The document contains Sonia Cardenas' biography and portfolio for her English studies. It provides her personal details such as name, age, parents, education history and career goals. It also includes vocabulary exercises on means of transportation and grammar exercises on comparative and superlative adjectives, relative clauses, the present simple vs present progressive tenses and stative verbs.

1. CARCHI STATE UNIVERSITY
FACULTY OF MEDICAL SCIENCES
SCHOOL OF NURSING
ENGLISH PORTFOLIO
RESPONSIBLE: SONIA CARDENAS
TEACHER: IVAN FUERTES
TULCÁN - FEBRUARY – 2013

2. MY BIOGRAPHY
Name: Sonia Mireya
Name: Cardenas Enriquez
Age: 22 years
Date of birth: September 12, 1991
Parents: Jose Cardenas and Sonia Enriquez
phone number: 0969194460
Email: mire.she @ hotmail.com
origin: Ecuador
Residence: Ecuador
Initial studies: institute Gabriel A. mistral
basic education: school Alejandro R. Mera
bachelor studies: Technological Tulcán
higher studies: UPEC, nursing career
is a positive and responsible person, to meet its goals in order to provide a
better future for her daughter, a single mother, and living with her parents ,
plans to be a great professional and a good mother.

4. VOCABULARY AND GRAMMAR
Say which of the following verbs are used with the following means of transport
Use verbs
to
catch
a
bus
to
get
on
a
bus
to
get
off
a
bus
to
drive
a
to ride a bike
Means of Transport Vocabulary
This is a list of vocabulary items related to means of transport / travel
Means of travel or means of transport refer to the different kinds of transport
facilities that are often used to transport people or cargo.
Means of transport
car
train
ship
motorbike / motorcycle bike / bicycle
van
bus / coach
Useful means of transport expressions
plane
pick up truck
car

5. traveling by ...
rail
bus / coach
air
station
bus
terminal airport
port
train
bus
aircraft
ship
catch / get on catch / get on / board get
get
off get
platform
off get
departure
arrive
arrive
engine
driver's
engine
/
journey
depart / leave depart
driver bus
corridor / aisle aisle
on
off
gate departure
passenger train coach
journey
sea
board embark
/ disembark disembark
gate quay / dock
bus passenger jet / airplane liner
flight
/
/
leave take
land
seat cockpit
driver pilot
aisle
voyage
off sail
dock
bridge
captain
gangway
COMPARATIVE AND SUPERLATIVE ADJECTIVES
The comparative form of an adjective is used for comparing two people or
things (e.g. he is taller than me), while the superlative is used for comparing
one person or thing with every other member of their group (e.g. he was the
tallest boy in the class).
Adjectives make their comparative and superlative forms in different ways,
depending on the base adjective itself. Here’s a quick-reference guide to the
spelling of comparative and superlative adjectives:
Adjectives with one syllable
In general, if the adjective has one syllable, then the letters -er or -est are
added:
warm warmer warmest
quick quicker quickest

6. tall taller tallest
Adjectives with one syllable ending in e
If the adjective has one syllable and ends in e, just add -r or -st:
late later latest
nice nicer nicest
large larger largest
Adjectives with two syllables
Adjectives with two syllables vary. Some add -er/-est or -r/-st:
feeble feebler feeblest
Some use the words ‘more’ for the comparative and ‘most’ for the superlative:
famous more famous most famous
Many can do either, like clever:
clever cleverer/more clever cleverest/most clever
Adjectives with three syllables or more
If the adjective has three syllables or more, then the words ‘more’ and ‘most’ are
used:
interesting more interesting most interesting
attractive more attractive most attractive
Adjectives that change their spelling
Some adjectives change their spelling when forming the comparative and
superlative:

7. 
Some one-syllable adjectives that end with a single consonant (e.g. big,
wet, sad, fat) double this consonant before adding -er or -est:
big bigger biggest
wet wetter wettest
sad sadder saddest

If the adjective ends in y (e.g. happy, greedy, or tidy), change the y to an
i and add -er or -est:
happy happier happiest
greedy greedier greediest
tidy tidier tidiest

Some common adjectives have irregular comparative and superlative
forms that you just have to learn:
bad worse worst
good better best
little (of a quantity) less least
much more most
RELATIVE CLAUSES:
1: The relative pronoun is the subject:
First, let's consider when the relative pronoun is the subject of a defining relative
clause.
We can use 'who', 'which' or 'that'. We use 'who' for people and 'which' for
things. We can use 'that' for people or things.

8. The relative clause can come after the subject or the object of the sentence. We
can't drop the relative pronoun.
For example (clause after the object of the sentence):

I'm looking for a secretary who / that can use a computer well.

She has a son who / that is a doctor.

We bought a house which / that is 200 years old.

I sent a letter which / that arrived three weeks later.
More examples (clause after the subject of the sentence):

The people who / that live on the island are very friendly.

The man who / that phoned is my brother.

