This study examines the use of ethanol-kerosene fuel blends in kerosene wick stoves as a more sustainable alternative fuel. Various blends of 5%, 10%, 15%, and 20% ethanol in kerosene by volume were tested in an unmodified stove and compared to pure kerosene. The thermal efficiency and fuel consumption rate were evaluated using a standard water boiling test. The maximum thermal efficiency was obtained with a 5% ethanol blend, while the minimum was with pure kerosene. The 10% ethanol blend had the highest fuel consumption rate. Overall, the performance of the blended fuels was found to be comparable to kerosene, indicating their potential as a renewable and less polluting alternative for cooking
Burners and combustion system for the reheat furnaces for small and medium ro...Shirish Karve
The document discusses the benefits of using combination firing of lean and rich fuels in reheat furnaces for small and medium steel mills. It notes that fuel costs are rising rapidly and many mills flare blast furnace gas that could be used as fuel. Combination firing helps achieve uniform soaking temperatures, less scale loss, reliability, fuel economy, and flexibility. While retrofitting existing furnaces with gas burners can work for some applications, truly uniform heating requires combination firing burners that can use both fuels to control temperatures across the charge. This approach minimizes expensive fuel use while allowing high production levels. Several mills in India have successfully adopted this strategy.
This document discusses stoichiometric calculations for combustion reactions. It covers:
1) Applications of the combustion equation for calculating air supply and flue gas composition.
2) Calculating air requirements for gaseous fuels like methane based on their combustion reactions.
3) Determining flue gas composition from gaseous fuel combustion using excess air percentages.
The document discusses the impact of coal quality on plant life and performance. It states that most power stations now use imported coal due to its higher calorific value, lower ash content, and lower price per unit of energy. However, using imported coal in boilers designed for high ash Indian coal has led to operation problems and outages. The document recommends blending imported and Indian coal at a ratio of 30% imported coal, as studies showed a similar burning profile to the boiler's design. Blending helps utilize the benefits of imported coal while avoiding issues from using it solely.
Session 2 module 2 coal properties and effect on cobustionABDUL RAZZAQ SHAHID
This document discusses how coal properties influence boiler design and operation. Key coal properties like moisture content, ash content, volatile matter, and sulfur content affect combustion performance, mill performance, boiler efficiency, slagging, fouling, ESP performance, and the life of boiler components. The furnace design must consider factors like fuel ratio, ash loading, heat release rates, and slagging/fouling characteristics. Indian coals generally have higher ash and moisture contents compared to international coals, which impacts the design of systems like mills and ESPs. The boiler engineer must carefully evaluate these coal properties to optimize boiler performance.
The document provides information about steam generators and coal-fired power plants. It discusses the basics of how coal is converted to electricity through a thermal cycle. Coal is burned in a boiler to produce superheated steam, which spins a turbine connected to a generator to produce electrical energy. The steam is then condensed in a condenser, and the condensate is returned to the boiler via feedwater pumps, completing the cycle. The document also contains details about India's major coal-fired power plants and their locations.
This chapter discusses fuels and combustion processes. It defines key terms like fuel, air-fuel ratio, heating values, enthalpy of combustion. It explains the concepts of theoretical and actual combustion, stoichiometric air and excess air. It also discusses first law analysis of reacting systems for both steady flow and closed systems. The chapter concludes with the concept of adiabatic flame temperature which is the maximum temperature reached during combustion if no heat is lost to the surroundings. Several examples are provided to illustrate calculations of air-fuel ratio, enthalpy of combustion and adiabatic flame temperature for different fuel-air mixtures.
PRODUCTION OF ALTERNATIVE FUEL USING GASIFICATION BY SYNTHESIS OF FISCHER-TRO...IAEME Publication
The solid carbonaceous fuel is converted into combustible gas (energy) using limited amount of air it is called Gasification process the gases which evolve are known as “producer gas”. This is more suitable than the direct combustion of biomass gases. In this paper an updraft gasifier is construct and is used to carry out the experiment. updraft gasifier is one of the boiler. The waste material like coconut shells, sugarcane waste, and wood particles are used for the generation of producer gas. The sense of this paper is to study the effect of waste products (coconut shells, sugarcane waste, and wood particles) in form of biomass. The performance of the gasifier is evaluated in terms of zone temperature with different air velocity. By taking the different fuels and varying the air flow rate the temperature of the zones are analysed. The arrangement of tar is also seen in this apparatus. After analysis the maximum temperature give for coconut shell (waste) all three place as compare to other two .so coconut shell is the best suitable material for this gasifier.
This document provides an introduction and self-introduction of Muhammad Shozab Mehdi. It states his qualifications including degrees from NFC Institute of Engineering and Technology and Pakistan Institute of Engineering and Technology. It also lists his research interests in hydrodynamics and mass transfer in multiphase flows and his office contact details. It then provides an outline for the course CH 212: Fuel and Combustion including topics that will be covered such as various fuels, combustion aspects, and emission control.
Burners and combustion system for the reheat furnaces for small and medium ro...Shirish Karve
The document discusses the benefits of using combination firing of lean and rich fuels in reheat furnaces for small and medium steel mills. It notes that fuel costs are rising rapidly and many mills flare blast furnace gas that could be used as fuel. Combination firing helps achieve uniform soaking temperatures, less scale loss, reliability, fuel economy, and flexibility. While retrofitting existing furnaces with gas burners can work for some applications, truly uniform heating requires combination firing burners that can use both fuels to control temperatures across the charge. This approach minimizes expensive fuel use while allowing high production levels. Several mills in India have successfully adopted this strategy.
This document discusses stoichiometric calculations for combustion reactions. It covers:
1) Applications of the combustion equation for calculating air supply and flue gas composition.
2) Calculating air requirements for gaseous fuels like methane based on their combustion reactions.
3) Determining flue gas composition from gaseous fuel combustion using excess air percentages.
The document discusses the impact of coal quality on plant life and performance. It states that most power stations now use imported coal due to its higher calorific value, lower ash content, and lower price per unit of energy. However, using imported coal in boilers designed for high ash Indian coal has led to operation problems and outages. The document recommends blending imported and Indian coal at a ratio of 30% imported coal, as studies showed a similar burning profile to the boiler's design. Blending helps utilize the benefits of imported coal while avoiding issues from using it solely.
