The document discusses the development of innovative shut-off valves for hydro power turbines by TIWAG. Key points:
- TIWAG developed a series of high-quality spherical valves using an optimized design and selection of materials.
- The design focuses on simplicity, robustness, clear function, and few parts for easy manufacturing.
- An innovative solution was developed for bearing the rotating body within the valve's spherical contour, avoiding bending moments.
- This and using forged rather than cast parts results in lower costs, easier inspection, and faster production times.
The document provides information about wedge wire filter elements produced by Trislot. It discusses why wedge wire is preferable to other filter media due to its strength, lack of maintenance costs, and ability to prevent production stops. It then describes what wedge wire is and the manufacturing process. The document provides details on various wedge wire profiles and materials available. It also discusses different product types like slot tubes and welded screens. Testimonials are included that praise Trislot's quality, services, and partnership. In under 3 sentences, the document summarizes wedge wire filter elements manufactured by Trislot and why they provide advantages over other filter media.
Basic Screw Geometry: Things Your Extruder Screw Designer Never Told You Abou...R&B Plastics Machinery
This document provides an overview of basic screw geometry for single screw extruders. It defines key terms like flighted length, screw diameter, and L/D ratio. It describes the different sections of the screw - feed, transition, and metering - and factors that influence their design like material properties, length, and compression ratio calculations. The document also discusses two-stage vented screw designs and how to calculate compression ratios and pumping capacities for different screw configurations.
Bearing handbook for electric motor skfducnamtrinh
The document is a handbook for electric motor bearings from SKF that provides specifications and information about various bearing types. It includes speed ratings, dimensions, installation tips, lubrication recommendations, and other technical details for SKF deep groove ball bearings in their 6200 and 6300 series. The handbook aims to help users select, install, and maintain SKF bearings for optimal electric motor performance.
This document provides information on SKF's SONL plummer block housings, which are split pillow block housings designed for oil lubrication. Key details include:
- SONL housings use proven oil lubrication techniques like oil pickup rings and circulating oil systems to provide uniform lubrication to bearings.
- They have a deep reservoir and efficient seals to hold oil and minimize maintenance needs.
- The housings are designed for universal application with features like locating and non-locating bearing positions and options for adapter sleeves or cylindrical bores.
- SONL housings provide a reliable shaft solution for applications requiring oil lubrication like fans, generators, and
I have written in the past about screw/barrel wear and also screw rebuilding, but there are some screw and barrel shops that offer an alternative for excessive barrel wear and that is honing the barrel oversize and then rebuilding the screw oversize also to fit.
This document provides an overview of the content covered in Week 2 of the CSWIP Plant Inspector Level 1 course, including:
1. An introduction to pressure equipment, defining key characteristics like stored energy and factors of safety.
2. Summaries of sections on pressure vessel inspection, outlining the roles of inspectors in verifying integrity, design aspects like corrosion allowance, and code compliance.
3. Details on visual and dimensional examinations performed on pressure vessels, including examination points for vessel exteriors and interiors and dimensional checking procedures.
This document summarizes a student project to design and build a prototype screw press. It includes an analysis of existing screw press designs and calculations to determine the dimensions of the screw press components. The objectives are to continue optimizing screw press design and evaluate performance. The methodology involves studying existing presses, selecting one for improvement, designing modifications, fabricating the press, and testing it. Dimensions and drawings of the prototype's power screw, columns, and plates are provided. The prototype was successfully built to specifications using wood instead of metal to reduce costs. The project enhanced workshop and design skills.
Screw and barrel inspection plays a very important part in achieving exceptional production performance. The screw and barrel are major components of extrusion, injection molding and blow molding processes, and should be measured for wear at least once a year (preferably twice a year). Many U.S. companies schedule preventive maintenance (PM) during the week of Independence Day and again during the week of Christmas.
The document provides information about wedge wire filter elements produced by Trislot. It discusses why wedge wire is preferable to other filter media due to its strength, lack of maintenance costs, and ability to prevent production stops. It then describes what wedge wire is and the manufacturing process. The document provides details on various wedge wire profiles and materials available. It also discusses different product types like slot tubes and welded screens. Testimonials are included that praise Trislot's quality, services, and partnership. In under 3 sentences, the document summarizes wedge wire filter elements manufactured by Trislot and why they provide advantages over other filter media.
Basic Screw Geometry: Things Your Extruder Screw Designer Never Told You Abou...R&B Plastics Machinery
This document provides an overview of basic screw geometry for single screw extruders. It defines key terms like flighted length, screw diameter, and L/D ratio. It describes the different sections of the screw - feed, transition, and metering - and factors that influence their design like material properties, length, and compression ratio calculations. The document also discusses two-stage vented screw designs and how to calculate compression ratios and pumping capacities for different screw configurations.
Bearing handbook for electric motor skfducnamtrinh
The document is a handbook for electric motor bearings from SKF that provides specifications and information about various bearing types. It includes speed ratings, dimensions, installation tips, lubrication recommendations, and other technical details for SKF deep groove ball bearings in their 6200 and 6300 series. The handbook aims to help users select, install, and maintain SKF bearings for optimal electric motor performance.
This document provides information on SKF's SONL plummer block housings, which are split pillow block housings designed for oil lubrication. Key details include:
- SONL housings use proven oil lubrication techniques like oil pickup rings and circulating oil systems to provide uniform lubrication to bearings.
- They have a deep reservoir and efficient seals to hold oil and minimize maintenance needs.
- The housings are designed for universal application with features like locating and non-locating bearing positions and options for adapter sleeves or cylindrical bores.
- SONL housings provide a reliable shaft solution for applications requiring oil lubrication like fans, generators, and
I have written in the past about screw/barrel wear and also screw rebuilding, but there are some screw and barrel shops that offer an alternative for excessive barrel wear and that is honing the barrel oversize and then rebuilding the screw oversize also to fit.
This document provides an overview of the content covered in Week 2 of the CSWIP Plant Inspector Level 1 course, including:
1. An introduction to pressure equipment, defining key characteristics like stored energy and factors of safety.
2. Summaries of sections on pressure vessel inspection, outlining the roles of inspectors in verifying integrity, design aspects like corrosion allowance, and code compliance.
