This document provides explanations for 33 coding questions related to C programming. It includes sample code snippets and predicted outputs or errors for each question. Key points covered include pointers, arrays, structures, operators, macros, enums, scope of labels, and more. The goal is to help readers predict program behavior and understand C programming concepts.
The document contains 18 coding questions related to C programming. For each question, the expected output or error is provided along with an explanation of the logic and concepts tested in the question. The questions cover topics like pointers, arrays, structures, operators, typecasting and more.
The document provides an outline of topics for a C/C++ tutorial, including a "Hello World" program, data types, variables, operators, conditionals, loops, arrays, strings, functions, pointers, command-line arguments, data structures, and memory allocation. It gives examples and explanations of key concepts in C/C++ programming.
This document discusses functions, arrays, and structures in C++. It covers:
- Declaring and defining functions
- Passing arrays and structures as arguments to functions
- Returning arrays and structures from functions
- Using multidimensional arrays as function parameters
- Examples of functions that read/write arrays and structures
The document discusses user-defined data types in C++ including defined constants (#define), defining own types (typedef), constants (const), enumerations (enum), scope of variables, and structures (struct). The key objectives are to understand how to create user-defined data types.
This set of slides introduces the reader to the concept of resource wrappers, i.e., classes that are responsible for the correct handling of resources of some kind (e.g., memory). In particular, the presentation discusses the design and implementation of a simplified version of std::vector for the specific case of integer elements. In this regard, we first discuss the fundamental role of destructors as a deterministic, general-purpose undo mechanism. Second, we notice that providing an explicit destructor entails the need of a consequent explicit implementation for the copy constructor and copy assignment operator. We conclude with the formulation of the so-called "rule of three".
03 and 04 .Operators, Expressions, working with the console and conditional s...Intro C# Book
The document discusses Java syntax and concepts including:
1. It introduces primitive data types in Java like int, float, boolean and String.
2. It covers variables, operators, and expressions - how they are used to store and manipulate data in Java.
3. It explains console input and output using Scanner and System.out methods for reading user input and printing output.
4. It provides examples of using conditional statements like if and if-else to control program flow based on conditions.
This document provides explanations for 33 coding questions related to C programming. It includes sample code snippets and predicted outputs or errors for each question. Key points covered include pointers, arrays, structures, operators, macros, enums, scope of labels, and more. The goal is to help readers predict program behavior and understand C programming concepts.
The document contains 18 coding questions related to C programming. For each question, the expected output or error is provided along with an explanation of the logic and concepts tested in the question. The questions cover topics like pointers, arrays, structures, operators, typecasting and more.
The document provides an outline of topics for a C/C++ tutorial, including a "Hello World" program, data types, variables, operators, conditionals, loops, arrays, strings, functions, pointers, command-line arguments, data structures, and memory allocation. It gives examples and explanations of key concepts in C/C++ programming.
This document discusses functions, arrays, and structures in C++. It covers:
- Declaring and defining functions
- Passing arrays and structures as arguments to functions
- Returning arrays and structures from functions
- Using multidimensional arrays as function parameters
- Examples of functions that read/write arrays and structures
The document discusses user-defined data types in C++ including defined constants (#define), defining own types (typedef), constants (const), enumerations (enum), scope of variables, and structures (struct). The key objectives are to understand how to create user-defined data types.
This set of slides introduces the reader to the concept of resource wrappers, i.e., classes that are responsible for the correct handling of resources of some kind (e.g., memory). In particular, the presentation discusses the design and implementation of a simplified version of std::vector for the specific case of integer elements. In this regard, we first discuss the fundamental role of destructors as a deterministic, general-purpose undo mechanism. Second, we notice that providing an explicit destructor entails the need of a consequent explicit implementation for the copy constructor and copy assignment operator. We conclude with the formulation of the so-called "rule of three".
03 and 04 .Operators, Expressions, working with the console and conditional s...Intro C# Book
The document discusses Java syntax and concepts including:
1. It introduces primitive data types in Java like int, float, boolean and String.
2. It covers variables, operators, and expressions - how they are used to store and manipulate data in Java.
3. It explains console input and output using Scanner and System.out methods for reading user input and printing output.
4. It provides examples of using conditional statements like if and if-else to control program flow based on conditions.
The document provides an outline and overview of key concepts in C++ basics, including variables and assignments, identifiers, keywords, input and output, data types and expressions, and arithmetic. It discusses how variables represent memory locations, how to declare and initialize variables of different data types like int, double, char, and bool, and how to perform input and output using cout and cin.
The document discusses C++ strings and the string class. It covers string formats, the string class in the C++ standard library, string constructors, assigning and comparing strings, and input/output with strings using the insertion and extraction operators. It also covers using the getline function to read entire lines of input into string variables.
Cryptography, Classical Encryption
Breaking the Cryptosystem
Review the Simple attack to break the cryptosystem
Modular Arithmetic, Groups and Rings
One example each in classical substitutive and transposition ciphering.
Caesar/Affine Cipher –Worksheet and Lab Program
In this chapter we will get familiar with primitive types and variables in Java – what they are and how to work with them. First we will consider the data types – integer types, real types with floating-point, Boolean, character, string and object type. We will continue with the variables, with their characteristics, how to declare them, how they are assigned a value and what is variable initialization.
The document discusses arrays in C++ programming, including how to declare and initialize arrays, access array elements using indexes, and provides examples of programs that read user input into arrays, calculate sums of array elements, and print arrays in reverse order. It also explains common array sorting algorithms like selection and bubble sort and provides examples of their implementation.
This document discusses C-strings in C++. It begins by outlining topics like C-string functions and input/output. It then defines C-strings as null-terminated arrays of characters that can be used to represent strings. It covers declaring, initializing, assigning, comparing and manipulating C-strings using standard string functions from the cstring library like strcpy(), strcmp(), strcat(), and strlen(). It also discusses C-string input/output using stream operators and safer alternatives like strncpy() and strncat().