Session 2 module 2 coal properties and effect on cobustionABDUL RAZZAQ SHAHID
This document discusses how coal properties influence boiler design and operation. Key coal properties like moisture content, ash content, volatile matter, and sulfur content affect combustion performance, mill performance, boiler efficiency, slagging, fouling, ESP performance, and the life of boiler components. The furnace design must consider factors like fuel ratio, ash loading, heat release rates, and slagging/fouling characteristics. Indian coals generally have higher ash and moisture contents compared to international coals, which impacts the design of systems like mills and ESPs. The boiler engineer must carefully evaluate these coal properties to optimize boiler performance.
The document provides information about steam generators and coal-fired power plants. It discusses the basics of how coal is converted to electricity through a thermal cycle. Coal is burned in a boiler to produce superheated steam, which spins a turbine connected to a generator to produce electrical energy. The steam is then condensed in a condenser, and the condensate is returned to the boiler via feedwater pumps, completing the cycle. The document also contains details about India's major coal-fired power plants and their locations.
This chapter discusses fuels and combustion processes. It defines key terms like fuel, air-fuel ratio, heating values, enthalpy of combustion. It explains the concepts of theoretical and actual combustion, stoichiometric air and excess air. It also discusses first law analysis of reacting systems for both steady flow and closed systems. The chapter concludes with the concept of adiabatic flame temperature which is the maximum temperature reached during combustion if no heat is lost to the surroundings. Several examples are provided to illustrate calculations of air-fuel ratio, enthalpy of combustion and adiabatic flame temperature for different fuel-air mixtures.
PRODUCTION OF ALTERNATIVE FUEL USING GASIFICATION BY SYNTHESIS OF FISCHER-TRO...IAEME Publication
The solid carbonaceous fuel is converted into combustible gas (energy) using limited amount of air it is called Gasification process the gases which evolve are known as “producer gas”. This is more suitable than the direct combustion of biomass gases. In this paper an updraft gasifier is construct and is used to carry out the experiment. updraft gasifier is one of the boiler. The waste material like coconut shells, sugarcane waste, and wood particles are used for the generation of producer gas. The sense of this paper is to study the effect of waste products (coconut shells, sugarcane waste, and wood particles) in form of biomass. The performance of the gasifier is evaluated in terms of zone temperature with different air velocity. By taking the different fuels and varying the air flow rate the temperature of the zones are analysed. The arrangement of tar is also seen in this apparatus. After analysis the maximum temperature give for coconut shell (waste) all three place as compare to other two .so coconut shell is the best suitable material for this gasifier.
This document provides an introduction and self-introduction of Muhammad Shozab Mehdi. It states his qualifications including degrees from NFC Institute of Engineering and Technology and Pakistan Institute of Engineering and Technology. It also lists his research interests in hydrodynamics and mass transfer in multiphase flows and his office contact details. It then provides an outline for the course CH 212: Fuel and Combustion including topics that will be covered such as various fuels, combustion aspects, and emission control.
Proximate and ultimate analysis of cotton pod used in the updraft gasifierIaetsd Iaetsd
This document provides an overview of cotton pod gasification. It discusses the gasification process, which involves drying, pyrolysis, combustion, and reduction to produce a producer gas. The document then reviews the characteristics of cotton pod as a biomass fuel, including particle size, moisture content, and ash content, and how these properties affect the gasification process. It also examines various process parameters like temperature, heating rate, equivalence ratio, and gasification agents and how they impact gas composition and energy output. The goal is to investigate cotton pod's potential as an energy source and evaluate its properties for gasification applications.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
This document provides an overview of coal including its uses, ranking system, and experimental analysis. Coal is a widely used fossil fuel that can be burned directly for heat or converted into other fuels and chemicals. Its rank depends on the degree of metamorphism, from lowest rank peat to highest rank anthracite. The document outlines the objectives and methods for analyzing various coal samples collected, including proximate analysis to determine moisture, ash, volatile matter, and fixed carbon content and gross calorific value. The goal is to upgrade low grade coals through blending with petroleum coke to make them more usable for industry applications. Results of the analyses on the collected coal samples are also presented.
Coal is classified into three main types - anthracite, bituminous, and lignite - based on carbon content and heat value. Bituminous and sub-bituminous are most common in India. Proximate analysis determines the percentages of fixed carbon, volatile matter, moisture, and ash in coal, which influence its combustibility. Ultimate analysis identifies the carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, and sulfur content. Proper coal storage, handling, and preparation help ensure efficient combustion in boilers.
This project report summarizes the design of a plant to manufacture 50,000 tons per annum of styrene oxide. Key aspects of the design include:
1) Energy and mass balances are presented for the pre-heater, reactor, and distillation column sections. Steam and cooling water requirements are calculated.
2) The reactor is designed as a batch reactor with calculations showing a volume of 14.95 m3 and diameter of 2.013 m based on the desired residence time and conversions.
3) The distillation column is designed with 19 actual trays based on calculations from vapor liquid equilibrium data. The column has a height of 12 m and diameter of 1.223 m.
4
Energy Recovery of Biomass: Study Comparative Experimental of Fixed Bed Combu...AJSERJournal
Energy recovery of biomass is considered as an important source of energy. The main objective of this
experimental study is to validate the use of olive pomace as an alternative fuel using a comparison with that of wood.
Therefore a biomass boiler was designed and fabricated based on two separate compartments. Experiments tests
showed that the average temperature in the boiler is around 700 °C for pomace and 670 °C for sawdust with variations
up to 100 °C depending on fuel supply. In this study, the temperature distributions within of the combustion chamber of
pomace and sawdust of wood are presented, evaluated and analyzed. The removal of combustion gas is produced via a
probe of a multi-gas analyzer placed at the smoke outlet. Analysis of combustion gases such as NO, CO, CO2 and O2 are
illustrated and discussed. The results showed that low values of nitrogen oxides NOx have been observed, well below
standard limit values and absence SOx.
4.17 - "Thermal conversion of biomass as a source of fuel for electricity gen...Pomcert
This document summarizes research on the thermal conversion of biomass for electricity generation. It discusses co-combustion and gasification of biomass in small power plants. Co-combustion is difficult in small grate boilers, while gasification coupled with an engine may be more economical. The document describes testing of a two-stage fixed bed gasifier and burner designs. It provides results on stable operation of a diffusion burner and gas quality from gasification. Micro-scale gasification coupled with an engine is also discussed.