The camera which / that costs £100 is over there.

The house which / that belongs to Julie is in London.
Try an exercise where the relative pronoun is the subject here.
2: The relative pronoun is the object:
Next, let's talk about when the relative pronoun is the object of the clause. In
this case we can drop the relative pronoun if we want to. Again, the clause can
come after the subject or the object of the sentence. Here are some examples:
(Clause after the object)

She loves the chocolate (which / that) I bought.

We went to the village (which / that) Lucy recommended.

John met a woman (who / that) I had been to school with.

The police arrested a man (who / that) Jill worked with.
(Clause after the subject)

The bike (which / that) I loved was stolen.

The university (which / that) she likes is famous.

The woman (who / that) my brother loves is from Mexico.

9. 
The doctor (who / that) my grandmother liked lives in New York.

Try an exercise where the relative pronoun is the object here

Try an exercise about defining relative clauses, both subject and object here

Try another exercise about defining relative clauses here
Non-defining relative clauses:
We don't use 'that' in non-defining relative clauses, so we need to use 'which' if
the pronoun refers to a thing, and 'who' if it refers to a person. We can't drop the
relative pronoun in this kind of clause, even if the relative pronoun is the subject
of the clause.
(Clause comes after the subject)

My boss, who is very nice, lives in Manchester.

My sister, who I live with, knows a lot about cars.

My bicycle, which I've had for more than ten years, is falling apart.

My mother's house, which I grew up in, is very small.
(Clause comes after the object)

Yesterday I called our friend Julie, who lives in New York.

The photographer called to the Queen, who looked annoyed.

Last week I bought a new computer, which I don't like now.

I really love the new Chinese restaurant, which we went to last night.
PREPOSITIONS AND RELATIVE CLAUSES
If the verb in the relative clause needs a preposition, we put it at the end of the
clause:
For example:

listen to

10. The
music
is
good.
Julie
listens
to
the
music.
→ The music (which / that) Julie listens to is good.

work with
My
brother
met
a
woman.
I
used
to
work
with
the
woman.
→ My brother met a woman (who / that) I used to work with.

go to
The
country
is
very
hot.
He
went
to
the
country.
→ The country (which / that) he went to is very hot.

come from
I
visited
the
city.
John
comes
from
the
city.
→ I visited the city (that / which) John comes from.

apply for
The
job
is
well
paid.
She
applied
for
the
job.
→ The job (which / that) she applied for is well paid.
Whose
'Whose' is always the subject of the relative clause and can't be left out. It
replaces a possessive. It can be used for people and things.
The
dog
is
over
there.
The
dog's
/
its
owner
lives
next
door.
her
doll
was
lost.
car
is
a
→ The dog whose owner lives next door is over there.
The
little
girl
is
sad.
The
little
girl's
/
→ The little girl whose doll was lost is sad.
The
woman
is
coming
tonight.
Her
→ The woman whose car is a BMW is coming tonight.
BMW.

11. The
house
belongs
to
me.
Its
roof
is
very
old.
→ The house whose roof is old belongs to me.
Where / when / why
We can sometimes use these question words instead of relative pronouns and
prepositions.
I
live
→
→
in
I
I
a
live
live
in
city.
in
I
study
the
the
city
city
that
in
the
where
/
city.
I
which
I
my
wife in
study.
study
in.
that
bar.
→ I live in the city in which I study.
The bar
in
→
bar
The
Barcelona
in
is
Barcelona
still
there. I
where
I
met
met
my
wife
is
still
there.
→ The bar in Barcelona that / which I met my wife in is still there.
→ The bar in Barcelona in which I met my wife is still there.
The summer was long and hot. I graduated from university in the summer.
→ The summer when I graduated from university was long and hot.
→ The summer that / which I graduated from university in was long and hot.
→ The summer in which I graduated was long and hot.
PRESENT SIMPLE AND PRESENT PROGRESSIVE
Simple Present
Present Progressive
infinitive
form of 'be' and verb + ing
(3rd person singular: infinitive + 's')
I
I
speak you
you
speak he
am
speaking
are
/
she
/
speaking
it
is
speaking

12. he
/
she
/
it
we
speaks we
are
speaking
speak they are speaking
they speak
Exceptions
Exceptions when adding 's' :

Exceptions when adding 'ing' :
For can, may, might, must, do not add s.

-ee)
Example: he can, she may, it must

Silent e is dropped. (but: does not apply for
Example:
After o, ch, sh or s, add es.
come
-
coming
but: agree - agreeing
Example: do - he does, wash - she washes


After a consonant, the final consonant y
After a short, stressed vowel, the final
consonant is doubled.
becomes ie. (but: not after a vowel)
Example: sit - sitting
Example:
worry
-
he
but: play - he plays
worries

After a vowel, the final consonant l is
doubled in British English (but not in
American English).
Example: travel - travelling (British English)
but: traveling (American English)

Final ie becomes y.
Example: lie - lying
See also explanations on Simple Present and Present Progressive
Use
In general or right now?
Do you want to express that something happens in general or that something
is happening right now?

