This document summarizes a study that used the contingent valuation method to determine the willingness to accept and willingness to pay of forest-dependent Guyanese for forest protection. The study found that the primary commercial activities in the study sites and respondents' income were the key determinants of willingness to accept and pay. The document asserts that forest communities should be involved in forest management policies and that policies should consider the economic activities and incomes of forest dwellers.
The Challenges of Decentralized Management of the Ngoyla-Mintom Forest Massif...AI Publications
The document summarizes a study on the challenges of decentralized management of the Ngoyla-Mintom Forest Massif in southeast Cameroon. It finds that the Ngoyla-Mintom forest conservation project had overall positive ecological and socioeconomic impacts. Locally, it led to regeneration of flora and repopulation of wildlife. It also improved livelihoods by financing income-generating activities and infrastructure. However, the project also faced some challenges in its ownership by local communities. The study assessed the strengths of the project, including capacity building of local actors, a financing mechanism, and participatory zoning of the forest area.
The document discusses conflict management and sustainable forest management in the Himalayas. It analyzes three case studies from India and Nepal where conflicts were hindering sustainable forest management. The case studies identified conflicts through participatory assessments and developed customized approaches to facilitate inclusive conflict management between stakeholders. This included vision building, mediation, cost-benefit analyses, and exposure trips. The approaches led to inter-watershed consensus, improved forest cover and microclimate, and community actions on conservation. However, one case study in Nepal did not achieve consensus for long-term forest management due to authoritarian conflict management styles. The studies show conflict management must be integrated into forest governance to achieve sustainable outcomes.
Ecologically based economic development strategy on of coastalAlexander Decker
The document discusses an ecologically-based economic development strategy for the coastal community of Pangpang Bay in Banyuwangi, Indonesia that focuses on sustainably utilizing the economic potential of mangroves. It conducted a SWOT analysis through community discussions and interviews. The results showed mangroves in the area have potential for processing into products like soap and food ingredients. However, limited knowledge of uses, seasonal fruits, and lack of coordination pose weaknesses. Opportunities include tourism and awareness raising, while threats include land conversion and unclear management. The strategy recommends utilizing technology to process mangrove parts into finished goods, with proper legal access and promotion involving all stakeholders, to accelerate sustainable regional growth.
Sustainable Forestry for Food Security and Nutrition CIFOR-ICRAF
Presented by Terry Sunderland, from the Center for International Forestry Research (CIFOR), at the High Level Panel of Experts on
Food Security and Nutrition (HLPE) of the Committee on World Food Security (CFS), on June 27, 2017.
Forest and Wildlife resources are of great significance to millions of people, especially those whose livelihoods largely depend on them. These resources play a key role in protecting the environment and are of tremendous importance to the sustainable development of every country. Forest and Wildlife resources policies and institutions are critical to achieving sustainable forest management. Recognizing the importance of forest and wildlife resources and the need for appropriate measures to optimize their utilization and management in Ghana, various past governments formulated policies for developing a national forest estate, wildlife sites and a timber industry that guarantee a full range of sustainable benefits for the population. However, most of the forest and wildlife policies have failed to address the fundamental challenges of forest and wildlife management in the country.
- CIFOR is an international organization headquartered in Indonesia that conducts research on forests in developing countries.
- Forests make significant anonymous contributions to rural livelihoods by providing wood, food, energy, employment, and agricultural goods and services. However, forests are disappearing at an alarming rate.
- CIFOR's research program aims to sustainably manage forests and trees to improve livelihoods while conserving biodiversity and ecosystem services through smallholder and community forestry, trade and climate change initiatives.
Forests, food and nutrition: A policy perspectiveCIFOR-ICRAF
Presented by Terry Sunderland, from the Center for International Forestry Research (CIFOR), at the 125th Anniversary Congress of the International Union of Forest Research Organizations (IUFRO), on September 18, 2017 in Freiburg, Germany.
Panel: Multifunctional tropical forest landscapes: Finding solutions in science and practice. Applying ecosystem service approach in navigating forest contributions to rural livelihoods.
Sustainable landscapes: A means of managing social and environmental issues i...CIFOR-ICRAF
Presented by Terry Sunderland, from the Center for International Forestry Research (CIFOR), at the Meeting of ASEAN Senior Officials on Forestry in Putrajaya, Malaysia, on July 24-29, 2017.
The Challenges of Decentralized Management of the Ngoyla-Mintom Forest Massif...AI Publications
The document summarizes a study on the challenges of decentralized management of the Ngoyla-Mintom Forest Massif in southeast Cameroon. It finds that the Ngoyla-Mintom forest conservation project had overall positive ecological and socioeconomic impacts. Locally, it led to regeneration of flora and repopulation of wildlife. It also improved livelihoods by financing income-generating activities and infrastructure. However, the project also faced some challenges in its ownership by local communities. The study assessed the strengths of the project, including capacity building of local actors, a financing mechanism, and participatory zoning of the forest area.
The document discusses conflict management and sustainable forest management in the Himalayas. It analyzes three case studies from India and Nepal where conflicts were hindering sustainable forest management. The case studies identified conflicts through participatory assessments and developed customized approaches to facilitate inclusive conflict management between stakeholders. This included vision building, mediation, cost-benefit analyses, and exposure trips. The approaches led to inter-watershed consensus, improved forest cover and microclimate, and community actions on conservation. However, one case study in Nepal did not achieve consensus for long-term forest management due to authoritarian conflict management styles. The studies show conflict management must be integrated into forest governance to achieve sustainable outcomes.
Ecologically based economic development strategy on of coastalAlexander Decker
The document discusses an ecologically-based economic development strategy for the coastal community of Pangpang Bay in Banyuwangi, Indonesia that focuses on sustainably utilizing the economic potential of mangroves. It conducted a SWOT analysis through community discussions and interviews. The results showed mangroves in the area have potential for processing into products like soap and food ingredients. However, limited knowledge of uses, seasonal fruits, and lack of coordination pose weaknesses. Opportunities include tourism and awareness raising, while threats include land conversion and unclear management. The strategy recommends utilizing technology to process mangrove parts into finished goods, with proper legal access and promotion involving all stakeholders, to accelerate sustainable regional growth.
Sustainable Forestry for Food Security and Nutrition CIFOR-ICRAF
Presented by Terry Sunderland, from the Center for International Forestry Research (CIFOR), at the High Level Panel of Experts on
Food Security and Nutrition (HLPE) of the Committee on World Food Security (CFS), on June 27, 2017.
Forest and Wildlife resources are of great significance to millions of people, especially those whose livelihoods largely depend on them. These resources play a key role in protecting the environment and are of tremendous importance to the sustainable development of every country. Forest and Wildlife resources policies and institutions are critical to achieving sustainable forest management. Recognizing the importance of forest and wildlife resources and the need for appropriate measures to optimize their utilization and management in Ghana, various past governments formulated policies for developing a national forest estate, wildlife sites and a timber industry that guarantee a full range of sustainable benefits for the population. However, most of the forest and wildlife policies have failed to address the fundamental challenges of forest and wildlife management in the country.
- CIFOR is an international organization headquartered in Indonesia that conducts research on forests in developing countries.
- Forests make significant anonymous contributions to rural livelihoods by providing wood, food, energy, employment, and agricultural goods and services. However, forests are disappearing at an alarming rate.
- CIFOR's research program aims to sustainably manage forests and trees to improve livelihoods while conserving biodiversity and ecosystem services through smallholder and community forestry, trade and climate change initiatives.
Forests, food and nutrition: A policy perspectiveCIFOR-ICRAF
Presented by Terry Sunderland, from the Center for International Forestry Research (CIFOR), at the 125th Anniversary Congress of the International Union of Forest Research Organizations (IUFRO), on September 18, 2017 in Freiburg, Germany.
Panel: Multifunctional tropical forest landscapes: Finding solutions in science and practice. Applying ecosystem service approach in navigating forest contributions to rural livelihoods.
Sustainable landscapes: A means of managing social and environmental issues i...CIFOR-ICRAF
Presented by Terry Sunderland, from the Center for International Forestry Research (CIFOR), at the Meeting of ASEAN Senior Officials on Forestry in Putrajaya, Malaysia, on July 24-29, 2017.
Recommendations from science to the development agenda: the High Level Panel ...CIFOR-ICRAF
Presented by Terry Sunderland, from the Center for International Forestry Research (CIFOR), at the IUFRO 2017 conference in Freiburg, Germany, on September 22, 2017.
Environmental accounting as a means of promoting sustainableAlexander Decker
This document discusses environmental accounting as a means to promote sustainable forestry operations in Osun State, Nigeria. It begins by providing background on sustainable development, environmental accounting, and forestry operations. It notes that while forestry provides economic benefits, uncontrolled extraction could lead to depletion. The study examines trends in timber extraction versus tree planting in Osun State. Results show tree planting is declining as tree felling increases, impacting earnings and intergenerational equity. The document concludes current practices are not sustainable and remediation costs have not been adequate to support livelihoods and sustainability. It analyzes secondary data from 2001-2010 to test the hypothesis that environmental accountability will positively influence sustaining forestry resources and outputs.
This document discusses the vulnerability of forest-dependent people and forests to climate change. It notes that over 1 billion people depend on forests for their livelihoods, while 1 billion hectares of land are under agroforestry worldwide. Climate change poses direct risks like increased temperatures and wildfires, and indirect risks through impacts on species and ecosystems. Potential transition issues from policies like REDD+ could negatively impact land and tree rights of indigenous groups. The document argues that comprehensive vulnerability assessments are needed using qualitative and quantitative methods to understand all vulnerabilities, include stakeholders, and identify good practices to address risks to forests and forest-dependent communities from climate change.