3. Details on visual and dimensional examinations performed on pressure vessels, including examination points for vessel exteriors and interiors and dimensional checking procedures.
This document summarizes a student project to design and build a prototype screw press. It includes an analysis of existing screw press designs and calculations to determine the dimensions of the screw press components. The objectives are to continue optimizing screw press design and evaluate performance. The methodology involves studying existing presses, selecting one for improvement, designing modifications, fabricating the press, and testing it. Dimensions and drawings of the prototype's power screw, columns, and plates are provided. The prototype was successfully built to specifications using wood instead of metal to reduce costs. The project enhanced workshop and design skills.
Screw and barrel inspection plays a very important part in achieving exceptional production performance. The screw and barrel are major components of extrusion, injection molding and blow molding processes, and should be measured for wear at least once a year (preferably twice a year). Many U.S. companies schedule preventive maintenance (PM) during the week of Independence Day and again during the week of Christmas.
P.T. International Corp. provides power transmission products including mounted bearings, drive products, and European linear components. They are headquartered in Charlotte, NC with an 80,000 square foot facility stocking over 25,000 SKUs. The document discusses their global manufacturing and sourcing, engineering capabilities, and ISO 9001:2008 certification. It also provides details on their product range, inspection processes, and installation guidelines for mounted spherical bearings.
We specialize in the manufacturing and rebuilding of screws, barrels, removable mixers, tips, end caps, nozzles, and a large variety of other specialized machining components, including augers, tie bars, and rotors.
This document provides information on the design of pressure vessels. It defines pressure vessels as containers designed to operate above 15 Psi and discusses why proper design is important to prevent failure. The document outlines various codes used for pressure vessel design and stresses that vessels experience from internal pressure, weight, and other loads. It also describes common pressure vessel components like shells, heads, nozzles, and supports, and provides formulas for calculating thicknesses of different vessel components.
The document describes Vector Techlok® clamp connectors, which are a pipe connection system. Some key points:
1) Vector Techlok® connectors are lighter and smaller than comparable flange connections, requiring fewer bolts and no alignment, making installation faster.
2) They can be used in high pressure applications over 60,000 psi and their light weight is advantageous where weight is a consideration.
3) The system includes various components like clamps, hubs, spools and closures to facilitate pipe connections in sizes up to 42 inches.
There are basically three Coefficients of Friction (Figure 1) that take place in the feed section of the screw, (1) between the barrel and the pellet, (2) between pellet to pellet, and (3) between the root of the screw and the plastic pellet.
The material handling of the feedstock is a very critical part of the extrusion process. If the feedstock is not introduced to the feedsection of screw in a smooth and uniform matter, then the likelihood of a stable and consistent output is unlikely. This is the reason why it is very important that if regrind is added to the virgin feedstock, it must be done very consistently and uniformly. It should also be mentioned here that a very important part of the extrusion equipment is the hopper and feedthroat section. If the hopper and feedthroat sections are not designed properly, inconsistent material flow to the screw can take place. For example, if the conical section of the hopper (see figure) does not have the proper transition, the resin will not flow smoothly into the feedthroat of the extruder.
U.S. Bellows, Inc. manufactures a wide variety of engineered expansion joints for industries such as power generation, chemical processing, and shipbuilding. It was formed through the acquisition of two expansion joint companies and has over 450,000 square feet of manufacturing space near the port of Houston. U.S. Bellows uses computer modeling and rigorous testing to design and produce custom expansion joints from thin metal bellows to thick fabric designs using processes like roll forming, hydroforming, and welding.
1) The best way to clean a screw and barrel is to remove the screw from the machine and clean it outside using brass tools and stearic acid rather than applying direct heat, which can damage the metal.
2) To purge the system, use HDPE plastic at 200C while slowly rotating the screw until the extrudate fully changes from the processing resin to HDPE.
3) Clean the screw using brass tools and stearic acid while exposing sections, then clean the barrel bore using a wire brush coated in copper gauze and stearic acid.
This document provides information on Turcon® Variseal® seals, including:
- An overview of Turcon® Variseal® seals, their operating principle, and performance characteristics such as temperature and pressure capabilities.
- Tables to aid in selecting the appropriate Variseal® type and material for an application based on factors like maximum pressure, temperature range, and contact medium.
- Details on standard Variseal® types like M2, M2S, W, and H, as well as special types like HF and Roto, and guidelines for their installation and use.
- Information on Turcon® and Zurcon® seal materials, their temperature and chemical resistance properties, and common
Emerson Avstängningsventiler broschyr - ASKALON ABAskalon AB
Alla Emersons avstängningsventiler i samma broschyr - ASKALON AB
Vridspjäll, skjutspjäll, kulventiler, kilslid, kalottventiler, kägelventiler, kalottventiler samt slussventiler och backventiler av kända ventilfabrikat från Emerson så som:
Keystone, Sempell, KTM, Vanessa, FCT, Neotechna, Clarkson och Virgo.
Försäljning av ventiler och ventilservice av Askalon AB 054-579200 sales@askalon.se
Revista brasileira de educação médica competencias medicasSilvia Rodrigues
1. O documento discute o método de avaliação de conceito global como uma forma de avaliar de maneira mais objetiva a competência clínica de estudantes de medicina, considerando aspectos técnicos e humanistas.
2. O conceito global envolve a avaliação por múltiplos avaliadores usando um instrumento com itens pontuados em escala, ao invés de uma nota subjetiva única.
3. A avaliação por conceito global pode fornecer feedback valioso se desenvolvida e aplicada corretamente.
The document presents the Multicolor Professional Hair Care brand, which focuses on hair color products, treatments for different hair types, and products for dry, frizzy, and chemically treated hair. The brand aims to be the worldwide leader in professional hair color and related markets by providing technical and care products for hair professionals and retail consumers. Key elements of the brand include treatments, styling, reconstruction, color protection, and nourishing products for different hair needs.