13. Simple Present
Present Progressive
in general (regularly, often, never)
right now
Colin plays football every Tuesday.
Look! Colin is playing football now.
present
actions
happening
one
after also for several actions happening at the
another
same time
First Colin plays football, then he Colin is playing football and Anne is watching.
watches TV.
Signal words

always

at the moment

every ...

at this moment

often

today

normally

now

usually

right now

sometimes

Listen!

seldom

Look!

never

first

then
Note:
The
following
verbs
are
usually
only
used
in
Simple
be, have, hear, know, like, love, see, smell, think, want
Timetable / Schedule or arrangement?
Do you want to express that something is arranged for the near future? Or do
you refer to a time set by a timetable or schedule?
Present:

14. Simple Present
Present Progressive
arrangement for the near future
action set by a timetable or schedule
I am going to the cinema tonight.
The film starts at 8 pm.
Daily routine or just for a limited period of time?
Do you want to talk about a daily routine? Or do you want to emphasis that
something is only going on for a limited (rather short) period of time?
Simple Present
Present Progressive
only for a limited period of time (does not
daily routine
have to happen directly at the moment of
speaking)
Bob works in a restaurant.
Jenny is working in a restaurant this week.
CERTAIN VERBS
The following verbs are usually only used in Simple Present (not in the
progressive form).

state: be, cost, fit, mean, suit
Example: We are on holiday.

possession: belong, have
Example: Sam has a cat.

senses: feel, hear, see, smell, taste, touch

15. Example: He feels the cold.

feelings: hate, hope, like, love, prefer, regret, want, wish
Example: Jane loves pizza.

brain work: believe, know, think, understand
Example: I believe you.

Introductory clauses for direct speech: answer, ask, reply, say
Example: “I am watching TV,“ he says.
STATIVE (OR STATE) VERB LIST
like
know
belong
love
realise
fit
hate
suppose
contain
want
mean
consist
need
understand
seem
prefer
believe
depend
agree
remember
matter
mind
recognise
see
own
appear
look (=seem)
sound
taste
smell
hear
astonish
deny
disagree
please
impress
satisfy
promise
surprise
doubt
think (=have an opinion)
feel (=have an opinion)
wish
imagine
concern
dislike
be
have
deserve
involve
include
lack
measure (=have length possess
etc)

16. owe
weigh (=have weight)
A verb which isn't stative is called a dynamic verb, and is usually an action.
Some verbs can be both stative and dynamic:
Be
be is usually a stative verb, but when it is used in the continuous it means
'behaving' or 'acting'

you are stupid = it's part of your personality

you are being stupid = only now, not usually
Think

think (stative) = have an opinion
I think that coffee is great

think (dynamic) = consider, have in my head
what are you thinking about? I'm thinking about my next holiday
Have

have (stative) = own
I have a car

have (dynamic) = part of an expression
I'm having a party / a picnic / a bath / a good time / a break
See

see (stative) = see with your eyes / understand
I see what you mean
I see her now, she's just coming along the road

see (dynamic) = meet / have a relationship with
I've been seeing my boyfriend for three years
I'm seeing Robert tomorrow
Taste

17. 
taste (stative) = has a certain taste
This soup tastes great
The coffee tastes really bitter

taste (dynamic) = the action of tasting
The chef is tasting the soup
SIMPLE PAST
Examples:
 You called Debbie.
 Did you call Debbie?
 You did not call Debbie.
Complete List of Simple Past Forms
USE 1 Completed Action in the Past
Use the Simple Past to express the idea that an action started and finished at a
specific time in the past. Sometimes, the speaker may not actually mention the
specific time, but they do have one specific time in mind.
Examples:
 I saw a movie yesterday.
 I didn't see a play yesterday.
 Last year, I traveled to Japan.
 Last year, I didn't travel to Korea.
 Did you have dinner last night?
 She washed her car.
 He didn't wash his car.

18. USE 2 A Series of Completed Actions
We use the Simple Past to list a series of completed actions in the past. These
actions happen 1st, 2nd, 3rd, 4th, and so on.
Examples:
 I finished work, walked to the beach, and found a nice place to swim.
 He arrived from the airport at 8:00, checked into the hotel at 9:00, and
met the others at 10:00.
 Did you add flour, pour in the milk, and then add the eggs?
USE 3 Duration in Past
The Simple Past can be used with a duration which starts and stops in the past.
A duration is a longer action often indicated by expressions such as: for two
years, for five minutes, all day, all year, etc.
Examples:
 I lived in Brazil for two years.
 Shauna studied Japanese for five years.
 They sat at the beach all day.
 They did not stay at the party the entire time.
 We talked on the phone for thirty minutes.
 A:
How
long
B: We waited for one hour.
did
you
wait
for
them?

