International Journal of Engineering and Science Invention (IJESI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of computer science and electronics. IJESI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Engineering Science and Technology, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
Influence of Organic Wastes on Ecotoxicity of Petroleum Hydrocarbons in Conta...Premier Publishers
This study was aimed to evaluate the effect of organic wastes on the biodegradation of petroleum hydrocarbons in a contaminated soil. Three groups of soil samples (60 kg per group) were contaminated with four petroleum products (spent engine oil, petrol, diesel and kerosene), mixed together in a volumetric ratio of 1:1:1:1. The first group was contaminated with 5% weight/weight (w/w) of the mixed petroleum products; the second group was contaminated with 10% (w/w) of the mixed petroleum products; while the third group was contaminated with 15% (w/w) of the mixed petroleum products. In the bioremediation process, 3 kg of soil from each contaminated group (5%, 10% and 15% contamination) was filled into plastic containers, and amended with 0.5 kg cattle dungs and 0.5 kg rice husk, and coded CD + RH; while another 3 kg from each contaminated group was filled into plastic containers, and amended with 0.5 kg cattle dungs and 0.5 kg sawdust, and was coded CD + SD. The total hydrocarbon content (THC) and ecotoxicity of the soils samples were determined in accordance to standards procedures. The results revealed that the soil contaminated with 5% petroleum products generally had the highest biodegradation rate. In term of the ecotoxicity of the petroleum hydrocarbons, the cucumber planted in the amended soil samples had a lower radicle growth inhibition rate; when compared with the control soil samples. This study revealed that a combination of organic waste materials can be effectively utilized in the remediation of petroleum hydrocarbons in contaminated soils.
Optimal Salinity, Nitrate and Phosphate Concentrations on Germination and Gro...iosrjce
The effects of salinity, nitrate (N) and phosphate (P) concentrations on the germination of Enhalus
acoroides seeds and growth were studied under laboratory condition. The highest percentage of seed
germination was at 20 ppt salinity for all concentrations of Nand P. However, there was not different (P >0.05) in
the percentage of germinated seed compared with other salinity levels of 25 and 30 ppt at all N and P concentrations. In
regard to the growth rate of seedling was found to be effective to the extension of root and lengths. In present
study, root and leaf lengths of E. acoroides seedling were observed to be significantly declined when the level of
salinity and N and P concentrations increased. Hence, alteration in the major nutrient concentration indicates
the vulnerability of E. acoroides seagrass under culturing laboratory condition, which must be avoidably
approached prior to transplantation into the meadow area for conservative management of seagrass resource.
Soil Organic Carbon stabilization in compost amended soilsExternalEvents
This presentation was presented during the 2 Parallel session on Theme 2, Maintaining and/or increasing SOC stocks for climate change mitigation and adaptation and Land Degradation Neutrality, of the Global Symposium on Soil Organic Carbon that took place in Rome 21-23 March 2017. The presentation was made by Mr. Riccardo Spaccini, from Universitá di Napoli Federico II - Italy, in FAO Hq, Rome
Influence of Organic Wastes on Ecotoxicity of Petroleum Hydrocarbons in Conta...Premier Publishers
This study was aimed to evaluate the effect of organic wastes on the biodegradation of petroleum hydrocarbons in a contaminated soil. Three groups of soil samples (60 kg per group) were contaminated with four petroleum products (spent engine oil, petrol, diesel and kerosene), mixed together in a volumetric ratio of 1:1:1:1. The first group was contaminated with 5% weight/weight (w/w) of the mixed petroleum products; the second group was contaminated with 10% (w/w) of the mixed petroleum products; while the third group was contaminated with 15% (w/w) of the mixed petroleum products. In the bioremediation process, 3 kg of soil from each contaminated group (5%, 10% and 15% contamination) was filled into plastic containers, and amended with 0.5 kg cattle dungs and 0.5 kg rice husk, and coded CD + RH; while another 3 kg from each contaminated group was filled into plastic containers, and amended with 0.5 kg cattle dungs and 0.5 kg sawdust, and was coded CD + SD. The total hydrocarbon content (THC) and ecotoxicity of the soils samples were determined in accordance to standards procedures. The results revealed that the soil contaminated with 5% petroleum products generally had the highest biodegradation rate. In term of the ecotoxicity of the petroleum hydrocarbons, the cucumber planted in the amended soil samples had a lower radicle growth inhibition rate; when compared with the control soil samples. This study revealed that a combination of organic waste materials can be effectively utilized in the remediation of petroleum hydrocarbons in contaminated soils.
Optimal Salinity, Nitrate and Phosphate Concentrations on Germination and Gro...iosrjce
The effects of salinity, nitrate (N) and phosphate (P) concentrations on the germination of Enhalus
acoroides seeds and growth were studied under laboratory condition. The highest percentage of seed
germination was at 20 ppt salinity for all concentrations of Nand P. However, there was not different (P >0.05) in
the percentage of germinated seed compared with other salinity levels of 25 and 30 ppt at all N and P concentrations. In
regard to the growth rate of seedling was found to be effective to the extension of root and lengths. In present
study, root and leaf lengths of E. acoroides seedling were observed to be significantly declined when the level of
salinity and N and P concentrations increased. Hence, alteration in the major nutrient concentration indicates
the vulnerability of E. acoroides seagrass under culturing laboratory condition, which must be avoidably
approached prior to transplantation into the meadow area for conservative management of seagrass resource.
Soil Organic Carbon stabilization in compost amended soilsExternalEvents
This presentation was presented during the 2 Parallel session on Theme 2, Maintaining and/or increasing SOC stocks for climate change mitigation and adaptation and Land Degradation Neutrality, of the Global Symposium on Soil Organic Carbon that took place in Rome 21-23 March 2017. The presentation was made by Mr. Riccardo Spaccini, from Universitá di Napoli Federico II - Italy, in FAO Hq, Rome
Soil lixiviation and slow release pattern of starch-nano sliver particles-enc...iosrjce
IOSR Journal of Agriculture and Veterinary Science (IOSR-JAVS) is a double blind peer reviewed International Journal edited by the International Organization of Scientific Research (IOSR). The journal provides a common forum where all aspects of Agricultural and Veterinary Sciences are presented. The journal invites original papers, review articles, technical reports and short communications containing new insight into any aspect Agricultural and Veterinary Sciences that are not published or not being considered for publication elsewhere.