The document discusses the goals and components of CRP6, which focuses on forests, trees and agroforestry. It aims to understand patterns of forest transition, consequences for livelihoods and the environment, and test innovative landscape management approaches. The research will be conducted across multiple countries in partnership with other organizations. Key areas of focus include understanding drivers of forest change, impacts on services like carbon and biodiversity, and developing tools for landscape planning and governance.
Ecological-edaphic and Socio-economic drivers of on-farm tree farming enterpr...Agriculture Journal IJOEAR
The biophysical-edaphic and socioeconomic factors do equally influence the on-farm tree farming in the smallholder farming systems. Naturally, neither of the factors do act in isolation, but they are interrelated. The study was carried out in Nsangi sub-county, Wakiso District, 2018. Using the stratified random sampling method based on landholding sizes, a sample of size of sixty households were selected and interviewed. The objectives of the study were to examine the influence of the bio-physical, edaphic and socio-cultural-economic factors onto the performance of the on-farm tree farming enterprise, and to evaluate the farmer's participation in on-farm tree farming activities. The results showed that both ecological-edaphic and socio-cultural-economic factors influence the performance of the tree volume, tree species diversity and tree stand density/ha. There is a negative correlation between size of landholding and farmer's interaction with the on-farm tree farming enterprises. Judging from the results of this study, there is a need for a policy review aimed at devising appropriate socio-cultural-economic and ecological-edaphic practices that promote on-farm tree farming programmes.
This document discusses non-timber forest products and their potential commodification and governance. It provides background on NTFPs and definitions used. While markets could help manage some forest services, many services are difficult to commodify due to their complexity, public good characteristics, and ethical and political issues. Commodification may not be a viable or appropriate solution for coordinating management of many forest ecosystem services and non-timber forest products. An integrated approach that considers interactions among multiple forest values may be more effective than separate programs for individual services or products.
Collective Action for Forest Management, Challenges and Failures: Review Pape...Premier Publishers
Collective forest management has been introduced in Ethiopia as an alternative to the failed state-based forest management approach. However, collective forest management faces several challenges in achieving sustainable management. The document reviews the role of collective action for forest management in Ethiopia, highlighting challenges and failures. It discusses how state forest management failed due to lack of local participation and access to remote areas. Collective forest management has been implemented through participatory forest management programs but also faces issues achieving success. The review aims to assess contributions, challenges, and lessons from collective forest management in Ethiopia.
Term paper presentation_on_legal_policy_of_Agroforestry_finalAnandJha108
This document is a term paper submitted by Anand Jha on the legal policies related to agroforestry in Nepal. It provides an introduction to Nepal's forest policies and regulations regarding private forests and agroforestry. The methodology section states that secondary sources were used. Key findings discussed include the Private Forest Development Directives of 2011, leasehold forestry piloted in Palpa district, positive interactions between community forests and private forests, and agroforestry's role in livelihoods and food security. The conclusions list several policies supporting agroforestry in Nepal and notes regulatory constraints around wild edible products.
This document summarizes a graduate research project report that applied systems thinking to understand deforestation in Vietnam's Central Highlands. The report developed a conceptual model of the dynamic interrelationships among drivers of deforestation in the region. It identified population growth, agricultural expansion, infrastructure development, poverty, and weak forest governance as key reinforcing processes that exacerbate deforestation. Current policies around migration, agriculture, hydropower, and afforestation were found to unintentionally worsen deforestation. The report argues a suite of integrated interventions is needed to weaken the reinforcing processes, including sustainable farming practices, alternative energy sources, strengthened forest protection programs, alternative livelihoods, and restricted timber extraction.
The document reviews various types of natural and anthropogenic forest disturbances, including fires, flooding, wind damage, insects, diseases, and human activities. It discusses the characteristics and impacts of different disturbance agents and recommends integrated pest management and minimizing harmful human disturbances. Control measures are proposed for fires, wild animals, birds, diseases, and pests.
FLR in Ghana - Lessons learned and the Way ForwardGPFLR
Presentation by Dominic Blay on Forest Landscape Restoration in Ghana. Dominic Blay discusses what is needed with regard to political and institutional change for FLR to succeed in Ghana.
The document summarizes research from the Global Research Project 1 (GRP 1) on the domestication, utilization, and conservation of superior agroforestry germplasm. It discusses:
1) GRP 1 sub-projects that focus on improved tree planting material and access to quality germplasm for smallholder farmers.
2) Achievements in decision support tools, understanding tree variation, and new approaches to enhanced tree productivity.
3) Research on geographic variation in wood properties of trees that can help select better germplasm and develop climate adaptation plans.
4) Efforts to develop affordable molecular markers for 36 important tree species to provide useful data for field management.
This document discusses the economic valuation of forests. It begins by outlining the importance of forests and their economic, social, and ecological benefits. It then discusses the direct and indirect benefits provided by forests, as well as tangible and intangible benefits. The document introduces various methods used to value forests economically, including direct market valuation, contingent valuation, travel cost method, hedonic pricing, and production function method. It provides examples of valuation studies conducted in India that estimate the total economic value of various forests. The document emphasizes the importance of valuation in determining the full value of forest benefits and for policymaking.
Impact Assessment of Agroforestry Practices on Community Socio-Economic Livel...Agriculture Journal IJOEAR
Agroforestry is the source of energy for cooking, materials for construction, domestic utensils and other products and services including fruits, medicine, livestock, feeding and fencing. This study aimed to assess the impact of agroforestry practices on community"s socioeconomic livelihoods in Karongi district, western Rwanda. The authors interviewed 45 Agroforestry Practioners (AFP) and 45 Non-Agroforestry Practioners (NAFP) from 8 cells randomly selected between July and September 2019.The data were analyzed by using the Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS), version 20. The result, as asserted by 100 % of AFP, the Grevillea robustae was the frequently planted specie on contours and terraces due to its contribution on improving soil fertility and protecting the soil against erosion. The inheritance of land is the main mode of getting lands as mentioned by 69% and 62% of AFP and NAFP, respectively. In addition, it was noted that the number of reared goat, cattle and poultry is higher for the AFP than that of NAFP. Furthermore, the AFP" mean yearly income and its uses (food security, agriculture and household building) is significantly higher (p<0.05) compared to that of NAFP. Thus, in Karongi District, the agroforestry significantly enhances its practioner"s livelihoods. This study can serve as guide to other similar areas in adopting the agroforestry.
Linking adaptation and mitigation to achieve climate compatible development i...CIFOR-ICRAF
Presented at the COP21 side event 'Forests, landscapes, climate & sustainable development – The evidence we need for the future we want' by Houria Djourdi on 3 December 2015.
Which policy, institutional and governance aspects are fostering or else hamp...CIFOR-ICRAF
Presented by Daniela Schweizer (University of Sao Paulo and CIFOR) at the World Conference on Ecological Restoration (SER 2017) in Foz do Iguassu, Paraná (Brazil), on August 29, 2017.
Session: The role of public policies in influencing forest restoration in Latin America.
Ecotourism an approach to the sustainable conservation of biodiversity in the...AI Publications
This study was carried out at the buffer zones of Benue National Park in the North Region of Cameroon. The objective of the study was to assess the governance of ecotourism with an aim to promote sustainable management of biological resources. Primary data was collected with the help of semi-structured questionnaires that were administered to 125 household heads that were involved in the conservation of biodiversity in the study area. Questionnaires and interview guides were design to collect data on: (the level of participation and involvement of communities, stakeholder in the ecotourism business and modalities for participation in the conservation of biological resources). The results showed that two categories of ecotourism actors are involved: Direct actors: conservation service, MINFOF/MINTOUL, eco-guards and indirect actors: NGOs and service providers. The issue of equity remained a major concern for stakeholders, as responsibilities and decision-making among the different actors were not shared equitably. Regarding the level of community participation in ecotourism activities, 79% of stakeholders are not involved in ecotourism activities; however, 21% of stakeholders who were involved are community guards, cooks and tour guides. In ZIC (Area of Cinegetic Interest) N° 1 and 4, 31% of respondents said that only the Union of Village Wildlife Committees (COZIC) have being participating in the ecotourism business. . However, it should be noted that the governance mode most frequently observed in this protected area is dominated by the state with 83% respondents involved even though the laws and policies on ecotourism shows a participatory management of ecotourism in the protected areas.
This document discusses the economic valuation of forests. It begins by outlining the importance of forests and their economic, social, and ecological benefits, including wood and non-wood products, recreation, watershed protection, biodiversity, and climate mitigation. It then defines direct and indirect benefits and tangible and intangible benefits. The document introduces the concept of total economic value and its components. It describes several methods used to value forests, including direct market valuation, contingent valuation, travel cost method, hedonic pricing, and production function method. The document concludes with several case studies valuing forests in India using different techniques.
Lessons for REDD+ implementation: Insights from assessment of forest governan...Innspub Net
To draw lessons for informing strategies for reducing emissions from deforestation and forest degradation and fostering conservation, sustainable management of forests and enhancement of forest carbon stocks (REDD+), this study assessed community members’ perceptions of the quality of forest governance in the joint forest management program relative to the ideal forest governance quality using the Katanino Joint Forest Management study area in Zambia. The study focused on six elements of good governance, namely participation, transparency, accountability, equity, efficiency and effectiveness. Using a two stage sampling procedure, data for this study was collected using questionnaires administered to 120 randomly selected community members who participated in the Joint Forest Management program in Serenje, Biwa and Bwengo villages of Katanino Joint Forest Management pilot area. Results showed considerable gaps between ideal quality of forest governance and the perceived quality of forest governance. One sample t-test results showed that the perceived quality of all the six governance elements were statistically different from the ideal quality of forest governance at the 95 % confidence interval, participation (t (119) = -76, ρ < 0.05), transparency (t (119) = -130, ρ < 0.05), accountability (t (119) = -82, ρ < 0.05), equity (t (119) = -53.47, ρ < 0.05), effectiveness (t (119) = -60, ρ < 0.05), efficiency (t (119) = -87, ρ < 0.05). Implications of these findings are highlighted through a governance lens to inform strategies for REDD+ implementation.