19. USE 4 Habits in the Past
The Simple Past can also be used to describe a habit which stopped in the
past. It can have the same meaning as "used to." To make it clear that we are
talking about a habit, we often add expressions such as: always, often, usually,
never, when I was a child, when I was younger, etc.
Examples:
 I studied French when I was a child.
 He played the violin.
 He didn't play the piano.
 Did you play a musical instrument when you were a kid?
 She worked at the movie theater after school.
 They never went to school, they always skipped class.
USE 5 Past Facts or Generalizations
The Simple Past can also be used to describe past facts or generalizations
which are no longer true. As in USE 4 above, this use of the Simple Past is
quite similar to the expression "used to."
Examples:
 She was shy as a child, but now she is very outgoing.
 He didn't like tomatoes before.
 Did you live in Texas when you were a kid?
 People paid much more to make cell phone calls in the past.

20. IMPORTANT When-Clauses Happen First
Clauses are groups of words which have meaning but are often not complete
sentences. Some clauses begin with the word "when" such as "when I dropped
my pen..." or "when class began..." These clauses are called when-clauses, and
they are very important. The examples below contain when-clauses.
Examples:
 When I paid her one dollar, she answered my question.
 She answered my question when I paid her one dollar.
When-clauses are important because they always happen first when both
clauses are in the Simple Past. Both of the examples above mean the same
thing: first, I paid her one dollar, and then, she answered my question. It is not
important whether "when I paid her one dollar" is at the beginning of the
sentence or at the end of the sentence. However, the example below has a
different meaning. First, she answered my question, and then, I paid her one
dollar.
Example:
 I paid her one dollar when she answered my question.
PAST CONTINUOUS
Examples:
 You were studying when she called.
 Were you studying when she called?
 You were not studying when she called.
Complete List of Past Continuous Forms

21. USE 1 Interrupted Action in the Past
Use the Past Continuous to indicate that a longer action in the past was
interrupted. The interruption is usually a shorter action in the Simple Past.
Remember this can be a real interruption or just an interruption in time.
Examples:
 I was watching TV when she called.
 When the phone rang, she was writing a letter.
 While we were having the picnic, it started to rain.
 What were you doing when the earthquake started?
 I was listening to my iPod, so I didn't hear the fire alarm.
 You were not listening to me when I told you to turn the oven off.
 While John was sleeping last night, someone stole his car.
 Sammy was waiting for us when we got off the plane.
 While I was writing the email, the computer suddenly went off.
 A:
What
were
you
doing
when
you
broke
your
leg?
B: I was snowboarding.
USE 2 Specific Time as an Interruption
In USE 1, described above, the Past Continuous is interrupted by a shorter
action in the Simple Past. However, you can also use a specific time as an
interruption.
Examples:

22.  Last night at 6 PM, I was eating dinner.
 At midnight, we were still driving through the desert.
 Yesterday at this time, I was sitting at my desk at work.
IMPORTANT
In the Simple Past, a specific time is used to show when an action began or
finished. In the Past Continuous, a specific time only interrupts the action.
Examples:
 Last
night
at
6
PM,
I
ate
dinner.
eating
dinner.
I STARTED EATING AT 6 PM.
 Last
I
night
at
6
STARTED EARLIER; AND AT
PM,
6 PM, I
I
was
WAS IN THE PROCESS OF EATING
DINNER.
USE 3 Parallel Actions
When you use the Past Continuous with two actions in the same sentence, it
expresses the idea that both actions were happening at the same time. The
actions are parallel.
Examples:
 I was studying while he was making dinner.
 While Ellen was reading, Tim was watching television.
 Were you listening while he was talking?
 I wasn't paying attention while I was writing the letter, so I made
several mistakes.
 What were you doing while you were waiting?

23.  Thomas wasn't working, and I wasn't working either.
 They were eating dinner, discussing their plans, and having a good
time.
USE 4 Atmosphere
In English, we often use a series of parallel actions to describe the atmosphere
at a particular time in the past.
Example:
 When I walked into the office, several people were busily typing, some
were talking on the phones, the boss was yelling directions, and
customers were waiting to be helped. One customer was yelling at a
secretary and waving his hands. Others were complaining to each
other about the bad service.
USE 5 Repetition and Irritation with "Always"
The Past Continuous with words such as "always" or "constantly" expresses the
idea that something irritating or shocking often happened in the past. The
concept is very similar to the expression "used to" but with negative emotion.
Remember to put the words "always" or "constantly" between "be" and
"verb+ing."
Examples:
 She was always coming to class late.
 He was constantly talking. He annoyed everyone.
 I didn't like them because they were always complaining.

