree-like hierarchy, illustrating the state of an object, order1, of a class Order.
Arrows denote references; ‘leaves’ are highlighted
29
30.
An instance, account1, of a Java class Account has
instance variables as follows:
balance, with value 555.25 (double);
interestPaid, with value true (boolean);
passwords, referencing the HashSet object
{"$abc", "$xy" }.
Draw a tree-like hierarchy of the objects and
primitive data values that make up the state of
account1.
What are the ‘leaves’ in this case?
You should assume that the state of a HashSet
object is made up of the elements it contains, and
that the state of a String object is made up of its
individual characters.
30
31.
The ‘leaves’ are:
the double
value 555.25;
the boolean
value true;
the char values
'$', 'a', 'b', 'c', 'x'
and 'y'.
In summary, objects, like engineering components, are
constructed from a hierarchy of building blocks.
31
32. Because engineering components are built to a specification,
one component may be replaced by another one meeting
the same specification.
In object-oriented software, the concept of polymorphism is
required to achieve the analogous effect with classes.
In object oriented
The concept of polymorphism
Like engineering components,
classes are built to a
specification.
Polymorphism : a capability of
the objects of different classes
to respond to the same
messages in a manner that
appropriate for each class.
In engineering
components
its interface (how it is
interacted with);
its requirements (what
it needs);
its services (what it
does).
32
33.
There similarities that object-oriented
technology could facilitate component-based
software development, with object-oriented
features such as encapsulation, protocols,
data hiding and polymorphism contributing
to this capability.
Object approach can lead to components
more naturally and successfully than other
approach.
33
34.
consists of one or more classes grouped together in some
way to form a piece of software that has a well defined
purpose and can be combined with other pieces of software
to construct a larger system.
Interacting with the component means, in effect, interacting
with one or more of the classes within it; the component’s
protocol is taken to mean the combined protocols of its
constituent classes.
An object-oriented software component should have a
specification which includes:
◦ a description of how it should be interacted with (its
protocol);
◦ a description of any other components it requires;
◦ a description of what results from using it in the specified
way.
34
35.
A java package is a group of java classes together
and it can be considered a component.
Creating a new package:
1. Named package: package mypackage;
2. Unnamed package contains all the classes which
are not in any named package.
3. Reusable package: package that already defined
(application programming interface (API)) and
used in other applications
Example : import java.io.*;
35
36.
Describes the purpose and usage of the
package, giving a specification for each class
that is available to a client of the package
When you create your own packages, the
Javadoc program provided with the Java SDK,
and also as part of NetBeans, can be used to
produce a specification of your component
for other users.
36
37. public void add(int index, E element)
Inserts the specified element at the specified position in this list.
Shifts the element currently at that position (if any) and any
subsequent elements to the right (adds one to their indices).
Specified by:
add in interface List<E>
Overrides:
add in class AbstractList<E>
Parameters:
index - index at which the specified element is to be inserted.
element -element to be inserted.
Throws:
IndexOutOfBoundsException - if index is out of range
(index < 0 || index > size()).
37
39.
In NetBeans, open the project School, which is
in the folder M256M256CodeSystems.
(a) The School source code is structured into
two parts, called schoolcore and schoolgui.
These are in fact the two packages,
developed by the M256 course team, that
constitute the School System.
39
41.
Briefly look at the
classes each package
contains.
1. The schoolcore
package contains the
classes Form, Teacher
and Pupil, which
correspond to entities
within the real-world
environment of a
school.
2. The schoolgui
package contains a
single class,
SchoolGUI.
41
42.
Now turn to the
definition of the
class SchoolCoord
in the file
SchoolCoord.java,
which is in the
schoolcore package.
Explain the effect of
each of the first 4
lines of code from
the class definition
42
43.
package schoolcore;//1 declares that the
class being defined – SchoolCoord – is
situated within the package schoolcore.
import java.util.*;//2 import java.io.*; //3
respectively make available the classes in the
predefined packages java.util and java.io.
import m256date. *; //4makes available the
classes in the package m256date. This is a
package created by the M256 course team,
containing, in fact,just the class M256Date,
which simplifies your work with dates.
43
44.
It is provided in the form of a JAR file which is
required to see the compiled file and to see
the detailed implementation
This is a form of zip file used to distribute
compiled code.