3. gas turbines direct injection engines fixed bed combustorsASIM MANZOOR
This document discusses different technologies for clean coal energy engineering, including gas turbines, direct injection engines, and fluidized bed combustors. It provides details on the components and working of gas turbines, explaining how they compress air, add fuel for combustion, and use the expanding hot gases to power a generator. Direct injection engines are described as injecting fuel directly into engine cylinders for combustion. The document outlines two types of fluidized bed combustors - bubbling fluidized beds and circulating fluidized beds - and explains how they efficiently burn solid fuels by suspending fuel particles in hot air.
This document presents the design project for producing styrene. It includes chapters on the introduction and uses of styrene, feasibility study, process selection, process description and equipment list, site considerations, and mass and energy balances. The key points are:
- Styrene is produced via dehydrogenation of ethylbenzene using steam over a catalyst bed reactor. It is then separated using distillation columns.
- The major markets for styrene are polystyrene, ABS, and unsaturated polyester resins. Asia accounts for over half of global styrene demand.
- Dehydrogenation was selected over alkylation due to lower energy demands and capital costs, though it has a lower conversion rate.
The document discusses fuels and combustion. It defines fuels and their classification based on occurrence and physical state. It describes the measurement of calorific value using a bomb calorimeter and Junkers gas calorimeter. It also discusses the gross and net calorific values, combustion calculations, proximate and ultimate analysis of solid fuels, and the theoretical calculation of a fuel's calorific value using Dulong's formula.
The document analyzes the economic viability of a proposed plant to produce 100 million kg of styrene per year from ethylbenzene. An optimal conversion of 65% ethylbenzene was determined using discounted cash flow analysis. An isothermal reactor at 600°C and 2 atm converts ethylbenzene and steam over an iron catalyst to produce styrene. Styrene is separated using a 3-column system. The discounted cash flow analysis determined a net present value of $28 million, an internal rate of return of 7.9%, and a total capital investment of $29.4 million. The profitability is contingent on the corporate tax rate, with a higher rate indicating more financial risk for the venture
Thermodynamic modeling and experimental study of rice husk pyrolysiseSAT Journals
Abstract Pyrolysis of agricultural waste is a promising route for waste to energy generation. Rice husk is a type of agro-waste that is available in plenty in India. It can be used as feed for pyrolysis to produce different products such as (solid) coke and silica, (liquid) tar and other organics and syngas. HSC Chemistry computer aided code for thermodynamic modeling was used to predict the products of rice-husk pyrolysis in this research study. The pyrolysis of rice husk was carried out between 100-1200°C in the pressure range of 1 – 15 bar. The pyrolysis products predicted by HSC calculations were mainly solid coke, gases like H2, CO2, CO, CH4, with small quantity of aromatic compounds like C6H6, C7H8, C8H10 (ethyl benzene), C8H10 (xylenes) and C6H5 –OH. An experimental study for product validation was also done and the results are presented. Keywords: Pyrolysis, syngas, HSC Chemistry, aromatic compounds.
ER Publication,
IJETR, IJMCTR,
Journals,
International Journals,
High Impact Journals,
Monthly Journal,
Good quality Journals,
Research,
Research Papers,
Research Article,
Free Journals, Open access Journals,
erpublication.org,
Engineering Journal,
Science Journals,
This document discusses the production of styrene via the dehydrogenation of ethylbenzene. Key points include:
- Ethylbenzene is dehydrogenated to styrene over a potassium promoted iron oxide catalyst at 600°C with steam.
- The main byproducts are toluene and benzene, formed via dealkylation and hydrodealkylation reactions.
- Styrene production facilities include reactors, distillation columns, vessels, pumps and heat exchangers to carry out the endothermic dehydrogenation reaction and separate/purify the products.
- Safety measures like monitoring air quality and educating employees on spill response are important due to styrene's flammable and toxic
This document summarizes information about solid fuels and the process of carbonization of coal. It discusses how caking coals are heated in the absence of air to produce coke, a solid residue richer in carbon. There are two types of carbonization processes - low temperature carbonization produces semi-coke while high temperature carbonization produces hard metallurgical coke. The document also describes the beehive oven and modern Otto Hoffman oven methods for manufacturing coke and recovering valuable byproducts like tar, ammonia, naphthalene and benzene. Coal washing processes like dense medium separators, jigs and cyclones are also summarized to remove impurities and increase the heating value of coal.
IJERA (International journal of Engineering Research and Applications) is International online, ... peer reviewed journal. For more detail or submit your article, please visit www.ijera.com
SYNGAS PRODUCTION BY DRY REFORMING OF METHANE OVER CO-PRECIPITATED CATALYSTSIAEME Publication
The syngas manufacturing from the reforming of methane with carbon dioxide is tempting because of output in terms of extra pure synthesis gas and lower H2 to CO ratio than other synthesis gas production methods like either partial oxidation or steam reforming. For production of long-chain hydrocarbons though the Fischer-Tropsch synthesis, lower H2 to CO ratio is required and important, as it is a most likely feedstock. In recent decades, CO2 utilization has become more and more important in view of the emergent global warming phenomenon. On the environmental point of view, methane reforming is tantalizing due to the reduction of carbon dioxide and methane emissions as both are consider as dangerous greenhouse gases. Commercially, as cost effectively, nickel is used for methane reforming reactions due to its availability and lower cost compared to noble metals. Number of catalysts endures rigorous deactivation because of carbon deposition. Mainly carbon formation is because of methane decomposition and CO disproportionate. It is important and required to recognize essential steps of activation and conversion of CH4 and CO2 to design catalysts that minimize deactivation. Effect of promoters on activity and stability were studied in the detail. In order to develop the highly active with minimum coke formation the alkali metal oxides and ceria/zirconia/magnesia promoters were incorporated in the catalysts. The influence of ZrO2, CeO2 and MgO, in the performance of Ni-Al2O3 catalyst, prepare by co-precipitation method was studied in detailed. The XRD, FTIR, and BET and reactivity test for different promoted and unprompted catalyst was carried out.
IJERA (International journal of Engineering Research and Applications) is International online, ... peer reviewed journal. For more detail or submit your article, please visit www.ijera.com
This document summarizes key aspects of recommender systems and ranking techniques. It discusses how recommender systems typically focus on accuracy but overlook diversity. The paper explores various recommendation techniques, including content-based, collaborative filtering, knowledge-based, and hybrid approaches. It also examines different ranking methods that can increase aggregate diversity, such as popularity-based, reverse predicted rating, and parameterized ranking. The goal is to improve recommendation diversity while maintaining adequate accuracy.