Assessing the potential of soil organic carbon sequestration in African soilsExternalEvents
This presentation was presented during the 2 Parallel session on Theme 2, Maintaining and/or increasing SOC stocks for climate change mitigation and adaptation and Land Degradation Neutrality, of the Global Symposium on Soil Organic Carbon that took place in Rome 21-23 March 2017. The presentation was made by Ms. Tantely Razafimbelo, from University of Antananarivo and CASA - Madagascar, in FAO Hq, Rome
Including Ecotoxic Effects on Warm blooded Predators v2zq
Including Ecotoxic Effects on Warm blooded Predators - Resources for Healthy Children www.scribd.com/doc/254613619 - For more information, Please see Organic Edible Schoolyards & Gardening with Children www.scribd.com/doc/254613963 - Gardening with Volcanic Rock Dust www.scribd.com/doc/254613846 - Double Food Production from your School Garden with Organic Tech www.scribd.com/doc/254613765 - Free School Gardening Art Posters www.scribd.com/doc/254613694 - Increase Food Production with Companion Planting in your School Garden www.scribd.com/doc/254609890 - Healthy Foods Dramatically Improves Student Academic Success www.scribd.com/doc/254613619 - City Chickens for your Organic School Garden www.scribd.com/doc/254613553 - Huerto Ecológico, Tecnologías Sostenibles, Agricultura Organica www.scribd.com/doc/254613494 - Simple Square Foot Gardening for Schools - Teacher Guide www.scribd.com/doc/254613410 - Free Organic Gardening Publications www.scribd.com/doc/254609890 ~
Green waste compost with wood ash additive improves physico-chemical and biol...AI Publications
A greenhouse study was conducted to assess the potential of green waste wood ash compost on a tropical acid soil. Four types of compost (prepared with 0, 5, 10 and 15% of wood ash prior composting) were used to amend an Oxisol from the centre region of Cameroon. The different composts were mixed with the soil in 1/4 proportions (w/w); the experimental design was a completely randomized block with three replicates per treatment. The different treatments were planted with soybean (Glycine max L.) for three month growing period. Compost amendment increased the soil pH, organic carbon, total nitrogen and total phosphorus. Bacterial and fungal biomass together with cellulase and protease activities also increased in amended soil. Following soil chemical, physical and chemical parameters, plant growth and yield also improved in compost treated sols. However, compost prepared with 15% wood ash additive showed trends of inhibition of the soil microbiota. It can be concluded that green waste wood ash compost could be used as a suitable soil fertilizer for tropical acid soils, although precautions are to be taken when using these composts prepared with addition of wood ash ≥ 15%.
Effects of climate change and deforestation on potential of carbon sequestrat...World Agroforestry (ICRAF)
Presentation by Mulugeta Mokria, Dr Aster Gebrekirstos, Dr Ermias Aynekakulu and Prof Dr Achim Brauning based on a study to investigate the current extent of forest degradation due to climate change in Ethiopia. The study also quantified the effects of tree dieback on aboveground carbon stock and the carbon sequestration potential. \
It is about the importance of Soil carbon.The ways for enhancing the soil carbon and how these soil carbon changes over period of time under different land use systems.
IJERA (International journal of Engineering Research and Applications) is International online, ... peer reviewed journal. For more detail or submit your article, please visit www.ijera.com
Application of Langmuir-Hinshelwood Model to Bioregeneration of Activated Car...IOSR Journals
Environmental pollution, high cost and high energy consumption associated with thermal regeneration of activated carbon polluted with hydrocarbon necessitated the search for a better way of regenerating activated carbon, bioregeneration. Spent granular activated carbon was regenerated having been initially characterized using cultured Pseudomonas Putida. The rate of bioregeneration was studied by varying the volume of bacteria from 10ml, 20ml, 30ml and 40ml. The regeneration temperature was also varied from 25oC to ambient temperature of 27oC, 35oC and further at 40 and 45oC over a period of 21 days. The experimental results showed clear correlation when validated using the Langmuir-Hinshelwood kinetic model. The experiment at ambient temperature showed a negative correlation due to the fluctuation in the ambient temperature unlike all other experiment where temperature was controlled in an autoclave machine.
Jakob Magid - University of Copenhagen, Denmark - Urban organic waste: problem or resource? 100 years’ application of sewage biosolids and urban waste compost - data on heavy metals, soil biology, antibiotic resistance – potential for study of pharmaceuticals and organic contaminants
Presentation at the ESPP workshop Pharmaceuticals in sewage biosolids, Malmo, 27-10-2016
European Sustainable Phosphorus Platform (ESPP)
www.phosphorusplatform.eu
Sustainable management of nutrients is crucial for agriculture, food, industry, water and the environment. ESPP brings together companies and stakeholders to address the Phosphorus Challenge and its opportunities for the circular economy.