This document provides an operations manual for a Behind-The-Ear (BTE) hearing aid. It describes the basic components and controls of the BTE hearing aid, including the battery, volume control, memory, and telephone use settings. The document also provides instructions for inserting and removing the hearing aid, caring for it, and troubleshooting.
Cori a Palazzo - XXVIII festival internazionale di musica vocale e canto corale a cura del coro Ricercare Ensemble
Dopo il successo di pubblico e critica delle precedenti edizioni, pur non esenti dalle difficoltà del momento di crisi e ora anche segnati e scossi dal terremoto, ecco ugualmente e puntualmente presente, con la voglia di Musica e di vita per un ritorno alla normalità, il festival internazionale di musica vocale e canto corale “CORI a PALAZZO” , giunto alla ventottesima edizione che vedrà protagonisti a Mantova e Revere, dal 11 giugno al 6 luglio il coro e la musica vocale , offerti dalla associazione musicale “Ricercare Ensemble” che si avvarrà del sostegno e la collaborazione della Provincia di Mantova, del Comune di Mantova, del Comune di Revere, dell’Associazione Pro Loco Revere e di Gheda Petfood nutrition and care.
Cori a Palazzo sarà ancora una volta un caleidoscopio di proposte e stili accomunati dalla presenza delle voci e del cantare insieme, che vanno dalla musica classica (barocca, rinascimentale e contemporanea), al jazz, alla world music, alla musica della tradizione popolare., con il contributo di interpreti e programmi selezionati, forte di una lunga esperienza con oltre centotrentacinque gruppi italiani e stranieri sin’ora ospitati (cecoslovacchi, americani, svedesi, tedeschi, francesi, danesi, austriaci, svizzeri, russi, israeliani, estoni, norvegesi, giapponesi, americani, inglesi), e con più di 2300 esecutori scelti senza preclusione di stili ma solo per la loro provata e accreditata qualità artistica.
URGENT SALE CHD AVENUE SETOR -71 GURGAON SIZE -1198@7000 PER SQ.FT CONTACT-70...Shailendra Kumar
The document discusses the benefits of exercise for mental health. Regular physical activity can help reduce anxiety and depression and improve mood and cognitive functioning. Exercise causes chemical changes in the brain that may help boost feelings of calmness and well-being.
The document discusses sustainable open data and the Open Data Institute (ODI). It notes that open data can help address major challenges and generate value for all. The ODI aims to support open data projects through nodes that connect organizations. The ODI is led by experts in open data and seeks to unlock economic value through transparent and reliable open data. It also stresses the importance of making open data sustainable and ensuring data quality.
The document discusses induction bending as an alternative to conventional welding for fabricating pipe spools. Some key points:
- Induction bending reduces fabrication costs, time, and inspection costs compared to conventional welding by eliminating many welds.
- It provides more flexibility in bending angles and radii compared to standard elbow fittings.
- Minimum bend radii depend on pipe diameter and wall thickness, ranging from 2D to 5D according to material type.
- Wall thinning must be considered and compensated for in pipe wall thickness calculations.
- The induction bending process involves heating a pipe section and bending it between clamped positions to form the desired radius.
P.T. International Corp. provides power transmission products including mounted bearings, drive products, and European linear components. They are headquartered in Charlotte, NC with an 80,000 square foot facility stocking over 25,000 SKUs. The document discusses their global manufacturing and sourcing, engineering capabilities, and ISO 9001:2008 certification. It also provides details on their product range, inspection processes, and installation guidelines for mounted spherical bearings.
We specialize in the manufacturing and rebuilding of screws, barrels, removable mixers, tips, end caps, nozzles, and a large variety of other specialized machining components, including augers, tie bars, and rotors.
This document provides information on the design of pressure vessels. It defines pressure vessels as containers designed to operate above 15 Psi and discusses why proper design is important to prevent failure. The document outlines various codes used for pressure vessel design and stresses that vessels experience from internal pressure, weight, and other loads. It also describes common pressure vessel components like shells, heads, nozzles, and supports, and provides formulas for calculating thicknesses of different vessel components.
The document describes Vector Techlok® clamp connectors, which are a pipe connection system. Some key points:
1) Vector Techlok® connectors are lighter and smaller than comparable flange connections, requiring fewer bolts and no alignment, making installation faster.
2) They can be used in high pressure applications over 60,000 psi and their light weight is advantageous where weight is a consideration.
3) The system includes various components like clamps, hubs, spools and closures to facilitate pipe connections in sizes up to 42 inches.
There are basically three Coefficients of Friction (Figure 1) that take place in the feed section of the screw, (1) between the barrel and the pellet, (2) between pellet to pellet, and (3) between the root of the screw and the plastic pellet.
The material handling of the feedstock is a very critical part of the extrusion process. If the feedstock is not introduced to the feedsection of screw in a smooth and uniform matter, then the likelihood of a stable and consistent output is unlikely. This is the reason why it is very important that if regrind is added to the virgin feedstock, it must be done very consistently and uniformly. It should also be mentioned here that a very important part of the extrusion equipment is the hopper and feedthroat section. If the hopper and feedthroat sections are not designed properly, inconsistent material flow to the screw can take place. For example, if the conical section of the hopper (see figure) does not have the proper transition, the resin will not flow smoothly into the feedthroat of the extruder.
U.S. Bellows, Inc. manufactures a wide variety of engineered expansion joints for industries such as power generation, chemical processing, and shipbuilding. It was formed through the acquisition of two expansion joint companies and has over 450,000 square feet of manufacturing space near the port of Houston. U.S. Bellows uses computer modeling and rigorous testing to design and produce custom expansion joints from thin metal bellows to thick fabric designs using processes like roll forming, hydroforming, and welding.
1) The best way to clean a screw and barrel is to remove the screw from the machine and clean it outside using brass tools and stearic acid rather than applying direct heat, which can damage the metal.
2) To purge the system, use HDPE plastic at 200C while slowly rotating the screw until the extrudate fully changes from the processing resin to HDPE.
3) Clean the screw using brass tools and stearic acid while exposing sections, then clean the barrel bore using a wire brush coated in copper gauze and stearic acid.