24. While vs. When
Clauses are groups of words which have meaning, but are often not complete
sentences. Some clauses begin with the word "when" such as "when she
called" or "when it bit me." Other clauses begin with "while" such as "while she
was sleeping" and "while he was surfing." When you talk about things in the
past, "when" is most often followed by the verb tense Simple Past, whereas
"while" is usually followed by Past Continuous. "While" expresses the idea of
"during that time." Study the examples below. They have similar meanings, but
they emphasize different parts of the sentence.
Examples:
 I was studying when she called.
 While I was studying, she called.
PAST PERFECT
Examples:
 You had studied English before you moved to New York.
 Had you studied English before you moved to New York?
 You had not studied English before you moved to New York.
Complete List of Past Perfect Forms
USE 1 Completed Action Before Something in the Past
The Past Perfect expresses the idea that something occurred before another
action in the past. It can also show that something happened before a specific
time in the past.
Examples:

25.  I had never seen such a beautiful beach before I went to Kauai.
 I did not have any money because I had lost my wallet.
 Tony knew Istanbul so well because he had visited the city several
times.
 Had Susan ever studied Thai before she moved to Thailand?
 She only understood the movie because she had read the book.
 Kristine had never been to an opera before last night.
 We were not able to get a hotel room because we had not booked in
advance.
 A:
Had you ever visited the U.S. before your trip in 2006?
B: Yes, I had been to the U.S. once before.
USE 2 Duration Before Something in the Past (Non-Continuous Verbs)
With Non-Continuous Verbs and some non-continuous uses of Mixed Verbs, we
use the Past Perfect to show that something started in the past and continued
up until another action in the past.
Examples:
 We had had that car for ten years before it broke down.
 By the time Alex finished his studies, he had been in London for over
eight years.
 They felt bad about selling the house because they had owned it for
more than forty years.
Although the above use of Past Perfect is normally limited to Non-Continuous
Verbs and non-continuous uses of Mixed Verbs, the words "live," "work,"
"teach," and "study" are sometimes used in this way even though they are NOT
Non-Continuous Verbs.

26. IMPORTANT Specific Times with the Past Perfect
Unlike with the Present Perfect, it is possible to use specific time words or
phrases with the Past Perfect. Although this is possible, it is usually not
necessary.
Example:
 She had visited her Japanese relatives once in 1993 before she moved
in with them in 1996.
MOREOVER
If the Past Perfect action did occur at a specific time, the Simple Past can be
used instead of the Past Perfect when "before" or "after" is used in the
sentence. The words "before" and "after" actually tell you what happens first, so
the Past Perfect is optional. For this reason, both sentences below are correct.
Examples:
 She had visited her Japanese relatives once in 1993 before she moved
in with them in 1996.
 She visited her Japanese relatives once in 1993 before she moved in
with them in 1996.
HOWEVER
If the Past Perfect is not referring to an action at a specific time, Past Perfect is
not optional. Compare the examples below. Here Past Perfect is referring to a
lack of experience rather than an action at a specific time. For this reason,
Simple Past cannot be used.

27. Examples:
 She never saw a bear before she moved to Alaska. Not Correct
 She had never seen a bear before she moved to Alaska. Correct
REPORTED SPEECH (INDIRECT SPEECH)
Language Guide German + Dictionary for iPhone and iPod-Touch (made
by ego4u)
Exercises on Reported Speech
If we report what another person has said, we usually do not use the speaker’s
exact words (direct speech), but reported (indirect) speech. Therefore, you
need to learn how to transform direct speech into reported speech. The
structure is a little different depending on whether you want to transform a
statement, question or request.
Statements
When transforming statements, check whether you have to change:

pronouns

present tense verbs (3rd person singular)

place and time expressions

tenses (backshift)
Type
Example
direct speech
“I speak English.”
reported speech He says that he speaks English.
(no backshift)
reported speech He said that he spoke English.

28. (backshift)
→ more on statements in reported speech
Questions
When transforming questions, check whether you have to change:

pronouns

present tense verbs (3rd person singular)

place and time expressions

tenses (backshift)
Also note that you have to:

transform the question into an indirect question

use the interrogative or if / whether
Type
Example
“Why don’t you speak English?”
He asked me why I didn’t speak
speech
English.
direct speech
“Do you speak English?”
reported
He asked me whether / if I spoke
speech
without
direct speech
reported
with interrogative
English.
interrogative
→ more on questions in reported speech
Requests
When transforming questions, check whether you have to change:

29. 
pronouns

place and time expressions
Type
Example
direct speech
“Carol, speak English.“
reported speech He told Carol to speak English.
→ more on requests in reported speech
ADDITIONAL INFORMATION AND EXEPTIONS
Apart from the above mentioned basic rules, there are further aspects that you
should keep in mind, for example:

main clauses connected with and / but

tense of the introductory clause

reported speech for difficult tenses

exeptions for backshift

requests with must, should, ought to and let’s
SIMPLE FUTURE
"will" and "be going to."
Although the two forms can sometimes be used interchangeably, they often
express two very different meanings. These different meanings might seem too
abstract at first, but with time and practice, the differences will become clear.
Both "will" and "be going to" refer to a specific time in the future.

