This timeline details the key events in the history of the relationship between first nations, inuit and métis and Canada, as identified by witnesses before the Senate Committee on Aboriginal Peoples.
The document summarizes the migration of the Pilgrims and Puritans from England to New England between 1620 and 1692. It describes how the Pilgrims arrived on the Mayflower and established Plymouth colony in 1620. It then discusses the larger Puritan migration to the Massachusetts Bay colony in 1630 led by John Winthrop. Tensions arose between religious dissenters and Puritan leadership, leading to the founding of Rhode Island and Connecticut. King Philip's War with Native Americans occurred from 1675-1676, resulting in their defeat. The Salem Witch Trials took place in 1692, falsely accusing people of witchcraft before order was restored.
Christopher Columbus was an Italian explorer who sailed across the Atlantic Ocean in 1492, hoping to find a western route to Asia. He landed in the Bahamas, believing he had reached Asia, and proceeded to explore other islands in the Caribbean. Upon returning to Spain, he received a hero's welcome, having brought knowledge of a "New World" across the ocean. However, conflicts arose regarding his treatment of the native populations and he faced accusations of mismanagement, eventually losing favor with the Spanish monarchs.
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Colonial children received basic education through hornbooks, primers, and one-room schoolhouses. Their days consisted of school, chores, and play with few toys. Manners and obedience were strictly enforced. Society was divided into classes like gentry, merchants, farmers, slaves. Healthcare was rudimentary, relying on home remedies, bloodletting, and apothecaries. Disease and accidents resulted in high infant mortality and short life expectancy.
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The document discusses the characteristics of the New England, Middle, and Southern colonies. The New England colonies focused on small farms, fishing, lumbering and shipbuilding due to their rocky terrain and cold climate. The Middle colonies had a more diverse population and mix of woodlands and farming valleys. The Southern colonies had fertile soil and rivers well-suited for cash crops like tobacco, rice and cotton grown on large plantations worked by indentured servants and slaves.
What prompted European countries to explore, claim and settle lands in the Southeast? (H1c, E1)
Who explored Georgia and where was the first settlement? (H1c)
The document provides details on the key events that led up to the Revolutionary War between the American colonies and Great Britain. It describes how Britain gained territory in North America after the French and Indian War, but this created conflicts over land use with Native Americans. It then outlines the various Acts passed by Britain to tax the colonies, such as the Stamp Act, Townshend Acts, and Intolerable Acts, which angered the colonists. This led to protests, boycotts, and confrontations like the Boston Massacre and Boston Tea Party. In response, the colonists organized the Continental Congress to unite the colonies against Britain and prepare for war.
Progressivism dominated US politics from the 1890s to the 1920s as reformers advocated for social change through government intervention. They sought to address issues like the gap between rich and poor, corrupt politics, unsafe working conditions, and poor living standards for many. The movement achieved some successes through muckraking journalism, political reforms at the state level, and new laws under progressive presidents like Roosevelt and Wilson. However, it largely failed on civil rights and making significant progress for racial minorities.
This document contains a series of questions and answers about Canadian civics. It asks about key documents containing rights and freedoms, the meaning of equality of women and men, the definition of Metis people, the number of provinces and territories in Canada, different names for Aboriginal peoples, the first Prime Minister of Canada, and the discoverers of insulin. It provides multiple choice answers to assess understanding of basic facts about Canadian government and history.
The document summarizes the migration of the Pilgrims and Puritans from England to New England between 1620 and 1692. It describes how the Pilgrims arrived on the Mayflower and established Plymouth colony in 1620. It then discusses the larger Puritan migration to the Massachusetts Bay colony in 1630 led by John Winthrop. Tensions arose between religious dissenters and Puritan leadership, leading to the founding of Rhode Island and Connecticut. King Philip's War with Native Americans occurred from 1675-1676, resulting in their defeat. The Salem Witch Trials took place in 1692, falsely accusing people of witchcraft before order was restored.
Christopher Columbus was an Italian explorer who sailed across the Atlantic Ocean in 1492, hoping to find a western route to Asia. He landed in the Bahamas, believing he had reached Asia, and proceeded to explore other islands in the Caribbean. Upon returning to Spain, he received a hero's welcome, having brought knowledge of a "New World" across the ocean. However, conflicts arose regarding his treatment of the native populations and he faced accusations of mismanagement, eventually losing favor with the Spanish monarchs.
Colonial Life-children, school, and medicineCasey Patrick
Colonial children received basic education through hornbooks, primers, and one-room schoolhouses. Their days consisted of school, chores, and play with few toys. Manners and obedience were strictly enforced. Society was divided into classes like gentry, merchants, farmers, slaves. Healthcare was rudimentary, relying on home remedies, bloodletting, and apothecaries. Disease and accidents resulted in high infant mortality and short life expectancy.
The new england, middle, and southern colonies 3.2 8th grade Ms Vanko kvanko
The document discusses the characteristics of the New England, Middle, and Southern colonies. The New England colonies focused on small farms, fishing, lumbering and shipbuilding due to their rocky terrain and cold climate. The Middle colonies had a more diverse population and mix of woodlands and farming valleys. The Southern colonies had fertile soil and rivers well-suited for cash crops like tobacco, rice and cotton grown on large plantations worked by indentured servants and slaves.