This document provides information on Turcon® Variseal® seals, including:
- An overview of Turcon® Variseal® seals, their operating principle, and performance characteristics such as temperature and pressure capabilities.
- Tables to aid in selecting the appropriate Variseal® type and material for an application based on factors like maximum pressure, temperature range, and contact medium.
- Details on standard Variseal® types like M2, M2S, W, and H, as well as special types like HF and Roto, and guidelines for their installation and use.
- Information on Turcon® and Zurcon® seal materials, their temperature and chemical resistance properties, and common
Emerson Avstängningsventiler broschyr - ASKALON ABAskalon AB
Alla Emersons avstängningsventiler i samma broschyr - ASKALON AB
Vridspjäll, skjutspjäll, kulventiler, kilslid, kalottventiler, kägelventiler, kalottventiler samt slussventiler och backventiler av kända ventilfabrikat från Emerson så som:
Keystone, Sempell, KTM, Vanessa, FCT, Neotechna, Clarkson och Virgo.
Försäljning av ventiler och ventilservice av Askalon AB 054-579200 sales@askalon.se
Revista brasileira de educação médica competencias medicasSilvia Rodrigues
1. O documento discute o método de avaliação de conceito global como uma forma de avaliar de maneira mais objetiva a competência clínica de estudantes de medicina, considerando aspectos técnicos e humanistas.
2. O conceito global envolve a avaliação por múltiplos avaliadores usando um instrumento com itens pontuados em escala, ao invés de uma nota subjetiva única.
3. A avaliação por conceito global pode fornecer feedback valioso se desenvolvida e aplicada corretamente.
The document presents the Multicolor Professional Hair Care brand, which focuses on hair color products, treatments for different hair types, and products for dry, frizzy, and chemically treated hair. The brand aims to be the worldwide leader in professional hair color and related markets by providing technical and care products for hair professionals and retail consumers. Key elements of the brand include treatments, styling, reconstruction, color protection, and nourishing products for different hair needs.
This document provides an operations manual for a Behind-The-Ear (BTE) hearing aid. It describes the basic components and controls of the BTE hearing aid, including the battery, volume control, memory, and telephone use settings. The document also provides instructions for inserting and removing the hearing aid, caring for it, and troubleshooting.
Cori a Palazzo - XXVIII festival internazionale di musica vocale e canto corale a cura del coro Ricercare Ensemble
Dopo il successo di pubblico e critica delle precedenti edizioni, pur non esenti dalle difficoltà del momento di crisi e ora anche segnati e scossi dal terremoto, ecco ugualmente e puntualmente presente, con la voglia di Musica e di vita per un ritorno alla normalità, il festival internazionale di musica vocale e canto corale “CORI a PALAZZO” , giunto alla ventottesima edizione che vedrà protagonisti a Mantova e Revere, dal 11 giugno al 6 luglio il coro e la musica vocale , offerti dalla associazione musicale “Ricercare Ensemble” che si avvarrà del sostegno e la collaborazione della Provincia di Mantova, del Comune di Mantova, del Comune di Revere, dell’Associazione Pro Loco Revere e di Gheda Petfood nutrition and care.
Cori a Palazzo sarà ancora una volta un caleidoscopio di proposte e stili accomunati dalla presenza delle voci e del cantare insieme, che vanno dalla musica classica (barocca, rinascimentale e contemporanea), al jazz, alla world music, alla musica della tradizione popolare., con il contributo di interpreti e programmi selezionati, forte di una lunga esperienza con oltre centotrentacinque gruppi italiani e stranieri sin’ora ospitati (cecoslovacchi, americani, svedesi, tedeschi, francesi, danesi, austriaci, svizzeri, russi, israeliani, estoni, norvegesi, giapponesi, americani, inglesi), e con più di 2300 esecutori scelti senza preclusione di stili ma solo per la loro provata e accreditata qualità artistica.
URGENT SALE CHD AVENUE SETOR -71 GURGAON SIZE -1198@7000 PER SQ.FT CONTACT-70...Shailendra Kumar
The document discusses the benefits of exercise for mental health. Regular physical activity can help reduce anxiety and depression and improve mood and cognitive functioning. Exercise causes chemical changes in the brain that may help boost feelings of calmness and well-being.
The document discusses sustainable open data and the Open Data Institute (ODI). It notes that open data can help address major challenges and generate value for all. The ODI aims to support open data projects through nodes that connect organizations. The ODI is led by experts in open data and seeks to unlock economic value through transparent and reliable open data. It also stresses the importance of making open data sustainable and ensuring data quality.
The document discusses induction bending as an alternative to conventional welding for fabricating pipe spools. Some key points:
- Induction bending reduces fabrication costs, time, and inspection costs compared to conventional welding by eliminating many welds.
- It provides more flexibility in bending angles and radii compared to standard elbow fittings.
- Minimum bend radii depend on pipe diameter and wall thickness, ranging from 2D to 5D according to material type.
- Wall thinning must be considered and compensated for in pipe wall thickness calculations.
- The induction bending process involves heating a pipe section and bending it between clamped positions to form the desired radius.
Introduction to Design of Trunnion Mounted Ball Valve (Size- DN1200, Rating- ...IRJET Journal
This document provides an overview of the design process for a trunnion-mounted ball valve that is DN1200 in size and rated for 150#. It describes the theoretical calculations done for the ball, shaft, and trunnion plate components. It also outlines the pre-processing, which includes 3D modeling of the components and defining loads and materials. Finite element analysis is conducted during post-processing to analyze stresses. Testing includes pressure, seat leakage, and functional tests to ensure performance. The designed valve meets specifications for withstanding high pressure and temperature conditions while maintaining reliable sealing and operation.
Design and Analysis of a Bell Type Rocket NozzleIRJET Journal
This document describes the design and analysis of a bell type rocket nozzle. It discusses the various steps involved in designing the nozzle using G.V. Rao's method, including pre-processing, material selection, CAD modeling, meshing in ANSYS, applying boundary conditions, extracting results, and visualizing the stress, strain and deformation results. The structural analysis found that the stresses produced were much below the material limits, indicating the nozzle design could sustain the loads without failure or significant changes to the contour.