In this chapter we will get familiar with the console as a tool for data input and output. We will explain what it is, when and how to use it, and how most programming languages access the console. We will get familiar with some of the features in C# for user interaction: reading text and numbers from the console and printing text and numbers. We will also examine the main streams for input-output operations Console.In, Console.Out and Console.Error, the Console and the usage of format strings for printing data in various formats.
This document discusses arrays and functions. It covers various topics related to arrays including declaring and manipulating multidimensional arrays, array parameters in functions, and converting between array types. It also provides an overview of functions, describing them as subparts of a program for obtaining input, performing calculations, and displaying output. Examples are given throughout to demonstrate array and function concepts.
The document discusses classes and files in C++. It covers:
1) Classes in C++, including declaring classes, private, protected, and public members, and examples of classes.
2) Files in C++, including streams, reading from and writing to files, and the standard input/output streams.
3) Specific file classes in C++ - ifstream for input, ofstream for output, and fstream for both. It also covers opening files using the open() function.
RSA and OAEP
Diffe-Hellman Key Exchange and its Security Aspects
Model of Asymmetric Key Cryptography
Factorization and other methods for Public Key Cryptography
The document contains 100 multiple choice questions about C programming concepts along with explanations for many of the answers. The questions cover a wide range of topics including data types, operators, arrays, pointers, functions, structures and more. For each question, the possible answer options and sometimes the reason for the correct answer are provided.
This document discusses exception handling in .NET. It defines exceptions as objects that are thrown when errors or unexpected events occur during program execution. Exceptions allow errors to be handled at multiple levels through try-catch blocks. The core exception class is System.Exception, which other custom exceptions inherit from. Exceptions can be thrown manually with throw or occur automatically from errors. Finally blocks ensure code is always executed even if an exception is thrown.
C Recursion, Pointers, Dynamic memory managementSreedhar Chowdam
The document summarizes key topics related to recursion, pointers, and dynamic memory management in C programming:
Recursion is introduced as a process where a function calls itself repeatedly to solve a problem. Examples of recursive functions like factorial, Fibonacci series, and Towers of Hanoi are provided.
Pointers are defined as variables that store the memory addresses of other variables. Pointer operations like incrementing, decrementing, and arithmetic are described. The use of pointers to pass arguments to functions and access array elements is also demonstrated.
Dynamic memory allocation functions malloc(), calloc(), and realloc() are explained along with examples. These functions allocate and manage memory during run-time in C programs.
This set of slides introduces the reader to the concept of multidimensional arrays in C++ (with elements of C++11 and C++14). The true nature of multidimensional arrays is discussed by means of an intermediate type alias. The pheonomenon of array-to-pointer decay and pointer arithmetic is then generalized to arrays of arrays. The presentation proceeds with a discussion on how to pass multidimensional arrays to functions.
This is the last slide of advancedC - Advanced C part 3. In the previous slides we learnt all the fundamentals that is required to learnt Advanced C. In this last slide of Advanced C you will be learning about Multilevel pointers, Command line argument, different kinds of functions, and also you will gain deep knowledge on pre processor and user defined data types. This will help you to improve your knowledge in Advanced C
In this chapter we will explore strings. We are going to explain how they are implemented in Java and in what way we can process text content. Additionally, we will go through different methods for manipulating a text: we will learn how to compare strings, how to search for substrings, how to extract substrings upon previously settled parameters and last but not least how to split a string by separator chars. We will demonstrate how to correctly build strings with the StringBuilder class. We will provide a short but very useful information for the most commonly used regular expressions.
In this chapter we will cover the conditional statements in C#, which we can use to execute different actions depending on a given condition. We will explain the syntax of the conditional operators if and if-else with suitable examples and explain the practical application of the operator for selection switch-case.
In this chapter we are going to get familiar with recursion and its applications. Recursion represents a powerful programming technique in which a method makes a call to itself from within its own method body. By means of recursion we can solve complicated combinatorial problems, in which we can easily exhaust different combinatorial configurations, e.g. generating permutations and variations and simulating nested loops. We are going to demonstrate many examples of correct and incorrect usage of recursion and convince you how useful it can be.
The document discusses call by value vs call by reference in functions, and different storage classes in C including auto, extern, register, and static. It provides examples of each storage class and how they determine the scope and lifetime of variables. It also discusses recursion and provides examples of recursive functions to calculate factorial, sum of natural numbers, Fibonacci series, and solve the Towers of Hanoi problem.
In this chapter we will get more familiar with what methods are and why we need to use them. The reader will be shown how to declare methods, what parameters are and what a method’s signature is, how to call a method, how to pass arguments of methods and how methods return values. At the end of this chapter we will know how to create our own method and how to use (invoke) it whenever necessary. Eventually, we will suggest some good practices in working with methods. The content of this chapter accompanied by detailed examples and exercises that will help the reader practice the learned material.
The document contains 20 coding questions and their explanations. It covers topics like operators, data types, arrays, pointers, structures, typecasting, precedence rules, I/O functions, and more. For each question, the expected output or errors are predicted. The explanations clearly describe the logic behind each output by analyzing the code snippets line-by-line.
This document summarizes the contents of the second day of a hands-on workshop on the Python programming language. It discusses indentation, the range function, for and while loops, conditional statements like if/elif, and modules for math, time, and random variables. Example code is provided to demonstrate various Python concepts like loops, logical operators, and comparisons between Python and C/C++ programming.
The document provides an outline and overview of key concepts in C++ basics, including variables and assignments, identifiers, keywords, input and output, data types and expressions, and arithmetic. It discusses how variables represent memory locations, how to declare and initialize variables of different data types like int, double, char, and bool, and how to perform input and output using cout and cin.
The document discusses C++ strings and the string class. It covers string formats, the string class in the C++ standard library, string constructors, assigning and comparing strings, and input/output with strings using the insertion and extraction operators. It also covers using the getline function to read entire lines of input into string variables.
Cryptography, Classical Encryption
Breaking the Cryptosystem
Review the Simple attack to break the cryptosystem
Modular Arithmetic, Groups and Rings
One example each in classical substitutive and transposition ciphering.