Segundo a Academia Portuguesa de Letras, "CARALHO" originalmente se referia a uma pequena cesta no alto dos mastros de caravelas usada por vigias. Hoje em dia, a palavra é usada de forma coloquial para expressar sentimentos, estados de espírito e enfatizar descrições.
Apresentação do projeto sabores e saberes ticsleneschabbach
1) O documento descreve um projeto para construir um pomar na escola Centro Educacional Paulo Freire em Campo Verde, MT.
2) O projeto inclui preparar o terreno, comprar mudas, plantar as mudas, e realizar tratos culturais como irrigação e poda.
3) Serão plantadas 176 mudas de 15 espécies diferentes de fruteiras.
Proximate and ultimate analysis of cotton pod used in the updraft gasifierIaetsd Iaetsd
This document provides an overview of cotton pod gasification. It discusses the gasification process, which involves drying, pyrolysis, combustion, and reduction to produce a producer gas. The document then reviews the characteristics of cotton pod as a biomass fuel, including particle size, moisture content, and ash content, and how these properties affect the gasification process. It also examines various process parameters like temperature, heating rate, equivalence ratio, and gasification agents and how they impact gas composition and energy output. The goal is to investigate cotton pod's potential as an energy source and evaluate its properties for gasification applications.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
This document provides an overview of coal including its uses, ranking system, and experimental analysis. Coal is a widely used fossil fuel that can be burned directly for heat or converted into other fuels and chemicals. Its rank depends on the degree of metamorphism, from lowest rank peat to highest rank anthracite. The document outlines the objectives and methods for analyzing various coal samples collected, including proximate analysis to determine moisture, ash, volatile matter, and fixed carbon content and gross calorific value. The goal is to upgrade low grade coals through blending with petroleum coke to make them more usable for industry applications. Results of the analyses on the collected coal samples are also presented.
Coal is classified into three main types - anthracite, bituminous, and lignite - based on carbon content and heat value. Bituminous and sub-bituminous are most common in India. Proximate analysis determines the percentages of fixed carbon, volatile matter, moisture, and ash in coal, which influence its combustibility. Ultimate analysis identifies the carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, and sulfur content. Proper coal storage, handling, and preparation help ensure efficient combustion in boilers.
This project report summarizes the design of a plant to manufacture 50,000 tons per annum of styrene oxide. Key aspects of the design include:
1) Energy and mass balances are presented for the pre-heater, reactor, and distillation column sections. Steam and cooling water requirements are calculated.
2) The reactor is designed as a batch reactor with calculations showing a volume of 14.95 m3 and diameter of 2.013 m based on the desired residence time and conversions.
3) The distillation column is designed with 19 actual trays based on calculations from vapor liquid equilibrium data. The column has a height of 12 m and diameter of 1.223 m.
4
Energy Recovery of Biomass: Study Comparative Experimental of Fixed Bed Combu...AJSERJournal
Energy recovery of biomass is considered as an important source of energy. The main objective of this
experimental study is to validate the use of olive pomace as an alternative fuel using a comparison with that of wood.
Therefore a biomass boiler was designed and fabricated based on two separate compartments. Experiments tests
showed that the average temperature in the boiler is around 700 °C for pomace and 670 °C for sawdust with variations
up to 100 °C depending on fuel supply. In this study, the temperature distributions within of the combustion chamber of
pomace and sawdust of wood are presented, evaluated and analyzed. The removal of combustion gas is produced via a
probe of a multi-gas analyzer placed at the smoke outlet. Analysis of combustion gases such as NO, CO, CO2 and O2 are
illustrated and discussed. The results showed that low values of nitrogen oxides NOx have been observed, well below
standard limit values and absence SOx.
4.17 - "Thermal conversion of biomass as a source of fuel for electricity gen...Pomcert
This document summarizes research on the thermal conversion of biomass for electricity generation. It discusses co-combustion and gasification of biomass in small power plants. Co-combustion is difficult in small grate boilers, while gasification coupled with an engine may be more economical. The document describes testing of a two-stage fixed bed gasifier and burner designs. It provides results on stable operation of a diffusion burner and gas quality from gasification. Micro-scale gasification coupled with an engine is also discussed.
3. gas turbines direct injection engines fixed bed combustorsASIM MANZOOR
This document discusses different technologies for clean coal energy engineering, including gas turbines, direct injection engines, and fluidized bed combustors. It provides details on the components and working of gas turbines, explaining how they compress air, add fuel for combustion, and use the expanding hot gases to power a generator. Direct injection engines are described as injecting fuel directly into engine cylinders for combustion. The document outlines two types of fluidized bed combustors - bubbling fluidized beds and circulating fluidized beds - and explains how they efficiently burn solid fuels by suspending fuel particles in hot air.
This document presents the design project for producing styrene. It includes chapters on the introduction and uses of styrene, feasibility study, process selection, process description and equipment list, site considerations, and mass and energy balances. The key points are:
- Styrene is produced via dehydrogenation of ethylbenzene using steam over a catalyst bed reactor. It is then separated using distillation columns.
- The major markets for styrene are polystyrene, ABS, and unsaturated polyester resins. Asia accounts for over half of global styrene demand.
- Dehydrogenation was selected over alkylation due to lower energy demands and capital costs, though it has a lower conversion rate.
The document discusses fuels and combustion. It defines fuels and their classification based on occurrence and physical state. It describes the measurement of calorific value using a bomb calorimeter and Junkers gas calorimeter. It also discusses the gross and net calorific values, combustion calculations, proximate and ultimate analysis of solid fuels, and the theoretical calculation of a fuel's calorific value using Dulong's formula.
The document analyzes the economic viability of a proposed plant to produce 100 million kg of styrene per year from ethylbenzene. An optimal conversion of 65% ethylbenzene was determined using discounted cash flow analysis. An isothermal reactor at 600°C and 2 atm converts ethylbenzene and steam over an iron catalyst to produce styrene. Styrene is separated using a 3-column system. The discounted cash flow analysis determined a net present value of $28 million, an internal rate of return of 7.9%, and a total capital investment of $29.4 million. The profitability is contingent on the corporate tax rate, with a higher rate indicating more financial risk for the venture
Thermodynamic modeling and experimental study of rice husk pyrolysiseSAT Journals
Abstract Pyrolysis of agricultural waste is a promising route for waste to energy generation. Rice husk is a type of agro-waste that is available in plenty in India. It can be used as feed for pyrolysis to produce different products such as (solid) coke and silica, (liquid) tar and other organics and syngas. HSC Chemistry computer aided code for thermodynamic modeling was used to predict the products of rice-husk pyrolysis in this research study. The pyrolysis of rice husk was carried out between 100-1200°C in the pressure range of 1 – 15 bar. The pyrolysis products predicted by HSC calculations were mainly solid coke, gases like H2, CO2, CO, CH4, with small quantity of aromatic compounds like C6H6, C7H8, C8H10 (ethyl benzene), C8H10 (xylenes) and C6H5 –OH. An experimental study for product validation was also done and the results are presented. Keywords: Pyrolysis, syngas, HSC Chemistry, aromatic compounds.