Design and Analysis of Multi Spindle Drilling Head with Adjustable Centre Dis...IRJET Journal
This document describes the design and analysis of a multi-spindle drilling head attachment. The attachment is designed to increase productivity by allowing multiple holes to be drilled simultaneously in a workpiece. Key aspects of the design include:
1) The attachment can be mounted to an existing drill and powered by its motor. It has two spindles that can drill holes with a center distance ranging from 26mm to 106mm.
2) Components of the attachment like the spindle, gears, shaft and drill holder are designed and their stresses are analyzed using calculations and finite element analysis software.
3) Analysis shows the induced stresses in all components are below the yield stress of the respective materials, indicating the design is safe
Development and design validation of pneumatic tool for stem seal collet fi...Dr.Vikas Deulgaonkar
The present work deals with the design development and design validation of special purpose pneumatic tool to optimize the steps in assembly and consequently production process. An attempt is made to develop a pneumatic tool that uses power of compressed air to generate a force enough to press the stem seal and the collet, collet cup collectively. Detailed calculations of section properties of various members of the tool assembly are carried out. Calculation for force to be generated is done by considering possibilities i.e. hydraulic generation and pneumatic. Prior to fabrication, detailed CAD modeling of each component of assembly is carried out using CATIA V5 software which gives a correct perception of the assembly and its components. Fabrication of each component of the assembly is carried out by various manufacturing processes as Grinding, milling, drilling. To enhance surface hardness induction hardening is carried out. Close correlation between the calculated and generated force validates the design.
Development of Process for Replacement of Mill RollerIRJET Journal
1) The document describes a numerical analysis conducted using ANSYS software to study the separation conditions for shrink fitting of an existing mill roller.
2) A 3D model of the mill roller shaft and shell was created in ANSYS based on technical drawings. Mesh refinement was performed to improve mesh quality metrics like skewness and orthogonal quality.
3) The analysis involves cooling the shaft to -10°C and heating the shell to 400°C, then determining the temperatures at which the shrink fitting is released to separate the assembly. Results will be validated using analytical methods.
This brochure answers common questions about curved steel, such as who curves steel, where it can be used, and how the process works. It provides examples of projects that utilize curved steel, from airport canopies to entranceways. The document also includes step-by-step photographs explaining the rolling process used to bend steel beams. Engineers and architects are encouraged to contact steel bending specialists for help with unique bending needs or to better understand how to specify bending requirements in construction drawings.
The document discusses cost-effective design of corrosion-resistant equipment. It emphasizes using common sense approaches to minimize material costs without compromising safety or function. Key recommendations include using lower-grade alloys for non-critical components, minimizing wall thicknesses and corrosion allowances, and adding stiffeners instead of solid thick walls to reduce pressures requiring very thick materials. Attention to quality is also important to avoid costly defects. The goal is providing corrosion resistance solutions that meet requirements at the lowest possible cost.
Goel Scientific General information and introductionGoel Scientific
Borosilicate glass represents unmatched standardized glass for construction of plant
and piping in the chemical, dyestuff, food pharmaceutical, petrochemical industries. Its
steadily growing use is due to many advantages over conventional materials.
Displacement for bridge movement of bearing.pdfgopalsudhir2
This document provides guidance on determining design displacements for bridge movement bearings. It notes that the primary cause of displacement is temperature variation, but an allowance must also be made for potential errors in the relative positioning of bearings during construction. The document examines requirements in Eurocode standards regarding temperature effects and bearing design, finding inconsistencies and lack of clarity. It offers an interpretation that recognizes the intent of the codes, clarifying how to determine suitable values for temperature displacement and positioning uncertainty allowance. Examples are provided to demonstrate the application of the guidance for determining design displacements at bearings.
The document discusses injection molding machines and their components. It describes the main components of an injection molding machine including the injection unit, clamping unit, and multi-program control. It then discusses causes of defective moldings and remedies. Specifically, it discusses three key points:
1. The main components of an injection molding machine including the injection unit, clamping unit, and multi-program control for controlling factors like injection rate and holding pressure.
2. Causes of defective moldings for both general grades and glass fiber reinforced grades of materials and potential remedies.
3. How mold temperature affects the appearance of glass fiber reinforced grades and problems and remedies for accurate moldings.
Fasteners are hardware devices that mechanically join or affix objects together. There are many types of fasteners including threaded and non-threaded. Threaded fasteners have external or internal threads and are defined by properties like pitch, diameter, and thread angle. Fasteners can be removable, semi-permanent, or permanent. Manufacturing processes for threaded fasteners include forging, rolling, and turning. Standards organizations define specifications for fastener design. Special fasteners may require unique designs or coating for corrosion resistance. The fastener industry is important for automotive, industrial, and construction applications.
FINITE ELEMENT ANALYSIS OF BEAM-BEAM BOLTED CONNECTION UNDER PURE MOMENTIRJET Journal
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This document discusses challenges in heavy manufacturing, specifically predicting and controlling weld distortion. It outlines the consequences of weld distortion such as additional fitting costs, increased weld time, and compromised structural integrity. It then describes various types of distortion and explains that mitigating distortion can be expensive and time-consuming. Methods for predicting distortion include thermal elastic-plastic finite element analysis, inherent strain methods, and plasticity-based analysis. Software tools like WeldFEA, Q-Weld, and WeldPredictor can evaluate fixture issues, select welding parameters, optimize sequences, and determine pre-bending needs. The document provides an example of savings from controlling buckling during shipbuilding.
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1. INNOVATIVE SHUT-OFF VALVES FOR TURBINES
IN HYDRO POWER PLANTS
O. Schüller
Abstract: TIWAG has developed a series of high-quality spherical
valves for hydro power plants. With the optimal tuning of all the
processes, from the layout and design, the selection of materials and
machining equipment through to the experience gained in the
operation, a remarkable product has been created.
Introductory thoughts to the development of a new product
How can it happen that TIWAG is able to compete for a product like spherical valves
despite the pressure on the prices in the market?
This is only possible if all existing concepts are analysed for their advantages and
disadvantages, however for the realisation a new way has to be chosen, in a creative
process of design. For this a number of inspiring examples can be found in the
history, among them numerous designs done by the manufactures of turbines and
valves.