Countries:
Austria AT
Belgium BE
Bulgaria BG
Cyprus CY
Czech Republic CZ
Germany DE
Denmark DK
Estonia EE
Spain ES
Finland FI
France FR
Greece EL
Hungary HU
Ireland IE
Italy IT
Lithuania LT
Luxembourg LU
Latvia LV
Malta MT
Netherlands NL
Poland PL
Portugal PT
Romania RO
Sweden SE
Slovenia SI
Slovakia SK
United Kingdom UK
Switzerland CH
Phosphorus:
Fosfor
Fosfor
Fòsfòr
Фосфор
Fosfor
Фосфор
Fosfor
Fosfor
Фосфор
Фосфор
Fosforas
Fosfors
Fuosfuors
Fosfor
Ffуsfforws
Fosfar
Fosfaras
Fosfaar
Fosforus
Φωσφορος
Ֆոսֆոր
Fosfor
Fosfor
Фосфор
Фосфор
ফসফরাস
فسفر
ફૉસ્ફરસનો
फास्फोरस
Fosfor
Fosfori
Foszfor
Фосфор
Фосфор
Паликандур
Fosfor
Fosfor
Фосфор
Фосфор
Фосфор
Фосфор
Fosfor
فوسفور
Fosfor
Fosforoa
ფოსფორი
[fūsfūr]
זרחן
Fosfru
Lìn
リン
인
ฟอสฟอรัส
Photpho
磷
Posporo
Fosfor
Pūtūtae-whetū
Fosforus
ഫോസ്ഫറസ്
பொஸ்பரசு
Fosofo
Fosforase
Posfori
Fósforo
Phusphuru
Fosforimi
Fosforo
Fosforon
Pesticium
Soil lixiviation and slow release pattern of starch-nano sliver particles-enc...iosrjce
IOSR Journal of Agriculture and Veterinary Science (IOSR-JAVS) is a double blind peer reviewed International Journal edited by the International Organization of Scientific Research (IOSR). The journal provides a common forum where all aspects of Agricultural and Veterinary Sciences are presented. The journal invites original papers, review articles, technical reports and short communications containing new insight into any aspect Agricultural and Veterinary Sciences that are not published or not being considered for publication elsewhere.
Assessing the potential of soil organic carbon sequestration in African soilsExternalEvents
This presentation was presented during the 2 Parallel session on Theme 2, Maintaining and/or increasing SOC stocks for climate change mitigation and adaptation and Land Degradation Neutrality, of the Global Symposium on Soil Organic Carbon that took place in Rome 21-23 March 2017. The presentation was made by Ms. Tantely Razafimbelo, from University of Antananarivo and CASA - Madagascar, in FAO Hq, Rome
Including Ecotoxic Effects on Warm blooded Predators v2zq
Including Ecotoxic Effects on Warm blooded Predators - Resources for Healthy Children www.scribd.com/doc/254613619 - For more information, Please see Organic Edible Schoolyards & Gardening with Children www.scribd.com/doc/254613963 - Gardening with Volcanic Rock Dust www.scribd.com/doc/254613846 - Double Food Production from your School Garden with Organic Tech www.scribd.com/doc/254613765 - Free School Gardening Art Posters www.scribd.com/doc/254613694 - Increase Food Production with Companion Planting in your School Garden www.scribd.com/doc/254609890 - Healthy Foods Dramatically Improves Student Academic Success www.scribd.com/doc/254613619 - City Chickens for your Organic School Garden www.scribd.com/doc/254613553 - Huerto Ecológico, Tecnologías Sostenibles, Agricultura Organica www.scribd.com/doc/254613494 - Simple Square Foot Gardening for Schools - Teacher Guide www.scribd.com/doc/254613410 - Free Organic Gardening Publications www.scribd.com/doc/254609890 ~
Green waste compost with wood ash additive improves physico-chemical and biol...AI Publications
A greenhouse study was conducted to assess the potential of green waste wood ash compost on a tropical acid soil. Four types of compost (prepared with 0, 5, 10 and 15% of wood ash prior composting) were used to amend an Oxisol from the centre region of Cameroon. The different composts were mixed with the soil in 1/4 proportions (w/w); the experimental design was a completely randomized block with three replicates per treatment. The different treatments were planted with soybean (Glycine max L.) for three month growing period. Compost amendment increased the soil pH, organic carbon, total nitrogen and total phosphorus. Bacterial and fungal biomass together with cellulase and protease activities also increased in amended soil. Following soil chemical, physical and chemical parameters, plant growth and yield also improved in compost treated sols. However, compost prepared with 15% wood ash additive showed trends of inhibition of the soil microbiota. It can be concluded that green waste wood ash compost could be used as a suitable soil fertilizer for tropical acid soils, although precautions are to be taken when using these composts prepared with addition of wood ash ≥ 15%.
Effects of climate change and deforestation on potential of carbon sequestrat...World Agroforestry (ICRAF)
Presentation by Mulugeta Mokria, Dr Aster Gebrekirstos, Dr Ermias Aynekakulu and Prof Dr Achim Brauning based on a study to investigate the current extent of forest degradation due to climate change in Ethiopia. The study also quantified the effects of tree dieback on aboveground carbon stock and the carbon sequestration potential. \
It is about the importance of Soil carbon.The ways for enhancing the soil carbon and how these soil carbon changes over period of time under different land use systems.
IJERA (International journal of Engineering Research and Applications) is International online, ... peer reviewed journal. For more detail or submit your article, please visit www.ijera.com
Application of Langmuir-Hinshelwood Model to Bioregeneration of Activated Car...IOSR Journals
Environmental pollution, high cost and high energy consumption associated with thermal regeneration of activated carbon polluted with hydrocarbon necessitated the search for a better way of regenerating activated carbon, bioregeneration. Spent granular activated carbon was regenerated having been initially characterized using cultured Pseudomonas Putida. The rate of bioregeneration was studied by varying the volume of bacteria from 10ml, 20ml, 30ml and 40ml. The regeneration temperature was also varied from 25oC to ambient temperature of 27oC, 35oC and further at 40 and 45oC over a period of 21 days. The experimental results showed clear correlation when validated using the Langmuir-Hinshelwood kinetic model. The experiment at ambient temperature showed a negative correlation due to the fluctuation in the ambient temperature unlike all other experiment where temperature was controlled in an autoclave machine.
Jakob Magid - University of Copenhagen, Denmark - Urban organic waste: problem or resource? 100 years’ application of sewage biosolids and urban waste compost - data on heavy metals, soil biology, antibiotic resistance – potential for study of pharmaceuticals and organic contaminants
Presentation at the ESPP workshop Pharmaceuticals in sewage biosolids, Malmo, 27-10-2016
European Sustainable Phosphorus Platform (ESPP)
www.phosphorusplatform.eu
Sustainable management of nutrients is crucial for agriculture, food, industry, water and the environment. ESPP brings together companies and stakeholders to address the Phosphorus Challenge and its opportunities for the circular economy.