What prompted European countries to explore, claim and settle lands in the Southeast? (H1c, E1)
Who explored Georgia and where was the first settlement? (H1c)
The document provides details on the key events that led up to the Revolutionary War between the American colonies and Great Britain. It describes how Britain gained territory in North America after the French and Indian War, but this created conflicts over land use with Native Americans. It then outlines the various Acts passed by Britain to tax the colonies, such as the Stamp Act, Townshend Acts, and Intolerable Acts, which angered the colonists. This led to protests, boycotts, and confrontations like the Boston Massacre and Boston Tea Party. In response, the colonists organized the Continental Congress to unite the colonies against Britain and prepare for war.
Progressivism dominated US politics from the 1890s to the 1920s as reformers advocated for social change through government intervention. They sought to address issues like the gap between rich and poor, corrupt politics, unsafe working conditions, and poor living standards for many. The movement achieved some successes through muckraking journalism, political reforms at the state level, and new laws under progressive presidents like Roosevelt and Wilson. However, it largely failed on civil rights and making significant progress for racial minorities.
This document contains a series of questions and answers about Canadian civics. It asks about key documents containing rights and freedoms, the meaning of equality of women and men, the definition of Metis people, the number of provinces and territories in Canada, different names for Aboriginal peoples, the first Prime Minister of Canada, and the discoverers of insulin. It provides multiple choice answers to assess understanding of basic facts about Canadian government and history.
The document summarizes the major European colonial powers and some of their earliest colonies in North America during the 15th-17th centuries. It discusses the Spanish, Portuguese, Dutch, French and British colonies, as well as some of the earliest English settlements like Jamestown, Plymouth, and St. Augustine. Key events mentioned include the founding of Brazil by the Portuguese, the establishment of the 13 British colonies along the eastern seaboard, and the first Thanksgiving celebrated by the Pilgrims in Plymouth in 1621.
Brief Presentation summarizing a few key conflicts between the colonists and Native Americans as well as Nathaniel Bacon's attempt to overthrow the government of Virginia
The document provides an overview of Key Concept 4.1 from the AP US History curriculum framework, which discusses the development of American democracy and national culture between 1800-1848. It outlines the rise of political parties like the Federalists and Democratic-Republicans, and later the Democrats and Whigs. It also examines the Second Great Awakening's impact on reform movements, the emergence of American art and literature, and how enslaved African Americans developed their own cultures and communities. The document provides examples of individuals and organizations that worked to advance social ideals and reform society through movements like abolition, temperance, and women's rights during this period.
The Age of Exploration was a time period when Europeans began extensively exploring the world through advances in shipbuilding, navigation, and sailing technology. Countries like Portugal and Spain led this exploration, with Portugal finding routes around Africa to India and Spain's Christopher Columbus accidentally discovering the Americas while seeking a western route to Asia. This exploration led to massive exchanges of plants, animals, technologies, and diseases between the Old World and New World, as well as the rise of the transatlantic slave trade through the "Triangular Trade" system between Europe, Africa, and the Americas.
Slavery existed in the United States from 1619 until 1865, primarily in the Southern states. By 1860 there were nearly 4 million slaves out of a total US population of 12 million, most held by large plantation owners. Slaves endured cruel treatment and inhumane conditions, and an internal slave trade developed that forcibly relocated over 1 million slaves for economic reasons. Abolitionist movements led by figures like Douglass and Beecher Stowe grew in the Northern states, increasing sectional tensions, while the Dred Scott decision of 1857 upheld slavery. The system was finally abolished after the Union victory in the Civil War.
The document discusses the French and Indian War, including the key causes being competition over the Ohio River Valley and different alliances with Native American groups, major events like General Braddock's defeat after ignoring George Washington's advice, and the results of the 1763 Treaty of Paris that ended the war and greatly expanded British territory in North America.
This document provides a summary of the 13 original colonies of British America in 3 sentences or less per section:
- It divides the colonies into 3 geographic regions: New England (4 colonies), Middle (4 colonies), and Southern (5 colonies) and summarizes the economy, climate, resources, and population of each region.
- It then provides 1-2 paragraphs on each individual colony, summarizing their founding date and people, economy, resources, and religion.
- Additional sections summarize the economies, climates, resources, populations, and religions of the colonies overall.
Industrialization in the late 19th century was driven by technological innovations like the steam engine and railroads, which fueled other industries and opened up the Western United States to development. Inventors like Edison and Bell introduced revolutionary new technologies and mass production techniques like the assembly line standardized work. This period saw the rise of large corporations and trusts that dominated entire industries, led by powerful businessmen dubbed "robber barons" like Rockefeller, Carnegie, and Morgan. While industrialization increased overall wealth and living standards, it also led to the concentration of economic and political power in the hands of a few.
Topic Legacy of the Progressive Era
Academic level Undergrad. (yrs 3-4)
Discipline History
Document type PowerPoint Presentation
Spacing
DOUBLE
Citation style APA 7
Imperialism involved stronger nations dominating weaker countries politically, economically, and socially through colonialism, spheres of influence, and protectorates. There were several types and causes of imperialism in the 19th century, including seeking new markets and resources, civilizing missions, and Social Darwinism. European imperialism resulted in the colonization and exploitation of much of Asia and Africa during this period.
- The Haitian Revolution began in 1791 as a slave rebellion against French colonial rule led by Toussaint L'Ouverture. It proved highly successful, overthrowing the brutal slave system and establishing the first black republic in 1804.
- However, Haiti's victory came at great cost after years of war. The country was left with a devastated agriculture system, no formal economy or education, and deep instability that allowed dictatorial rule.
- While Haiti achieved the remarkable feat of being the first free black nation in the Americas, independence did not solve the challenges of development under such dire conditions from the revolution.