30. FORM Will
[will + verb]
Examples:
 You will help him later.
 Will you help him later?
 You will not help him later.
FORM Be Going To
[am/is/are + going to + verb]
Examples:
 You are going to meet Jane tonight.
 Are you going to meet Jane tonight?
 You are not going to meet Jane tonight.
Complete List of Simple Future Forms
USE 1 "Will" to Express a Voluntary Action
"Will" often suggests that a speaker will do something voluntarily. A voluntary
action is one the speaker offers to do for someone else. Often, we use "will" to
respond to someone else's complaint or request for help. We also use "will"
when we request that someone help us or volunteer to do something for us.
Similarly, we use "will not" or "won't" when we refuse to voluntarily do
something.
Examples:
 I will send you the information when I get it.

31.  I will translate the email, so Mr. Smith can read it.
 Will you help me move this heavy table?
 Will you make dinner?
 I will not do your homework for you.
 I won't do all the housework myself!
 A: I'm really hungry.
B: I'll make some sandwiches.
 A: I'm so tired. I'm about to fall asleep.
B: I'll get you some coffee.
 A: The phone is ringing.
B: I'll get it.
USE 2 "Will" to Express a Promise
"Will" is usually used in promises.
Examples:
 I will call you when I arrive.
 If I am elected President of the United States, I will make sure
everyone has access to inexpensive health insurance.
 I promise I will not tell him about the surprise party.
 Don't worry, I'll be careful.
 I won't tell anyone your secret.
USE 3 "Be going to" to Express a Plan
"Be going to" expresses that something is a plan. It expresses the idea that a
person intends to do something in the future. It does not matter whether the
plan is realistic or not.
Examples:

32.  He is going to spend his vacation in Hawaii.
 She is not going to spend her vacation in Hawaii.
 A:
When
are
we
going
to
meet
each
other
tonight?
B: We are going to meet at 6 PM.
 I'm going to be an actor when I grow up.
 Michelle is going to begin medical school next year.
 They are going to drive all the way to Alaska.
 Who are you going to invite to the party?
 A:
Who
is
going
to
make
John's
birthday
cake?
B: Sue is going to make John's birthday cake.
USE 4 "Will" or "Be Going to" to Express a Prediction
Both "will" and "be going to" can express the idea of a general prediction about
the future. Predictions are guesses about what might happen in the future. In
"prediction" sentences, the subject usually has little control over the future and
therefore USES 1-3 do not apply. In the following examples, there is no
difference in meaning.
Examples:
 The year 2222 will be a very interesting year.
 The year 2222 is going to be a very interesting year.
 John Smith will be the next President.
 John Smith is going to be the next President.
 The movie "Zenith" will win several Academy Awards.
 The movie "Zenith" is going to win several Academy Awards.
IMPORTANT
In the Simple Future, it is not always clear which USE the speaker has in mind.
Often, there is more than one way to interpret a sentence's meaning.

33. No Future in Time Clauses
Like all future forms, the Simple Future cannot be used in clauses beginning
with time expressions such as: when, while, before, after, by the time, as soon
as, if, unless, etc. Instead of Simple Future, Simple Present is used.
Examples:
 When you will arrive tonight, we will go out for dinner. Not Correct
 When you arrive tonight, we will go out for dinner. Correct
FUTURE PERFECT
"will have done" and "be going to have done." Unlike Simple Future forms,
Future Perfect forms are usually interchangeable.
FORM Future Perfect with "Will"
[will have + past participle]
Examples:
 You will have perfected your English by the time you come back from
the U.S.
 Will you have perfected your English by the time you come back from
the U.S.?
 You will not have perfected your English by the time you come back
from the U.S.
FORM Future Perfect with "Be Going To"
[am/is/are + going to have + past participle]
Examples:
 You are going to have perfected your English by the time you come
back from the U.S.

34.  Are you going to have perfected your English by the time you come
back from the U.S.?
 You are not going to have perfected your English by the time you
come back from the U.S.
NOTE: It is possible to use either "will" or "be going to" to create the Future
Perfect with little or no difference in meaning.
Complete List of Future Perfect Forms
USE 1 Completed Action Before Something in the Future
The Future Perfect expresses the idea that something will occur before another
action in the future. It can also show that something will happen before a
specific time in the future.
Examples:
 By next November, I will have received my promotion.
 By the time he gets home, she is going to have cleaned the entire
house.
 I am not going to have finished this test by 3 o'clock.
 Will she have learned enough Chinese to communicate before she
moves to Beijing?
 Sam is probably going to have completed the proposal by the time he
leaves this afternoon.
 By the time I finish this course, I will have taken ten tests.
 How many countries are you going to have visited by the time you
turn 50?