Countries:
Austria AT
Belgium BE
Bulgaria BG
Cyprus CY
Czech Republic CZ
Germany DE
Denmark DK
Estonia EE
Spain ES
Finland FI
France FR
Greece EL
Hungary HU
Ireland IE
Italy IT
Lithuania LT
Luxembourg LU
Latvia LV
Malta MT
Netherlands NL
Poland PL
Portugal PT
Romania RO
Sweden SE
Slovenia SI
Slovakia SK
United Kingdom UK
Switzerland CH
Phosphorus:
Fosfor
Fosfor
Fòsfòr
Фосфор
Fosfor
Фосфор
Fosfor
Fosfor
Фосфор
Фосфор
Fosforas
Fosfors
Fuosfuors
Fosfor
Ffуsfforws
Fosfar
Fosfaras
Fosfaar
Fosforus
Φωσφορος
Ֆոսֆոր
Fosfor
Fosfor
Фосфор
Фосфор
ফসফরাস
فسفر
ફૉસ્ફરસનો
फास्फोरस
Fosfor
Fosfori
Foszfor
Фосфор
Фосфор
Паликандур
Fosfor
Fosfor
Фосфор
Фосфор
Фосфор
Фосфор
Fosfor
فوسفور
Fosfor
Fosforoa
ფოსფორი
[fūsfūr]
זרחן
Fosfru
Lìn
リン
인
ฟอสฟอรัส
Photpho
磷
Posporo
Fosfor
Pūtūtae-whetū
Fosforus
ഫോസ്ഫറസ്
பொஸ்பரசு
Fosofo
Fosforase
Posfori
Fósforo
Phusphuru
Fosforimi
Fosforo
Fosforon
Pesticium
International Journal of Engineering Research and Development (IJERD)IJERD Editor
journal publishing, how to publish research paper, Call For research paper, international journal, publishing a paper, IJERD, journal of science and technology, how to get a research paper published, publishing a paper, publishing of journal, publishing of research paper, reserach and review articles, IJERD Journal, How to publish your research paper, publish research paper, open access engineering journal, Engineering journal, Mathemetics journal, Physics journal, Chemistry journal, Computer Engineering, Computer Science journal, how to submit your paper, peer reviw journal, indexed journal, reserach and review articles, engineering journal, www.ijerd.com, research journals,
yahoo journals, bing journals, International Journal of Engineering Research and Development, google journals, hard copy of journal
Research Inventy : International Journal of Engineering and Scienceinventy
Research Inventy : International Journal of Engineering and Science
Research Inventy : International Journal of Engineering and Science is published by the group of young academic and industrial researchers with 12 Issues per year. It is an online as well as print version open access journal that provides rapid publication (monthly) of articles in all areas of the subject such as: civil, mechanical, chemical, electronic and computer engineering as well as production and information technology. The Journal welcomes the submission of manuscripts that meet the general criteria of significance and scientific excellence. Papers will be published by rapid process within 20 days after acceptance and peer review process takes only 7 days. All articles published in Research Inventy will be peer-reviewed
LABORATORY STUDIES ON THE BIOREMEDIATION OF SOIL CONTAMINATED BY DIESEL IAEME Publication
The most widely used energy and fuel resources are hydrocarbons such as crude oil and petroleum distillates. The accidental discharge of these petroleum products contribute in making hydrocarbons the most common environmental pollutants. Bioremediation helps to destroy or render harmless various contaminants using natural biological activity. The present study utilizes the potential of bioremediation to remediate soil contaminated with diesel. Eight bioreactors were used for the study, out of which four bioreactors were maintained at optimum environmental conditions and the remaining four were kept without any maintenance to serve as control bioreactors. Contaminated soil was prepared by mixing fresh soil and diesel so as to attain 10% TPH concentrations by weight of soil. Each bioreactor was filled with 3 kg of contaminated soil.
Influence Of Different Nitrogen And Organic Carbon Sources On Microalgae Grow...iosrjce
Microalgae based biofuels are getting attention due to energy crisis and enviromental protection. In
the present study, the Chlorella sp. was cultivated in BG-11 medium at batch mode. The effect of different
nitrogen (sodium nitrate, potassium nitrate and urea) and organic carbon (glucose, glycerol and sucrose)
sources were analyzed on growth and lipid accumulation on this species. The highest biomass growth and
biomass productivity of chlorella sp. was found 1.29±0.04 g/l, 76.96±4.5mgl-1
d
-
1 in urea. However in case of
organic sources, the biomass growth and productivity was found maximum in glucose (1.43±0.075 g/l 86.04±3.2
mgl-1
d
-1
). The lipid content was examined using folch method and found better in potassium nitrate nitrogen
source (11.84%) . Among organic carbon sources, the maximum lipid content (13.22% and lipid yield 189.94
mg/l were found in case of glucose, followed by glycerol and sucrose. Various properties of biodiesel obtained
from chlorella sp. such as Cetane number, Saponification value, Iodine value and Degree of unsaturation were
followed standerds set by the national petroleum agency (ANP255), ASTMD6751 and EN14214.
Promoviendo una educación multicultural e interdisciplinar: Químicos Británic...Cátedra Banco Santander
Contribución en la XI Jornada de Buenas Prácticas en la docencia universitaria con apoyo de TIC celebrada en formato online el 25 de noviembre de 2020 y organizada por la Cátedra Banco Santander de la Universidad de Zaragoza.
Increment of carbohydrate concentration of Chlorella minutissima microalgae f...IJERA Editor
Microalgae, like any other microorganism react to changes in the external environment with changes in their
intracellular environment. Thus, the manipulation of cultivation conditions, especially the presence or absence
of certain nutrients, stimulates the biosynthesis of compounds of interest. Their carbohydrates can be used to
produce bioethanol. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of the medium and the concentrations
of nitrogen and phosphate components used in the culture medium of the microalgae Chlorella minutissima in
the carbohydrate concentration of the same. Box-Behnken Planning was used, totaling 15 trials. The cultivations
were carried out until early stationary phase of growth of the microalgae in closed 2 L reactors. At the end of the
cultivation, the carbohydrate concentrations of dry biomass (%) and yield in carbohydrates (g.L-1
.d-1
) were
determined. According to the analysis of effects, the microalgae Chlorella minutissima cultivated in Basal
medium, with the addition of 0.125 gL-1
of the nitrogenized component (KNO3) and without addition of
phosphatized components (K2HPO4 and KH2PO4) had a higher yield in carbohydrates in the cultivation (0,030 ±
0.002 g.L-1
.d-1
).