1) European colonizers such as the Spanish, French, Dutch, and British had different economic and imperial goals that shaped the development of their colonies and relationships with native populations.
2) Early British colonies developed along the Atlantic coast with regional differences reflecting environmental, economic, cultural and demographic factors, such as the Chesapeake colonies reliance on tobacco plantations using indentured then slave labor.
3) Competition over resources between European rivals and American Indians encouraged industry, trade and conflict in the Americas, fostering both accommodation and conflict between the groups.
The document discusses the Columbian Exchange, which was the widespread transfer of animals, plants, and microbes between the Old and New Worlds following contact between Europeans and indigenous peoples in the Americas. Some key impacts included the introduction of new world crops like potatoes and tomatoes to Europe, and old world crops and livestock to the Americas. However, European diseases had a devastating impact on indigenous populations, with estimates of 90% population declines in North America due to smallpox and other diseases against which Native Americans had no immunity. The exchange transformed global agriculture and economies.
This document provides an overview of the Progressive Era in the United States between the 1890s and 1920s. It describes how political machines corrupted local governments and how muckrakers exposed issues through investigative journalism. The Progressive movement aimed to curb the excesses of big business and promote social justice. Reforms included strengthening antitrust laws, passing food and drug safety acts, and giving women the right to vote through the 19th Amendment. However, minorities still faced widespread discrimination, lynching, and exclusion from many reforms during this era of social change.
The Black Power Movement grew out of frustrations with the pace of progress of the Civil Rights Movement. Younger black activists felt non-violent protest was no longer effective and advocated for black pride, power, and self-defense. Key leaders included Stokely Carmichael and the Black Panthers. They appealed to urban black youth and sought black political power, pride, and autonomy. While they drew attention to issues facing black communities, their militant tactics damaged the cooperation achieved through non-violent protests and reduced white support for the Civil Rights Movement. Overall, the Black Power Movement had both positive and negative impacts on efforts to achieve racial equality.
Reconstruction in the South (US History)Tom Richey
This document discusses the term "carpetbaggers", which referred to Northerners who migrated South after the Civil War. It provides information on their various motives, including seeking power, opportunity, wealth, and educating freed slaves. Carpetbaggers joined with Southern Republicans ("scalawags") and freedmen in the Republican coalition that governed during Reconstruction. However, their rule faced resistance from Southern whites, including the first Ku Klux Klan. The rise of the second KKK in the 1920s was influenced by the film Birth of a Nation, which glorified the first KKK and opposition to Reconstruction. Ultimately, "Redeemer" Democratic governments reasserted control in the South after the Comp
The document summarizes the Age of Exploration, beginning with the Middle Ages when exploration was unimportant. It then discusses how feudalism brought stability to Europe and the Crusades exposed Europeans to new ideas and cultures. The Renaissance era saw a renewed interest in exploration. Portugal discovered a sea route to Asia, making them wealthy, which motivated other European powers to explore. Christopher Columbus's voyage in 1492 trying to reach Asia accidentally discovered the Americas, launching the Age of Exploration and European colonization of the New World.
The Progressive Era in America saw widespread reforms in the early 20th century to address issues like workers' rights, women's and children's rights, economic issues, and the environment. Reformers sought to (1) protect social welfare, (2) promote moral improvement, (3) create economic reform, and (4) foster efficiency. Notable progressive presidents included Theodore Roosevelt, who broke up trusts and conserved natural resources, and Woodrow Wilson, who strengthened antitrust laws and established the Federal Trade Commission. However, the movement failed to significantly advance civil rights for African Americans.
The document provides an overview of the Age of Revolution from the late 18th century to the 19th century. Key revolutions during this period include the American Revolution and revolutions in various European countries. These revolutions transformed politics, society, economics, and arts in Europe and its colonies. They brought an end to absolute monarchy and feudalism, established new nation states like Germany and Italy, and advanced ideals of nationalism, liberalism, and representative democracy. The profound changes from these revolutions mark the transition between the Modern Age and Contemporary Age in history.
Eddie Mabo was an Indigenous Australian who fought for land rights and recognition of native title. He challenged the idea of terra nullius, which claimed Australia was unoccupied when colonized. In the landmark Mabo case of 1992, the High Court overturned terra nullius and recognized native title. While Mabo passed away before the ruling, his efforts helped establish legal rights for Indigenous peoples and changed Australian law. His legacy advanced reconciliation and justice for Aboriginal communities.
The document summarizes the major European colonial powers and some of their earliest colonies in North America during the 15th-17th centuries. It discusses the Spanish, Portuguese, Dutch, French and British colonies, as well as some of the earliest English settlements like Jamestown, Plymouth, and St. Augustine. Key events mentioned include the founding of Brazil by the Portuguese, the establishment of the 13 British colonies along the eastern seaboard, and the first Thanksgiving celebrated by the Pilgrims in Plymouth in 1621.
Brief Presentation summarizing a few key conflicts between the colonists and Native Americans as well as Nathaniel Bacon's attempt to overthrow the government of Virginia
The document provides an overview of Key Concept 4.1 from the AP US History curriculum framework, which discusses the development of American democracy and national culture between 1800-1848. It outlines the rise of political parties like the Federalists and Democratic-Republicans, and later the Democrats and Whigs. It also examines the Second Great Awakening's impact on reform movements, the emergence of American art and literature, and how enslaved African Americans developed their own cultures and communities. The document provides examples of individuals and organizations that worked to advance social ideals and reform society through movements like abolition, temperance, and women's rights during this period.
