Title ABC/123 Version X 1 Risk Assessment: History & FrameworkComplete Part A and Part B of this assignment. Part A: Historical Development of Risk Assessment Summary Resource: Table 1.1 (Ch. 1) in Human and Ecological Risk Assessment TABLE 1.1 An Historical Timeline of Events Having Some Significance on the Evolution of the Environmental Movement (based on information in http://www.zoaks.com/information/envirotimeline/envirotimeline.html) Ancient Civilization A.D. 80 The Roman Senate passes a law to protect water stored during dry periods so it can be released for street and sewer cleaning. Aqueducts have to be built because local springs and pools have become polluted. Middle Ages and the Enlightenment (1300-1700) 1306 Edward I forbids coal burning when English Parliament is in session. 1640 Izaak Walton writes The Compleat Angler. 1661 John Evelyn writes “Fumifugium, or the Inconvenience of the Aer and Smoake of London Dissipated” to propose remedies for London’s air pollution problem. 1681 William Penn requires Pennsylvania settlers to preserve 1 acre of trees for every 5 acres cleared. Industrial Revolution (1700-1900) 1739 Benjamin Franklin and neighbors petition Pennsylvania Assembly to stop waste dumping and remove tanneries from Philadelphia’s commercial district. 1762-1769 Philadelphia committee led by Benjamin Franklin attempts to regulate waste disposal and water pollution. 1775 English scientist Percival Pott finds that coal is causing an unusually high incidence of cancer among chimney sweeps. 1799 Manhattan Company formed to build water line. Company survives as Chase Manhattan Bank. 1817 U.S. Secretary of Navy authorized to reserve lands producing hardwoods for constructing naval ships. 1832 Arkansas Hot Springs established as a national reservation, setting a precedent for Yellowstone and eventually, a national park system. 1837 Benjamin McCready writes pioneering essay on occupational medicine and conditions of New York City slums. 1842 Edwin Chadwick writes “The Sanitary Condition of the Labouring Population of Great Britain.” Report is first scientific inquiry about infectious disease, child mortality, and the link to polluted water supplies and lack of sanitation. 1843 Royal Commission inquiries begin; dreadful working conditions, child labor, public health problems exposed. 1854 John Snow, London doctor, maps spread of cholera in Broad Street neighborhood and traces cases to a contaminated drinking water pump. Snow’s epidemiological studies support “contagionist” views, partly supplanting “sanitarian” views about public health. 1863 George Perkins Marsh writes Man and Nature: The Earth as Modified by Human Action, with emphasis on forest preservation and soil and water conservation. 1860s-1880s French scientist Louis Pasteur’s germ theory of disease revolutionizes concepts of public health, making it possible to isolate and treat specific diseases. 1871 U.S. Fish Commission formed to study declin ...

1. Title
ABC/123 Version X
1
Risk Assessment: History & FrameworkComplete Part A and
Part B of this assignment.
Part A: Historical Development of Risk Assessment Summary
Resource: Table 1.1 (Ch. 1) in Human and Ecological Risk
Assessment
TABLE 1.1 An Historical Timeline of Events Having Some
Significance on the Evolution of the Environmental Movement
(based on information in
http://www.zoaks.com/information/envirotimeline/envirotimelin
e.html)
Ancient Civilization
A.D. 80
The Roman Senate passes a law to protect water stored during
dry periods so it can be released for street and sewer cleaning.
Aqueducts have to be built because local springs and pools have
become polluted.
Middle Ages and the Enlightenment (1300-1700)
1306
Edward I forbids coal burning when English Parliament is in
session.

2. 1640
Izaak Walton writes The Compleat Angler.
1661
John Evelyn writes “Fumifugium, or the Inconvenience of the
Aer and Smoake of London Dissipated” to propose remedies for
London’s air pollution problem.
1681
William Penn requires Pennsylvania settlers to preserve 1 acre
of trees for every 5 acres cleared.
Industrial Revolution (1700-1900)
1739
Benjamin Franklin and neighbors petition Pennsylvania
Assembly to stop waste dumping and remove tanneries from
Philadelphia’s commercial district.
1762-1769
Philadelphia committee led by Benjamin Franklin attempts to
regulate waste disposal and water pollution.
1775
English scientist Percival Pott finds that coal is causing an
unusually high incidence of cancer among chimney sweeps.
1799
Manhattan Company formed to build water line. Company
survives as Chase Manhattan Bank.
1817
U.S. Secretary of Navy authorized to reserve lands producing
hardwoods for constructing naval ships.
1832