Contents lists available at ScienceDirectJournal of EnviroAlleneMcclendon878
Contents lists available at ScienceDirect
Journal of Environmental Management
journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/jenvman
Research article
Climate change and the provision of biodiversity in public temperate forests
– A mechanism design approach for the implementation of biodiversity
conservation policies
Andrey Lessa Derci Augustynczik∗, Rasoul Yousefpour, Marc Hanewinkel
Chair of Forestry Economics and Forest Planning, University of Freiburg, Tennenbacherstr. 4, 79106, Freiburg, Germany
A R T I C L E I N F O
Keywords:
Forest biodiversity
Mechanism design
Forest optimization
Conservation planning
Forest birds
A B S T R A C T
The provision of forest biodiversity remains a major challenge in the management of forest resources.
Biodiversity is mostly considered a public good and the fact that societal benefits from biodiversity are private
information, hinders its supply at adequate levels. Here we investigate how the government, as a forest owner,
may increase the biodiversity supply in publicly-owned forests. We employ a mechanism design approach to find
the biodiversity provision choices, which take into account agents’ strategic behavior and values towards bio-
diversity. We applied our framework to a forest landscape in Southwestern Germany, using forest birds as
biodiversity indicators and evaluating the impacts of climate change on forest dynamics and on the costs of
biodiversity provision. Our results show that climate change has important implications to the opportunity cost
of biodiversity and the provision levels (ranging from 10 to 12.5% increase of the bird indicator abundance). In
general, biodiversity valuations needed to surpass the opportunity cost by more than 18% to cope with the
private information held by the agents. Moreover, higher costs under more intense climate change (e.g.
Representative Concentration Pathway 8.5) reduced the attainable bird abundance increase from 12.5 to 10%.
We conclude that mechanism design may provide key information for planning conservation policies and
identify conditions for a successful implementation of biodiversity-oriented forest management.
1. Introduction
The provision of biodiversity remains a major challenge in the
management of forest resources. Biodiversity has been continuously
declining worldwide during the past decades, despite its recognized
importance to human well-being, ecosystem functioning and ecosystem
resistance and resilience under climate change (Díaz et al., 2006; Isbell
et al., 2015; Tilman et al., 2014). A main constraint to the im-
plementation of biodiversity conservation strategies is the fact that
biodiversity is mostly considered a public good, and in the absence of
markets or policy mechanisms to promote its provision, there are in-
centives for free riding and undersupply. One option to tackle this issue,
is to enhance biodiversity goals in public forests. The government, as a
forest owner and aiming to promote an efficient use of forest resou ...
This document outlines Myanmar's 1995 Forest Policy. It identifies six key imperatives for the forestry sector: protection, sustainability, basic needs, efficiency, participation, and public awareness. It also analyzes constraints such as inadequate planning and shifting cultivation. The policy's objectives are sustainable forest management and economic prosperity while contributing to environmental protection. It provides policy measures, strategies and actions to achieve the objectives over the short, medium and long term, focusing on issues like land use, protection, regeneration, industry development, and strengthening institutions and public participation.
Recommendations from science to the development agenda: the High Level Panel ...CIFOR-ICRAF
Presented by Terry Sunderland, from the Center for International Forestry Research (CIFOR), at the IUFRO 2017 conference in Freiburg, Germany, on September 22, 2017.
Environmental accounting as a means of promoting sustainableAlexander Decker
This document discusses environmental accounting as a means to promote sustainable forestry operations in Osun State, Nigeria. It begins by providing background on sustainable development, environmental accounting, and forestry operations. It notes that while forestry provides economic benefits, uncontrolled extraction could lead to depletion. The study examines trends in timber extraction versus tree planting in Osun State. Results show tree planting is declining as tree felling increases, impacting earnings and intergenerational equity. The document concludes current practices are not sustainable and remediation costs have not been adequate to support livelihoods and sustainability. It analyzes secondary data from 2001-2010 to test the hypothesis that environmental accountability will positively influence sustaining forestry resources and outputs.
This document discusses the vulnerability of forest-dependent people and forests to climate change. It notes that over 1 billion people depend on forests for their livelihoods, while 1 billion hectares of land are under agroforestry worldwide. Climate change poses direct risks like increased temperatures and wildfires, and indirect risks through impacts on species and ecosystems. Potential transition issues from policies like REDD+ could negatively impact land and tree rights of indigenous groups. The document argues that comprehensive vulnerability assessments are needed using qualitative and quantitative methods to understand all vulnerabilities, include stakeholders, and identify good practices to address risks to forests and forest-dependent communities from climate change.
The document discusses the goals and components of CRP6, which focuses on forests, trees and agroforestry. It aims to understand patterns of forest transition, consequences for livelihoods and the environment, and test innovative landscape management approaches. The research will be conducted across multiple countries in partnership with other organizations. Key areas of focus include understanding drivers of forest change, impacts on services like carbon and biodiversity, and developing tools for landscape planning and governance.
Ecological-edaphic and Socio-economic drivers of on-farm tree farming enterpr...Agriculture Journal IJOEAR
The biophysical-edaphic and socioeconomic factors do equally influence the on-farm tree farming in the smallholder farming systems. Naturally, neither of the factors do act in isolation, but they are interrelated. The study was carried out in Nsangi sub-county, Wakiso District, 2018. Using the stratified random sampling method based on landholding sizes, a sample of size of sixty households were selected and interviewed. The objectives of the study were to examine the influence of the bio-physical, edaphic and socio-cultural-economic factors onto the performance of the on-farm tree farming enterprise, and to evaluate the farmer's participation in on-farm tree farming activities. The results showed that both ecological-edaphic and socio-cultural-economic factors influence the performance of the tree volume, tree species diversity and tree stand density/ha. There is a negative correlation between size of landholding and farmer's interaction with the on-farm tree farming enterprises. Judging from the results of this study, there is a need for a policy review aimed at devising appropriate socio-cultural-economic and ecological-edaphic practices that promote on-farm tree farming programmes.
This document discusses non-timber forest products and their potential commodification and governance. It provides background on NTFPs and definitions used. While markets could help manage some forest services, many services are difficult to commodify due to their complexity, public good characteristics, and ethical and political issues. Commodification may not be a viable or appropriate solution for coordinating management of many forest ecosystem services and non-timber forest products. An integrated approach that considers interactions among multiple forest values may be more effective than separate programs for individual services or products.
Collective Action for Forest Management, Challenges and Failures: Review Pape...Premier Publishers
Collective forest management has been introduced in Ethiopia as an alternative to the failed state-based forest management approach. However, collective forest management faces several challenges in achieving sustainable management. The document reviews the role of collective action for forest management in Ethiopia, highlighting challenges and failures. It discusses how state forest management failed due to lack of local participation and access to remote areas. Collective forest management has been implemented through participatory forest management programs but also faces issues achieving success. The review aims to assess contributions, challenges, and lessons from collective forest management in Ethiopia.
Term paper presentation_on_legal_policy_of_Agroforestry_finalAnandJha108
This document is a term paper submitted by Anand Jha on the legal policies related to agroforestry in Nepal. It provides an introduction to Nepal's forest policies and regulations regarding private forests and agroforestry. The methodology section states that secondary sources were used. Key findings discussed include the Private Forest Development Directives of 2011, leasehold forestry piloted in Palpa district, positive interactions between community forests and private forests, and agroforestry's role in livelihoods and food security. The conclusions list several policies supporting agroforestry in Nepal and notes regulatory constraints around wild edible products.
This document summarizes a graduate research project report that applied systems thinking to understand deforestation in Vietnam's Central Highlands. The report developed a conceptual model of the dynamic interrelationships among drivers of deforestation in the region. It identified population growth, agricultural expansion, infrastructure development, poverty, and weak forest governance as key reinforcing processes that exacerbate deforestation. Current policies around migration, agriculture, hydropower, and afforestation were found to unintentionally worsen deforestation. The report argues a suite of integrated interventions is needed to weaken the reinforcing processes, including sustainable farming practices, alternative energy sources, strengthened forest protection programs, alternative livelihoods, and restricted timber extraction.
The document reviews various types of natural and anthropogenic forest disturbances, including fires, flooding, wind damage, insects, diseases, and human activities. It discusses the characteristics and impacts of different disturbance agents and recommends integrated pest management and minimizing harmful human disturbances. Control measures are proposed for fires, wild animals, birds, diseases, and pests.
FLR in Ghana - Lessons learned and the Way ForwardGPFLR
Presentation by Dominic Blay on Forest Landscape Restoration in Ghana. Dominic Blay discusses what is needed with regard to political and institutional change for FLR to succeed in Ghana.
The document summarizes research from the Global Research Project 1 (GRP 1) on the domestication, utilization, and conservation of superior agroforestry germplasm. It discusses:
1) GRP 1 sub-projects that focus on improved tree planting material and access to quality germplasm for smallholder farmers.
2) Achievements in decision support tools, understanding tree variation, and new approaches to enhanced tree productivity.
3) Research on geographic variation in wood properties of trees that can help select better germplasm and develop climate adaptation plans.
4) Efforts to develop affordable molecular markers for 36 important tree species to provide useful data for field management.
This document discusses the economic valuation of forests. It begins by outlining the importance of forests and their economic, social, and ecological benefits. It then discusses the direct and indirect benefits provided by forests, as well as tangible and intangible benefits. The document introduces various methods used to value forests economically, including direct market valuation, contingent valuation, travel cost method, hedonic pricing, and production function method. It provides examples of valuation studies conducted in India that estimate the total economic value of various forests. The document emphasizes the importance of valuation in determining the full value of forest benefits and for policymaking.