The Age of Exploration was a time period when Europeans began extensively exploring the world through advances in shipbuilding, navigation, and sailing technology. Countries like Portugal and Spain led this exploration, with Portugal finding routes around Africa to India and Spain's Christopher Columbus accidentally discovering the Americas while seeking a western route to Asia. This exploration led to massive exchanges of plants, animals, technologies, and diseases between the Old World and New World, as well as the rise of the transatlantic slave trade through the "Triangular Trade" system between Europe, Africa, and the Americas.
Slavery existed in the United States from 1619 until 1865, primarily in the Southern states. By 1860 there were nearly 4 million slaves out of a total US population of 12 million, most held by large plantation owners. Slaves endured cruel treatment and inhumane conditions, and an internal slave trade developed that forcibly relocated over 1 million slaves for economic reasons. Abolitionist movements led by figures like Douglass and Beecher Stowe grew in the Northern states, increasing sectional tensions, while the Dred Scott decision of 1857 upheld slavery. The system was finally abolished after the Union victory in the Civil War.
The document discusses the French and Indian War, including the key causes being competition over the Ohio River Valley and different alliances with Native American groups, major events like General Braddock's defeat after ignoring George Washington's advice, and the results of the 1763 Treaty of Paris that ended the war and greatly expanded British territory in North America.
This document provides a summary of the 13 original colonies of British America in 3 sentences or less per section:
- It divides the colonies into 3 geographic regions: New England (4 colonies), Middle (4 colonies), and Southern (5 colonies) and summarizes the economy, climate, resources, and population of each region.
- It then provides 1-2 paragraphs on each individual colony, summarizing their founding date and people, economy, resources, and religion.
- Additional sections summarize the economies, climates, resources, populations, and religions of the colonies overall.
Industrialization in the late 19th century was driven by technological innovations like the steam engine and railroads, which fueled other industries and opened up the Western United States to development. Inventors like Edison and Bell introduced revolutionary new technologies and mass production techniques like the assembly line standardized work. This period saw the rise of large corporations and trusts that dominated entire industries, led by powerful businessmen dubbed "robber barons" like Rockefeller, Carnegie, and Morgan. While industrialization increased overall wealth and living standards, it also led to the concentration of economic and political power in the hands of a few.
Topic Legacy of the Progressive Era
Academic level Undergrad. (yrs 3-4)
Discipline History
Document type PowerPoint Presentation
Spacing
DOUBLE
Citation style APA 7
Imperialism involved stronger nations dominating weaker countries politically, economically, and socially through colonialism, spheres of influence, and protectorates. There were several types and causes of imperialism in the 19th century, including seeking new markets and resources, civilizing missions, and Social Darwinism. European imperialism resulted in the colonization and exploitation of much of Asia and Africa during this period.
- The Haitian Revolution began in 1791 as a slave rebellion against French colonial rule led by Toussaint L'Ouverture. It proved highly successful, overthrowing the brutal slave system and establishing the first black republic in 1804.
- However, Haiti's victory came at great cost after years of war. The country was left with a devastated agriculture system, no formal economy or education, and deep instability that allowed dictatorial rule.
- While Haiti achieved the remarkable feat of being the first free black nation in the Americas, independence did not solve the challenges of development under such dire conditions from the revolution.
1) European colonizers such as the Spanish, French, Dutch, and British had different economic and imperial goals that shaped the development of their colonies and relationships with native populations.
2) Early British colonies developed along the Atlantic coast with regional differences reflecting environmental, economic, cultural and demographic factors, such as the Chesapeake colonies reliance on tobacco plantations using indentured then slave labor.
3) Competition over resources between European rivals and American Indians encouraged industry, trade and conflict in the Americas, fostering both accommodation and conflict between the groups.
The document discusses the Columbian Exchange, which was the widespread transfer of animals, plants, and microbes between the Old and New Worlds following contact between Europeans and indigenous peoples in the Americas. Some key impacts included the introduction of new world crops like potatoes and tomatoes to Europe, and old world crops and livestock to the Americas. However, European diseases had a devastating impact on indigenous populations, with estimates of 90% population declines in North America due to smallpox and other diseases against which Native Americans had no immunity. The exchange transformed global agriculture and economies.
This document provides an overview of the Progressive Era in the United States between the 1890s and 1920s. It describes how political machines corrupted local governments and how muckrakers exposed issues through investigative journalism. The Progressive movement aimed to curb the excesses of big business and promote social justice. Reforms included strengthening antitrust laws, passing food and drug safety acts, and giving women the right to vote through the 19th Amendment. However, minorities still faced widespread discrimination, lynching, and exclusion from many reforms during this era of social change.
The Black Power Movement grew out of frustrations with the pace of progress of the Civil Rights Movement. Younger black activists felt non-violent protest was no longer effective and advocated for black pride, power, and self-defense. Key leaders included Stokely Carmichael and the Black Panthers. They appealed to urban black youth and sought black political power, pride, and autonomy. While they drew attention to issues facing black communities, their militant tactics damaged the cooperation achieved through non-violent protests and reduced white support for the Civil Rights Movement. Overall, the Black Power Movement had both positive and negative impacts on efforts to achieve racial equality.
