The document discusses developing pricing strategies and programs. It covers selecting pricing objectives like maximizing profit or market share. Companies estimate costs, demand, and competitor pricing to determine methods like markup or target-return pricing. Price adaptation strategies include discounts, geographical pricing, and responding to competitors' prices. The goal is to set a price that covers costs while delivering value to customers.
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Analyzing Business Markets
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Top Business Marketing Challenges
Characteristics of Business Markets
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Participants in Business Buying Process The Buying Center
Supplier Search Forms of Electronic Marketplaces
Methods for Researching Customer Value
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Factors Affecting Buyer-Supplier Relationships
What is Opportunism?
Incorporating the latest industry thinking and developments, this exploration of brands, brand equity, and strategic brand management combines a comprehensive theoretical foundation with numerous techniques and practical insights for making better day-to-day and long-term brand decisions–and thus improving the long-term profitability of specific brand strategies.
Secondary Brand Association - Leveraging Secondary Brand Associations to Buil...TanveerHossainRayvee
Leveraging Secondary Brand Association to build Brand Equity. Brand Association is very essential to build brand equity as it helps the audience to recall about the brand. For example, Close up reminds us about fresh breathing.
Analyzing Business Markets
What is Organizational Buying?
Top Business Marketing Challenges
Characteristics of Business Markets
Buying Situation
Participants in Business Buying Process The Buying Center
Supplier Search Forms of Electronic Marketplaces
Methods for Researching Customer Value
Establishing Corporate Trust and Credibility
Factors Affecting Buyer-Supplier Relationships
What is Opportunism?
Incorporating the latest industry thinking and developments, this exploration of brands, brand equity, and strategic brand management combines a comprehensive theoretical foundation with numerous techniques and practical insights for making better day-to-day and long-term brand decisions–and thus improving the long-term profitability of specific brand strategies.
Richard L. Daft addresses themes and issues directly relevant to both the everyday demands and significant challenges facing businesses today. Comprehensive coverage helps develop managers able to look beyond traditional techniques and ideas to tap into a full breadth of management skills. With the best in proven management and new competencies that harness creativity, D.A.F.T. is Management!
Marketing concepts, as explained by world-renowned marketing guru Philip Kotler, are meaningful only if these are translated and personalized by students.
This marketing exercise forces students to think about concepts, transform these so that it becomes understandable to them, and personalize it so that it becomes easy to remember. For marketing management classes at the AGSB of Prof. Remigio Joseph De Ungria
Why is this book so important? One of the biggest lessons I have learned within the startup landscape is that even though pricing, together with the business model, remains by far the lever that most impacts revenue, the subject is a sensitive one.
Pricing is a strong — but often underused — tool available to capture a share of value created for customers
Pricing is one of the biggest challenges that startup face. The book is a practical toolkit that positively influences the pricing strategies of startups. It reveals insights in the different pricing methods and tactics used by successful companies.
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At its core, generative artificial intelligence relies on the concept of generative models, which serve as engines that churn out entirely new data resembling their training data. It is like a sculptor who has studied so many forms found in nature and then uses this knowledge to create sculptures from his imagination that have never been seen before anywhere else. If taken to cyberspace, gans work almost the same way.
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Putting the SPARK into Virtual Training.pptxCynthia Clay
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Memorandum Of Association Constitution of Company.pptseri bangash
www.seribangash.com
A Memorandum of Association (MOA) is a legal document that outlines the fundamental principles and objectives upon which a company operates. It serves as the company's charter or constitution and defines the scope of its activities. Here's a detailed note on the MOA:
Contents of Memorandum of Association:
Name Clause: This clause states the name of the company, which should end with words like "Limited" or "Ltd." for a public limited company and "Private Limited" or "Pvt. Ltd." for a private limited company.
https://seribangash.com/article-of-association-is-legal-doc-of-company/
Registered Office Clause: It specifies the location where the company's registered office is situated. This office is where all official communications and notices are sent.
Objective Clause: This clause delineates the main objectives for which the company is formed. It's important to define these objectives clearly, as the company cannot undertake activities beyond those mentioned in this clause.
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Liability Clause: It outlines the extent of liability of the company's members. In the case of companies limited by shares, the liability of members is limited to the amount unpaid on their shares. For companies limited by guarantee, members' liability is limited to the amount they undertake to contribute if the company is wound up.
https://seribangash.com/promotors-is-person-conceived-formation-company/
Capital Clause: This clause specifies the authorized capital of the company, i.e., the maximum amount of share capital the company is authorized to issue. It also mentions the division of this capital into shares and their respective nominal value.
Association Clause: It simply states that the subscribers wish to form a company and agree to become members of it, in accordance with the terms of the MOA.
Importance of Memorandum of Association:
Legal Requirement: The MOA is a legal requirement for the formation of a company. It must be filed with the Registrar of Companies during the incorporation process.
Constitutional Document: It serves as the company's constitutional document, defining its scope, powers, and limitations.
Protection of Members: It protects the interests of the company's members by clearly defining the objectives and limiting their liability.
External Communication: It provides clarity to external parties, such as investors, creditors, and regulatory authorities, regarding the company's objectives and powers.
https://seribangash.com/difference-public-and-private-company-law/
Binding Authority: The company and its members are bound by the provisions of the MOA. Any action taken beyond its scope may be considered ultra vires (beyond the powers) of the company and therefore void.