ER Publication,
IJETR, IJMCTR,
Journals,
International Journals,
High Impact Journals,
Monthly Journal,
Good quality Journals,
Research,
Research Papers,
Research Article,
Free Journals, Open access Journals,
erpublication.org,
Engineering Journal,
Science Journals,
This document discusses the production of styrene via the dehydrogenation of ethylbenzene. Key points include:
- Ethylbenzene is dehydrogenated to styrene over a potassium promoted iron oxide catalyst at 600°C with steam.
- The main byproducts are toluene and benzene, formed via dealkylation and hydrodealkylation reactions.
- Styrene production facilities include reactors, distillation columns, vessels, pumps and heat exchangers to carry out the endothermic dehydrogenation reaction and separate/purify the products.
- Safety measures like monitoring air quality and educating employees on spill response are important due to styrene's flammable and toxic
This document summarizes information about solid fuels and the process of carbonization of coal. It discusses how caking coals are heated in the absence of air to produce coke, a solid residue richer in carbon. There are two types of carbonization processes - low temperature carbonization produces semi-coke while high temperature carbonization produces hard metallurgical coke. The document also describes the beehive oven and modern Otto Hoffman oven methods for manufacturing coke and recovering valuable byproducts like tar, ammonia, naphthalene and benzene. Coal washing processes like dense medium separators, jigs and cyclones are also summarized to remove impurities and increase the heating value of coal.
IJERA (International journal of Engineering Research and Applications) is International online, ... peer reviewed journal. For more detail or submit your article, please visit www.ijera.com
SYNGAS PRODUCTION BY DRY REFORMING OF METHANE OVER CO-PRECIPITATED CATALYSTSIAEME Publication
The syngas manufacturing from the reforming of methane with carbon dioxide is tempting because of output in terms of extra pure synthesis gas and lower H2 to CO ratio than other synthesis gas production methods like either partial oxidation or steam reforming. For production of long-chain hydrocarbons though the Fischer-Tropsch synthesis, lower H2 to CO ratio is required and important, as it is a most likely feedstock. In recent decades, CO2 utilization has become more and more important in view of the emergent global warming phenomenon. On the environmental point of view, methane reforming is tantalizing due to the reduction of carbon dioxide and methane emissions as both are consider as dangerous greenhouse gases. Commercially, as cost effectively, nickel is used for methane reforming reactions due to its availability and lower cost compared to noble metals. Number of catalysts endures rigorous deactivation because of carbon deposition. Mainly carbon formation is because of methane decomposition and CO disproportionate. It is important and required to recognize essential steps of activation and conversion of CH4 and CO2 to design catalysts that minimize deactivation. Effect of promoters on activity and stability were studied in the detail. In order to develop the highly active with minimum coke formation the alkali metal oxides and ceria/zirconia/magnesia promoters were incorporated in the catalysts. The influence of ZrO2, CeO2 and MgO, in the performance of Ni-Al2O3 catalyst, prepare by co-precipitation method was studied in detailed. The XRD, FTIR, and BET and reactivity test for different promoted and unprompted catalyst was carried out.
IJERA (International journal of Engineering Research and Applications) is International online, ... peer reviewed journal. For more detail or submit your article, please visit www.ijera.com
This document summarizes key aspects of recommender systems and ranking techniques. It discusses how recommender systems typically focus on accuracy but overlook diversity. The paper explores various recommendation techniques, including content-based, collaborative filtering, knowledge-based, and hybrid approaches. It also examines different ranking methods that can increase aggregate diversity, such as popularity-based, reverse predicted rating, and parameterized ranking. The goal is to improve recommendation diversity while maintaining adequate accuracy.
Segundo a Academia Portuguesa de Letras, "CARALHO" originalmente se referia a uma pequena cesta no alto dos mastros de caravelas usada por vigias. Hoje em dia, a palavra é usada de forma coloquial para expressar sentimentos, estados de espírito e enfatizar descrições.
Apresentação do projeto sabores e saberes ticsleneschabbach
1) O documento descreve um projeto para construir um pomar na escola Centro Educacional Paulo Freire em Campo Verde, MT.
2) O projeto inclui preparar o terreno, comprar mudas, plantar as mudas, e realizar tratos culturais como irrigação e poda.
3) Serão plantadas 176 mudas de 15 espécies diferentes de fruteiras.
O documento descreve uma oportunidade de negócios em marketing multinível que oferece produtos e treinamentos. O programa oferece bônus e comissões para indicações de novos membros e vendas de produtos. O documento também simula os ganhos potenciais para diferentes níveis de construção da rede de indicações.
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Effect of Combustion Air Pre-Heating In Carbon Monoxide Emission in Diesel Fi...IJERA Editor
This paper describes the effect of combustion air pre- heating in Diesel fired heat Treatment Furnace. The main
heat treatment processes are Normalizing, Tempering, Hardening, Annealing, Solution Annealing and Stress
Relieving. The emission of carbon monoxide is measured with combustion air pre-heating and without preheating.
The results are then compared and it is found that the emission of CO is reduced by 29.12%. With the
Combustion air pre-heating a considerable reduction in Specific Furnace Fuel Consumption (SFFC) is obtained.
The test was caaried out at Peekay Steels Casting (P) ltd, Nallalam, Calicut.
General Terms: Heat Treatment Furnace
The document discusses fuel types, water treatment processes, and heat transfer calculations. It describes the three main types of fuels as solid, liquid, and gaseous. It also outlines several water treatment steps including removal of suspensions, dissolved salts, minerals, and pathogens. Specific heat capacity and formulas for calculating heat requirements for various processes like heating food or water are provided.
Comparison of Calorific Values of Various Fuels from Different Petrol StationsIRJESJOURNAL
Abstract:- The current research work is performed to determine the calorific value of different fuel (petrol samples) available in the state of Telengana (Inda). Different samples were collected from various fuel stations sold by different companies, to show different calorific values which is considered to be one of the key parameters to determine the quality of the fuel.