Caesar/Affine Cipher –Worksheet and Lab Program
In this chapter we will get familiar with primitive types and variables in Java – what they are and how to work with them. First we will consider the data types – integer types, real types with floating-point, Boolean, character, string and object type. We will continue with the variables, with their characteristics, how to declare them, how they are assigned a value and what is variable initialization.
The document discusses arrays in C++ programming, including how to declare and initialize arrays, access array elements using indexes, and provides examples of programs that read user input into arrays, calculate sums of array elements, and print arrays in reverse order. It also explains common array sorting algorithms like selection and bubble sort and provides examples of their implementation.
This document discusses C-strings in C++. It begins by outlining topics like C-string functions and input/output. It then defines C-strings as null-terminated arrays of characters that can be used to represent strings. It covers declaring, initializing, assigning, comparing and manipulating C-strings using standard string functions from the cstring library like strcpy(), strcmp(), strcat(), and strlen(). It also discusses C-string input/output using stream operators and safer alternatives like strncpy() and strncat().
In this chapter we will get familiar with the console as a tool for data input and output. We will explain what it is, when and how to use it, and how most programming languages access the console. We will get familiar with some of the features in C# for user interaction: reading text and numbers from the console and printing text and numbers. We will also examine the main streams for input-output operations Console.In, Console.Out and Console.Error, the Console and the usage of format strings for printing data in various formats.
This document discusses arrays and functions. It covers various topics related to arrays including declaring and manipulating multidimensional arrays, array parameters in functions, and converting between array types. It also provides an overview of functions, describing them as subparts of a program for obtaining input, performing calculations, and displaying output. Examples are given throughout to demonstrate array and function concepts.
The document discusses classes and files in C++. It covers:
1) Classes in C++, including declaring classes, private, protected, and public members, and examples of classes.
2) Files in C++, including streams, reading from and writing to files, and the standard input/output streams.
3) Specific file classes in C++ - ifstream for input, ofstream for output, and fstream for both. It also covers opening files using the open() function.
RSA and OAEP
Diffe-Hellman Key Exchange and its Security Aspects
Model of Asymmetric Key Cryptography
Factorization and other methods for Public Key Cryptography
The document contains 100 multiple choice questions about C programming concepts along with explanations for many of the answers. The questions cover a wide range of topics including data types, operators, arrays, pointers, functions, structures and more. For each question, the possible answer options and sometimes the reason for the correct answer are provided.
This document discusses exception handling in .NET. It defines exceptions as objects that are thrown when errors or unexpected events occur during program execution. Exceptions allow errors to be handled at multiple levels through try-catch blocks. The core exception class is System.Exception, which other custom exceptions inherit from. Exceptions can be thrown manually with throw or occur automatically from errors. Finally blocks ensure code is always executed even if an exception is thrown.
C Recursion, Pointers, Dynamic memory managementSreedhar Chowdam
The document summarizes key topics related to recursion, pointers, and dynamic memory management in C programming:
Recursion is introduced as a process where a function calls itself repeatedly to solve a problem. Examples of recursive functions like factorial, Fibonacci series, and Towers of Hanoi are provided.
Pointers are defined as variables that store the memory addresses of other variables. Pointer operations like incrementing, decrementing, and arithmetic are described. The use of pointers to pass arguments to functions and access array elements is also demonstrated.
Dynamic memory allocation functions malloc(), calloc(), and realloc() are explained along with examples. These functions allocate and manage memory during run-time in C programs.
This set of slides introduces the reader to the concept of multidimensional arrays in C++ (with elements of C++11 and C++14). The true nature of multidimensional arrays is discussed by means of an intermediate type alias. The pheonomenon of array-to-pointer decay and pointer arithmetic is then generalized to arrays of arrays. The presentation proceeds with a discussion on how to pass multidimensional arrays to functions.
This is the last slide of advancedC - Advanced C part 3. In the previous slides we learnt all the fundamentals that is required to learnt Advanced C. In this last slide of Advanced C you will be learning about Multilevel pointers, Command line argument, different kinds of functions, and also you will gain deep knowledge on pre processor and user defined data types. This will help you to improve your knowledge in Advanced C
In this chapter we will explore strings. We are going to explain how they are implemented in Java and in what way we can process text content. Additionally, we will go through different methods for manipulating a text: we will learn how to compare strings, how to search for substrings, how to extract substrings upon previously settled parameters and last but not least how to split a string by separator chars. We will demonstrate how to correctly build strings with the StringBuilder class. We will provide a short but very useful information for the most commonly used regular expressions.
In this chapter we will cover the conditional statements in C#, which we can use to execute different actions depending on a given condition. We will explain the syntax of the conditional operators if and if-else with suitable examples and explain the practical application of the operator for selection switch-case.
In this chapter we are going to get familiar with recursion and its applications. Recursion represents a powerful programming technique in which a method makes a call to itself from within its own method body. By means of recursion we can solve complicated combinatorial problems, in which we can easily exhaust different combinatorial configurations, e.g. generating permutations and variations and simulating nested loops. We are going to demonstrate many examples of correct and incorrect usage of recursion and convince you how useful it can be.
The document discusses call by value vs call by reference in functions, and different storage classes in C including auto, extern, register, and static. It provides examples of each storage class and how they determine the scope and lifetime of variables. It also discusses recursion and provides examples of recursive functions to calculate factorial, sum of natural numbers, Fibonacci series, and solve the Towers of Hanoi problem.
In this chapter we will get more familiar with what methods are and why we need to use them. The reader will be shown how to declare methods, what parameters are and what a method’s signature is, how to call a method, how to pass arguments of methods and how methods return values. At the end of this chapter we will know how to create our own method and how to use (invoke) it whenever necessary. Eventually, we will suggest some good practices in working with methods. The content of this chapter accompanied by detailed examples and exercises that will help the reader practice the learned material.
The document contains 20 coding questions and their explanations. It covers topics like operators, data types, arrays, pointers, structures, typecasting, precedence rules, I/O functions, and more. For each question, the expected output or errors are predicted. The explanations clearly describe the logic behind each output by analyzing the code snippets line-by-line.