Decompiles can take compiled java files and
derive the source code.
44
46.
1.
2.
3.
What ‘accessible from outside’ means ?
Accessing an instance variable from outside
its class.
Accessing a method from outside its class.
Access modifiers.
46
47.
Accessing an instance
variable from outside its
class
◦ Setting and/or retrieving
the value of the instance
variable by using the
instance variable directly in
code external to class
definition.
Accessing a method from
outside its class
◦ Invoking the method
directly in code external to
the class definition.
myAccount.setBalance(300);
The code for a class which is a client of
Account
47
48.
Access modifiers are used in protecting integrity
by preventing inappropriate access to class
members.
Access modifiers are the keywords public, private
and protected, which are used to prefix class
members in the class definition. They control
access as follows:
◦ public :Any class, in any package, has access to a
public member.
◦ protected :The class itself, all classes in the same
package as that class, and all subclasses of the class
(including those outside the package) have
access to a protected member.
◦ private :Only the class itself has access to a private
member.
48
51.
Helps protect the data from inappropriate
external use.
When developing a package, you should use
access modifiers to enable appropriate
interactions with and within the package, as
well as providing appropriate data hiding.
The integrity of a package refers to the
consistency of the states of the objects in
the package with any invariants on those
objects.
51
52.
To illustrate, recall the package schoolcore,
which houses the core system classes
within the School System. The package
should respect the fact that each pupil is a
member of a form. If a client were able to
create a Pupil object without linking it to
any Form object, then the integrity of the
package would be violated: an invariant on
the system would be broken.
52
53.
objects of classes within the
package should be able to
interact appropriately to provide
the services required of the
package;
clients of the package should be
able to interact with the package,
obtaining its services;
clients of the package should be
protected from implementation
changes within the package;
the integrity of the package as a
whole, and that of the individual
objects within it, should be
protected during its use by
clients.
53
54.
Setter methods: A method enabling clients
to change the value of an instance variable
in a controlled way.
Getter methods: A method enabling clients
to discover the value of an instance
variable.
Mutable object :one who’s state can be
changed.
Immutable object: one who's state can’t be
changed.
54
55.
In NetBeans, open the project School. Recall
that it consists of two packages, schoolcore
and schoolgui.
(a) The core system package, schoolcore, is
where the ‘underlying’ part of the system,
representing forms and pupils and so on, is
implemented. Open the source code for the
class Pupil, in schoolcore. This class has
several members: instance variables, a
constructor and methods. To what extent can
each member be accessed outside the Pupil
class?
55
57.
Pupil has two instance variables, name and birthDate,
which both have private accessibility.
They cannot be accessed by objects of any other class.
The constructor Pupil(aName, aBirthDate) has no access
modifier, so it has package accessibility. This means
that objects of any of the classes within the same
package, schoolcore, can access this constructor. But
classes in other packages, such as schoolgui, cannot.
The methods getName(), getBirthDate() and toString()
have public accessibility. They can be accessed from any
class, regardless of its location.
Note also that the Pupil class itself is declared as public.
If a class is not declared as public, then access to its
entire class definition is restricted to that class’s
package
57
58.
In NetBeans, open the project CompromisedSchool
which is in the folder
M256M256CodeExercisesUnit5.
(a) Open the source code for the class SchoolClient
in the package schoolclient. What packages does
SchoolClient import?
(b) Now look at the source code for the class
SchoolCoord in the package schoolcore.
(i) What does the instance variable forms reference?
What is its accessibility?
(ii) Read the code for the method getForms(), and
explain what this method does. What is its
accessibility?
58
61.
(a) It imports the schoolcore package, via the imports
choolcore. *;statement, and the java.util package, via the
import java.util.*; statement.
(b) In the class SchoolCoord:
◦ (i) The instance variable forms references a collection of
Form objects, representing all the forms in the school. It
has private accessibility. This can be seen from the
following declaration.
/** A collection of all the forms in the school. */
private Collection<Form> forms;
◦ (ii) The method getForms()simply returns the value of the
forms instance variable. It has public accessibility.
61
62.
Return to NetBeans and the project CompromisedSchool.