Impact Assessment of Agroforestry Practices on Community Socio-Economic Livel...Agriculture Journal IJOEAR
Agroforestry is the source of energy for cooking, materials for construction, domestic utensils and other products and services including fruits, medicine, livestock, feeding and fencing. This study aimed to assess the impact of agroforestry practices on community"s socioeconomic livelihoods in Karongi district, western Rwanda. The authors interviewed 45 Agroforestry Practioners (AFP) and 45 Non-Agroforestry Practioners (NAFP) from 8 cells randomly selected between July and September 2019.The data were analyzed by using the Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS), version 20. The result, as asserted by 100 % of AFP, the Grevillea robustae was the frequently planted specie on contours and terraces due to its contribution on improving soil fertility and protecting the soil against erosion. The inheritance of land is the main mode of getting lands as mentioned by 69% and 62% of AFP and NAFP, respectively. In addition, it was noted that the number of reared goat, cattle and poultry is higher for the AFP than that of NAFP. Furthermore, the AFP" mean yearly income and its uses (food security, agriculture and household building) is significantly higher (p<0.05) compared to that of NAFP. Thus, in Karongi District, the agroforestry significantly enhances its practioner"s livelihoods. This study can serve as guide to other similar areas in adopting the agroforestry.
Linking adaptation and mitigation to achieve climate compatible development i...CIFOR-ICRAF
Presented at the COP21 side event 'Forests, landscapes, climate & sustainable development – The evidence we need for the future we want' by Houria Djourdi on 3 December 2015.
Which policy, institutional and governance aspects are fostering or else hamp...CIFOR-ICRAF
Presented by Daniela Schweizer (University of Sao Paulo and CIFOR) at the World Conference on Ecological Restoration (SER 2017) in Foz do Iguassu, Paraná (Brazil), on August 29, 2017.
Session: The role of public policies in influencing forest restoration in Latin America.
Ecotourism an approach to the sustainable conservation of biodiversity in the...AI Publications
This study was carried out at the buffer zones of Benue National Park in the North Region of Cameroon. The objective of the study was to assess the governance of ecotourism with an aim to promote sustainable management of biological resources. Primary data was collected with the help of semi-structured questionnaires that were administered to 125 household heads that were involved in the conservation of biodiversity in the study area. Questionnaires and interview guides were design to collect data on: (the level of participation and involvement of communities, stakeholder in the ecotourism business and modalities for participation in the conservation of biological resources). The results showed that two categories of ecotourism actors are involved: Direct actors: conservation service, MINFOF/MINTOUL, eco-guards and indirect actors: NGOs and service providers. The issue of equity remained a major concern for stakeholders, as responsibilities and decision-making among the different actors were not shared equitably. Regarding the level of community participation in ecotourism activities, 79% of stakeholders are not involved in ecotourism activities; however, 21% of stakeholders who were involved are community guards, cooks and tour guides. In ZIC (Area of Cinegetic Interest) N° 1 and 4, 31% of respondents said that only the Union of Village Wildlife Committees (COZIC) have being participating in the ecotourism business. . However, it should be noted that the governance mode most frequently observed in this protected area is dominated by the state with 83% respondents involved even though the laws and policies on ecotourism shows a participatory management of ecotourism in the protected areas.
This document discusses the economic valuation of forests. It begins by outlining the importance of forests and their economic, social, and ecological benefits, including wood and non-wood products, recreation, watershed protection, biodiversity, and climate mitigation. It then defines direct and indirect benefits and tangible and intangible benefits. The document introduces the concept of total economic value and its components. It describes several methods used to value forests, including direct market valuation, contingent valuation, travel cost method, hedonic pricing, and production function method. The document concludes with several case studies valuing forests in India using different techniques.
Lessons for REDD+ implementation: Insights from assessment of forest governan...Innspub Net
To draw lessons for informing strategies for reducing emissions from deforestation and forest degradation and fostering conservation, sustainable management of forests and enhancement of forest carbon stocks (REDD+), this study assessed community members’ perceptions of the quality of forest governance in the joint forest management program relative to the ideal forest governance quality using the Katanino Joint Forest Management study area in Zambia. The study focused on six elements of good governance, namely participation, transparency, accountability, equity, efficiency and effectiveness. Using a two stage sampling procedure, data for this study was collected using questionnaires administered to 120 randomly selected community members who participated in the Joint Forest Management program in Serenje, Biwa and Bwengo villages of Katanino Joint Forest Management pilot area. Results showed considerable gaps between ideal quality of forest governance and the perceived quality of forest governance. One sample t-test results showed that the perceived quality of all the six governance elements were statistically different from the ideal quality of forest governance at the 95 % confidence interval, participation (t (119) = -76, ρ < 0.05), transparency (t (119) = -130, ρ < 0.05), accountability (t (119) = -82, ρ < 0.05), equity (t (119) = -53.47, ρ < 0.05), effectiveness (t (119) = -60, ρ < 0.05), efficiency (t (119) = -87, ρ < 0.05). Implications of these findings are highlighted through a governance lens to inform strategies for REDD+ implementation.
Lessons for REDD+ implementation: Insights from assessment of forest governan...
Similar to Key Determinants of Forest-dependent Guyanese’ Willingness to Contribute to Forest Protection: an application of the Contingent Valuation Method
Contents lists available at ScienceDirectJournal of EnviroAlleneMcclendon878
Contents lists available at ScienceDirect
Journal of Environmental Management
journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/jenvman
Research article
Climate change and the provision of biodiversity in public temperate forests
– A mechanism design approach for the implementation of biodiversity
conservation policies
Andrey Lessa Derci Augustynczik∗, Rasoul Yousefpour, Marc Hanewinkel
Chair of Forestry Economics and Forest Planning, University of Freiburg, Tennenbacherstr. 4, 79106, Freiburg, Germany
A R T I C L E I N F O
Keywords:
Forest biodiversity
Mechanism design
Forest optimization
Conservation planning
Forest birds
A B S T R A C T
The provision of forest biodiversity remains a major challenge in the management of forest resources.
Biodiversity is mostly considered a public good and the fact that societal benefits from biodiversity are private
information, hinders its supply at adequate levels. Here we investigate how the government, as a forest owner,
may increase the biodiversity supply in publicly-owned forests. We employ a mechanism design approach to find
the biodiversity provision choices, which take into account agents’ strategic behavior and values towards bio-
diversity. We applied our framework to a forest landscape in Southwestern Germany, using forest birds as
biodiversity indicators and evaluating the impacts of climate change on forest dynamics and on the costs of
biodiversity provision. Our results show that climate change has important implications to the opportunity cost
of biodiversity and the provision levels (ranging from 10 to 12.5% increase of the bird indicator abundance). In
general, biodiversity valuations needed to surpass the opportunity cost by more than 18% to cope with the
private information held by the agents. Moreover, higher costs under more intense climate change (e.g.
Representative Concentration Pathway 8.5) reduced the attainable bird abundance increase from 12.5 to 10%.
We conclude that mechanism design may provide key information for planning conservation policies and
identify conditions for a successful implementation of biodiversity-oriented forest management.
1. Introduction
The provision of biodiversity remains a major challenge in the
management of forest resources. Biodiversity has been continuously
declining worldwide during the past decades, despite its recognized
importance to human well-being, ecosystem functioning and ecosystem
resistance and resilience under climate change (Díaz et al., 2006; Isbell
et al., 2015; Tilman et al., 2014). A main constraint to the im-
plementation of biodiversity conservation strategies is the fact that
biodiversity is mostly considered a public good, and in the absence of
markets or policy mechanisms to promote its provision, there are in-
centives for free riding and undersupply. One option to tackle this issue,
is to enhance biodiversity goals in public forests. The government, as a
forest owner and aiming to promote an efficient use of forest resou ...
This document outlines Myanmar's 1995 Forest Policy. It identifies six key imperatives for the forestry sector: protection, sustainability, basic needs, efficiency, participation, and public awareness. It also analyzes constraints such as inadequate planning and shifting cultivation. The policy's objectives are sustainable forest management and economic prosperity while contributing to environmental protection. It provides policy measures, strategies and actions to achieve the objectives over the short, medium and long term, focusing on issues like land use, protection, regeneration, industry development, and strengthening institutions and public participation.
This document outlines the proposed framework for sentinel landscapes - long term socio-ecological research sites that will be used to study topics related to forests, trees and agroforestry. It describes 5 components that will be studied: smallholder systems, forest/tree resources, environmental services, climate change impacts, and trade/investment impacts. For each component, key research themes are identified. It also discusses establishing 8 geographically bounded sentinel landscapes and using a network of sites to study specific thematic questions. Methodologies are proposed for ecosystem and household monitoring. The goal is to provide long term data on social and ecological indicators across sites to better understand impacts of changes and policies.
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The document discusses forests, trees, and agroforestry research being conducted across multiple themes and centers to improve livelihoods and environmental management. It notes that 4 key elements are needed to effectively monitor and evaluate the large number of projects: 1) a common theory of change, 2) a common operational plan, 3) mapping individual grants to the operational plan, and 4) an outcomes theory to assess progress towards goals. The research aims to increase productivity, incomes, and environmental management through smallholder production, forest and tree conservation, landscape management, climate change adaptation and mitigation, and impacts of trade and investment.