Reconstruction in the South (US History)Tom Richey
This document discusses the term "carpetbaggers", which referred to Northerners who migrated South after the Civil War. It provides information on their various motives, including seeking power, opportunity, wealth, and educating freed slaves. Carpetbaggers joined with Southern Republicans ("scalawags") and freedmen in the Republican coalition that governed during Reconstruction. However, their rule faced resistance from Southern whites, including the first Ku Klux Klan. The rise of the second KKK in the 1920s was influenced by the film Birth of a Nation, which glorified the first KKK and opposition to Reconstruction. Ultimately, "Redeemer" Democratic governments reasserted control in the South after the Comp
The document summarizes the Age of Exploration, beginning with the Middle Ages when exploration was unimportant. It then discusses how feudalism brought stability to Europe and the Crusades exposed Europeans to new ideas and cultures. The Renaissance era saw a renewed interest in exploration. Portugal discovered a sea route to Asia, making them wealthy, which motivated other European powers to explore. Christopher Columbus's voyage in 1492 trying to reach Asia accidentally discovered the Americas, launching the Age of Exploration and European colonization of the New World.
The Progressive Era in America saw widespread reforms in the early 20th century to address issues like workers' rights, women's and children's rights, economic issues, and the environment. Reformers sought to (1) protect social welfare, (2) promote moral improvement, (3) create economic reform, and (4) foster efficiency. Notable progressive presidents included Theodore Roosevelt, who broke up trusts and conserved natural resources, and Woodrow Wilson, who strengthened antitrust laws and established the Federal Trade Commission. However, the movement failed to significantly advance civil rights for African Americans.
The document provides an overview of the Age of Revolution from the late 18th century to the 19th century. Key revolutions during this period include the American Revolution and revolutions in various European countries. These revolutions transformed politics, society, economics, and arts in Europe and its colonies. They brought an end to absolute monarchy and feudalism, established new nation states like Germany and Italy, and advanced ideals of nationalism, liberalism, and representative democracy. The profound changes from these revolutions mark the transition between the Modern Age and Contemporary Age in history.
Eddie Mabo was an Indigenous Australian who fought for land rights and recognition of native title. He challenged the idea of terra nullius, which claimed Australia was unoccupied when colonized. In the landmark Mabo case of 1992, the High Court overturned terra nullius and recognized native title. While Mabo passed away before the ruling, his efforts helped establish legal rights for Indigenous peoples and changed Australian law. His legacy advanced reconciliation and justice for Aboriginal communities.
This document provides an overview of early American history from the pre-Columbian period through the colonial era. It discusses how the first Americans migrated to North America across the Bering Strait during the last Ice Age. It then summarizes the major indigenous civilizations that existed in North and Mesoamerica prior to European contact, including the Aztec and Inca Empires. The document next examines the motivations and activities of the major European colonial powers in North America, including exploration, conquest of native peoples, and the establishment of colonies. It provides brief summaries of the founding and economies of the 13 original colonies.
The document summarizes the history of the Kitselas people from their occupation of their homelands for at least 5,000 years to their ongoing treaty negotiations. It outlines key events such as interactions with European traders and missionaries in the 1700s, the impacts of colonial policies like the Indian Act and residential schools, and their negotiations for recognition of Aboriginal title and rights that have been ongoing since the 1880s and continue today.
Slavery and Emancipation in Belize and the Caribbean Edice Pachikerl
The document outlines the history of slavery and emancipation in the Caribbean and Belize. It discusses the rise of slavery beginning in the 15th century and key events that led to its abolition such as the American and French Revolutions in the late 18th century. The emancipation movement gained significance due to religious and humanitarian factors. Slavery was formally abolished in the British Empire in 1833.
The document summarizes key aspects of New England in the colonial period. It describes the founding and origins of the four main colonies - Massachusetts, New Hampshire, Connecticut, and Rhode Island. It then discusses the democratic forms of local government that developed, with male heads of households governing through town meetings. Finally, it outlines some of the main economic industries of the region, including fishing, whaling, lumbering, and shipbuilding that supported trade.
This document provides an overview of the history and cultures of Indigenous peoples in Canada, including their origins, main groups, geographic settlements, and interactions with European settlers. It describes the three main Indigenous groups (First Nations, Métis, Inuit) and the six geographic regions they inhabited. It then focuses on the arrival of European explorers like Jacques Cartier and Samuel de Champlain, their establishment of the fur trade, and the impacts of colonization, including disease, Christianity, and laws like the Indian Act that shaped Indigenous lives in Canada.
The document provides an overview of Aboriginal history, culture, and contemporary issues in Canada. It discusses how Aboriginal people have a unique relationship to the land that was disrupted by colonization. It also outlines key events such as the Indian Act of 1876, residential schools, the Truth and Reconciliation Commission, and ongoing issues regarding land claims, poverty, health, education, and self-determination faced by Aboriginal communities. The document uses images and discussion questions to complement the written information.
1) The document provides a summary of early American history from the initial peopling of the Americas over 22,000 years ago to the establishment of the US Constitution. It covers the civilizations that developed in North, Central, and South America as well as European colonization beginning in the 15th century.
2) Under the Articles of Confederation, the national government was very weak which led to conflicts between states. This prompted the Constitutional Convention of 1787 where delegates drafted a new Constitution with a stronger federal government including an executive branch and national court system.
3) Key compromises during the Convention included representation in Congress, with the House based on population and Senate equal per state, and counting slaves as three
After the Civil War, Americans began settling the vast western territories. The Great Plains had little rainfall and supported vast buffalo herds that Native Americans depended on. By 1900, the buffalo were wiped out as the land was settled by miners, ranchers, and farmers, devastating Native American communities. Western settlement was driven by gold and silver rushes that began in California in 1848 and stimulated economic growth. However, it also led to conflicts with Native Americans over land and exclusion of Chinese immigrants. The Homestead Act of 1862 encouraged family farming but many failed due to harsh conditions. By the late 1800s, the American frontier was declared closed as the last lands were settled.