This document summarizes the contents of the second day of a hands-on workshop on the Python programming language. It discusses indentation, the range function, for and while loops, conditional statements like if/elif, and modules for math, time, and random variables. Example code is provided to demonstrate various Python concepts like loops, logical operators, and comparisons between Python and C/C++ programming.
This document discusses arrays and functions in C++. It explains that arrays allow storing multiple values in a single variable to avoid declaring many individual variables. Arrays can store values of different data types like integers, floats, characters. Functions are blocks of code that perform a specific task and can optionally return a value. Functions make code reusable and avoid repetition. The document provides examples of one-dimensional and two-dimensional arrays, and functions with and without parameters. It also assigns practice problems of writing functions to calculate the summation of numbers from 1 to 1000, find the factorial of a given number, and calculate a number to the power of a given exponent.
C++ and OOPS Crash Course by ACM DBIT | Grejo JobyGrejoJoby1
The slides from the C++ and OOPS Crash Course conducted for ACM DBIT by Grejo Joby.
Learn the concepts of OOPS and C++ Programming in the shortest time with these notes.
The document provides information about arrays, strings, and character handling functions in C language. It discusses:
1. Definitions and properties of arrays, including declaring, initializing, and accessing single and multi-dimensional arrays.
2. Built-in functions for testing and mapping characters from the ctype.h library, including isalnum(), isalpha(), iscntrl(), isdigit(), ispunct(), and isspace().
3. Strings in C being arrays of characters terminated by a null character. It discusses common string handling functions from string.h like strlen(), strrev(), strlwr(), strupr(), strcpy(), strcat(), and strcmp().
Notes for C Programming for MCA, BCA, B. Tech CSE, ECE and MSC (CS) 4 of 5 by...ssuserd6b1fd
C programming language notes for beginners and Collage students. Written for beginners. Colored graphics. Function by Function explanation with complete examples. Well commented examples. Illustrations are made available for data dealing at memory level.
This document discusses pointers in C programming. It begins with examples of declaring and accessing 2D and 3D arrays using pointers. It then covers pointers to strings, including initializing string arrays and accessing characters in a string using pointers. Next, it discusses pointers to functions, including declaring function pointers and passing function pointers to calls. It provides examples of arrays of function pointers. Finally, it briefly discusses casting pointers, copying pointer addresses vs copying content, and structs with pointer member functions.
The document contains solutions to chapter 7 questions from ANCI C programming. It includes explanations and code for problems related to one-dimensional arrays, two-dimensional arrays, multi-dimensional arrays, dynamic arrays, initializing and accessing array elements, and more. Multiple choice and fill-in-the-blank questions are provided with answers. Programming exercises cover topics like finding the slope and y-intercept of a line, maximum/minimum temperature analysis, vote counting, and generating Pascal's triangle.
Programming python quick intro for schoolsDan Bowen
This document provides an introduction to computing and programming concepts such as what a computer program is, binary and machine code, assembly code, interpreters and compilers, structured programs using sequences, branches, loops and modules. It discusses programming concepts like variables, strings, arithmetic operations, conditional statements, loops, functions, modules and file input/output. The key points are that a computer program is a set of instructions, programming involves different levels of representation from binary to assembly to high-level languages, and programming uses basic constructs like sequences, branches, loops to structure programs.
The document contains 17 Java code snippets that provide solutions to common programming problems and examples. Some of the problems addressed include: reversing an integer, checking if two words are anagrams, palindrome checking, merging two sorted arrays, left rotation of an array, sorting an array of 0s, 1s and 2s, counting character occurrences in a string, factorial, Fibonacci series, prime number checking, bubble sort, and substring searching. The code snippets provide full programs or methods to solve each problem in 1-5 steps or lines of code each.
En esta charla veremos con detalle algunas de las construcciones más pythonicas y las posibilidades de expresar de forma clara, concisa y elegante cosas que en otros lenguajes nos obligarían a dar muchos rodeos.
A veces es fácil olvidar algunos recursos como que una función puede devolver varios valores, cómo manipular listas y diccionarios de forma sencilla, contextos, generadores... En esta charla veremos de forma entretenida y práctica cómo mejorar nuestro nivel de Python "nativo".
The document discusses 10 important C programming interview questions. It provides detailed solutions to questions such as swapping two variables without a temporary variable, solving the 8 queens problem, printing a matrix helically, reversing words in a sentence in-place, generating permutations, and calculating the factorial of a number recursively. For each question, it explains the algorithm and provides sample C code to implement the solution.
Write a program to check a given number is prime or notaluavi
The document contains 6 algorithms for solving different programming problems:
1. A program to check if a number is prime or not using a while loop.
2. A program to check if a number is a Krishnamurty number using factorial calculations in a while loop.
3. A recursive function to generate the Fibonacci series.
4. A program to print an array in reverse order using a for loop.
5. A program to merge two sorted arrays into a single sorted array using a while loop.
6. A program to check if a string is a palindrome without built-in functions by reversing the string and comparing the original and reversed strings.
The document describes 11 practical implementations of cryptographic techniques using C programming language. The techniques implemented include Caesar cipher, Playfair cipher, Hill cipher, Rail Fence cipher, Data Encryption Standard (DES), Rivest-Shamir-Adleman (RSA) algorithm, and Diffie-Hellman key exchange algorithm. For each practical, it provides the objective, description of the algorithm, example, steps of the algorithm, and the C program code with inputs and outputs. The document is a practical file submitted by a student to fulfill the requirements for a Bachelor of Technology degree.
This document contains examples and explanations of various C programming concepts related to pointers, arrays, functions and preprocessor directives. It provides code snippets to demonstrate pointer operations, passing arrays to functions, macro definitions, enumerations and for loop expressions.
This document contains summaries of 10 Python programs related to practical computational science problems:
1) A program to check if a number is prime or not.
2) A program to calculate the sum of a geometric progression.
3) A program to generate the Fibonacci series.
4) A program to calculate the mean of numbers entered by a user.
5) A program to generate Pascal's triangle.
6) A program to calculate the sum of squares of digits of a number.
7) A bubblesort program to sort a list of numbers.