Protected Area Conservation Measures and Practices of Community The Case of B...ijtsrd
Biri LAROSA Protected Landscape and Seascape BLPLS is a marine protected area in the Province of Northern Samar and is one of the countrys protected areas facing biological degradation because of human exploitation. Thus, this study assessed conservation programs implementation and community awareness to propose a policy redirection. Using qualitative descriptive research design, data revealed that BLPLS spans 33,492 hectares encapsulating 36 barangays with 18 known implemented conservation programs. The conservation programs investigated in this study covered ecological, economic, social, and cultural functions that aimed to benefit communities. Notably, the programs were well planned, but the problem was generally on the implementation. Some of the conservation programs succeeded because of strong legal basis and proper execution, forged partnership and linkages, prioritization, constant program monitoring and evaluation, and research based decisions, while other programs failed due to lack of commitment, lack of political will, lot of inconsistencies, Filipino negative traits, implementer’s incompetence, lenient monitoring and evaluation, political intrusion, lack coordination, and people’s passive and inadequate knowledge. Therefore, it is certain that successful conservation programs are advantageous to the integrity of the protected area, while failure poses a risk of increased vulnerability to degradation. Ergo, all successful programs must redound for the benefit of both BLPLS and the community people as it champions BLPLS’s ecological integrity. Thus, there researchers highly recommended that various agencies connected with the protected area may imposed a stringent and harmonized implementation of conservation policies, institutional reform, strengthen the capacity of the implementers, community empowerment, creation of reward system, context based environmental education, institutionalization of program impact, and evaluation studies, and data based decision making for program development and plan of BLPLS. Escal, Rene John B. | Malabarbas, Gerald T. "Protected Area Conservation Measures and Practices of Community: The Case of Biri-LAROSA Protected Landscape and Seascape, Philippines" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-6 | Issue-1 , December 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd49120.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/other-scientific-research-area/other/49120/protected-area-conservation-measures-and-practices-of-community-the-case-of-birilarosa-protected-landscape-and-seascape-philippines/escal-rene-john-b
Forests are cut, temperatures rise and biodiversity is lost. The poor become poorer and indigenous cultures disappear. With the rise in temperatures, fires increase, droughts lengthen, floods spread, and pests and diseases affecting livestock and plants adapt and multiply. What many are calling a 'perfect storm' gathers strength and the impact rolls across the developing world from the forests to the farms to the atmosphere. This scenario stems in large measure from the poor management of our forests, trees and wild genetic resources.
The CGIAR research program outlined in this presentation brings together four of the world's leading research centres in their respective subjects - the World Agroforestry Centre, CIFOR, CIAT and Bioversity - and channels them toward a clear objective: enhancing the management and use of forests, agroforestry and tree genetic resources across the landscape from forests to farms.
An Ecological, Socio-Economic and Silvicultural Assessment of the Sustainabi...Sryahwa Publications
This document provides an assessment of Reduced Impact Logging (RIL) from ecological, silvicultural, and socio-economic perspectives. It finds that RIL offers benefits over conventional logging for biodiversity at species and population levels by causing less damage to residual trees and soils. However, RIL may still cause species shifts in tropical forests by most affecting marginal or specialized habitats and species. It also discusses that RIL risks over-harvesting valuable trees and sustainable yields may only be possible with additional silvicultural treatments. Finally, it considers that RIL costs can be high and may not be compatible with retaining intact forest at the landscape scale or for many community forests.
This document discusses the Central American Biological Corridor concept proposed for the USAID Regional Environmental Protection Project. Key points include:
- Establishing a continuous protected area corridor from Darien to Yucatan is not feasible given existing land use changes. Remaining habitat exists as islands within a matrix of converted lands.
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The New CGIAR Research Program on Forests, Trees, and Agroforestry: Opportuni...World Agroforestry (ICRAF)
This document outlines the goals and structure of the CGIAR Research Program on Forests, Trees and Agroforestry. The program aims to increase sustainable productivity and livelihoods through research on smallholder systems, forest and tree resource management, environmental services, and climate change impacts. It will take an integrated approach across scales and disciplines. The program consists of 5 components addressing issues like production, conservation, landscape management, climate change, and trade impacts. It establishes teams and committees for implementation and governance to achieve impacts like reducing deforestation and increasing incomes for millions of people by 2022. Challenges include integrating diverse methods, inclusive decision-making, and managing expectations with limited additional funding.
The role of Integrated Conservation-Development Projects (ICDPs) in sustainab...Siang Yang
The document discusses the role of Integrated Conservation-Development Projects (ICDPs) in sustainable environmental management. It summarizes that past environmental measures failed because they did not link wildlife protection to local welfare. ICDPs aimed to integrate environmental protection and development, but outcomes have been largely ineffective. Case studies from Ghana and China are presented to illustrate weaknesses in the ICDP approach, such as unrealistic goals, lack of local participation and needs assessment, and failure to improve livelihoods or provide compensation for losses. The conclusion is that ICDPs have presented an illusion of "win-win" outcomes by not adequately addressing the critical linkage between conservation and rural development in local contexts.
An analysis on the investment of forestland modelling using the agroforestry...Alexander Decker
1. The document analyzes investment in forestland modeling using agroforestry landscape systems in Kutai Kartanegara District, Indonesia.
2. It studies five forestland models: monoculture super teakwood, super teakwood and durian, monoculture durian, durian and coffee, and rambutan and mahogany.
3. The analysis finds that the super teakwood and durian model generates the highest income and production compared to other models and that all models are financially feasible based on their internal rates of return exceeding minimum acceptability rates.
An evaluation of sustainable forestry initiatives of APPYe Han
This document evaluates the sustainable forestry initiatives of Asia Pulp and Paper (APP). It discusses APP's sustainable forest management journey including establishing conservation policies and commitments. It also analyzes APP's performance based on 7 criteria: 1) enabling conditions, 2) forest extent and condition, 3) environmental impact, 4) forest production, 5) biological diversity, 6) management planning, and 7) social engagement. While APP has made progress in some areas like establishing conservation areas and certification programs, the document finds issues with APP's protection of biodiversity and management of high conservation areas, and a lack of research on environmental impacts.
Measuring the opportunity costs of forest conservation in Uganda: Implication...CIFOR-ICRAF
Glenn Bush, Woods Hole Research Center, USA
Nick Hanley, University of Stirling, UK
Daniel Rondeau, University of Victoria, Canada
Presentation for the conference on
Taking stock of smallholders and community forestry
Montpellier France
March 24-26, 2010
Finally, a scientifically studied report on Western Ghat Ecologically Sensitive Area has been accepted; <3000 sq km area based on ground surveys has been omitted. Feeling happy to be part of the core team. The study used Biodiversity project outputs as baseline data.
This document provides an overview of forestry in Myanmar. Some key points:
- Myanmar has high forest cover of 42.92% of its total land area, consisting of various forest types like mixed deciduous and evergreen forests.
- The forestry sector plays an important role in Myanmar's economy and supports many rural communities.
- The Forest Department manages Reserved Forests and Protected Public Forests, while also designating Protected Areas to conserve biodiversity.
- Myanmar has policies and plans to promote sustainable forest management, restoration, and international commitments like its Nationally Determined Contributions for climate change mitigation.
Analysis of extension services in forest conservation in ogun state, nigeria.Alexander Decker
This document analyzes extension services for forest conservation in Ogun State, Nigeria. It finds that most forest officers are between 31-45 years old and have high literacy. Common extension services identified include education programs and publications to raise awareness. Forest officers generally found the extension services to be effective, but identified constraints like lack of funding and materials. The study concludes that effective extension is important for forest conservation, and addressing challenges can improve services.
CGIAR Research Program on Forests, Trees and Agroforestry CIFOR-ICRAF
Presentation by Frances Seymour, Director General of CIFOR
CGIAR Research Program on
Forests, Trees and Agroforestry at Third Meeting of the Independent Science Partnership Council event
Kasturi Rangan Report on Western Ghats Part -1Febin Wilson
The document is a report by the High Level Working Group (HLWG) on the Western Ghats region of India. Some key points:
- The HLWG was formed to provide recommendations for sustainable development and conservation of the Western Ghats ecosystem.
- Through spatial analysis, the HLWG identified 37% of the Western Ghats region as Ecologically Sensitive Areas (ESAs) based on biological richness, fragmentation, population density, and inclusion of protected areas.
- The report recommends notifying the identified ESAs and implementing a non-tolerance policy for highly destructive activities like mining and polluting industries within the ESAs. At the same time, it suggests incentivizing environmentally sustainable
Similar to Key Determinants of Forest-dependent Guyanese’ Willingness to Contribute to Forest Protection: an application of the Contingent Valuation Method (20)
Evolving Lifecycles with High Resolution Site Characterization (HRSC) and 3-D...Joshua Orris
The incorporation of a 3DCSM and completion of HRSC provided a tool for enhanced, data-driven, decisions to support a change in remediation closure strategies. Currently, an approved pilot study has been obtained to shut-down the remediation systems (ISCO, P&T) and conduct a hydraulic study under non-pumping conditions. A separate micro-biological bench scale treatability study was competed that yielded positive results for an emerging innovative technology. As a result, a field pilot study has commenced with results expected in nine-twelve months. With the results of the hydraulic study, field pilot studies and an updated risk assessment leading site monitoring optimization cost lifecycle savings upwards of $15MM towards an alternatively evolved best available technology remediation closure strategy.
Kinetic studies on malachite green dye adsorption from aqueous solutions by A...Open Access Research Paper
Water polluted by dyestuffs compounds is a global threat to health and the environment; accordingly, we prepared a green novel sorbent chemical and Physical system from an algae, chitosan and chitosan nanoparticle and impregnated with algae with chitosan nanocomposite for the sorption of Malachite green dye from water. The algae with chitosan nanocomposite by a simple method and used as a recyclable and effective adsorbent for the removal of malachite green dye from aqueous solutions. Algae, chitosan, chitosan nanoparticle and algae with chitosan nanocomposite were characterized using different physicochemical methods. The functional groups and chemical compounds found in algae, chitosan, chitosan algae, chitosan nanoparticle, and chitosan nanoparticle with algae were identified using FTIR, SEM, and TGADTA/DTG techniques. The optimal adsorption conditions, different dosages, pH and Temperature the amount of algae with chitosan nanocomposite were determined. At optimized conditions and the batch equilibrium studies more than 99% of the dye was removed. The adsorption process data matched well kinetics showed that the reaction order for dye varied with pseudo-first order and pseudo-second order. Furthermore, the maximum adsorption capacity of the algae with chitosan nanocomposite toward malachite green dye reached as high as 15.5mg/g, respectively. Finally, multiple times reusing of algae with chitosan nanocomposite and removing dye from a real wastewater has made it a promising and attractive option for further practical applications.