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Key events in the history of the relationship between First Nations, Inuit and Métis and Canada
1. KEY EVENTS
in the history of the relationship
between first nations, inuit and métis
and canada as identified by witnesses
#APPA
2. #APPA
The events in the following document are
colour-coded to represent three different eras
in the history of the relationship:
Co-operation between Indigenous
Peoples and the Crown;
The Crown’s domination, control and
attempted assimilation of Indigenous Peoples;
Indigenous Peoples assert
their sovereignty
Throughout the history of Canada, different terms were used to refer to the
government. As such, this timeline uses several terms including Crown,
Dominion Government, federal government and Canada to reflect these
historical changes. References to the Crown throughout this document before
Confederation mean the British Crown, and after Confederation mean Canada
unless otherwise noted.
4. #APPA#APPA
Pope Alexander VI issued the first of four papal
bulls that laid the foundation for European views
of their own superiority like the Doctrine of
Discovery, used to justify the colonization and
assimilation of Indigenous Peoples.
1493
5. Inuit acted as guides, navigators and interpreters
in early encounters with Europeans in the Arctic,
including Martin Frobisher and Samuel Hearne.
1500smid
#APPA
6. The British Crown signed Peace and Friendship
treaties with the Mi’kmaq, Maliseet and
Passamaquoddy in Eastern Canada.
The treaties were signed to end hostilities
and encourage co-operation.
1725-1779
#APPA
7. The Crown issued a royal proclamation that
recognized the sovereignty of First Nations and
their rights to land and their way of life — but it also
said that First Nations could only give up land to the
Crown.
1763
#APPA
8. #APPA
1764The Crown and First Nations signed the Treaty of Niagara and
agreed upon the terms of the 1763 Royal Proclamation. The First
Nations endorsed the vision of the relationship embodied in the
Two Row Wampum, describing the relationship as government
to government based on mutual respect, support and partnership.
Nativemedia,
Two-Row Wampum Treaty.
Indigenous youth Jacquelyn Cardinal described the Two-Row Wampum belt to the Committee as:
“one of the oldest agreements made between Indigenous and non-Indigenous nations, and this was
represented by two rows of purple beads signalling the courses of two vessels, Indigenous and
non-Indigenous, travelling down the river of life together, parallel but never touching, in mutual respect
and sovereignty.” (APPA, Evidence, 7 June 2017 (Jacquelyn Cardinal)).
9. #APPA
A treaty ended hostilities between Métis groups and
settlers in the Red River Valley, where the Hudson’s
Bay Company was attempting to establish a colony.
1815
10. #APPA
To obtain land for new settlers, the Crown forced
the Mi’kmaq and Maliseet off their territories
and onto reserves.
1840s-1850s
11. #APPA
The Gradual Civilization Act was passed by the
Province of Canada (formerly Upper and Lower
Canada) with the premise that, by removing
all legal distinctions between First Nation and
non-First Nation people through the process
of enfranchisement, First Nations would be
assimilated into Canadian society.
1857
12. Section 91(24) of the Constitution Act,
1867 gave responsibility over “Indians
and lands reserved for the Indians” to
the federal government.
The Gradual Enfranchisement Act was
passed to speed up the assimilation
of First Nations. The act restricted
who was an “Indian” in the eyes of
the Crown; a First Nation woman,
for instance, could lose her “status”
if she married a non-First Nation man.
The act also undermined First Nations’
governance systems.
1867
1869
#APPA
14. 1876
#APPA
In an attempt to assimilate First Nations, the Dominion of
Canada enacted the Indian Act, which, at various points, banned
cultural ceremonies and suppressed First Nations cultures,
values, ways of life, governance structures and identities. As
noted in the Truth and Reconciliation Commission of Canada’s
final report, the Act was “regularly amended to further strengthen
the government’s ability to control Indian people.” Discriminatory
registration provisions in the Act caused some First Nations
women to lose their Indian status and prevented them from
living in their communities. It also undermined the role of women
as leaders in many First Nations governance structures.
15. #APPA
Commissions in British Columbia created reserves,
leading to the removal of First Nations from their
traditional territories.
1876-78and1912-16
18. #APPA
The disappearance of the bison, a primary food
source for First Nations and Métis, led to famine
and starvation across the Plains.
1880s
#APPA
20. The Indian Act was amended to ban the potlatch and
the Sun Dance, forcing First Nations communities to
practice their cultures in secret.
1884
#APPA
22. The federal government allocated individual
lots of land known as scrip to the Métis. Faced with
high land tax rates that they could not afford, many
Métis lost their land and left Manitoba. Without
a land base, Métis settled on road allowances —
Crown land adjacent to roads, which was the
only land not claimed by settlers.
#APPA
1885-1923
23. Federal laws and regulations such as the
Migratory Bird Act and the Northwest Game
Act placed seasonal limits on game such as
caribou, restricting the activities of Inuit and
First Nations hunters and their ability to feed
and clothe themselves.
1800s 1917late
-
#APPA
24. #APPA
Indian Act amendments required that every
First Nations child between seven and 15
years old attend “day, industrial, or boarding
school.” Referring to the amendments, Deputy
Superintendent General of Indian Affairs Duncan
Campbell Scott said “our object is to continue until
there is not a single Indian in Canada that has not
been absorbed into the body politic, and there is no
Indian question.”
1920
#APPA
25. #APPA
The Government of Canada began to forcibly
relocate some Inuit communities to inhospitable
locations in the Arctic.
1920
26. #APPA
The Allied Tribes of British Columbia travelled
to Ottawa to ask for treaties to address concerns
over First Nations land title in British Columbia,
without success.