35. Notice in the examples above that the reference points (marked in italics) are in
Simple Present rather than Simple Future. This is because the interruptions are
in time clauses, and you cannot use future tenses in time clauses.
USE 2 Duration Before Something in the Future (Non-Continuous Verbs)
With Non-Continuous Verbs and some non-continuous uses of Mixed Verbs, we
use the Future Perfect to show that something will continue up until another
action in the future.
Examples:
 I will have been in London for six months by the time I leave.
 By Monday, Susan is going to have had my book for a week.
Although the above use of Future Perfect is normally limited to Non-Continuous
Verbs and non-continuous uses of Mixed Verbs, the words "live," "work,"
"teach," and "study" are sometimes used in this way even though they are NOT
Non-Continuous Verbs.
REMEMBER No Future in Time Clauses
Like all future forms, the Future Perfect cannot be used in clauses beginning
with time expressions such as: when, while, before, after, by the time, as soon
as, if, unless, etc. Instead of Future Perfect, Present Perfect is used.
Examples:
 I am going to see a movie when I will have finished my homework.
Not Correct
 I am going to see a movie when I have finished my homework.
Correct

36. ESSAY ARGUMENT – JUSTIFICATION
ESSAY OPINION
ESSAY PROVITING - SOLUTION
Cloning
Do you want a twin that is cloned from you? Do you think it is necessary? Or do
you think it is unethical and should be banned? I strongly believe that cloning is
a new technology that is necessary for our world. I have various reasons for
this: it is necessary for the treatment of some illnesses such as leukemia and it
provides our children better lives. Some people claim that cloning causes some
disadvantages, but I think they are really making a mistake.
First of all, even in our time, we still have some illnesses that have no cure or
treatment or that have long and painful treatments that are applied with
difficulty. We can give leukemia as an example. In the treatment of leukemia,
you have to find a person whose tissues match those of the person suffering
from leukemia, and the probability is very low, unless they are identical twins. If
we use the cloning technology in these cases, we can find a solution to these
kinds of diseases easily. Therefore, I think if it has such advantages why
shouldn’t it be used?
Secondly, if we use this technology in the birth of children, we not only decrease
the risks of cancer, stroke and dementia, but also increase the cognitive
potential and talents of children, as Lee Silver mentioned in his article. I want to
say that the quality of new generation will increase, so better lives are waiting
for us at least for our children, after we improve and start cloning.
Finally, some scientists believe that cloning has many disadvantages. For
example, cloned ones get older faster, and live shorter. On the other hand, we
shouldn’t forget that it is a very very new technology and it needs some time to
be improved. I believe that after a while and after worked on s eriously, it will

37. really provide us the advantages that I mentioned before, so I think at this
moment, all we can do is to wait and see what our scientists can do.
To sum up, in my opinion, cloning will really help us, maybe not today, but
definitely tomorrow. Because of this reason, I really wait for tomorrow
impatiently.
HOMEWORK

38. YOUR TEACHER HAS ASKED YOU TO WRITE AN ARTICLE GIVING
SUGGESTIONS TO TEENAGERS ABOUT THE KIND OF FOOD THEY HAVE
TO EAT IN ORDER TO BE MENTALLY AND PHYSICALLY FIT AT SCHOOL
"You need to eat your breakfast," "that's enough soda," "please lose the junk
food and eat some real food."
If you're a typical teenager with parents who always nag you about what you eat, how
you eat, when you eat or don't eat, and the amount of junk food you consume, these
comments will sound familiar to you. Give your parents a break, they are just doing
their job. They want you to eat properly so you'll develop, be healthy, and keep your
moods balanced.
Your body needs certain nutrients to feel well as you go through each day. The most
important meal is breakfast, even though it's probably the most difficult for many
teenagers. Breakfast is even more important if you aren't eating lunch on a regular
basis, and are waiting until after school or until dinner to eat.
Your body needs a daily supply of protein, complex carbohydrates, and healthy fats to
get the fuel it needs for energy and optimum health.
Protein is a primary component of our muscles, hair, nails, skin, eyes, and internal organs,
especially the heart and brain. Protein is needed for growth, for healthy red blood cells, and
much more. Protein foods include eggs, cheese, soy products (soymilk, tofu, miso, tempeh),
fish, beans, nuts, seeds, chicken, turkey, beef, and pork. If you are interested in following more
of a vegetarian diet, choose soy products, beans, and nuts to satisfy your protein needs.
Carbohydrates are our main source of energy and play an important role in the functioning of
our nervous system, muscles, and internal organs. Carbohydrate foods include fruits, vegetables,
whole grains, and beans. The foods you should eat in limited amounts are ones that contain
sugar, such as packaged cookies, cakes, soda-these sugars are called simple carbohydrates; they
have a negative effect on your blood sugar levels and your moods as well.
Fats are a form of energy reserve and insulation in your body, and can be burned to make
energy when you don't get enough from your diet.