RoHS stands for Restriction of Hazardous Substances, which is also known as t...vijaykumar292010
RoHS stands for Restriction of Hazardous Substances, which is also known as the Directive 2002/95/EC. It includes the restrictions for the use of certain hazardous substances in electrical and electronic equipment. RoHS is a WEEE (Waste of Electrical and Electronic Equipment).
Improving the viability of probiotics by encapsulation methods for developmen...Open Access Research Paper
The popularity of functional foods among scientists and common people has been increasing day by day. Awareness and modernization make the consumer think better regarding food and nutrition. Now a day’s individual knows very well about the relation between food consumption and disease prevalence. Humans have a diversity of microbes in the gut that together form the gut microflora. Probiotics are the health-promoting live microbial cells improve host health through gut and brain connection and fighting against harmful bacteria. Bifidobacterium and Lactobacillus are the two bacterial genera which are considered to be probiotic. These good bacteria are facing challenges of viability. There are so many factors such as sensitivity to heat, pH, acidity, osmotic effect, mechanical shear, chemical components, freezing and storage time as well which affects the viability of probiotics in the dairy food matrix as well as in the gut. Multiple efforts have been done in the past and ongoing in present for these beneficial microbial population stability until their destination in the gut. One of a useful technique known as microencapsulation makes the probiotic effective in the diversified conditions and maintain these microbe’s community to the optimum level for achieving targeted benefits. Dairy products are found to be an ideal vehicle for probiotic incorporation. It has been seen that the encapsulated microbial cells show higher viability than the free cells in different processing and storage conditions as well as against bile salts in the gut. They make the food functional when incorporated, without affecting the product sensory characteristics.
Optimizing Post Remediation Groundwater Performance with Enhanced Microbiolog...Joshua Orris
Results of geophysics and pneumatic injection pilot tests during 2003 – 2007 yielded significant positive results for injection delivery design and contaminant mass treatment, resulting in permanent shut-down of an existing groundwater Pump & Treat system.
Accessible source areas were subsequently removed (2011) by soil excavation and treated with the placement of Emulsified Vegetable Oil EVO and zero-valent iron ZVI to accelerate treatment of impacted groundwater in overburden and weathered fractured bedrock. Post pilot test and post remediation groundwater monitoring has included analyses of CVOCs, organic fatty acids, dissolved gases and QuantArray® -Chlor to quantify key microorganisms (e.g., Dehalococcoides, Dehalobacter, etc.) and functional genes (e.g., vinyl chloride reductase, methane monooxygenase, etc.) to assess potential for reductive dechlorination and aerobic cometabolism of CVOCs.
In 2022, the first commercial application of MetaArray™ was performed at the site. MetaArray™ utilizes statistical analysis, such as principal component analysis and multivariate analysis to provide evidence that reductive dechlorination is active or even that it is slowing. This creates actionable data allowing users to save money by making important site management decisions earlier.
The results of the MetaArray™ analysis’ support vector machine (SVM) identified groundwater monitoring wells with a 80% confidence that were characterized as either Limited for Reductive Decholorination or had a High Reductive Reduction Dechlorination potential. The results of MetaArray™ will be used to further optimize the site’s post remediation monitoring program for monitored natural attenuation.
Optimizing Post Remediation Groundwater Performance with Enhanced Microbiolog...
Key Determinants of Forest-dependent Guyanese’ Willingness to Contribute to Forest Protection: an application of the Contingent Valuation Method
1. International Journal of Scientific and Research Publications, Volume 8, Issue 6, June 2018 496
ISSN 2250-3153
http://dx.doi.org/10.29322/IJSRP.8.6.2018.p7864 www.ijsrp.org
Key Determinants of Forest-dependent Guyanese’
Willingness to Contribute to Forest Protection: an
application of the Contingent Valuation Method
Alvin A Doris*
, Rongchang WANG**
*
UN Environment-Tongji Institute of Environment for Sustainable Development,
College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai, PR China
**
Key Laboratory of Yangtze Aquatic Environment (MOE), College of Environmental Science and Engineering,
Tongji University, Shanghai, PR China,
DOI: 10.29322/IJSRP.8.6.2018.p7864
http://dx.doi.org/10.29322/IJSRP.8.6.2018.p7864
Abstract- Determining the willingness of forest-dependent Guyanese to contribute to forest protection is of strategic importance to
forest management policy, particularly for Guyana – a high forest cover, low deforestation (HFLD) Amazonian tropical country
whose government has articulated through several national development strategy documents, including the Low Carbon Development
Strategy and the Framework Green State Development Strategy – a commitment to green development. Our research centred on the
willingness of Forest-dependent Guyanese – persons who dwell and ply their trade in hinterland and riparian forest areas of the
country – to contribute to forest preservation and restoration as demonstrated through their willingness to accept (WTA) and
willingness to pay (WTP). WTA and WTP were elicited by the Contingent Valuation Method (CVM) – a method used to elicit value
people attribute to goods and services not traded in the market, such as the improvement of environmental states. Using the CVM, the
research sought to ascertain the key determinants of WTA and WTP for Guyana’s forest preservation and restoration. Our research
found primary commercial activities of the study sites and income to be the key determinants of WTA and WTP. Our paper asserts
that forest-dependent Guyanese should feature centrally in forest management policy and practice; the primary economic activities of
forest communities should be taken into account when forest protection programmes are formulated; and income of forest dwellers
should serve as a gauge of forest dwellers’ ability to contribute financially to forest protection programmes.
Index Terms- Contingent Valuation Method, willingness to pay, willingness to accept, Hicksian surplus, forest-dependent Guyanese
I. BACKGROUND AND INTRODUCTION
orest extraction and forest preservation have, traditionally, been polar activities, serving antithetical interests. The Co-operative
Republic of Guyana, hereafter referred to as Guyana, is an Amazonian high forest cover, low deforestation (HFLD) emerging
green state wealthy in biodiversity; approximately 84 percent of the country’s area is covered by lush rainforest. Deforestation over
the past quarter-century – caused primarily by mining, logging and agriculture – has been minimal in Guyana. The Food and
Agriculture Organization (FAO) published data showing an infinitesimal decline of Guyana’s forest cover across 25 years, from 84.63
per cent in 1990 to 83.95 per cent in 2015 [1]. Consequently, forest protection has high ecological, social and economic importance to
this small developing country whose economy depends heavily on the forest extractive sectors, and whose future development is
envisaged to proceed on a green pathway, as articulated by several national development strategy documents, principal among them
the Low Carbon Development Strategy (LCDS) [2] and the Framework Green State Development Strategy (GSDS) [3]. Important to
forest protection is the involvement of forest-dependent people. Part of this involvement can be determined through their willingness
to accept (WTA) and willingness to pay (WTP) for forest preservation and restoration. WTA and WTP are welfare estimates elicited
by the Contingent Valuation Method (CVM) – a stated-preference method which elicits respondents’ Hicksian surplus contingent on
an alternative, enhanced environmental state that would benefit persons who are willing to pay to improve the state from the status
quo.
While the market value of the forest may be easily ascertained by an account of the price for which timber and nontimber
forest resources are traded in the market, the nonmarket value of the forest – embodied by its ecosystem services and functions - is not
as easily discernible. However, as a result of decades ecosystem assessment and valuation, a heightened awareness and appreciation of
these services and functions have begun to set in. The Millennium Ecosystem Assessment (MA) [4], undertaken from 2001 to 2005,
was the first major international effort to cite what it terms ecosystem services and explore the linkages between these ecosystem
services and human wellbeing. Subsequently, The Economics of Ecosystems and Biodiversity (TEEB, 2010) [5] study was conducted
to properly valuate biological diversity and ecosystems. These two studies have proposed a suite of ecosystem services and functions,
and advanced comprehensive approaches to assessment and valuation of ecosystems and biodiversity. While there may have been
F
2. International Journal of Scientific and Research Publications, Volume 8, Issue 6, June 2018 497
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http://dx.doi.org/10.29322/IJSRP.8.6.2018.p7864 www.ijsrp.org
external assessment of Guyana’s forest ecosystem, authors of this paper know of no forest valuation attempted prior to the research
that informs this paper. Consequently, the attempt at determining the determinants of WTA and WTP and welfare estimates for forest
preservation and restoration here is the first of its kind in the anglophone South American country.
Ecosystem assessment and valuation have been agreed globally to be important prerequisites for ecosystem management
policy and action. The MA framework was designed to help all stakeholders understand the current state of major ecosystem services,
trends in their production and flows, as well as major pressures and threats, management decisions and policy formulations [6].
Termed as ‘environmental services’ [7], and subsequently, ‘ecosystem services’ [8], the most frequently referenced definition is:
‘Ecosystem services are the benefits people obtain from ecosystems’ [4]. These include provisioning services such as food, water and
timber; regulating services that affect climate, air quality and water quality; cultural services that provide recreational and aesthetical
pleasure; and supporting services such as soil security, photosynthesis and nutrient cycling [4]. Additionally, TEEB was mandated by
the G8+5 countries to ‘initiate the process of analysing the global economic benefit of biological diversity, the costs of the loss of
biodiversity, and the failure to take protective measures versus the costs of effective conservation’ for the principal purpose of
addressing ‘the needs of major user groups: national and local decisionmakers, business and the wider public’ [5]. The study
encompassed robust ecosystem assessment and valuation, acknowledging mankind’s unsustainable use of nature’s resource and the
need for urgent sustainable management. More specifically, TEEB has set the foundation for a ‘systematic appraisal of the economic
contribution of biodiversity and ecosystem services to human well-being; and for routine steps to prevent that contribution being lost
or diminished through neglect or mismanagement’ [9]. It is within this context that we attempted a nonmarket valuation of protection
options of Guyana’s forest.