The support on the way to new solutions can be taken from various tools, e.g. the
value analysis or the guide VDI 2221 “methodology for design and construction of
technical systems and products”. A good description can be found in [1], but the
creative intuition of the engineer cannot be replaced and it is necessary to keep the
general perspective, even if one has to deal with a lot of detailed problems.
The main characteristic features of a successful design are simplicity, robustness,
clear function and a small number of parts that can easily be fabricated.
This background shall be the motive for the design process, considering that one
single perfect solution will not be possible, as it is always necessary to follow the
conditions of existing structures or contracts. To emphasize this, we dare to say that
some 30 years ago for spherical valves a welded construction with a minimum use of
material would have been cheaper than our solution with massive forged rings.
Today we can offer our product for small to medium sized valves because material
costs are low and because only machining has to be done with relative high fees in
our region. The standardised series comprises spherical valves with a nominal
diameter between DN150 and DN1000 and a nominal pressure from PN25 to PN130.
2. Special features of the TIWAG closing valves
Our concept is based on the following standards and solutions:
- a clear concept of design leads to a homogenous line of products
- a small number of parts with clear functionality
- robust and easy-to-service design
- innovative solution for the bearing of the rotating body (registered design 4709)
- simple conditions for manufacturing, no welded parts
- use of forged rings instead of cast parts
- relevant parts made of stainless steel
- compact dimensions
- low stresses and deformations
- high safety for the demanded functions
- low requirements for testing and commissioning
An essential step was the development of the bearing of the rotating body. Usually
large shut-off valves will be designed according to one of the four alternatives for the
bearing of the rotating body in the casing shown in figure 1, with rather high costs for
construction and calculation as well as for manufacturing and mounting.
Var. a) Drehkörper mit angeformten Zapfen, Gehäuse in der Zapfachse geteilt
Var. b) Drehkörper ohne Zapfen, Gehäuse einteilig, Zapfen über innerhalb des
Gehäuses liegende Flanschen an den Drehkörper verschraubt
Var. c) Drehkörper ohne Zapfen, Gehäuse einteilig, Zapfen mit Drehmoment-
übertragenden Stiften oder Vierkanten in den Drehkörper eingesteckt,
Zapfen 1-fach oder 2-fach gelagert
Figure 1: Different
classical solutions for the
journal bearing and the
joint to the rotating body
Var. d) Drehkörper ohne Zapfen, Gehäuse einteilig, Zapfen von außen mit
Dehnschrauben an den Drehkörper verschraubt
3. The alternative d) in figure 1 has the disadvantage that in the highly pre-stressed joint
between rotating body and journal the bending moments from the bearing of the pivot
as well as torque between the rotating body and the servomotor must be transmitted.
Additionally the joint between rotating body and journal bearing also causes a few
problems, among them high tensions with indefinite flow of forces combined with
defects in castings or rust between fitting surfaces. Also these critical areas will not
be accessible for inspections without total dismantling.
TIWAG’s solution is based on:
- elimination of integral cast pivot
- bearing of the journal within the spherical contour of the rotating body
- transmission of torque only in the joint face, no bending moments
This is possible by hollowing
a groove out of the spherical
contour of the rotating body,
where a thick-walled bearing
sleeve is mounted through
an opening in the casing.
The short journal within the
spherical contour allows a
simple undivided casing
(figure 2).
The torque from the rotating
body to the servomotors is
transmitted through friction
via a short trunnion screwed
onto the journal with
antifatigue shafts. Figure 2: Bearing journal within spherical contour
This joint is not subject to bending moments anymore (in contrary to the alternative d)
in figure 1), which are caused by the forces acting on the rotating body and on the
servomotor, as the forces acting on the rotating body are transmitted to the journal.
Therefore it is only possible to transmit the resulting forces and moments through
friction with a high safety factor. Accordingly, the manufacturing costs are low as
there is no need for elements with form closure (such as shear bolts) and the
accessibility for inspection is made easy.
Further advantages are a consequence of this detail of design:
The rotating body, the casing and the flanges of the casing can be made of forged
rings instead of casting or a welded construction. This leads to shorter delivery times,
reduced expenses for material testing and commissioning as well as to the absence
of defects of casting, which would have to be repaired during manufacturing.
4. The tolerances between fitting parts have been analysed thoroughly. As there are
only a few parts, it was not necessary to choose tight tolerances. This guarantees
efficient manufacturing and a short time for mounting and adjustment.
All parts exposed to relative movement or with a greater number of bores and fitting
surfaces, which cannot be protected against corrosion but with expensive stainless
steel plating, are made of stainless steel as a whole.
All the externally mounted elements such as the support of the valve or the fixing of
the servomotor are screwed down on the casing, again without the need for welding.
The use of simple and basic elements such as rings and plates requires relative thick
walls for the fulfilment of their function and not as a necessity due to strength or
deformation. Therefore the calculations of resistance can be reduced to simple and
elementary approaches. In general, FE-calculations will not be necessary. However
an analysis of stress and deformation might be useful for the bearing sleeve.
With the absence of welding constructions and the consequent small number of
elements for each spherical valve the set-up times for the machining are reduced as
it is not necessary to mount the components on the machine tool repeatedly. Also
there is no need for intermediate testing or repair of faults with subsequent heat-
treatment.
Consequently, even for a low piece number, the manufacturing costs could be
reduced to a great extent and a saleable price can be realised despite the rather high
personnel costs in our region.
Figure 3: CAD-presentation of a
spherical valve DN750
The detailed construction work
is done with CAD (figure 3) allowing an economic adaptation to new dimensions.
The development of the production series is based on a unique design concept within
a certain range of nominal diameter and pressure: So the variations have only to
follow geometric and functional similarities and the time for design and construction
5. could be significantly reduced.
Value analysis
A value analysis is the finding of the balance between cost and benefit and has been
done to determine the best solution for the design of the shut-off valves.
One of the results that we found shall be shown with the example of the casing for a
medium-sized spherical valve considering the manufacturing of a small piece
number. We compared two different alternatives under the assumption of unique
labour costs for both of them.
