This document discusses three types of clauses: adjective clauses, adverb clauses, and noun clauses. Adjective clauses modify nouns and usually follow them, introduced by relative pronouns like "who" or "which." Adverb clauses modify verbs and can occur in various positions in a sentence, introduced by words like "when" or "because." Noun clauses function as nouns, filling roles like subject, object, or complement.

1. +
THREE KINDS OF
CLAUSES
ADJECTIVE,ADVERB,AND
NOUN CLAUSES

2. +
ADJECTIVE CLAUSES =
RELATIVE CLAUSES

3. +
Examples of adjective clauses in
“My Long Distance Life”:
I was born in Berkeley, where I lived in
a small house in the hills
surrounded by firs and redwoods.
One friend whose dad moved to New
Hampshire sees him at Christmas and
for one month during the summer.

4. + Some adjective clauses have a
comma before them:
I was born in Berkeley, where I lived in a small
house in the hills surrounded by firs and
redwoods.
Some adjective clauses do not:
One friend whose dad moved to New Hampshire
sees him at Christmas and for one month during
the summer.
We will study this problem later in the semester.

5. +
An adjective clause usually follows
a noun.
It modifies the noun that it follows.
I was born in Berkeley, where I lived in a small house in
the hills surrounded by firs and redwoods.
One friend whose dad moved to New Hampshire sees
him at Christmas and for one month during the summer.
.

6. +
Words used as relative pronouns
to begin adjective clauses:
that
which
who
whose
whom
when
where

7. +
An adjective clause cannot
change its position in the sentence:
Correct:
One friend whose dad moved to New Hampshire sees
him at Christmas and for one month during the summer.
Incorrect (and make no sense):
**One friend sees him whose dad moved to New
Hampshire at Christmas and for one month during the
summer.
**One friend sees him at Christmas and for one month
during the summer whose dad moved to New
Hampshire.

8. +
ADVERB CLAUSES =
SUBORDINATE
CLAUSES

9. +
Examples of adverb clauses in
“My Long Distance Life”:
When I was 12 and on my way to L.A. for
Christmas, a lady refused to check her bag
and shoved a flight attendant.
I couldn't join them because I had to fly to
L.A.
As the school year came to a close, I
began to shut down.

10. +
An adverb clause =
a subordinate clause
(two words for the same thing)
When I was 12 and on my way to L.A. for
Christmas, a lady refused to check her bag and
shoved a flight attendant.
I couldn't join them because I had to fly to L.A.
As the school year came to a close, I began to
shut down.

11. +
An adverb clause, or
subordinate clause
modifies the verb in the main clause:
When I was 12 and on my way to L.A. for
Christmas, a lady refused to check her bag and
shoved a flight attendant.
I couldn't join them because I had to fly to L.A.
As the school year came to a close, I began to
shut down.

12. +
An adverb clause, or
subordinate clause
begins with a
subordinator
=
subordinating conjunction
=
adverbial expression

13. +
There are many of these!
Here are just a few:
before, after, because, if, as, when,
while, as soon as, whenever …

14. +
An adverb clause can be the first or
second half of the sentence.
Notice how the punctuation changes,
however:
The writer dreaded flying because several
bad things had happened to him on the
plane.
Because several bad things had
happened to him on the plane, the writer
dreaded flying.

15. +
NOUN CLAUSES

16. +
Examples of noun clauses in
“My Long Distance Life”:
Everyone said I'd spend time with
both parents, but I wanted to know
where I would live.
It wasn't that I didn't want to see my
mom and stepdad.

17. +
A noun clause can do all the
same
jobs in a sentence that
a noun does.

18. +
It can be the subject of a
verb:
Where he would live was the problem
that worried him.

19. +
It can be the object of a
verb:
Everyone said I'd spend time with
both parents, but I wanted to know
where I would live.

20. +
It can be the object of a
preposition:
I worried about where I would live.

21. +
It can be the complement of a
linking verb:
It wasn't that I didn't want to see my
mom and stepdad.

22. +
It can be the complement of an
adjective:
It is too bad that his mother moved to
Los Angeles.