1924
#APPA
27. #APPA
Legislation amending the Indian Act to include
Inuit was passed and repealed a few years later.
Under the repealed legislation, Inuit were deemed
Canadian citizens, in contrast to First Nations who
were considered wards of the state.
1924
#APPA
28. #APPA
The Indian Act prohibited First Nations from
using band funds for claims against the federal
government, which prevented them from
obtaining legal assistance to bring issues
before the courts.
1927 1951-
29. #APPA
The Natural Resource Transfer Agreements
transferred Crown lands and resources to
Alberta, Saskatchewan and Manitoba. Provincial
governments were involved in dispossessing
First Nations of their lands.
1930
30. #APPA
In Alberta, 12 Métis
settlements were created
in the northern and central
parts of the province.
Today only eight Métis
settlements remain.
1930s
#APPA
As part of its study on the new relationship between
Canada and Indigenous Peoples, the Standing
Senate Committee on Aboriginal Peoples visited
the Buffalo Lake Métis Settlement in Alberta to hear
about their vision for the future.
31. In Re Eskimo the Supreme Court of
Canada ruled that Inuit were “another
kind of Indian” under the Constitution
Act, 1867 and were therefore under
federal jurisdiction.
Disregarding Inuit cultural naming
systems, the Crown started the
e-number system for Inuit, issuing
discs stamped with identifying
numbers that were required for
identification by federal, provincial
and territorial governments
between 1945 and 1970.
1939
#APPA
32. #APPA
As Arctic fox pelt prices dropped in the late
1940s, Inuit communities, such as Padlei in
the southern Kivalliq region of what is now Nunavut,
experienced famine. International press coverage
together with American military criticism
compelled the Crown to act.
1949-50and1957-58
33. #APPA
Inuit people were permitted to vote in federal elections.
First Nations individuals who had Indian status were
able to vote without losing their status in 1960.
Laws never prohibited Métis people from voting.
1950
34. #APPA
The pass system made treaty Indians virtual
prisoners on their reserves.
1880s -1950s
36. Inuit living in settlements had no means of
securing their dogs or purchasing chains.
New rules introduced by the Government of
the Northwest Territories authorized the Royal
Canadian Mounted Police to shoot stray dogs —
something not explained to Inuit. This led to many
dogs being “slaughtered” by RCMP officers.
1950s and1960s
#APPA
37. The Department of Indian and
Northern Affairs released a policy
paper called Culture Change: Fast or
Slow that advocated for Inuit to be
brought “kicking and screaming into
modern Canadian culture as fast
as we possibly can.”
To increase its control, the Crown
encouraged Inuit to move into
settlements, which resulted in
cultural conflict and confusion.
1958
1965
#APPA
38. #APPA
A White Paper proposed to assimilate First Nations
and end the federal government’s “special
relationship” with Aboriginal Peoples.
First Nations strongly rejected this proposal.
1969
#APPA
39. #APPA
In response to the White Paper, the Indian Chiefs
of Alberta prepared the Red Paper, highlighting
the distinct cultures of First Nations and their
desire to contribute to Canadian society while
“exercising political and economic power at
the community level.”
1970
#APPA
40. In what is now known as the Sixties Scoop,
First Nations, Inuit and Métis children were
removed by child welfare agencies and placed in
non-Indigenous homes across Canada, the United
States and in other countries. Today, large numbers
of First Nations children continue to be involved
in the child welfare system. This, combined
with the legacy of intergenerational trauma, is a
factor contributing to the over-representation of
Indigenous Peoples in the criminal justice system.
1960s- 1980s
#APPA
mid
41. Indigenous Peoples began to form national
organizations and continued to fight for their
rights. This led to changes to federal policies,
programs and legislation.
1960s-1980s
#APPA
42. In Calder, the Supreme Court of
Canada recognized Aboriginal title,
leading the federal government to
develop the comprehensive land
claim and specific claim processes to
address Indigenous Peoples’ claims.
Jeannette Corbiere Lavell and Yvonne
Bédard challenged the Indian Act
registration provisions that caused them
to lose their status as a result of marrying
non-Indigenous men. In 1974, in Attorney
General of Canada v. Lavell, the Supreme
Court of Canada upheld the registration
provisions of the Indian Act.
1973
1974
#APPA
43. #APPA
The James Bay Cree and Inuit living in Quebec entered
into the first modern treaty in Canada, the James Bay and
Northern Quebec Agreement. Other modern treaties soon
followed, including the Inuvialuit Final Agreement in 1984,
the Gwich’in Final Agreement in1992 and the Nunavut Land
Claims Agreement in 1993. The first urban modern treaty
in British Columbia was the Tsawwassen First Nation Final
Agreement in 2009.
1975
44. #APPA
Sandra Lovelace challenged parts of the Indian Act that caused
her to lose her status and ability to live in her community.
In 1981, the United Nations Human Rights Committee found
that these provisions violated the Optional Protocol to the
International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights.
1981
45. The advocacy and activism of Indigenous groups led to the
inclusion of section 35 of the Constitution Act, 1982, which
recognizes the “existing Aboriginal and treaty rights of the
[A]boriginal peoples of Canada.” Section 35 (2) says that
“Aboriginal peoples of Canada” includes “Indian, Inuit and
Métis peoples of Canada.” Indigenous Peoples have had to
rely on the courts to prove the existence
of these rights.