A remediation program was designed and implemented at a site in southeastern Australia that had become contaminated with fuels. The site was successfully remediated after managing the bioremediation process.
Efficient Use of Cesspool and Biogas for Sustainable Energy Generation: Recen...BRNSS Publication Hub
Biogas from biomass appears to have potential as an alternative energy source, which is potentially rich
in biomass resources. This is an overview of some salient points and perspectives of biogas technology.
The current literature is reviewed regarding the ecological, social, cultural, and economic impacts of
biogas technology. This article gives an overview of present and future use of biomass as an industrial
feedstock for the production of fuels, chemicals, and other materials. However, to be truly competitive
in an open market situation, higher value products are required. Results suggest that biogas technology
must be encouraged, promoted, invested, implemented, and demonstrated, but especially in remote rural
areas
Co hydrolysis of lignocellulosic biomass for microbial lipid accumulationzhenhua82
The herbaceous perennial energy crops miscanthus, giant reed, and switchgrass, along with the annual crop residue corn stover, were evaluated for their bioconversion potential. A co-hydrolysis process, which applied dilute acid pretreatment, directly followed by enzymatic saccharification without detoxification and liquidsolid separation between these two steps was implemented to convert lignocellulose into monomeric sugars (glucose and xylose). A factorial experiment in a randomized block design was employed to optimize the co-hydrolysis process. Under the optimal reaction conditions, corn stover exhibited the greatest total sugar yield (glucose+xylose) at 0.545gg1 dry biomass at 83.3% of the theoretical yield, followed by switch grass (0.44gg1 dry biomass, 65.8% of theoretical yield), giant reed (0.355gg1 dry biomass, 64.7% of theoretical yield), and miscanthus (0.349gg1 dry biomass, 58.1% of theoretical yield). The influence of combined severity factor on the susceptibility of pretreated substrates to enzymatic hydrolysis was clearly discernible, showing that co-hydrolysis is a technically feasible approach to release sugars from lignocellulosic biomass. The oleaginous fungus Mortierella isabellina was selected and applied to the co-hydrolysate mediums to accumulate fungal lipids due to its capability of utilizing both C5 and C6 sugars. Fungal cultivations grown on the co-hydrolysates exhibited comparable cell mass and lipid production to the synthetic medium with pure glucose and xylose. These results elucidated that combining fungal fermentation and co-hydrolysis to accumulate lipids could have the potential to enhance the utilization efficiency of lignocellulosic biomass for advanced biofuels production.
Key Trends Shaping the Future of Infrastructure.pdfCheryl Hung
Keynote at DIGIT West Expo, Glasgow on 29 May 2024.
Cheryl Hung, ochery.com
Sr Director, Infrastructure Ecosystem, Arm.
The key trends across hardware, cloud and open-source; exploring how these areas are likely to mature and develop over the short and long-term, and then considering how organisations can position themselves to adapt and thrive.
Dev Dives: Train smarter, not harder – active learning and UiPath LLMs for do...UiPathCommunity
💥 Speed, accuracy, and scaling – discover the superpowers of GenAI in action with UiPath Document Understanding and Communications Mining™:
See how to accelerate model training and optimize model performance with active learning
Learn about the latest enhancements to out-of-the-box document processing – with little to no training required
Get an exclusive demo of the new family of UiPath LLMs – GenAI models specialized for processing different types of documents and messages
This is a hands-on session specifically designed for automation developers and AI enthusiasts seeking to enhance their knowledge in leveraging the latest intelligent document processing capabilities offered by UiPath.
Speakers:
👨🏫 Andras Palfi, Senior Product Manager, UiPath
👩🏫 Lenka Dulovicova, Product Program Manager, UiPath
Kubernetes & AI - Beauty and the Beast !?! @KCD Istanbul 2024Tobias Schneck
As AI technology is pushing into IT I was wondering myself, as an “infrastructure container kubernetes guy”, how get this fancy AI technology get managed from an infrastructure operational view? Is it possible to apply our lovely cloud native principals as well? What benefit’s both technologies could bring to each other?
Let me take this questions and provide you a short journey through existing deployment models and use cases for AI software. On practical examples, we discuss what cloud/on-premise strategy we may need for applying it to our own infrastructure to get it to work from an enterprise perspective. I want to give an overview about infrastructure requirements and technologies, what could be beneficial or limiting your AI use cases in an enterprise environment. An interactive Demo will give you some insides, what approaches I got already working for real.
Neuro-symbolic is not enough, we need neuro-*semantic*Frank van Harmelen
Neuro-symbolic (NeSy) AI is on the rise. However, simply machine learning on just any symbolic structure is not sufficient to really harvest the gains of NeSy. These will only be gained when the symbolic structures have an actual semantics. I give an operational definition of semantics as “predictable inference”.
All of this illustrated with link prediction over knowledge graphs, but the argument is general.
UiPath Test Automation using UiPath Test Suite series, part 3DianaGray10
Welcome to UiPath Test Automation using UiPath Test Suite series part 3. In this session, we will cover desktop automation along with UI automation.