The first alternative is a casing made of forged elements, as we chose it for our
design. The second alternative would be a welded casing.
construction with welded
component of the casing
forged rings construction
number of forged rings 1 2
number of cylindrical shells 0 1
number of conical shells 0 1
number of forged elements for the hub 0 2
number of flanges 0 3
length of the welding seam 0,0 22 x DN
relative total weight 1,0 0,8
comparison of the costs
process of manufacturing construction with welded
forged rings construction
design, construction,
1 1,80
calculation and documentation
material 1 0,86
manufacturing and testing 1 2,35
total of manufacturing costs 1 1,85
The cost intensive processes for the manufacturing of small shut-off valves with a
diameter up to DN800 have been reduced significantly although it is possible to make
adaptations following the demands and profiles of the customer. The largest part
comes from the following processes:
- design, calculation and construction
- set-up times for machining in the shop
- interruption of machining for welding, testing and repair
- large number of components and tough tolerances
- time-consuming mounting in the manufacturers shop
- direct and indirect measures for quality control
6. Special safety aspects for shut-off valves in hydro power plants
The safety for full closure and the consequences for the dimensioning of the
driving mechanism
The shut-down in case of emergency is expected from the shut-off valves in hydro
power plants, which means that they have to close against the nominal flow or even
a multiple of it.
The characteristics regarding flow, hydraulic torque and hydraulic forces have been
taken from the literature [2, 3, 4] and as far as possible verified through measurement
during the commissioning in the plant.
A significant aspect for the dimensioning of the driving mechanism is the friction in
the journal bearing of the rotating body, as the resulting moment acts against the
closing movement.
With the commonly used self-lubricating bearings, which are made of sintered bronze
with fine dispersed graphite, a low friction factor (µ = 0,06 to 0,09) can be reached
when the components are new, well adapted and, above all, if they run in pure and
clean water.
As soon as the water is spoiled with sand and similar elements or when deposits can
accumulate between the journal and the bearing material, the friction factors can
double their value. This is true for all bearings where such accumulations of deposits
are to be expected during the operating time.
This is the reason why the safety for full closure should be guaranteed with a friction
factor of at least µ = 0,2 at nominal pressure or µ = 0,25 at the net head belonging to
the design flow for shut-down.
This situation is well-known to the manufacturers of shut-off valves for hydro power
plants. Nevertheless sometimes standard valves, which are normally used in the oil
and gas industry or in the supply of drinking water, are installed to reduce the
investment costs. These valves are frequently not dimensioned according to the
above written principles and will lead to problems for the operator of the plant within a
couple of years.
Some cases of failure with valves that will not close totally after they are exposed to
the water in power plants for some time or where blockage or deformation of the
driving mechanism is encountered, confirm the benefits of this strict demand. Hints
for a too weak dimensioning of the driving mechanism for valves used in the
chemical industry can be found in [5], although there no problems with sandy water
are to be expected.
Another aspect of the dimensioning of the driving mechanism is the demand that in
case of blocking of the rotating body during opening or closing (e.g. through clamping
of solid parts coming with the water) no parts shall be damaged due to the full
strengths resulting from the pressure in the servomotor.
7. If the friction factor of the journal bearing is set to µ = 0,2 instead of µ = 0,1 then a
larger servomotor is needed to guarantee full closure and, as a consequence, the
strengths in case of blocking of the rotating body will also be larger.
The example of a spherical valve DN750 and PN50 closed with water from the
penstock and opened with oil from an aggregate shall demonstrate that the torque
over the trunnion in the case that the rotating body is blocked will be five times higher
than in the case of an emergency shut-down.
spherical valve DN750, PN50, closed with water and opened with oil:
relative torque and safety factors in the driving components of the rotating body
safety factor with different coefficients
torque related to the of friction in the joints of the driving mechanism
case of operation emergency shut-down at
nominal flow steel/steel steel/steel with corund
μ = 0,2 μ = 0,4
emergency shut-down
1,0 5,0 10,0
at nominal flow
emergency shut-down
2,5 2,0 4,0
at double nominal flow
blocking of the rotating
body with full pressure in 5,0 1,0 2,0
the servomotor
For our design of shut-off valves, the friction joint between trunnion of the rotating
body, journal and lever of the servomotor is dimensioned for such high torque in the
case that the rotating body is blocked.
The necessary pre-stressing is reached with three anti-fatigue shafts for the larger
valves and with one such shaft for the very small ones. Assuming a friction coefficient
of µ = 0,2 between steel faces we demand a safety factor of 1,0 in case of blocking of
the rotating body. Corundum between the joint faces is used as an additional element
of safety. As a consequence in case of an emergency shut-down at nominal flow the
safety factor will be about 10,0.
Joint between the rotating body and the journal
In order to avoid hydrogen induced strain-crack-corrosion?? in the anti-fatigue shafts
even after a long operating time, the 0,2 %-yield stress (Rp0,2) is restricted to a value
between 640 and 750 N/mm2. The pre-stressing of the shafts is chosen as 0,7 * Rp0,2,
which is rather a low value. The shafts are sealed against the entrance of water [6].
As we have shown in the above described example with the safety for torque, the
joint would even be safe in case of a failure of two of the three shafts at emergency
shut-down. Consequently it would also be possible to change one of the three shafts
during normal operation or to remove it for crack testing.
8. Safety against cracks in the journal bearing
The length of the journal bearings is only 0,3 * diameter, therefore the bending strain
is lower than in the usual bearings which are longer. As a consequence and due to
the high-quality forged material, cracks that have very often been encountered on
cast rotating bodies can almost be excluded.
As stainless steel is used for the rotating body and the journal, there is no need for
stainless steel plating or stainless coating in the areas of bearing and sealing. The
experience shows that the transition from this plating or coating to the non stainless
base material is very often the origin of cracks due to contact corrosion or high
residual stresses combined with a corrosive medium. These cracks might grow under
normal operating conditions, due to stress corrosion cracking (with closed rotating
body and water pressure acting on it from one side) or corrosion fatigue (frequent
changing from the closed position to the opening position).