8) A program to generate a number pattern based on user input.
9) A program to separate positive and negative numbers in a
This document discusses various concepts related to C programming including data types, operators, decision making statements, and loops. It begins with an example "Hello World" C program and explains each part. It then covers various data types in C like integer, float, char, etc. along with their sizes and ranges. Different types of operators like arithmetic, logical, assignment, increment/decrement are described. Decision making statements like if, if-else, if-else ladder, nested if, switch case are explained with examples. Finally, it briefly introduces the three types of loops in C - while, do-while, and for loops.
The document discusses arrays and strings in C programming. It covers key topics like:
- Declaring and initializing arrays and accessing array elements. Arrays have 0 as the first index.
- Difference between initialization and assignment of arrays. Arrays cannot be assigned.
- String arrays which are arrays of characters terminated by a null character.
- Common string functions like strcpy(), strcat(), strlen(), strcmp() etc.
- Two dimensional arrays and how elements are stored in row major order in contiguous memory.
- Examples of declaring, initializing and accessing 2D arrays.
Similar to Keygenning using the Z3 SMT Solver (20)
A Comprehensive Guide to DeFi Development Services in 2024Intelisync
DeFi represents a paradigm shift in the financial industry. Instead of relying on traditional, centralized institutions like banks, DeFi leverages blockchain technology to create a decentralized network of financial services. This means that financial transactions can occur directly between parties, without intermediaries, using smart contracts on platforms like Ethereum.
In 2024, we are witnessing an explosion of new DeFi projects and protocols, each pushing the boundaries of what’s possible in finance.
In summary, DeFi in 2024 is not just a trend; it’s a revolution that democratizes finance, enhances security and transparency, and fosters continuous innovation. As we proceed through this presentation, we'll explore the various components and services of DeFi in detail, shedding light on how they are transforming the financial landscape.
At Intelisync, we specialize in providing comprehensive DeFi development services tailored to meet the unique needs of our clients. From smart contract development to dApp creation and security audits, we ensure that your DeFi project is built with innovation, security, and scalability in mind. Trust Intelisync to guide you through the intricate landscape of decentralized finance and unlock the full potential of blockchain technology.
Ready to take your DeFi project to the next level? Partner with Intelisync for expert DeFi development services today!
Unlock the Future of Search with MongoDB Atlas_ Vector Search Unleashed.pdfMalak Abu Hammad
Discover how MongoDB Atlas and vector search technology can revolutionize your application's search capabilities. This comprehensive presentation covers:
* What is Vector Search?
* Importance and benefits of vector search
* Practical use cases across various industries
* Step-by-step implementation guide
* Live demos with code snippets
* Enhancing LLM capabilities with vector search
* Best practices and optimization strategies
Perfect for developers, AI enthusiasts, and tech leaders. Learn how to leverage MongoDB Atlas to deliver highly relevant, context-aware search results, transforming your data retrieval process. Stay ahead in tech innovation and maximize the potential of your applications.
#MongoDB #VectorSearch #AI #SemanticSearch #TechInnovation #DataScience #LLM #MachineLearning #SearchTechnology
Trusted Execution Environment for Decentralized Process MiningLucaBarbaro3
Presentation of the paper "Trusted Execution Environment for Decentralized Process Mining" given during the CAiSE 2024 Conference in Cyprus on June 7, 2024.
In the rapidly evolving landscape of technologies, XML continues to play a vital role in structuring, storing, and transporting data across diverse systems. The recent advancements in artificial intelligence (AI) present new methodologies for enhancing XML development workflows, introducing efficiency, automation, and intelligent capabilities. This presentation will outline the scope and perspective of utilizing AI in XML development. The potential benefits and the possible pitfalls will be highlighted, providing a balanced view of the subject.
We will explore the capabilities of AI in understanding XML markup languages and autonomously creating structured XML content. Additionally, we will examine the capacity of AI to enrich plain text with appropriate XML markup. Practical examples and methodological guidelines will be provided to elucidate how AI can be effectively prompted to interpret and generate accurate XML markup.
Further emphasis will be placed on the role of AI in developing XSLT, or schemas such as XSD and Schematron. We will address the techniques and strategies adopted to create prompts for generating code, explaining code, or refactoring the code, and the results achieved.
The discussion will extend to how AI can be used to transform XML content. In particular, the focus will be on the use of AI XPath extension functions in XSLT, Schematron, Schematron Quick Fixes, or for XML content refactoring.
The presentation aims to deliver a comprehensive overview of AI usage in XML development, providing attendees with the necessary knowledge to make informed decisions. Whether you’re at the early stages of adopting AI or considering integrating it in advanced XML development, this presentation will cover all levels of expertise.
By highlighting the potential advantages and challenges of integrating AI with XML development tools and languages, the presentation seeks to inspire thoughtful conversation around the future of XML development. We’ll not only delve into the technical aspects of AI-powered XML development but also discuss practical implications and possible future directions.
Digital Marketing Trends in 2024 | Guide for Staying AheadWask
https://www.wask.co/ebooks/digital-marketing-trends-in-2024
Feeling lost in the digital marketing whirlwind of 2024? Technology is changing, consumer habits are evolving, and staying ahead of the curve feels like a never-ending pursuit. This e-book is your compass. Dive into actionable insights to handle the complexities of modern marketing. From hyper-personalization to the power of user-generated content, learn how to build long-term relationships with your audience and unlock the secrets to success in the ever-shifting digital landscape.
Your One-Stop Shop for Python Success: Top 10 US Python Development Providersakankshawande
Simplify your search for a reliable Python development partner! This list presents the top 10 trusted US providers offering comprehensive Python development services, ensuring your project's success from conception to completion.
This presentation provides valuable insights into effective cost-saving techniques on AWS. Learn how to optimize your AWS resources by rightsizing, increasing elasticity, picking the right storage class, and choosing the best pricing model. Additionally, discover essential governance mechanisms to ensure continuous cost efficiency. Whether you are new to AWS or an experienced user, this presentation provides clear and practical tips to help you reduce your cloud costs and get the most out of your budget.