Topics covered:
UI automation Introduction,
UI automation Sample
Desktop automation flow
Pradeep Chinnala, Senior Consultant Automation Developer @WonderBotz and UiPath MVP
Deepak Rai, Automation Practice Lead, Boundaryless Group and UiPath MVP
JMeter webinar - integration with InfluxDB and GrafanaRTTS
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Kinetic Model Development for Bioremediation of Petroleum Contaminated Soil Using Palm Bunch and Wood Ash
1. International Journal of Engineering Science Invention
ISSN (Online): 2319 – 6734, ISSN (Print): 2319 – 6726
www.ijesi.org ||Volume 4 Issue 5 || May 2015 || PP.40-47
www.ijesi.org 40 | Page
Kinetic Model Development for Bioremediation of Petroleum
Contaminated Soil Using Palm Bunch and Wood Ash
Z. R. Yelebe, R. J. Samuel and B. Z. Yelebe
Department of Chemical/Petroleum Engineering, Niger Delta University, Bayelsa State Nigeria
ABSTRACT : The study of a kinetic model development for bioremediation of 1000g of petroleum (crude oil)
contaminated soil to which a mixture of Palm Bunch Ash (PBA) and Wood Ash (WA) was added has been
conducted based on Total Petroleum Hydrocarbon (THC) content. Three samples of soil contaminated with 50g,
100g and 150g of petroleum were collected and 0g of PBA or WA (this serves as control), 150g of WA, and
150g of PBA and WA was added to each sample to produce nine samples. Microbiological and physico-
chemical properties such as moisture content, pH, organic carbon and total nitrogen of the contaminated soil
were investigated at two weeks interval after pollution up to twenty weeks. The results reveal that the
percentage reduction in Total Hydrocarbon Content was higher for Palm Bunch Ash and Wood Ash treatment
options. The experiment also revealed that bioremediation occurred in all samples including the control
samples to which no PBA or WA was added, hence, natural attenuation. After twenty weeks interval, 99.5%
THC reduction occurred in the sample that was polluted with 50g of petroleum and treated with 150g of PBA
and WA. Thus, a mixture of PBA and WA is a good substitute for NPK fertilizer for bioremediation considering
the low costs of PBA and WA, and high percentage reduction in THC.
KEYWORDS: - ash, bioremediation, kinetic, petroleum, soil.
I. INTRODUCTION
Bioremediation is the use of biological organisms or processes to degrade, breakdown, transform,
and/or essentially remove contaminants or impairments of quality from soil and water [1]. Advanced countries
may have done much in bioremediation, but little is known about the kinetics of bioremediation and how it
affects the performance of several available bioremediation options. This is necessary to optimize this
remediation technique for communities that are fast losing their arable land to degradation due to the scourge of
oil pollution.
Contamination of soils, groundwater, sediments, surface water, and air with hazardous and toxic
chemicals is one of the major problems facing the industrialized world today. The national priority list currently
contains over 1200 sites, with potential sites numbering over 32 000. The need to remediate these sites has led to
the development in new technologies that emphasize the destruction of the pollutants rather than the
conventional approach of disposal [1].
A number of different technologies can be applied for the direct remediation of oil-contaminated soils,
and among them bioremediation accounts for 5 to 10 percent of all pollution treatment but it may be the most
cost effective process for treating lightly or moderately contaminated soils [2]. Since the Gulf War in 1991,
numerous remediation investigations have been applied to desert soils in Kuwait contaminated by oil. For
example, investigations have been made on: treating both lightly and heavily oil contaminated soils using
windrow soil pile systems; the use of land farming, windrow composting piles and static bio-venting piles; and
the role of white rot fungi on remediating oil-contaminated soil in the Gulf area [2].
Bioremediation, defined as the use of microorganisms for the degradation or removal of environmental
pollutants, is an established and feasible technique currently being used by the United States Environmental
Protection Agency for the removal of contamination from soil [3]. Bioremediation techniques, especially with
natural (not engineered) microbial populations, enjoy increased public acceptance and support because of their
environmentally friendly strategies. Knowledge in the field of bioremediation is growing rapidly, but there are
still large gaps in our understanding of the complex processes involved [3]. However, in soil bioremediation
bacteria are mainly applied because they are distinguished by high frequency, fast growth and a wide spectrum
of the utilized petroleum products [4].
Pollutants are persistent chemical compounds that are toxic (poisonous) to plants and animals or have
the potential to cause birth defects (teratogenicity) or cancer (carcinogenicity) in humans [5]. The use of
microorganisms are to alter and breakdown petroleum hydrocarbons into carbon dioxide, water and partially
oxidized biologically inert products so that land will be good for farming [6].
2. Kinetic Model Development for Bioremediation...
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Bioremediation works best on natural carbon-containing substances called hydrocarbon or on
chemicals resembling natural substances. Bacteria that metabolize naturally occurring hydrocarbons, such as
certain petroleum products are widespread in the environment. Certain bacteria that biodegrade gasoline, for
example found in almost all soils are; the gasoline-metabolizing bacteria may be isolated from the bacteria
employed in bioremediation include members of the genera pseudomonas, Flavobacterium, Arthrobacter, and
Azotobacter. Some toxic substances that have been successfully bio-remediated include the solvent toluene, the
moth repellant naphthalene (mothballs), the herbicide 2, 4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2, 4-D), and the
fungicide and wood preservative pentachlorophenol [5].
Palm bunch ash is obtained from empty fruit bunch of Elaeis Guineensis palm tree species. Although
the empty fruit bunches are normally thrown away, they have been found to be a source of Sodium and
Potassium compounds when processed to get the ash [7]. Report also has it that Palm Bunch Ash contains
mainly Potassium Carbonate and Potassium Hydroxide. Palm Bunch Ash has also been recognized as a 100%
organic fertilizer and the best and cheapest source of potassium oxide [8].
Wood ash has been used in agricultural soil applications as it recycles nutrients back to the land. Wood
ash has some value as a fertilizer, but does not contain nitrogen. Because of the presence of calcium carbonate it
acts as a liming agent and will de-acidify the soil increasing its pH [9].
In this paper two bioremediation options, palm bunch ash, and wood ash, including control will be
studied to treat petroleum contaminated soils. The treatment will involve using wood ash only, and using palm
bunch ash together with wood ash.