3. Arkansas Hot Springs established as a national reservation,
setting a precedent for Yellowstone and eventually, a national
park system.
1837
Benjamin McCready writes pioneering essay on occupational
medicine and conditions of New York City slums.
1842
Edwin Chadwick writes “The Sanitary Condition of the
Labouring Population of Great Britain.” Report is first
scientific inquiry about infectious disease, child mortality, and
the link to polluted water supplies and lack of sanitation.
1843
Royal Commission inquiries begin; dreadful working
conditions, child labor, public health problems exposed.
1854
John Snow, London doctor, maps spread of cholera in Broad
Street neighborhood and traces cases to a contaminated drinking
water pump. Snow’s epidemiological studies support
“contagionist” views, partly supplanting “sanitarian” views
about public health.
1863
George Perkins Marsh writes Man and Nature: The Earth as
Modified by Human Action, with emphasis on forest
preservation and soil and water conservation.
1860s-1880s
French scientist Louis Pasteur’s germ theory of disease
revolutionizes concepts of public health, making it possible to
isolate and treat specific diseases.
1871

4. U.S. Fish Commission formed to study decline of coastal
fisheries.
1873
London fog kills 1150 people. Similar incidents in 1880, 1882,
1891, and 1892.
1875
British Publish Health Act consolidates authority to deal with
pollution, occupational disease, and other problems.
1880s
First U.S. municipal smoke abatement laws aimed at reducing
black smoke and ash from factories, railroads, and ships.
Regulation under local boards of health.
Progressive Era (1890–1920)
1891
Forest protection bill passes Congress. Thirteen million acres
are set aside by 1893.
1892
Sierra Club founded.
1899
Refuse Act prevents some obvious pollution of streams and
places Corps of Engineers in charge of permits and regulation.
1900
Automobile is welcomed as bringing relief from pollution. New
York City, with 120,000 horses, scrapes up 2.4 million pounds
of manure every day.
1905
National Audubon Society organized.

5. 1905
U.S. Forest Service created.
1906
Food and Drug Administration founded.
1907
USDA Animal Health and Plant Health Inspection Service
founded.
1908
Swedish chemist Svante Arrhenius argues that the greenhouse
effect from coal and petroleum use is warming the globe.
1909
Glasgow, Scotland, winter inversions and smoke accumulations
kill over 1000 people.
1909
Bureau of Mines founded to promote safety and welfare of
miners. Bureau and the Public Health Service begin studies of
lung diseases.
1913
William T. Hornaday, head of New York Zoological Society,
writes Our Vanishing Wildlife, Its Extermination and
Preservation.
1914
Corps of Engineers, Bureau of Mines, and Public Health Service
begin pollution surveys of streams and harbors. Reports filed by
early 1920s show an accumulation of heavy damage from oil
dumping, mine runoff, untreated sewage, and industrial waste.
The Roaring Twenties (1920–1930)

6. 1920
Mineral Leasing Act opens up rich deposits on federal lands for
token rental fees.
1921
General Motors researchers discover tetraethyl lead as an
antiknock gasoline additive.
1922
Amelia Maggia, first of the “Radium Girls,” dies of radiation
poisoning. She was a dial painter with U.S. Radium Corporation
in Orange, New Jersey.
1924
Oil Pollution Act passed, prohibiting discharge from any vessel
within the 3-mile limit, except by accident.
1926
First large-scale survey of air pollution in the United States, in
Salt Lake City.
1926
First large-scale survey of air pollution in the United States, in
Salt Lake City.
1926
Surgeon General’s committee of experts reluctantly permit ethyl
leaded gasoline back on the fuel market.
1928
Public Health Service begins checking air pollution in eastern
U.S. cities, reporting sunlight cut by 20 to 50 percent in New
York City.
Depression and World War II (1930–1945)

7. 1930
Meuse River Valley killer smog incident, Belgium, 3-day
inversion kills 63 people, with 6000 made ill.
1936
National Wildlife Federation formed.
1936
Alice Hamilton, tireless crusader for worker health, retires from
Harvard University faculty.
1939
St. Louis smog episode spurs serious smoke abatement
campaign, switch from soft coal to hard coal and fuel oil.
Postwar Era (1945–1960)
1945
Corps of Engineers abandons Potomac River dam after a storm
of controversy.
1947
Los Angeles Air Pollution Control District formed.
1948
Twenty people dead, 600 hospitalized in Donora, Pennsylvania,
smog attack.
1948
Six hundred deaths in London due to “killer fog.” 1948 Aldo
Leopold writes A Sand County Almanac.
1949
Izaak Walton League writes “Crisis Spots in Conservation,”
identifying specific water projects to be opposed.