TrustArc Webinar - 2024 Global Privacy SurveyTrustArc
How does your privacy program stack up against your peers? What challenges are privacy teams tackling and prioritizing in 2024?
In the fifth annual Global Privacy Benchmarks Survey, we asked over 1,800 global privacy professionals and business executives to share their perspectives on the current state of privacy inside and outside of their organizations. This year’s report focused on emerging areas of importance for privacy and compliance professionals, including considerations and implications of Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies, building brand trust, and different approaches for achieving higher privacy competence scores.
See how organizational priorities and strategic approaches to data security and privacy are evolving around the globe.
This webinar will review:
- The top 10 privacy insights from the fifth annual Global Privacy Benchmarks Survey
- The top challenges for privacy leaders, practitioners, and organizations in 2024
- Key themes to consider in developing and maintaining your privacy program
Programming Foundation Models with DSPy - Meetup SlidesZilliz
Prompting language models is hard, while programming language models is easy. In this talk, I will discuss the state-of-the-art framework DSPy for programming foundation models with its powerful optimizers and runtime constraint system.
Best 20 SEO Techniques To Improve Website Visibility In SERPPixlogix Infotech
Boost your website's visibility with proven SEO techniques! Our latest blog dives into essential strategies to enhance your online presence, increase traffic, and rank higher on search engines. From keyword optimization to quality content creation, learn how to make your site stand out in the crowded digital landscape. Discover actionable tips and expert insights to elevate your SEO game.
Skybuffer AI: Advanced Conversational and Generative AI Solution on SAP Busin...Tatiana Kojar
Skybuffer AI, built on the robust SAP Business Technology Platform (SAP BTP), is the latest and most advanced version of our AI development, reaffirming our commitment to delivering top-tier AI solutions. Skybuffer AI harnesses all the innovative capabilities of the SAP BTP in the AI domain, from Conversational AI to cutting-edge Generative AI and Retrieval-Augmented Generation (RAG). It also helps SAP customers safeguard their investments into SAP Conversational AI and ensure a seamless, one-click transition to SAP Business AI.
With Skybuffer AI, various AI models can be integrated into a single communication channel such as Microsoft Teams. This integration empowers business users with insights drawn from SAP backend systems, enterprise documents, and the expansive knowledge of Generative AI. And the best part of it is that it is all managed through our intuitive no-code Action Server interface, requiring no extensive coding knowledge and making the advanced AI accessible to more users.
Nunit vs XUnit vs MSTest Differences Between These Unit Testing Frameworks.pdfflufftailshop
When it comes to unit testing in the .NET ecosystem, developers have a wide range of options available. Among the most popular choices are NUnit, XUnit, and MSTest. These unit testing frameworks provide essential tools and features to help ensure the quality and reliability of code. However, understanding the differences between these frameworks is crucial for selecting the most suitable one for your projects.
HCL Notes and Domino License Cost Reduction in the World of DLAUpanagenda
Webinar Recording: https://www.panagenda.com/webinars/hcl-notes-and-domino-license-cost-reduction-in-the-world-of-dlau/
The introduction of DLAU and the CCB & CCX licensing model caused quite a stir in the HCL community. As a Notes and Domino customer, you may have faced challenges with unexpected user counts and license costs. You probably have questions on how this new licensing approach works and how to benefit from it. Most importantly, you likely have budget constraints and want to save money where possible. Don’t worry, we can help with all of this!
We’ll show you how to fix common misconfigurations that cause higher-than-expected user counts, and how to identify accounts which you can deactivate to save money. There are also frequent patterns that can cause unnecessary cost, like using a person document instead of a mail-in for shared mailboxes. We’ll provide examples and solutions for those as well. And naturally we’ll explain the new licensing model.
Join HCL Ambassador Marc Thomas in this webinar with a special guest appearance from Franz Walder. It will give you the tools and know-how to stay on top of what is going on with Domino licensing. You will be able lower your cost through an optimized configuration and keep it low going forward.
These topics will be covered
- Reducing license cost by finding and fixing misconfigurations and superfluous accounts
- How do CCB and CCX licenses really work?
- Understanding the DLAU tool and how to best utilize it
- Tips for common problem areas, like team mailboxes, functional/test users, etc
- Practical examples and best practices to implement right away
Monitoring and Managing Anomaly Detection on OpenShift.pdfTosin Akinosho
Monitoring and Managing Anomaly Detection on OpenShift
Overview
Dive into the world of anomaly detection on edge devices with our comprehensive hands-on tutorial. This SlideShare presentation will guide you through the entire process, from data collection and model training to edge deployment and real-time monitoring. Perfect for those looking to implement robust anomaly detection systems on resource-constrained IoT/edge devices.
Key Topics Covered
1. Introduction to Anomaly Detection
- Understand the fundamentals of anomaly detection and its importance in identifying unusual behavior or failures in systems.
2. Understanding Edge (IoT)
- Learn about edge computing and IoT, and how they enable real-time data processing and decision-making at the source.
3. What is ArgoCD?
- Discover ArgoCD, a declarative, GitOps continuous delivery tool for Kubernetes, and its role in deploying applications on edge devices.
4. Deployment Using ArgoCD for Edge Devices
- Step-by-step guide on deploying anomaly detection models on edge devices using ArgoCD.
5. Introduction to Apache Kafka and S3
- Explore Apache Kafka for real-time data streaming and Amazon S3 for scalable storage solutions.
6. Viewing Kafka Messages in the Data Lake
- Learn how to view and analyze Kafka messages stored in a data lake for better insights.
7. What is Prometheus?
- Get to know Prometheus, an open-source monitoring and alerting toolkit, and its application in monitoring edge devices.
8. Monitoring Application Metrics with Prometheus
- Detailed instructions on setting up Prometheus to monitor the performance and health of your anomaly detection system.
9. What is Camel K?
- Introduction to Camel K, a lightweight integration framework built on Apache Camel, designed for Kubernetes.
10. Configuring Camel K Integrations for Data Pipelines
- Learn how to configure Camel K for seamless data pipeline integrations in your anomaly detection workflow.