The forest is an ecosystem to which the livelihoods of most humans are linked intimately, particularly in developing
countries. Forests globally represent substantial goods and services that benefit humankind. These include timber, fuelwood, genetic
materials, watershed protection, carbon sequestration and cycling and tourism [7]. While ascertaining the market value of these forest
goods and services is relatively simple, determining the nonmarket value of the forest has proved challenging; it has only been
possible through contingent valuation which elicits individuals’ willingness to pay for forest restoration, forest conservation or forest
ecosystem functions and services [10, 11, 12]. These studies which have been conducted in recent years have all suggested there is
substantial public support for forest conservation [13].
One of the most comprehensive approaches to forest valuation proposed cites five key steps: a clear definition of the decision
to be made; a clarification of the purpose of the valuation, its purpose and outputs; a clear identification and determination of input
and output information needs, and constraints to meeting those needs; choice and application of relevant valuation methods and
techniques to meet the information needs; and identification of value uncertainties [14]. Consequently, our research endeavoured to
ascertain the key determinants of forest-dependent Guyanese’ willingness to accept or willingness to pay for preservation or
restoration of one hectare of degraded forest, and determine the significance of WTA and WTP estimates and whether they could
sustainably support forest protection programmes. The CVM was determined to be appropriate for eliciting WTA and WTP. And
forest-dependent Guyanese were considered the most appropriate sample population because they were most likely to be directly
affected by both forest degradation and forest protection, despite uncertainties relative to stated WTA and WTP.
Finally, the goal of the study is to inform forest management policy and action and aid in the country’s bid to pursue green
development.
This research paper is organised according to the following main sections:
1) Background and Introduction
2) Materials and Methods
3) Results
4) Discussion
5) Conclusion
II. MATERIALS AND METHODS
Elicited by face-to-face administration of survey adopting the Contingent Valuation Method (CVM), data was organised methodically
for analysis and analysed by descriptive and inferential statistics to determine welfare estimates and key determinants of WTA and
WTP among forest-dependent Guyanese. The software package IBM SPSS Statistics was used to perform statistical analyses.
II.1. Contingent Valuation Method
The Contingent Valuation Method (CVM), a stated-preference method relevant to the valuation of all kinds of ecosystem services,
was developed in the USA in the 1960s with an aim to measure the monetary values that individuals place on goods, services and
amenities that are not traded in the market [15].
Applied directly to respondents who are, in essence, consumers in a hypothetical market situation, the CVM aims at eliciting
respondents’ willingness to pay (WTP) and willingness to accept (WTA), thereby revealing their Hicksian surplus when presented
with a scenario concerning the state of a public good and an alternative contingent on their payment. It can be used to determine both
use and non-use values, and is the most controversial of nonmarket valuation methods [16].
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The survey instrument was designed and administered in accordance with specifications of the Report of the National
Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) on Contingent Valuation [17]. Prior to administration of survey, researcher
discussed with respondents the state of the country’s forest ecosystem, its decline as a consequence of mining, logging and agriculture,
and the difference between market value and nonmarket value of the forest. Subsequently, respondents were provided both
dichotomous-choice items and open-ended questions to demonstrate their willingness to accept and willingness to pay for forest
preservation and restoration, given the relevant hypothetical situations.
II.2. Statistical Analysis
Summary statistics – measures of central tendency and dispersion – were used as a first-order data analysis application. The arithmetic
mean - hereafter referred to as mean - median and mode where applicable are the measures of central tendency used; standard
deviation and variance are the measures of dispersion used.
Moreover, for the purpose of extrapolating findings to the population from which the representative sample was drawn and
determine associations of statistical significance, the relevant parametric and nonparametric tests were conducted to determine the
correlation between independent and dependent variables, the significance of such correlations where they existed, and the nature or
direction of such correlations. Additionally, the tests were conducted to assume or reject the null hypotheses and produce predictive
welfare estimates. Having determined the measures of best fit, the Pearson Product-Moment Correlation Coefficient, simple linear
regression, multiple linear regression and logistic linear regression were the inferential statistics employed.
III. RESULTS
III.1. Demographic Characteristics
Survey was conducted at six study sites across six Administrative Regions of the country. All study sites are hinterland and riparian
areas, with one being a new municipality. The residents were mostly indigenous peoples. However, some communities emerged as a
consequence of mining and logging operations. Survey was conducted among 357 respondents. 30 questionnaires were unusable
because of lack of completeness and illegibility. The final 327 usable survey instruments were all completed, for a response rate of
91.6 percent. Of these 327 respondents, 139 (̴42.5%) were males and 188 (̴57.5) were females. Respondents aged from 16 to 88, with
188 (̴56%) being 35 years and younger. The majority of respondents – 255 (̴78%) - had at least secondary education. The highest
number of professionals were teachers (76); miners, loggers and farmers combined for 95 (29%) of the total of number of respondents.
It should be noted that many respondents held two or three job titles simultaneously. For example, many respondents who wrote they
were miners were also loggers; many who stated they were famers were also loggers and shop owners or transport operators.
III.2. Descriptive Statistics
For simple summary of data, the most applicable measures of central tendency and variability were considered to be the arithmetic
mean, standard deviation and skewness. For robustness of accuracy and predictability of willingness to accept and willingness to pay
estimates, bootstrapping was applied to data. These are shown in Table 1. Summary statistics of the dichotomous-choice items are
presented in Table 2.
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Table 1: Summary statistics of willingness-to-accept and willingness-to-pay estimates
Descriptives Statistic
Std
Error Bias
Std
Error
95% Confidence
Interval
Willingness to
Accept (WTA)
for forest
preservation in
lieu of $10,000
from mining,
logging or
agriculture
Minimum $3,000 Lower Upper
Maximum $10,000
Mean $7,674.31 4.29 87.34 $7,510.69 $7,845.57
%WTA 76.74 75.11 78.46
Std Deviation 1604.307 -4.775 45.212 1516.144 1690.654
Skewness -0.460 0.135 -0.001 0.102 -0.662 -0.255
Willingness to
Pay (WTP) for
forest
restoration
from monthly
income of $300
Minimum $0
Maximum $150
Mean $46.48 -0.09 1.70 $43.20 $49.91
% WTP1 15.49 14.40 16.64
Std Deviation 31.131 -0.113 1.409 28.234 33.895
Skewness 0.850 0.135 -0.014 0.129 0.589 1.095
Willingness to
Pay (WTP) for
forest
restoration
from monthly
income of $400
Minimum $0
Maximum $200
Mean $63.69 -0.14 2.43 $58.82 $68.53
% WTP2 15.92 14.71 17.13
Std Deviation 43.899 -0.176 2.202 39.376 48.000
Skewness 1.081 0.135 -0.011 -0.110 0.836 1.291
Willingness to
Pay (WTP) for
forest
restoration
from monthly
income of $500
Minimum $0
Maximum $300
Mean $82.04 -0.21 3.14 $75.85 $87.96
% WTP3 16.41 15.17 17.60
Std Deviation 58.023 -0.266 2.787 52.311 63.057
Skewness 1.117 0.135 -0.009 0.118 0.875 1.325
Willingness to
Pay (WTP) for
forest
restoration
from monthly
income of $600
Minimum $0
Maximum $400
Mean $101.42 -0.27 3.91 $93.90 $109.01
% WTP4 16.90 15.65 18.17
Std Deviation 72.409 -0.350 3.485 65.299 78.927
Skewness 1.133 0.135 -0.012 0.137 0.872 1.391
Willingness to
Pay (WTP) for
forest
restoration
from monthly
income of $700
Minimum $0
Maximum $500
Mean $124.68 -0.35 4.69 $115.74 $133.66
% WTP5 17.81 16.53 19.10
Std Deviation 87.643 -0.440 4.141 79.368 95.305
Skewness 1.055 0.135 -0.017 0.153 0.761 1.358
Valid (listwise N 327 0 0 327 327
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Table 2: Summary statistics of responses to the dichotomous-choice items used in the Contingent Valuation survey
Dichotomous-choice Item Frequency % Bias
Standard
Error
95% Confidence
Interval
Lower Upper
Does the forest
have nonmarket
value?
Yes 327 100 0 0 100 100
Is the forest
nonmarket value
greater than the
market value?
Yes
No
Total
307
20
327
93.9
6.1
100
0
0
0
1.3
1.3
0
91.1
3.7
100
96.3
8.9
100
Is mining, logging
or agriculture of
any direct
economic benefit
to you?
Yes
No
Total
232
95
327
70.9
29.1
100
0
0
0
2.5
2.5
0
65.7
23.9
100
76.1
34.3
100
Would you be
willing to forego
economic benefit
of deforestation?
Yes
No
Total
304
23
327
93.0
7.0
100
0
0
0
1.4
1.4
0
89.9
4.3
100
95.7
10.1
100
As it relates to willingness to accept, the average respondent claimed to be willing to accept ̴$7,674 as the lowest compensation for
forest preservation in lieu of $10,000 received from mining, logging or agriculture annually. In essence, respondents overall were
willing to forego ̴$2,326 of the annual $10,000 they could have received from commercial activities that resulted in deforestation in
favour of forest preservation.
And as it pertains to the willingness to pay for forest restoration, respondents demonstrated a positive WTP with increase in
income – from a percentage of 15.49 at the $300 income level to 17.81 at the $700 income level, with an increase interval of $100.
This represents a consistent increase in WTP at an increasing rate despite an increase in income at a decreasing rate.