A boiler provides a means for combustion heat to be transferred to water and turned into steam or hot water. It has three main systems - the feed water system, steam system, and fuel system. Heat is transferred from the burning fuel via radiation, convection and conduction to heat the water inside the boiler. Boilers can be evaluated to determine their efficiency and identify areas for improvement, such as reducing stack gas temperature, preheating feed water, improving combustion, and reducing heat losses.
The document discusses different units used to measure heat such as calories, kilocalories, and British thermal units. It defines higher calorific value and lower calorific value when measuring a fuel's energy content. Various methods are provided for determining calorific values from experimental data like mass of fuel used, water temperature change, and calorimeter properties. Examples are given to calculate gross calorific value and net calorific value from combustion tests. Octane number and cetane number are also defined which indicate a fuel's resistance to autoignition or knocking in spark ignition and compression ignition engines respectively.
The document discusses different units used to measure heat energy including calories, kilocalories, and British thermal units. It defines higher calorific value and lower calorific value when measuring a fuel's energy content. Various methods for determining calorific values from experimental data are also presented, along with examples of calculating gross calorific value and net calorific value. Octane number and cetane number are introduced as measures of gasoline and diesel fuels' resistance to knocking in spark-ignition and compression-ignition engines respectively.
1. Fuels are combustible substances containing mainly carbon that produce heat energy when burned. Coal, petroleum, and natural gas are important primary fossil fuels found naturally.
2. Fuels can be classified based on their physical state as solid, liquid, or gaseous. They can also be classified as primary fuels found in nature or secondary fuels derived from primary fuels.
3. The calorific value of a fuel is the amount of heat released during complete combustion. It is usually measured in kilocalories per kilogram. Higher calorific value includes the heat of condensation of water vapor produced, while lower calorific value does not.
1. A fuel is a combustible substance containing carbon as the main constituent that produces heat energy when burned. During combustion, carbon and hydrogen in the fuel combine with oxygen to produce heat.
2. Fuels are classified as primary fuels, which occur naturally like coal, petroleum and natural gas, or secondary fuels, which are derived from primary fuels like coke and gasoline. Fuels can also be classified as solid, liquid or gaseous based on physical state.
3. The calorific value of a fuel is the total quantity of heat produced during complete combustion of a unit mass or volume of fuel. Higher or gross calorific value includes the latent heat of condensation of water vapor produced,
1. Fuels are combustible substances containing mainly carbon that produce heat energy when burned. Coal, petroleum, and natural gas are important primary fossil fuels found naturally.
2. Fuels can be classified based on their physical state as solid, liquid, or gaseous. They can also be classified as primary fuels found in nature or secondary fuels derived from primary fuels.
3. The calorific value of a fuel is the amount of heat released during complete combustion. It is usually measured in kilocalories per kilogram. Higher calorific value includes the heat of condensation of water vapor produced, while lower calorific value does not.
The document discusses various types of fuels, their classification, properties, and uses. It describes solid fuels like wood, peat, lignite, and coal as well as liquid fuels derived from petroleum. The key solid fuel discussed is coal, which is classified based on carbon content and rank into peat, lignite, sub-bituminous coal, bituminous coal, semi-bituminous coal, and anthracite. Liquid fuels are obtained through refining of crude petroleum and include fuels like gasoline, kerosene and diesel.
The document discusses various types of fuels including their definition, classification, properties, and uses. It describes solid fuels like wood, coal, and charcoal as well as liquid fuels derived from petroleum. The key solid fuel discussed is coal, which varies in composition and energy content depending on its rank as peat, lignite, bituminous coal, or anthracite. Liquid fuels mainly come from refining crude petroleum into products like gasoline, diesel, and jet fuel that are widely used for transportation and energy needs due to their high energy density.
This document provides information about fuels and lubricants. It discusses different types of fuels like coal, natural gas, and plastic waste. It also covers the classification of fuels based on rank like peat, lignite, bituminous coal, and anthracite. The characteristics of good fuels and various units of heat measurement like calorie, kilocalorie, and British Thermal Unit are explained. The document discusses the gross calorific value and net calorific value of fuels. It provides details about the working of a bomb calorimeter and the proximate and ultimate analysis of coal.
Fuels are substances that readily combine with oxygen to burn and release heat energy. There are three main types of fuels - solid, liquid, and gaseous. Solid fuels include coal and wood. Liquid fuels include kerosene, diesel, and furnace oil. Common gaseous fuels used in India are LPG, natural gas, and coal gas. The amount of heat released when fuels combust is measured by their calorific value, with gaseous fuels having the highest calorific value per unit weight. Proper use and safety precautions are required when using fuels to prevent fires and other hazards.
This document summarizes a study that tested the performance of a spark ignition engine using blends of ethanol and gasoline as fuel. Ethanol was produced from fermented groundnut shells. The engine was tested using blends with 0-80% ethanol in 20% increments. Test results showed that blending 40% ethanol achieved optimal engine performance with increased power and volumetric efficiency compared to gasoline alone. Higher ethanol blends like 60% and 80% performed similarly to the 40% blend. Specific fuel consumption increased slightly with higher ethanol content due to ethanol's lower energy density. In conclusion, a 40% ethanol blend can be effectively used as a supplementary fuel in spark ignition engines.
Comparison of Calorific Values of Various Fuels from Different Fuel Stationsresearchinventy
Current research takes in to account of calorific value of various fuel (Diesel) available in the state of Telangana (India). The purpose of this experiment is to determine the heat of combustion for diesel and to learn basic bomb procedures. This experiment will be accomplished by using an adiabatic bomb calorimeter. The fuel sold by different company show different calorific value; by finding out the change in the calorific we can find out the high quality fuel available in the market. This research had covered the importance of calorific value of different fuel (diesel) with the help of a case study from Lords Institute of Engineering & Technology
Fuel is a combustible substance, containing carbon as main constituent, which...drmanojkarar
Energy resources: While selecting an ideal fuel for domestic or industrial purpose we should keep in mind that the fuel selected must possess the following characteristic properties.
1) It should possess high calorific value.
2) It should have proper ignition temperature. The ignition temperature of the fuel should neither be too low nor too high.
3) It should not produce poisonous products during combustion. In other words, it should not cause pollution o combustion.
4) It should have moderate rate of combustion.
5) Combustion should be easily controllable i.e., combustion of fuel should be easy to start or stop as and when required.