1982
#APPA
46. #APPA
Bill C-31 amended the Indian Act’s registration provisions in an
attempt to address gender discrimination. However, inequities
persisted leading to additional court challenges and more
amendments to the Indian Act, such as Bill C-3 in 2010 and
Bill S-3 in 2017.
1985
47. #APPA
The Mohawks of Kanesatake
defended their lands following
the Quebec town of Oka’s plans
to develop a golf course on
Mohawk burial grounds, leading
to a violent confrontation and
a standoff. Commonly known
as the ‘Oka Crisis,’ the events
involved the Mohawks, the
Government of Quebec, the
Quebec provincial police
and the Canadian army.
1990
The Canadian Press, Images Archives.
Image of Canadian soldier Patrick Cloutier
and First Nation community member
Brad Larocque during the “Oka Crisis”.
48. #APPA
The federal government established a policy
recognizing the inherent right of self-government
as an existing Aboriginal right under section 35
of the Constitution Act, 1982.
1995
#APPA
49. #APPA
The Royal Commission on Aboriginal
Peoples released its final report, including
440 recommendations, calling for significant
changes to the relationship between
Indigenous and non-Indigenous Peoples,
and governments in Canada.
1996
50. #APPA
An Agreement With Respect to Mi’kmaq Education
in Nova Scotia was signed by First Nations, Canada
and Nova Scotia, which led to the Mi’kmaq Nation’s
creation of a First Nations-controlled education
system for Mi’kmaq students.
1997
51. Beginning in the 1997-1998 fiscal year, funding
increases for First Nations programs and services
were capped at 2%. Unlike services funded by
provinces and territories, these increases did not
take into account population growth or inflation.
This has led to major gaps between First Nations
and non-First Nations peoples in such areas as
housing, infrastructure and education.
1997-1998
#APPA
52. #APPA
In R. v. Gladue, the Supreme Court of Canada
recognized the historical factors that contribute to the
over-incarceration of Indigenous Peoples, including
systemic discrimination, racial or cultural prejudices,
and economic and social disadvantage.
1999
Nunavut was created.
53. #APPA
2004
In Haida Nation v. British Columbia (Minister of
Forests), the Supreme Court of Canada held that the
Crown has a duty to consult and, where appropriate,
to accommodate Indigenous interests if the Crown
is considering an action that might affect proven or
asserted Aboriginal or treaty rights.
54. #APPA
2006
The Indian Residential School Settlement Agreement —
the largest class action settlement in Canadian history
— was approved.
55. #APPA
The United Nations Declaration
on the Rights of Indigenous
Peoples is adopted by the
United Nations General
Assembly. Canada was one
of four countries to vote against
the declaration.
2007
#APPA
Published by the United Nations
07-58681—March 2008—4,000
United Nations
Declaration
on the rights
of inDigenous
PeoPles
United Nations
Declaration
on the rights
of inDigenous
PeoPles
United Nations
United Nations
57. #APPA
The Truth and Reconciliation
Commission of Canada
(TRC) released its final report,
including 94 calls to action.
Former Commissioner of
the TRC, Dr. Marie Wilson,
stated that it was “the largest
substantive consultation of
Indigenous People on any
subject in the history of our
country, Canada’s 130-year
history of forced residential
schooling for Indigenous
children.”
2015
#APPA
The three Commissioners
of the Truth and Reconciliation
Commission of Canada.
The Canadian Press,
Images Archives.
Image of the Truth and
Reconciliation Commission
of Canada’s event in Winnipeg
on 16 June 2010.
The Canadian Press,
Images Archives.
The witness blanket is an art
installation including hundreds
of items reclaimed from
residential schools, churches
and other places.
The Canadian Press,
Images Archives.
58. #APPA
2015
The Government of Canada announced the launch
of a National Inquiry into Missing and Murdered
Indigenous Women and Girls.
59. #APPA
The Minister of Indigenous and Northern Affairs
announced that Canada is now a full supporter of
the United Nations Declaration on the Rights of
Indigenous Peoples without qualification.
In Daniels v. Canada, the Supreme Court of Canada ruled
that non-status Indians and Métis are “Indians” under section
91(24) of the Constitution Act, 1867, therefore falling under
federal jurisdiction.
2016
#APPA
60. #APPA
The Government of Canada announced it will settle
a class action lawsuit brought by three Indigenous
groups in Newfoundland and Labrador over
residential schools and abuse.
#APPA
2017
61. #APPA
TODAYThe history of the relationship has left behind a complex legacy that continues to
impact many Indigenous communities. Trauma is passed from one generation
to the next.
The history has contributed to disparities in areas such as health, and the
overrepresentation of Indigenous Peoples in the criminal justice and child welfare
systems.
The history has also contributed to the growing number of Indigenous People living in
urban centres (over 50% in the 2016 Census). Indigenous Peoples have been forced
or chose to move to urban centres for a variety of reasons including to escape difficult
conditions in their communities, access services and pursue educational and training
opportunities.
Today, Indigenous communities are working in their own ways to regain self-
determination over their communities and control of their lands and resources.
62. #APPA
FURTHER READING
University of Manitoba, National Centre for Truth and Reconciliation, Truth and
Reconciliation Commission Reports.
United Nations, United Nations Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples, March
2008.
Library and Archives Canada, Report of the Royal Commission on Aboriginal Peoples,
1996.
National Inquiry into Missing and Murdered Indigenous Women and Girls.
Inuit Tapiriit Kanatami, Inuit History and Heritage, 2016.
Olive Patricia Dickason with William Newbigging, A Concise History of Canada’s First
Nations, second edition (Don Mills, Ontario: Oxford University Press, 2010).