II. MODELING THE RATE OF BIODEGRADATION
The Microbial Growth: The mathematical description of the rate of growth of a microbial culture
frequently makes use of an exponential growth pattern. Malthus’ law gives exponential growth as [10]:
X
dt
dX
(1)
On integration it gives:
t
eXX
0
(2)
This growth, however, cannot be sustained indefinitely and for one reason or another will lead to a
stationary phase. Pearl and Reed [10] modified the exponential growth equation by adding a further term to
account for ‘inhibition’ at high biomass concentration:
2
XX
dt
dX
(3)
On integration it gives:
)1(1 0
0
t
t
eX
eX
X
(4)
This is logistic equation
2.1 Substrate Degradation and Yield Coefficient
When the yield is considered constant we have:
S
X
Y
(5)
A material balance for the consumption of substrate gives
mX
dt
dX
Ydt
dS
G
1
(6)
Substrate consumed for growth is usually much larger than that consumed for maintenance, such that
equation (6) can be simplified thus:
dt
dX
Ydt
dS
G
1
(7)
2.2 Modification of Yield Coefficient
For the purpose of this study, a new definition is proposed for the yield coefficient at times when it is
not a constant quantity. In this definition averages of mass of product obtained (change in biomass
concentration) and average of reactant consumed (change in substrate concentration) are used instead. The use
of averages will normalize the variation of yield with time, so we have:
3. Kinetic Model Development for Bioremediation...
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SS
XX
Y m
/
/
(8)
Equation (13) will take the form:
dt
dX
XYdt
dS
S mG
111
(9)
It can be written as:
dt
Xd
Ydt
Sd
mG
ln1ln
(10)
On Integration it gives.
mGY
X
X
SS
1
0
0
(11)
Equations (7) and (11) can be applied for either exponential growth model or logistic model to obtain:
Exponential Growth With Constant Yield
t
G
e
Y
X
SS
1
0
0
(12)
Exponential Growth With Varying Yield
GY
t
eSS
1
0
(13)
Logistic Model With Constant Yield
t
t
G
eX
e
Y
X
SS
11
1
0
0
0
(14)
Logistic Model With Varying Yield
GY
t
t
eX
e
SS
1
0
0
)1(1
(15)
The above equations are used to fit the experimental data in order to obtain the appropriate rate model
for the degradation of the substrate through bioremediation.
Where: S is Substrate concentration (Total Petroleum Hydrocarbon, TPH (mg/g soil)), S0 is the initial
substrate concentration (initial TPH), X0 is the initial microbial concentration, YG is the yield coefficient, is
the specific growth rate of the microbes, γ is the inverse of the maximum microbial concentration and t is time
(week) [6], [11], [12].
III. MATERIALS AND METHOD
3.1 Study Area
This study was carried out in Niger Delta University, Wilberforce Island, Amassoma, Bayelsa State,
South-South Nigeria. Land in this area is mostly used for agriculture, mixed cropping being apparently the most
common method of agriculture. Lands are also used for settlement and other activities.
3.2 Field Sampling
Soil samples were collected by digging with spade to at least 30cm depth. This was done before the
commencement of treatment to enable the comparison on efficiency of treatment options. The soil samples were
collected at one point.
3.2.1 Materials: Palm Bunch Ash (PBA), Wood Ash (WA), Distilled water, Crude oil, Soil, Chloroform.
3.2.2 Apparatus: Electronic weighing balance (LT 502), Sieve (mesh size: 0.3mm), Jenway 6305 UV-VIS
Spectrophotometer (AAS), Stove, Sample bottles, Gallemhamp Prime oven (ove-104-488x/71100-902), Spatula,
Buckets.
3.2.3 Preparation of Palm Bunch Ash and Wood Ash: Palm Bunch Ash and Wood Ash collected from
Awegbene (Sagbama L.G.A., Nigeria) was crushed, sieved and dried for ninety minutes in an oven at a
temperature of 200O
C.
4. Kinetic Model Development for Bioremediation...
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3.2.4 Preparation of petroleum (crude oil) contaminated Soil samples: Crude oil was collected from
Ogboinbiri flow station located at Southern-Ijaw L.G.A of Bayelsa State Nigeria. Nine 2.5-litre buckets were
labeled A to I and 1000g of soil was weighed and added to each of the nine buckets. Crude oil was weighed and
added to each of the soil samples as follows: 50g to samples A,D,G, 100g to samples B,E,H, and 150g to C,F,I.
The contents of the bucket were properly mixed after the addition of the oil and kept in a room away
from sunlight, rain and direct climatic influence. Ten days after the pollution of the soil samples, the samples
were tilled for about five minutes each to allow aeration.
3.2.5 Addition of Palm bunch ash and Wood ash: PBA and WA was added to the samples as follows: 0g
(i.e. no PBA or WA) to samples A, B, C; 150g (only WA) to samples D, E, F; 150g (PBA + WA)
to G, H, I; as shown in Table 1. Each sample was tilled for 5minutes every 24 hours and analyzed
every two weeks for twenty weeks.
3.2.6
Table 1: Quantities of Crude oil contamination and Ash in Soil samples A to I
Quantity Of Crude Oil 50g 100g 150g
Quantity of Ash
0g (no ash) A B C
150g of WA D E F
150g of PBA + WA G H I
IV. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Samples A, D and G were selected for analysis based on the experimental results and fitted with model
equations. The samples were chosen due to low petroleum contaminant (50g) and the potency of the treatment
method. The results from experiment fitted with model equations are presented below.
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20
0
2000
4000
6000
S(t)-THC(ppm)
Time (week)
Sample G
Sample D
Sample A
Fig. 1: THC versus time (fitted using Exp. Growth equation with constant yield)
Fig. 1 shows that bioremediation took place and the total hydrocarbon content decreased. The initial
values of total hydrocarbon content contaminated with the same gram of crude oil are almost the same before
the time of treatment. During treatment it was observed that the reduction in THC was higher for those in which
wood ash and palm bunch ash was used together followed by the single wood ash addition and the controls. This
is due to the fact that wood ash and palm bunch ash serves as organic fertilizer which enhances the growth of
microorganisms that degrade the crude oil in the soil at a faster rate.
Fig. 1 also shows that sample A which is the control with 50g of crude oil also degraded. This is to
show that bioremediation occurs naturally without addition of nutrients to the soil (natural attenuation) though,
this takes longer time. Sample D also showed high reduction in THC revealing that the addition of wood ash
alone increases the rate of bioremediation. Sample G showed the highest reduction in THC revealing that the
combination of PBA and WA is more effective than the use of PBA or WA alone.