6) It should not leave behind much ash on combustion.
7) It should be easily available in plenty.
8) It should have low moisture content.
9) It should be cheap.
10) It should be easy to handle and transport.
Calorific value: It is defined as the total amount of heat liberated, when unit mass or unit volume of the fuel is completely burnt in air or oxygen.
Units of heat:
a) Calorie: The amount of heat required to increase the temperature of 1 gm of water through one degree centigrade.
b) Kilocalorie: It is equal to 1000 calories. The quantity of heat required to rise the temperature of 1 Kg of water through one degree centigrade.
1 K.cal = 1000 cals
c) British thermal unit (B.Th.U.): The quantity of heat required to rise the temperature of 1 pound of water through one degree Farenheit.
1 B.Th.U = 252 cals = 0.252 K.cal
d) Centigrade heat unit (C.H.U): The quantity of heat required to rise the temperature of one pound of water through one degree centigrade.
1 K. cal = 3.968 B.Th.U = 2.2 C.H.U
For solids or liquid fuel: Calorie/gm (cal/gm) (or) Kilocalorie/Kg (K.cal/Kg) (or) B.Th.U/lb
For gaseous fuels: Kilocalorie/cubic meter (K.cal/m3) (or) B.Th.U/ft3
the slides explain about fuel and combustionrndfme
The document discusses different types of fuels and combustion. It provides classifications of fuels as primary, secondary, solid, liquid, and gaseous. It defines calorific value and explains gross calorific value and net calorific value. The document discusses solid fuels like coal, its classification and analysis including proximate analysis and ultimate analysis. It explains the importance of these analyses. It also discusses the production of metallurgical coke and its required properties.
The document presents the results of an energy analysis of a biomass and coal co-firing power generation system. A simulation model was used to evaluate key performance parameters for various fuel combinations and co-firing ratios. The results indicate that plant energy efficiency decreases with increasing proportions of biomass in the fuel mixture. The extent of the decrease depends on the specific properties of the coal and biomass types considered in the analysis. Four biomass fuels and two coal fuels were modeled in a pulverized coal steam power plant configured for direct co-firing of the solid fuels.
1. Mohd. Yunus Khan, Faraz Ahmad Khan, Mirza Shariq Beg / International Journal of
Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) ISSN: 2248-9622 www.ijera.com
Vol. 3, Issue 1, January -February 2013, pp.464-466
Ethanol-Kerosene Blends: Fuel Option for Kerosene Wick Stove
Mohd. Yunus Khan*, Faraz Ahmad Khan**, Mirza Shariq Beg***
* (Assistant Professor, Mechanical Engineering Section, University Polytechnic, Aligarh Muslim University,
Aligarh)
** (B.Tech.(Mechanical Engineering), Z.H. College of Engineering and Technology, Aligarh Muslim
University, Aligarh.)
*** (B.E.(Mechanical Engineering), Z.H. College of Engineering and Technology, Aligarh Muslim University,
Aligarh.)
ABSTRACT
In order to solve energy crisis, the search to 16 carbon atoms [1]. It is widely used to power jet
for alternative fuel is extensively important. engine, for heating and lighting.
Alternative fuels selected should be renewable,
sustainable and eco-friendly. In India, kerosene is In India, it is also used as a fuel in wick
also used as a fuel in cooking stove. Kerosene stove or pressure to cook food. Some of the fuels
contains impurities like sulphur, aromatics and that can be used in cooking stoves are gaseous fuels
hydrocarbons, which causes environmental like biogas, solid fuels like wood, charcoal and
degradation. In this experimental investigation, liquid fuels like vegetable oils and ethanol. Use of
blends of ethanol and kerosene were used as liquid fuels is preferable over solid and gaseous fuels
alternative fuel in kerosene wick stove without due to their high energy content, transportability,
any modification in stove design. The blends storability and availability [2]. However, due to high
tested were 5%, 10%, 15% and 20% ethanol in viscosity and gumming tendency, vegetable oils are
kerosene. The experimentations have been not extensively used in cooking stove. These
carried out with an aim of obtaining comparative disadvantages are not found in ethanol and thus
measures of thermal efficiency and fuel make it attractive alternative fuel.
consumption rate. The values of thermal Ethanol can be produced from renewable energy
efficiency and fuel consumption rate for blended sources such as sugarcane, corn, barley and many
fuel were found to be comparable with kerosene. other types of waste materials. Also, it has clean
The maximum value of thermal efficiency was combustion. Ethanol has lower calorific value and
obtained with blend containing 5% ethanol while density as compared to kerosene.
the minimum value was obtained with reference
fuel. The fuel consumption rate for blend TABLE 1 Calorific value and density of test fuels
containing 10% ethanol was found to be
maximum. Property/ Calorific Density (g/cm3
Fuel Value (MJ/kg) at 30°C)
Keywords - Wick stove, Kerosene, Eco-friendly Kerosene 43.5 0.820
fuel, Ethanol. Ethanol 26.9 0.785
I. INTRODUCTION The aim of this experimental investigation
Environmental pollution and fossil fuel is to study the effect of using various blends of
depletion are matters of concern round the world. In ethanol and kerosene on performance of kerosene
order to solve tackle these problems, the search for wick stove. Pure kerosene was used as a reference
alternative fuel has become significantly important. fuel. These blends were prepared on volume basis.
Alternative fuels selected should renewable, The blends tested were 5%, 10%, 15% and 20%
sustainable and eco-friendly. In India, kerosene is ethanol in kerosene.
also used as a fuel in cooking stove. Kerosene stoves
have replaced the traditional wood-based appliances The following nomenclature is used in this
that are unhealthy and inefficient. However, work: K: Kerosene; E05: 5% volume of ethanol and
kerosene itself also contains impurities like sulphur, 95% volume of kerosene; E10: 10% volume of
aromatics and hydrocarbons which cause pollution. ethanol and 90% volume of kerosene; E15: 15%
On burning, it also produces very unpleasant smell. volume of ethanol and 85% volume of kerosene and
Its smoke emissions create various respiratory E20: 20% volume of ethanol and 80% volume of
problems. kerosene. The fuels used for entire testing belonged
Kerosene is a thin, clear liquid formed from to the same supply, to avoid the unnecessary
hydrocarbons. It is obtained from the fractional introduction of any variation during
distillation of petroleum between 180°C and 250°C, experimentation.
resulting in a mixture of carbon chains containing 10
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2. Mohd. Yunus Khan, Faraz Ahmad Khan, Mirza Shariq Beg / International Journal of
Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) ISSN: 2248-9622 www.ijera.com
Vol. 3, Issue 1, January -February 2013, pp.464-466
The experimentations have been carried out with an determined according to the specifications provided
aim of obtaining comparative measures of thermal by Indian Standards [3]. Following the guidelines,
efficiency and fuel consumption rate. All thermal efficiency of wick stove in the present work
experiments were carried out on unmodified stove. is estimated by conducting the water-boiling test and
the procedure followed is briefly described below
II. EXPERIMENTAL METHODOLOGY [2-5].
The experimental setup is shown in the Fig.