8. 1952
Three to four thousand people die in London “killer fogs.”
1953
New York smog incident kills between 170 and 260 people in
November.
1955
Congress passes Air Pollution Research Act.
1956
Another killer smog in London; 1000 people die.
1958
First Public Health Service conference on air pollution.
1959
California becomes first to impose automotive emissions
standards.
1960
Clean Water Act passes Congress.
1961
International Clean Air Congress held in London.
1961
World Wildlife Fund founded.
1962
Another London smog; 750 people die.
Era of Environmental Reform (1960–1980)
1962

9. Rachel Carson writes Silent Spring.
1963
Congress passes Clean Air Act with $95 million for study and
cleanup efforts at local, state, and federal levels.
1963
Nuclear Test Ban Treaty between United States and U.S.S.R.
(Russia) stops above-ground tests of nuclear weapons.
1964
Congress passes Wilderness Act, creating National Wilderness
Preservation System.
1965
Congress passes Water Quality Act setting standards for states.
1965
Weather inversion creates 4-day air pollution incident in New
York City; 80 people die.
1967
Environmental Defense Fund formed.
1968
The Population Bomb by Paul Erlich published.
1969
Alaska oil fields opened for exploitation.
1970
Dennis Hayes organizes first Earth Day.
1970
Congress establishes Environmental Protection Agency. Also
Clean Air Act and National Environmental Policy Act passed.

10. 1972
Congress passes Federal Water Pollution Control Act, Coastal
Zone Management Act, and the Ocean Dumping Act.
1973
Eighty nations sign the Convention on International Trade in
Endangered Species (CITES).
1973
Arab oil embargo panics U.S. and European consumers; prices
quadruple despite the fact that no real shortage exists.
1974
Congress Passes Safe Drinking Water Act.
1975
Atlantic salmon return to Connecticut River after 100-year
absence.
1976
National Academy of Science report on CFCs
(chlorofluorocarbon) gasses warns of damage to ozone layer.
1976
Congress passes Resource Conservation and Recovery Act
(RCRA) to regulate hazardous waste and garbage.
1977
U.S. Department of Energy is created.
1977
Love Canal, New York, evacuated after discovery of hazardous
waste near school.
1979

11. Three Mile Island incident.
Recent Environmental History (1980–2000)
1980
Times Beach incident where waste oil containing dioxin is
sprayed on roads
1980
Superfund legislation directs EPA to clean up abandoned toxic
waste spills.
1983
Dec. 3, Bhopal disaster. Union Carbide Co. fertilizer plant leaks
chemicals that kill 2000 people, and another 8000 die of chronic
effects.
1986
April 26. Chernobyl nuclear reactor explodes in Ukraine.
Immediate deaths are numbered at 31, midterm deaths are
estimated around 4200.
1987
The Montreal Protocol international agreement to phase out
ozone-depleting chemicals signed by 24 countries, including the
United States, Japan, Canada, and European Economic
Community (EEC) nations.
1988
International treaty bans ocean dumping of wastes.
1989
March 24. Exxon Valdez oil tanker runs aground in Prince
William Sound, Alaska, spilling 11 million gallons.
1990

12. United Nations warns that global temperature rise might be as
much as 2°F in 35 years, recommends reducing CO2 emissions
worldwide.
1992
June 3-14 Earth Summit is held in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
1997
December 11. Kyoto Protocol adopted by United States and 121
other nations.
Write a 350- to 700-word Part A summary of at least three risk
assessment innovations that were changed or developed in the
past 100 years.
· Use Table 1.1 (Ch. 1) in Human and Ecological Risk
Assessment as a guide to understanding the origins of
ecological and human risk assessment beginning with the
industrial revolution.
· Cite at least two outside sources to summarize the risk
assessment innovations.
Part B: Ecological Risk Assessment Framework
Resource: Figure 6.1 (Ch. 6) in Human and Ecological Risk
Assessment
Provide a 350- to 700-word Part B response to the following
prompts:
· Describe the four main steps of the framework for ecological
risk analysis described in Human and Ecological Risk
Assessment. The response must involve problem definition
analysis, characterization, management decision making, and
communicating results to the risk manager.
· How do the four main topics of the framework interrelate?
· Why is this framework important to a risk assessment? How is
it used?

13. Combine Part A and Part B into one paper.
Format the paper consistent with APA guidelines.
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