5. Kinetic Model Development for Bioremediation...
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0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20
500000
1000000
1500000
2000000
2500000
3000000
3500000
4000000
4500000
X(t)-BacterialCount(cfu/g)
Time (week)
Sample G
Sample D
Sample A
Fig. 2: Bacterial count versus time (fitted using Exp. Growth equation)
Fig. 2 shows an accelerated growth of microbes. The acceleration of growth of microbe during the
bioremediation process is indicative of the ability of indigenous microorganisms to adapt to the presence of the
contaminants and bring about their transformation to reduce levels of contamination in the soil. Maximum
growth of microbes occurred at the twelfth week.
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20
0
20
40
60
80
100
%ReductioninTHC
Time (week)
Sample G
Sample D
Sample A
Fig. 3: Percentage Reduction in THC versus time for Samples A, D and G
Fig. 3 shows that Sample G recorded higher percentage reduction in THC as about 99.5% reduction is
observed in six weeks of treatment. This suggests a possibility of complete treatment and restoration of quality
of contaminated soil in the next few weeks. Sample A with no ash added takes a longer recovery period and
percentage reduction at the end of the treated period shows 86%. While the percentage reduction for Sample D
at the end of the treated period is 95%.
4.1 Analysis of Some Physico-Chemical Properties of the Polluted Soil
pH: soil pH [in water (1:2; soil to water ratio)] was determined using air-dry soil samples (passed
through a 2mm sieve). The pH values were determined using a Philip’s digital pH meter [13]. The soil
suspension was not stirred during the measurement.
6. Kinetic Model Development for Bioremediation...
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0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20
6.0
6.5
7.0
7.5
8.0
8.5
pHvalueofsoil
Time (week)
Sample G
Sample D
Sample A
Fig. 4: pH versus time for Samples A, D and G
Fig. 4 shows the pH value for the samples. Sample A shows a slight decrease in the second week of
treatment and followed by an increase in the fourth week. The decrease in pH value can be due to local
decomposition of organic residue to acid or CO2 evolution, while the increase in the pH value may be a result of
bicarbonate accumulation during biodegradation of petroleum compounds by microorganisms. Samples D and G
that ashes were added show greater increase in pH because palm bunch ash contains Potassium Carbonate and
Potassium hydroxide and while wood ash contains Calcium Carbonate which when added to water turns basic
(alkaline) which increases the pH value.
4.1.1 Moisture Content: The procedure is as follows [14]:
Moisture content (%) = 1
100)21(
w
ww
w1 = weight (g) of sample before drying
w2 = Weigh (g) of sample before after drying.
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
18
20
22
24
MoistureContentoftheSoil(%)
Time (week)
Sample G
Sample D
Sample A
Fig. 5: Moisture Content versus time for Samples A, D and G
Fig. 5 shows that there was increase in the moisture contents of the soil for all the samples including
the controls. The increase in moisture content indicates that the microorganisms degraded hydrocarbons in the
soil and water which is one of the two products of degradation, the other being carbon dioxide was produced. A
little increment in moisture content of the soil was observed in week 2 for Sample D and G due to the addition
of ashes that absorbed water into itself but above week 2 there was significance increase.
4.1.2 Total Nitrogen: This was measured using the Kjeldahl method [13], [15]:
7. Kinetic Model Development for Bioremediation...
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0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20
0.006
0.008
0.010
0.012
0.014
0.016
0.018
0.020
0.022
TotalNitrogen(%)
Time (week)
Sample G
Sample D
Sample A
Fig. 6: Total Nitrogen versus time for Samples A, D and G
Fig. 6 shows a decrease in Total Nitrogen. This is contrary to the observation of Oyoh and Osoka[6]
with NPK fertilizer which they reported an increase. This can be attributed to the fact that wood ash contains
Calcium Carbonate and palm bunch ash contains basically Potassium, as against NPK fertilizer which contains
Nitrogen, Potassium and Phosphorus. Nitrogen reduction as total hydrocarbon content reduced indicates that
Nitrogen concentration can be used as fertilizers to the microbes that degrade the crude oil. The microbes make
use of Nitrate and Phosphate in the degradation process.
4.1.3 Organic Carbon: The wet oxidation method of Walkley and Black [16] was used in determining the
organic carbon content.
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20
0
1
2
3
4
5
OrganicCarbon(%)
Time (week)
Sample G
Sample D
Sample A
Fig. 7: Organic Carbon versus time for Samples A, D and G
Fig. 7 shows that Organic Carbon decreased. This reduction is due to the fact that hydrocarbon with its
major constituent carbon and hydrogen are broken down by microorganisms to form CO2 and H2O and therefore
the CO2 escape leaving a reduced Carbon content in the soil.
V. CONCLUSION
This study showed that bioremediation can occur naturally with or without addition of nutrients to the
soil (natural attenuation). Addition of nutrients palm bunch ash and wood ash in this case, increases the rate of
bioremediation. This increase is more found for low crude oil contaminations than it is at high crude oil
contaminations.
Consideration of bioremediation for remediation of a site contaminated with crude oil requires a
detailed site, soil, and waste characterization that must be conducted in order to evaluate the potential
application of the technology at the site and to demonstrate the feasibility of the approach.
The microbial growth rate follows the exponential growth curve for all treatment options
t
0
eXX
The Palm Bunch Ash and Wood Ash enhanced Bioremediation follows the exponential growth curve
8. Kinetic Model Development for Bioremediation...
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when yield is considered constant
t
G
0
0
e1
Y
X
SS
The study also showed that some physico-chemical properties such as pH and moisture content of the
contaminated soil increased while total nitrogen, phosphorus and organic carbon reduced during bioremediation.
The study also revealed that bioremediation occurred in all samples including the control samples to
which no PBA or WA was added. After twenty weeks interval 99.5% THC reduction occurred in the sample
which was polluted with 50g of petroleum and treated with 150g of PBA and WA, whereas other samples
showed lower percentage reduction in THC. Thus, a mixture of PBA and WA is a good substitute for NPK
fertilizer for bioremediation considering the low costs of PBA and WA, and high percentage reduction in THC.
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Modification of the Chromic Acid Titration Method, Soil Sci., Vol. 34, 1934, 29-38.