11. What is a Jupyter Notebook?
- Overview of Jupyter Notebooks, an open-source web application for creating and sharing documents with live code, equations, visualizations, and narrative text.
12. Jupyter Notebooks with Code Examples
- Hands-on examples and code snippets in Jupyter Notebooks to help you implement and test anomaly detection models.
How to Interpret Trends in the Kalyan Rajdhani Mix Chart.pdfChart Kalyan
A Mix Chart displays historical data of numbers in a graphical or tabular form. The Kalyan Rajdhani Mix Chart specifically shows the results of a sequence of numbers over different periods.
How to Interpret Trends in the Kalyan Rajdhani Mix Chart.pdf
Keygenning using the Z3 SMT Solver
1. Keygenning using the Z3 SMT Solver
ExtremeCoders
email: extremecoders@hotmail.com
April 27, 2015
1 Introduction
Quoting Wikipedia, In computer science and mathematical logic, the satisfiability mod-
ulo theories (SMT) problem is a decision problem for logical formulas with respect to
combinations of background theories expressed in classical firstorder logic with equality.
Formally speaking, an SMT instance is a formula in first order logic, where some
function and predicate symbols have additional interpretations, and SMT is the problem
of determining whether such a formula is satisfiable.
This article shows how we can use an SMT solver in developing a key generator. We
need to find valid keys while also satisfying certain constraints. We will use the Z3 SMT
Solver, as it is quite easy to use and also has a nice python API to code against.
2 The Challenge
While solving a few problems from the TJCTF challenge, I stumbled upon an interesting
one. The problem is as follows.
We have been provided with a jar (Java Archive) file. The challenge is to find the
password which will “unlock” this executable jar file. The jar file contains just a solitary
class within it named JavaBytecode.class.
We can decompile this class straightaway to proceed. The decompiling proceeds fine
which means that the code wasn’t obfuscated. Here is the decompiled code. For bet-
ter understanding of the code, some variable and function names have been renamed.
Comments have also been added as and when deemed necessary.
import java.io.PrintStream;
import java.util.Scanner;
public class JavaBytecode
{
public static void main(String[] args)
{
Scanner a = new Scanner(System.in);
System.out.print("Enter passcode: ");
String b = a.nextLine();
if (check(b))
System.out.println("Success!");
else
System.out.println("Failed");
1
2. }
// Junk Method
private static void junk(String b)
{
int i = 0;
b = b + i;
}
private static boolean check(String pass)
{
for (int i = 0; i < 10000000; i++)
{
junk(pass);
}
for (int i = 0; i < pass.length(); i++)
{
char c = pass.charAt(i);
// All characters must lie within 0-9 inclusive
if ((c < ’0’) || (c > ’9’))
{
return false;
}
}
int d = 0;
// Calculate sum of even positioned digits
for (int i = 0; i < pass.length() - 1; i += 2)
{
d += pass.charAt(i) - ’0’;
}
// Calculates sum of odd position digits
for (int i = 1; i < pass.length() - 1; i += 2)
{
d += (pass.charAt(i) - ’0’) * 3;
}
// rem should equal 9
int rem = 10 - d % 10;
int sum = 0;
// Sum of first 5 digits
for (int i = 0; i < 5; i++)
{
sum += pass.charAt(i) - ’0’;
}
2
3. int prod = 1;
// Products of 4 digits after the first.
for (int i = 1; i < 5; i++)
{
prod *= (pass.charAt(i) - ’0’);
}
int d1 = pass.charAt(1) - ’0’;
int d2 = pass.charAt(2) - ’0’;
int d3 = pass.charAt(3) - ’0’;
int d4 = pass.charAt(4) - ’0’;
// The substring at 5 must equal this hardcoded value
if (!pass.substring(5, 11).equals("914323"))
return false;
if ((Math.abs(d1 + d2 - d3) != 1) || (Math.abs(d1 + d2 - d4) != 1))
return false;
// Must contain at least a zero
if (!pass.contains("0"))
return false;
// Last digit of passcode must be 9
if (pass.charAt(pass.length() - 1) - ’0’ != rem)
return false;
// Sum of first 5 digits must equal 21
if (sum != 21)
return false;
// Product of 4 digits after the first one must equal 480
if (prod != 480)
return false;
return rem == 9;
}
}
3 Analysis of the algorithm
The main function accepts a passcode as a String. It is passed to another function check
which checks whether our passcode is valid or not. At the begin of the function there is
a call to junk which is called about ten million times. This is nothing but a sort of delay
loop and can be ignored.
Next we encounter this snippet which checks whether all the characters of the password
are within the range of 0-9.
3
4. for (int i = 0; i < pass.length(); i++)
{
char c = pass.charAt(i);
// All characters must lie within 0-9 inclusive
if ((c < ’0’) || (c > ’9’))
{
return false;
}
}
Next we have two loops. The first one sums up the even positioned digits of the
passcode. The next one sums up the odd positioned digits. This last sum is further
multiplied by 3.
The total of the above two sums modulo 10 is calculated. We will later see that this
remainder must equal 1, i.e., variable rem must equal 9.
int d = 0;
// Calculate sum of even positioned digits
for (int i = 0; i < pass.length() - 1; i += 2)
{
d += pass.charAt(i) - ’0’;
}
// Calculates sum of odd position digits
for (int i = 1; i < pass.length() - 1; i += 2)
{
d += (pass.charAt(i) - ’0’) * 3;
}
// rem should equal 9
int rem = 10 - d % 10;
Next, there are another pair of loops. The first calculates the sum of the first 5 digits.
The next calculates the product of 4 digits after the first. These sum and product must
equal 21 and 480 respectively which we will see later.