1. It consists of weighing balance, kerosene wick The fuel to be tested is to be filled nearly ¾
stove, a standard aluminium vessel, a stirrer and an of the capacity of the fuel tank. The aluminum vessel
alcoholic thermometer. The experimental setup was selected as the fuel consumption test. A
consists of capillary fed wick stove. Test stove has 8 thermometer (0-150) was used to evaluate the water
wicks of woven cotton placed in a holder such that temperature during experimentation. A stirrer made
they can be moved up and down by a control lever of aluminum has been made for stirring the water for
or knob. Wicks emerge into an annular space uniform distribution of heat. An electronic balance
surrounded by two concentric perforated steel walls (of least count 1 g) has been used for weight
(the flame holder), which are spaced slightly wider measurement of water and stove. The technical
than the wick thickness. The lower ends of the wicks specifications of electronic balance are shown in
are dipped into kerosene. The stove is lit by TABLE 3.
removing the perforated steel flame holder raising
the wicks and lighting them. The holder is then The weight of vessel with its lid and the
placed again. The flame fills the gap between the weight of water used in the vessel were noted. Initial
two walls of the holder and emerges at the top of the temperature of water (T1) was also noted. The
stove. The flame can be raised or lowered by weight of stove along with fuel (W1) was noted. The
operating the knob, when raised the flame burns stove was lighted and water was warmed up to 800C
more intensely and the vice versa. and stirred continuously for uniformity of
temperature. When final temperature of water (T 2)
has reached 800C, the stove was put off. Again, the
weight of stove (W2) was recorded. The difference
in the weight of stove (W2-W1) gives the mass of
fuel consumed for heating water by temperature (T 2-
T1). The thermal efficiency of the stove is expressed
as follows:
Where,
Ww = quantity of water in the vessel (kg),
WAl= weight of the aluminium vessel (kg),
Cw= specific heat of water (kJ/kg-K),
CAl= specific heat of aluminium vessel (kJ/kg-K),
Fig. 1 Experimental setup T1= initial temperature of water (K),
T2= final temperature of water (K),
The technical specifications of the test stove are W1= weight of test stove before warming water (kg),
shown in the TABLE 2. W2= weight of water after warming water to 80 0C
(kg).
TABLE 2 Technical specification of test stove The experiment was repeated three times
and average of the three values was taken as final
Make Fargo reading. The same procedure was followed for all
Manufacture MVS Enterprise, New Delhi fuel blends.
Stove Type Capillary fed, multi wick
Weight 1 kg (when empty) TABLE 3 Specifications of electronic balance
Fuel tank capacity 1 litre Make Gold Tech
Thermal efficiency 60% Manufacture Precision Electronic Instrument
(Design) Co.,Delhi
Design fuel Kerosene Machine type Electronic
Range Maximum 10 kg; minimum 20g
In India, the Bureau of Indian Standards Least count 1g
(BIS) has set guidelines for testing the thermal Model G-TET
efficiencies of all types of cooking stove. For
kerosene cooking stove, the thermal efficiencies are
465 | P a g e
3. Mohd. Yunus Khan, Faraz Ahmad Khan, Mirza Shariq Beg / International Journal of
Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) ISSN: 2248-9622 www.ijera.com
Vol. 3, Issue 1, January -February 2013, pp.464-466
III. RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS IV. CONCLUSIONS
Performance of the wick stove has been The objective of work was to study the
evaluated in terms of thermal efficiency and fuel effect of using various blends of ethanol and
consumption rate. Subsequent results as shown in kerosene on performance of kerosene wick stove.
bar graphs. The blends tested were 5%, 10%, 15% and 20%
ethanol in kerosene. The results show that blends of
Fig. 2 shows the effect of blending on the ethanol and kerosene can be successfully employed
thermal efficiency of the wick stove. It is clear from as used as alternative fuel in wick-stove.
the figure that the can be seen that maximum value Performance of the wick-stove operating on ethanol-
of thermal efficiency was obtained with E05 i.e. kerosene blends was evaluated in terms of thermal
blend containing 5% ethanol. The minimum value of efficiency and fuel consumption rate. The values of
thermal efficiency was 42.1% which was obtained thermal efficiency and fuel consumption rate for
with reference fuel operation. ethanol blended fuel were found to be comparable
with reference fuel. The maximum value of thermal
The effect of blending on the fuel efficiency was obtained with blend containing 5%
consumption rate of the wick stove is shown in Fig. ethanol while the minimum value was obtained with
3. It can be seen that the fuel consumption rate for reference fuel. The fuel consumption rate for blend
E10 i.e. for the blend containing 10% ethanol while containing 10% ethanol was found to be maximum.
for reference fuel its value was 4.01 x 10-5 kg/s.
It can be concluded that capillary fed multi
wick stove can be successfully operated with
kerosene- ethanol blend up to 20% kerosene without
any design modification and operational difficulty.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
The authors of this paper are grateful to the
University Polytechnic, Aligarh Muslim University,
Aligarh for kindly providing the test facilities.
REFERENCES
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Fig. 2 Thermal efficiency Vs blend ratio jatropha curcas oil-kerosene blends, NIET
Journal of Engineering and Technology, I,
2010, 63-66.
[3] S. Kakati, Effect of heat losses on overall
performance of kerosene fuelled capillary-
fed wick stove, Proc. 1ST National
Conference on Advances in Energy
Research (AER-2006), Department of
Energy System Engineering, Indian
Institute of Technology, Mumbai, 2006.
[4] V.K. Pantangi, A.S.S.R.K. Kumar, S. C.
Mishra, and N. Sahoo, Performance
analysis of domestic LPG cooking stoves
with porous media, International Energy
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[5] M. Y. Khan, A. Saxena and K. P. Singh,
Performance of insulated LPG burner with
Fig. 3 Fuel consumption rate Vs Blend ratio ball bearings as porous medium, People’s
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