The diagram in figure 4 shows that the cracks or failures in cast steel with stainless
plating that have already a length where they are expected to grow due to stress
corrosion cracking can hardly be detected with MT, whereas the allowable length of
cracks in forged steel is many times higher.
For our design the upper limit for the nominal bending stress in the journal of the
rotating body is approximately 120 N/mm2.
stress concentration factor α k = 1,8
30
limit for recoginition with NDT
25
lenght of failure [mm]
20
forged steel 13/4
15
Figure 4:
10 critical
length of
cast stell 13/4 with residual stresses due to welding cracks or
5 failures
depending
on the
0 nominal
stress in the
70 80 90 100 110 120 130 140 150
journal
nominal stress in the journal [N/mm²]
Another advantage of the journal bearing within the spherical contour of the rotating
body is the reduction of the moments in the rotating body resulting from the bearing
forces and thus lower deformation and bending than in the case of the further journal
bearing of conventional designs.
9. Range of use and production series
Three basic types of shut-off valves have been developed according to the demands
of the market. All of which can be equipped with different solutions for the driving of
the rotating body and for the support on the foundation.
range of
basic serie principle of sealing pressure range
diameter
centric bearing of the rotating 25 bar 150 mm
high pressure
body, sealing ring made of to to
spherical valve
bronze with sliding coating 100 bar 400 mm
double eccentric bearing of the 25 bar 400 mm
low pressure
rotating ring; sealing ring made to to
spherical valve
of elastomer 65 bar 1000 mm
sliding ring operated with 25 bar 400 mm
spherical valve
pressure water to 130 bar to 1000 mm
In the appendix, the different ranges of use are shown in diagrams and there are also
pictures of some of the shut-off valves that have already been delivered.
Examples for the installation of the valves
Many old hydro power plants are equipped with shut-off valves of the type sluice
valve or spherical valve, which are not suitable for an emergency shut-down. These
valves very often have reached the end of their operating period due to corrosion or
wear and the resulting fatigue or because their function is not appropriate anymore.
The old valves shall then be replaced by emergency shut-off valves in the course of
measures for upgrading or modernisation. Of course these valves will also be
needed for new hydro power plants.
The spherical valves designed by TIWAG can even be used to replace sluice-valves
because our design distinguishes itself for its short length. As an example it will be
possible to replace the standard length F5 for a sluice-valve PN25 according to
DIN 3202 with our spherical valve up to the nominal diameter DN600 (figure 5).
The length of the TIWAG-valves grows only a little with the increase of nominal
pressure in contrary to conventional valves. Therefore in plants with high pressure
there will be an additional space between the new valve and the remaining turbine
connection, which can be used for a dismantling pipe. For small installations there is
enough space to insert a fitting flange, which will be needed for the compensation of
movements encountered during the past years of operation.
10. Figure 5: replacement
of a sluice-valve DN400
The overhanging closing weights or servomotors are also kept very tight to allow
the replacement of existing sluice-valves. The arrangement of the driving
mechanism can be varied within certain limits to allow further saving of space or
to improve the access for mounting or inspection.
Bibliography:
[1] Konstruieren neuartiger Produkte
W. Richter, Konstruktion 47 (1995)
[2] Versuche bei hohen natürlichen Gefällen zur Beurteilung des Verhaltens bei
Rohrbruch und Freilauf
J. Osterwalder, Escher Wyss Mitteilungen
[3] Investigating the characteristics of shutoff valves by model tests
F. Strohmer, Water Power & Dam Construction July 1977
[4] Experimentelle Untersuchungen der Kräfte und Momente auf das System
Drosselklappe-Rohrleitung in Wasserkraftanlagen
H. Grein, Dissertation Darmstadt 1977
[5] Anwendererfahrungen bei der Auswahl von Stellgeräten für den Bereich der
chemischen Industrie
K. Meffle, Technische Mitteilungen 1984, Heft 2
[6] Untersuchungen zur wasserstoffinduzierten Rissbildung bei hochfesten
Schrauben aus Vergütungsstählen
K.H. Kloos u.a., VDI – Z 1985, Heft 19
Autor
Ing. Oswin Schüller
TIWAG - Tiroler Wasserkraft AG
A – 6010 Innsbruck; E-Mail: oswin.schueller@tiwag.at
11. Range of use and production series
Three basic types of shut-off valves have been developed according to the demands
of the market. All of which can be equipped with different solutions for the driving of
the rotating body and for the support on the foundation.
range of
basic serie principle of sealing pressure range
diameter
centric bearing of the rotating 25 bar 150 mm
high pressure
body, sealing ring made of to to
spherical valve
bronze with sliding coating 100 bar 400 mm
double eccentric bearing of the 25 bar 400 mm
low pressure
rotating ring; sealing ring made to to
spherical valve
of elastomer 65 bar 1000 mm
sliding ring operated with 25 bar 400 mm
spherical valve
pressure water to 130 bar to 1000 mm
In the appendix, the different ranges of use are shown in diagrams and there are also
pictures of some of the shut-off valves that have already been delivered.
Examples for the installation of the valves
Many old hydro power plants are equipped with shut-off valves of the type sluice
valve or spherical valve, which are not suitable for an emergency shut-down. These
valves very often have reached the end of their operating period due to corrosion or
wear and the resulting fatigue or because their function is not appropriate anymore.
The old valves shall then be replaced by emergency shut-off valves in the course of
measures for upgrading or modernisation. Of course these valves will also be
needed for new hydro power plants.
The spherical valves designed by TIWAG can even be used to replace sluice-valves
because our design distinguishes itself for its short length. As an example it will be
possible to replace the standard length F5 for a sluice-valve PN25 according to
DIN 3202 with our spherical valve up to the nominal diameter DN600 (figure 5).
The length of the TIWAG-valves grows only a little with the increase of nominal
pressure in contrary to conventional valves. Therefore in plants with high pressure
there will be an additional space between the new valve and the remaining turbine
connection, which can be used for a dismantling pipe. For small installations there is
enough space to insert a fitting flange, which will be needed for the compensation of
movements encountered during the past years of operation.