// Sum of first 5 digits
for (int i = 0; i < 5; i++)
{
sum += pass.charAt(i) - ’0’;
}
int prod = 1;
// Product of 4 digits after the first.
for (int i = 1; i < 5; i++)
{
prod *= (pass.charAt(i) - ’0’);
}
4
5. At the end, there are some additional checks on the passcode. The substring at 5 must
match the hardcoded value 914323. It must contain atleast one zero digit. The last digit
of the passcode must be 9. The remaining few checks like the one using Math.abs can be
understood by going through the code.
int d1 = pass.charAt(1) - ’0’;
int d2 = pass.charAt(2) - ’0’;
int d3 = pass.charAt(3) - ’0’;
int d4 = pass.charAt(4) - ’0’;
// The substring at 5 must equal this hardcoded value
if (!pass.substring(5, 11).equals("914323"))
return false;
if ((Math.abs(d1 + d2 - d3) != 1) || (Math.abs(d1 + d2 - d4) != 1))
return false;
// Must contain at least a zero
if (!pass.contains("0"))
return false;
// Last digit of passcode must be 9
if (pass.charAt(pass.length() - 1) - ’0’ != rem)
return false;
// Sum of first 5 digits must equal 21
if (sum != 21)
return false;
// Product of 4 digits after the first one must equal 480
if (prod != 480)
return false;
return rem == 9;
4 Using Z3
In order to find a key, we can code a bruteforcer which generates keys of increasing
lengths until it finds one which satisfies all the checks. However such an approach will be
inefficient both in space and time as there are far too many keys to check. Further more
memory and time requirements of bruteforce approach will increase exponentially if we
need to find keys of increasing lengths.
This is an ideal problem which can be solved using Z3. We need to initialize the
parameters and add the constraints. Z3 would automatically try to find a solution re-
specting all the given constraints. This is our quick n dirty Z3 solver. It will try to find
valid keys staring from a length of 11 characters.
from z3.z3 import *
5
6. # The digits of the passcode
d0, d1, d2, d3, d4, d5, d6, d7, d8, d9, d10 =
Ints(’d0 d1 d2 d3 d4 d5 d6 d7 d8 d9 d10’)
digits_list = [d0, d1, d2, d3, d4, d5, d6, d7, d8, d9, d10]
def check(num_digits):
# Create a new digit
globals()[’d{}’.format(num_digits)] = Int(’d{}’.format(num_digits))
# Append it to the digits list
digits_list.append(globals().get(’d{}’.format(num_digits)))
# Initialize the solver
s = Solver()
# Add the constraints
# Sum of first 5 digits should equal 21
s.add(d0 + d1 + d2 + d3 + d4 == 21)
# Product of 4 digits after the first should equal 480
s.add(d1 * d2 * d3 * d4 == 480)
# All digits must be within 0-9 inclusive
s.add(d0 >= 0, d0 <= 9)
s.add(d1 >= 0, d1 <= 9)
s.add(d2 >= 0, d2 <= 9)
s.add(d3 >= 0, d3 <= 9)
s.add(d4 >= 0, d4 <= 9)
for i in range(11, num_digits):
s.add( globals().get(’d{}’.format(i)) >= 0,
globals().get(’d{}’.format(i)) <= 9
)
# Digits from 5 to 10 should be 914323
s.add(d5 == 9, d6 == 1, d7 == 4, d8 == 3, d9 == 2, d10 == 3)
# Constraint involving Math.abs
s.add(Or(d1 + d2 - d3 == 1, d1 + d2 - d3 == -1))
s.add(Or(d1 + d2 - d4 == 1, d1 + d2 - d4 == -1))
# Last digit must be 9
s.add(globals().get(’d{}’.format(num_digits)) == 9)
# ((sum of even pos digits) + (sum of odd pos digits) * 3) % 10 ==1
s.add((
reduce(lambda a, b: a+b, digits_list[0:len(digits_list)-1:2])
+
reduce(lambda a, b: a+b, digits_list[1:len(digits_list)-1:2]) *3
6
7. ) % 10 == 1)
# Check if there is a solution to the problem
if s.check() == sat:
m = s.model()
print ’Found a passcode of length %d digits’ %num_digits
print ’Passcode is’,
reduce(lambda a, b:a + str(m[b]), ([’’] + digits_list))
return True
return False
def main():
# Minimal number of digits is 11
num_digits = 11
while check(num_digits) == False:
print ’No passcode of length %d exists’ %num_digits
num_digits += 1
if __name__ == ’__main__’:
main()
On running our solver we get the following output
No passcode of length 11 exists
Found a passcode of length 12 digits
Passcode is 0526891432329
The above passcode “unlocks” the jar. Some other valid passcodes of higher lengths
are 05286914323029, 025869143232209, 0258691432327299, 02568914323002609. There
may also be more valid passcodes for a particular length.
The most notable fact is that Z3 found valid passcodes in quick time, which would not
have been possible had we chose a bruteforce approach.
5 Conclusion
SMT Solvers are such an useful tool that they should be a necessary weapon in every
reverser’s kitty. They can be used whenever we have a type of constraint satisfaction
problem. SMT solvers can also be used in symbolic execution, bug finding & fuzz testing,
where we need to generate inputs such that a particular branch of code execution is taken,
triggering the bug.
6 References
1. z3 Theorem Prover :: https://github.com/Z3Prover/z3
2. z3 API In Python Guide :: http://web.archive.org/web/20150214002728/http://rise4fun.com/z3py/tutorial
3. Z3 - a Tutorial :: http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/download?rep=rep1&type=pdf&doi=10.1.1.225.8231
7
8. 4. Automated algebraic cryptanalysis with OpenREIL and Z3 (Kao’s toy project) ::
http://blog.cr4.sh/2015/03/automated-algebraic-cryptanalysis-with.html
5. Taming a Wild Nanomite-protected MIPS Binary With Symbolic Execution :: https://doar-
e.github.io/blog/2014/10/11/taiming-a-wild-nanomite-protected-mips-binary-with-symbolic-execution-no-such-
crackme/
6. Breaking Kryptonite’s Obfuscation: A Static Analysis Approach Relying on Sym-
bolic Execution :: https://doar-e.github.io/blog/2013/09/16/breaking-kryptonites-obfuscation-with-
symbolic-execution/
7. Finding unknown algorithm using only input-output pairs and Z3 SMT solver ::
http://go.yurichev.com/17268
8. SMT Solving - San Heelan’s Blog :: https://seanhn.wordpress.com/category/smt-solving/
8