39. "ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES OF HAVING A PRIVATE
CAR"
Currently struggles companies make deals and promotions to take your car,
from easy payments, design and brand the customer prefers. Is this as good as
it looks.
Have own car has some advantages. To start you can travel in your car with
plenty of comfort. You can avoid tight clothing and odors while traveling by bus.
Secondly you can travel wherever you want. You can travel independently
without having a fixed schedule or date.
However have some disadvantages. There are many expenses to start
gasoline, car insurance and some repairs. You should make sure your car care
and secure to avoid many expenses. Secondly there is no traffic and where to
park. You can avoid leaving your car at home and avoid the stress of traffic.
Finally have their advantages and disadvantages have own car. Must consider
whether to agree to your needs and considering the pros and cons of this

40. EMAIL
Dear Aida
I read your email and I would like to give you some advice about your current
problem, really hope that I serve and be of great help to you.
Primarily seeking information that your weight does not affect your health, and
then you can ignore the criticism from your peers, they should love you and
accept you as you are and you should do well mainly.
Moreover trust and accept your body as it is , you are unique and irreplaceable ,
and most important is what you have inside, not what you got out.
finally brings a smile to people you do not want and will not accept , and
sampling that are much more humanistic than the others , and that you own a
big heart and good feelings , because they show a lack of values, which you
possess in quantity .
I love you
Sonia

41. WRITE AN ESSAY ANSWERING THE FOLLOWING QUESTION
DO YOU THINK THAT THE WAY YOU LOOK OR THE CLOTHES
YOU WEAR ON AFFECT YOUR SELF- ESTEEM ? WHY? WHY
NOT?
YOUR PICTURE IS A GIFT WRAP
Currently we are in a very superficial world, especially in the stage of youth,
where you are accepted in different social groups, your external appearance. If
you look a gift the foil is nice but what's inside is nasty, if you look the other is
not so nice but what is inside is wonderful. The problem of how you dress and
how you present yourself to others may seem superficial, but actually it is not.
First most people are very superficial; also take into account how people dress.
For example if you look at a well-dressed person you think is a good person and
you
like
without
knowing.
On the other hand there are very few people who do not mind the outside, but
internally. For example there is a not nice person physically, and badly dressed,
then
you
think
it's
not
a
good
person
and
do
not
like.
Finally we must learn to value and Recognize people, not their physical
appearance, you have to know your way of being, your feelings and your
thinking, the results will be surprising.

42. WHAT CAN WE DO TO PROTECT ANIMALS FROM BECOMING
EXTINCT?
Today, many animals have disappeared from the earth, being a negative for the
planet and society itself point, there are problems either by human hands to
build and also survived its fair nature by polluting factories with waste.
The first serious solution to protect large green areas and prevent them from
being invaded by humans as an excuse for expansion of the economy. This
would make the animals to live calm and not become extinct on earth.
The second solution would be to control and verify the distribution of green
areas in factories and eliminate their waste properly. This would make the
chemicals and waste from factories not destroy the fauna of our planet and help
to improve the quality of life for all.
To summarize, there are other possible solutions to the problem of extinction of
animals by human actions. However you have to take into account the growth of
the population and their needs without harming living beings around us.

43. CONVERSATION
c: Hello Sonia
s: Hello Cristian
c: You like the Chinese food
s: If do I like very much because?
c: You would like to dine with me
s: Ok, it is good idea
c: We look at ourselves in the Chinese house 7:00 pm
s: Ok, there is we see ourselves
d: Good night keep on take doing
d: This is the menu they can elect
c: That do you wish to eat?
s: I want an especial chaulafan
c: I also a little more
s: An orange juice and a strawberry dessert
c: The waiter takes revenge for
d: Tell me which one his order is
c: 2 especial chaulafanes, 2 orange juices and 2 strawberry desserts
d: Enjoy your meal
c: As you have been
s: Very well thanks and your
c: I was sick because you make me ill, I was sick with flu during a week but I am
better off

44. s: I become happy that you had gotten better
c: That did it seem you the food?
s: It was very delicious, I hope that you repeat
c: Ok, We See Ourselves
s: The waiter tells her
d: You wish to pay with card or in cash
c: In cash please
d: They are 10 dollars
S, C: Thanks, Thanks

45. TRANSPORT
currently transport are very important for all people to mobilize one place to
another, regardless of distance, allowing people to meet with their loved ones,
many people to transport from one place to another use means of public
transport as the best choice for them, there are also others who prefer to travel
in their own vehicles having a common goal which is to meet family or reach a
specific
site.
People who choose to travel by public transport prefer it for its price is very low,
it is comfortable and above all do not care to handle or a problem of the car, so
come to a site of their choice in the company of his family or alone.
on the other hand there are people who prefer to use their own vehicles for
transportation, as they feel comfortable driving and have the option to stop and
appreciate the places that pass , which alkene can be on public transport , it
also can select that accompanied by his family and is used when necessary.
Finally the means of transport used, be it public or itself serves the same
purpose as a way or another come to a certain place or will be shared with
loved ones
Sonia Cárdenas