Consider the following SchoolClient code, which you saw above:
Collection<Form>clientForms =school.getForms();
clientForms.clear();
In the first line of code, a variable, clientForms, is set to reference
the collection of Form
objects that results from sending the message getForms()to the
object referenced by school.
In the second line of code, a message clear()is sent to this collection
of Form objects.
(a) Use the specification of the Collection method clear() to describe
what you think the second line of code will achieve.
62
63. If a client can create a reference
to a mutable object, then it can
change its state. The mutable
object in the example is the
collection of Form objects; the
client exploited its mutability by
removing all of its elements.
Notice the clear message
63
64.
From the previous
example: even if the
instance variable is
private it may be
possible to be accessed
and manipulated
There is a danger of
accessing and
manipulating a mutable
object
If a client can create a
reference to an object it
can manipulate it.
64
66.
One way is for the method to create and
return as defensive copy of a mutable
object, ie., a distinct object with the same
state.
Many predefined Java API classes have a
particular kind of constructor called a copy
constructor takes as argument an object of
that class, and creates and returns a
defensive copy of that object.
66
69.
There are two aspects of the componentbased approach that need to be
distinguished:
1. Using existing components in creating a new
piece of software (design with reuse).
2. Producing components as part of developing new
software, or specifically as marketable
commodities (design for reuse).
69
70. 1.
2.
The first alternative is reusing a component
by creating a subclass of one of its classes –
reuse by inheritance.
The second is referred to as reuse by
composition, based on including one object
within the state of another.
70
71. 1.
2.
3.
4.
Allows the expert knowledge of those who
created them to be exploited by other
developers.
The software can be produced more quickly
and cheaply.
Component-based software can be easier to
test.
Increase software reliability
71
72.
The search for a suitable component may be
a lengthy process, especially if
documentation of available components is
poor.
The challenge of creating something from
scratch can be very attractive, and developers
may resist using ‘other people’s’ products.
Sometimes it may be necessary to test the
component in the new context.
72
73. 1. Once a component has been specified, it
may be implemented largely
independently from the rest of the
software, by different people.
2. Errors of implementation are separated
from errors of specification.
3. Once in operation, a component can be
re-implemented or replaced, provided its
specification is maintained
73
74. 1. To have genuine potential for reuse, a
component should have responsibility for
providing a well-defined set of services.
2. Cohesion is a measure of how strongly
related and focused the responsibilities
of a component are.
3. Coupling is a measure of the extend to
which a component is dependent on
other components
74
cars have been built from components – wheels, gearboxes and so on. At first, product design (that is, car design) came before component design: the components were made to suit the product, and could not be used for other products, which was very inefficient
Polymorphism تعدد الأشكالis the capability for objects of different classes to respond to the same message in a manner appropriate for each object.
Excerpt مقتطفات
situated تقع
validity صدق شرعية
Consider the example of an Account class intended to model bank accounts, and which defines instance variables overdraftLimit and balance. The code in Figure 7 defines, outside the Account class definition, another class AccountClient. It illustrates the balance instance variable of an Account object, myAccount, being accessed from outside the Account class definition.
Consider the example of an Account class intended to model bank accounts, and which defines instance variables overdraftLimit and balance. The code in Figure 7 defines, outside the Account class definition, another class AccountClient. It illustrates the balance instance variable of an Account object, myAccount, being accessed from outside the Account class definition.
the default in the absence of an explicit modifier in front of a class member is that the member cannot be accessed from outside the class’s package.
Overdraftالسحب على المكشوفTo fix this, the balance and overdraftLimit access modifiers should be changed. Declaring these instance variables as private would mean (in the absence of any other Account methods modifying these instance variables) that a client outside the Account class could not change an Account object’s overdraft limit, and could only change the balance of an Account object using the method setBalance(anAmount). The integrity of Account objects would be safeguarded.
You have seen the example of the Account class with the public method setBalance(anAmount), which enables clients to modify the balance whilst maintaining the invariant that the overdraft limit should not be exceeded. Such setter methods are common, and their usual purpose is exemplified by setBalance(anAmount): to enable clients to change the value of an instance variable in a controlled way.
privacy leak تسرب الخصوصية
commodities السلع
exploited تستغلReliability دقة وصلابة وامكانية التشغيل