Amendment of MOA:
While the MOA lays down the company's fundamental principles, it is not entirely immutable. It can be amended, but only under specific circumstances and in compliance with legal procedures. Amendments typically require shareholder
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2. OUTLINE:
When setting effective pricing policy a company
1. Follows six pricing procedures
2. Selects a pricing structure that
reflects various situations
3. Chooses what price adaptation
strategy to use
4. Examine the effect of price changes
5. Responds to competitors price
challenge
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3. Price is the only element in
the marketing mix that
produces revenue;
the others produce cost.
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4. Consumers use common price
references.
Fair price Typical Price
Lower-bound Last Price Paid
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5. They may also refer to:
Competitor’s Price Usual Discounted Price
Expected Future Price
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7. In selecting price objectives,
companies must look at
Maximum Maximum
Survival
current profit market share
Maximum market skimming Product-quality leadership
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8. Demand can be determined by
examining:
Price Estimating Price Elasticity
Sensitivity Demand of Demand
Curves
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9. Changes in price affect
consumer demand:
Source: Marketing Management, Kotler and Keller, 13th ed.
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10. Customers are likely to be less
sensitive to price changes when:
product is more distinctive less aware of substitutes
expenditure is a
cannot easily compare the smaller part of
quality of substitutes buyer’s total income
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11. Customers are likely to be less
sensitive to price changes when:
small compared to the total cost Part of the cost is paid
of the end product by another party
used with previously
purchased assets
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12. Customers are likely to be less
sensitive to price changes when:
assumed to have high quality cannot store the product
and prestige
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13. Costs can either be fixed or
variable
process
Fixed Cost Variable Cost
output
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14. The sum of variable and fixed
cost for any given level of
production is the total cost
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15. As production accumulates
average cost decreases
Source: Marketing Management, Kotler and Keller, 13th ed.
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16. To arrive at target cost, first
determine target given product’s appeal
price and desired and competitor’s price
function
Then: Target Selling Price = $ 9.90
Less Profit Margin = $ 3.40
Target Cost = $ P 6.50
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17. Different pricing methods can
be used in varying situations
Markup pricing
Target-return pricing
Perceived-value pricing
Value pricing
Going-rate pricing
Auction-type pricing
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18. Markup Pricing is just adding
a standard mark-up to the
product’s cost.
Variable cost per unit $10.00
Fixed Cost $ 300,000.00
Expected Unit Sales 50,000 units
Unit cost= variable cost + fixed cost
unit sales
= $10.00+ $ 300,000.00
50,000
= $16.00
Desired Mark Up= 20%
Selling Price= Unit Cost = $16.00 = $20
(1- desired return) (1-0.20)
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19. Target-return pricing is used
by companies who need to
make a fair return on
investment
Desired ROI = 20% or € 200,000
Target-return on price
= unit cost + desired return x investment capital
unit sales
= $16.00 + 0.20 x $1,000,000.00 = $20.00
50,000
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20. Break-even analysis is used to
determine target return price
and break-even volume
Source: Marketing Management, Kotler and Keller, 13th ed.
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21. Perceived Value Pricing
$ 90,000 tractor’s price = competitor’s price
$ 7,000 superior durability
$ 6,000 superior reliability
$ 5,000 superior service
$ 2,000 longer warranty
$ 110,000 superior value
- 10,000 discount
$ 100,000 final price
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22. The internet and Auction type
pricing:
English auctions
Dutch auctions
Sealed-bid auctions
Source: Marketing Management, Kotler and Keller, 13th ed.
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26. Profits Before and After a
Price Increase
Source: Marketing Management, Kotler and Keller, 13th ed.
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27. Respond to Low-Cost rival by:
1. Maintaining price
2. Maintaining price and adding value
3. Reducing price
4. Increasing price and improving
quality
5. Launching a low-price fighter line
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28. In summary:
Price is the only element in the marketing
Competitor’s can also offer
mix that produces revenue attractive prices
Survival and Profit
Price objectives
Maximize market share
Products Cost (Variable/Fixed)
Deliver value to customers consumer psychology
Sensitivity to price
Durability, reliability, excellent service changes
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Fixed Cost or overhead cost are costs that do not vary with production level or sales revenue.Variable cost vary directly with level of production.
Total cost consist of the sum of the fixed and variable costs for any given level of production.
It refers to the gain a company experiences in producing a product over a period of time. Workers learn shortcuts, materials flow more smoothly, and procurement costs fall. The result is that average cost falls with accumulated production experience. This decline in the average cost with accumulated production experience is called the experience curve or learning curve. Average cost is the cost per unit at a level of production given total costhttp://design-marketing-dictionary.blogspot.com/2009/09/accumulated-production.html
Also used for season items, specialty items, slower-moving items, items with high storage and handling cost, demand-inelastic (drugs)
The firm determines the price that would yield its target rate of return on investment (ROI).Example 15 % to 20% ROI-does not consider other scenarios- if item will not sell at 50,000-manufacturers should consider different prices and their impact on sales volume-Find ways to decrease fixed costs and variable costs to lower break even volume
There is always a segment of buyers who care only about the priceDeliver more value than the competitor and demonstrate this to prospective buyers