Three dichotomous-choice items elicited responses affirming respondents’ belief that the forest had nonmarket value, and
their willingness to accept lower compensation for forest preservation then the income they could receive from forest-extractive
activities. All 327 respondents believed the forest had nonmarket value, while 307 (̴94%) respondents believed the nonmarket value of
the forest was greater than the market value. 304 respondents (93%) responded ‘Yes’ to the WTA dichotomous-choice item,
although ̴71 percent of all respondents revealed – in response to the fourth dichotomous-choice item - that mining, logging and
agriculture were of direct economic benefit to them.
III.3. Inferential Statistics
III.3.1. Pearson Product-Moment Correlation Coefficient
The Pearson Product-Moment Correlation Coefficient was performed to determine the statistical significance and direction of
correlation among all variables, as shown in Table 3. There were found to be significant correlations, appearing in bold text in Table 3,
among key variables at the 0.01 and 0.05 levels. For example, the study site Moruca, used as an independent variable in the correlation
analysis, is shown to have a significant correlation with WTA and WTP at the 0.01 and 0.05 levels. Two-tailed correlation was used to
detect correlation of statistical significance both positive and negative. Wherever statistical significance in correlation between the key
outcome variables – willingness to accept and willingness to pay – and key predictor and controlled variables exist, these relations
were analysed deeper by application of multiple linear regression.
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Table 3: Correlation among dependent variables willingness to accept and willingness to pay and the key independent variables study sites and income increase
Variables Mean Std Dev. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18
1. Age 35.70 14.70 1
2. Sex 1.57 0.50 -0.157 1
3. Education 2.02 0.84 -0.142 -0.07 1
4. Annai 0.21 0.41 -0.08 0.044 0.287**
1
5. Moruca 0.39 0.80 0.01 -0.059 -0.205 -0.253 1
6. Mara 0.30 0.91 0.183**
-0.061 -0.299 -0.172 -0.165 1
7. Mahdia 0.81 1.61 -0.09 -0.015 0.190**
-0.258 -0.248 -0.168 1
8. Ituni,
Kwakwani &
Aroaima
0.86 1.9 0.103 -0.052 0.039 -0.233 -0.224 -0.152 -0.229 1
9. Bartica 0.73 1.97 -0.093 0.151**
-.109*
-0.191 -0.184 -0.125 -0.188 -0.17 1
10. DC Item
1
1.06 0.24 0.117*
-0.064 -0.006 0.089 -0.126 0.253**
-0.033 -0.048 -0.095 1
11. DC Item
2
1.29 0.455 -0.140 0.005 0.317**
0.552**
-0.180 -0.058 0.081 -0.273 -0.198 0.062 1
12. DC Item
3
1.07 0.26 -0.021 0.043 -0.02 -0.023 -0.136 0.186**
0.040 0.002 -0.03 0.080 0.008 1
13. WTA
Amount
7674.31 1604.31 -0.049 -0.015 -0.081 -0.068 -0.133 0.011 -0.043 0.209**
0.047 0.012 -0.057 0.399**
1
14. WTP1 46.48 31.13 -0.064 0.043 -0.076 -0.021 -0.155 0.348**
0.087 -0.231 0.053 -0.009 0.014 -0.049 -0.237 1
15. WTP2 63.69 43.90 -0.046 0.072 -0.076 -0.028 -0.156 0.378**
0.074 -0.218 0.034 -0.002 -0.008 -0.079 -0.266 0.929**
1
16. WTP3 82.04 58.02 -0.067 0.054 -0.08 -0.041 -0.132 0.382**
0.058 -0.190 0.006 0.001 0.019 -0.064 -0.258 0.874**
0.952**
1
17. WTP4 101.42 72.41 -0.057 0.042 -0.056 -0.029 -0.132 0.382**
0.069 -0.186 -0.026 0.010 0.028 -0.062 -0.264 0.836**
0.936**
0.977**
1
18. WTP5 124.68 87.64 -0.082 0.048 -0.05 0.004 -0.129 0.330**
0.068 -0.167 -0.044 -0.003 0.046 -0.066 -0.267 0.799**
0.898**
0.956**
0.981**
1
Pearson Product-Moment Correlation Coefficient: **. Correlation is significant at the 0.01 level *. Correlation is significant at the 0.05 level Number: 327
WTA in Table is abbreviation of willingness to accept. WTP is abbreviation of willingness to pay. Each numeral represents the corresponding income level.
DC Item 1 refers to the first dichotomous choice item: Is forest nonmarket value greater than forest market value?
Item 2 refers to the second dichotomous choice item: Is mining, logging or agriculture of any direct economic benefit to you:
Item 3 refers to the third dichotomous choice item: Would you be willing to forego economic benefits of mining, logging or agriculture in lieu of a lower compensation
for forest preservation?
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III.3.2. Multiple Linear Regression – Willingness to Accept
Regression performed using the outcome variable willingness to accept compensation for forest preservation in lieu of the annual
earnings of US$10,000 from mining, logging or agriculture shows significant correlation between the outcome variable and the
explanatory variables study sites and the dichotomous-choice item on willingness to forego economic benefit of extraction in lieu of
forest preservation, as shown in Table 4.
Table 4: Results of multiple linear regression with willingness to accept as outcome variable
Willingness to
Accept
Unstandardised
Coefficients
Standardised
Coefficients
t Sig.
95 % Confidence
Interval for β
β
Standard
Error Beta
Lower
Bound
Upper
Bound
Sex 11.045 173.508 0.003 0.064 0.949 -330.327 352.417
Age -7.501 5.665 -0.069 -1.324 0.186 -18.646 3.644
Education -141.896 101.755 -0.074 -1.394 0.164 -342.096 58.304
Job Title -68.954 22.078 -0.168 -3.123 0.002 -112.391 -25.517
Study Sites 191.374 52.966 0.204 3.613 0 87.164 295.584
Forest nonmarket
value > forest
market value?
-162.426 358.078 -0.024 -0.454 0.65 -866.936 542.085
Weight of
nonmarket value -47.958 26.048 -0.099 -1.841 0.067 -99.207 3.29
Direct economic
benefit of mining,
logging or
agriculture
133.449 205.694 0.038 0.649 0.517 -271.249 538.148
Willingness to
forego economic
benefit of
extraction in lieu
of preservation
compensation
2,436.448 312.039 0.389 7.808 0 1,822.518 3050.378
F 10.227
R 0.474
R2
0.225
Adjusted R2
0.203
Δ R2
0.225
III.3.3. Multiple Linear Regression – Willingness to Pay
Regression analysis performed with willingness to pay across five income levels as the outcome variable shows statistically significant
correlation between the outcome variable and the explanatory variables study sites and dichotomous-choice item on willingness to
forego economic benefit of extraction in lieu of forest preservation, as shown in Table 5.
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Table 5: Result of multiple linear regression with willingness to pay (WTP) across five income levels
WTP with increase in Income WTP1 WTP2 WTP3 WTP4 WTP5
Variables β t β t β t β t β t
Age -0.204 -1.825 -0.26 -1.678 -0.46 -2.217 -0.534 -2.059 -0.752 -2.34
Sex 1.864 0.576 6.167 1.375 6.106 1.017 6.889 0.917 8.457 0.909
Education 0.118 0.055 1.207 0.404 0.757 0.189 2.703 0.539 0.829 0.134
Annai -3.918 -0.745 -4.976 -0.672 -11.151 -1.139 -12.621 -1.029 -7.691 -0.519
Mara 12.666 5.457 19.684 6.124 27.906 6.483 34.606 6.43 35.03 5.253
Mahdia 1.223 0.929 1.304 0.716 2.21 0.906 2.646 0.867 1.853 0.49
Ituni, Kwakwani & Aroaima -3.366 -2.725 -4.802 -2.808 -4.314 -1.883 -5.687 -1.986 -7.067 -1.992
Bartica 0.138 0.124 -0.505 -0.329 -0.398 -0.193 -1.738 -0.675 -3.814 -1.196
Forest nonmarket value > forest
market value
-0.118 -0.227 0.166 0.23 0.581 0.601 0.972 0.804 0.852 0.569
Weight of the nonmarket value of
the forest
-13.81 -1.943 -17.913 -1.82 -20.82 -1.58 -23.677 -1.437 -30.762 -1.507
Direct economic of mining, logging
or agriculture
-4.135 -0.94 -8.877 -1.457 -4.32 -0.529 -6.262 -0.614 -6.274 -0.496
Willingness to forego economic
benefit of deforestation
-16.432 -2.633 -30.134 -3.487 -36.468 -3.151 -45.025 -3.112 -52.822 -2.947
F 7.436
0.47
0.221
0.192
0.221
8.679
0.499
0.249
0.22
0.249
7.774
0.479
0.229
0.2
0.229
7.642
0.475
0.226
0.196
0.226
6.101
0.435
0.189
0.158
0.189
R
R2
Adjusted R2
ΔR2
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III.3.4. Simple Linear Regression – Willingness to Pay
Having established that there is an increase in WTP with increase in income, a simple linear regression was performed with WPT at
each income level as the outcome variable and income increase as the explanatory variable. The mean willingness to pay at every
income level was used as the outcome measure (plotted on the Y-axis) and the corresponding income amount as the explanatory
variable (plotted on the X-axis). The outcome of the regression analysis is shown in Table 6. This has shown an average increase in
WTP amount of $19.4 at every new income level.
Table 6: Results of simple linear regression with mean willingness to pay (WTP) as outcome variable
Willingness
to Pay
Unstandardised
Coefficients
Standardised
Coefficients
t Sig.
95 % Confidence
Interval for β
β
Standard
Error Beta
Lower
Bound
Upper
Bound
Income
Level
0.194 0.007 0.998 29.277 .000 0.173 0.215
F 857.16
R 0.998
R2 0.997
Adjusted R2 0.995
Δ R2 0.997
The best-fitting line (regression line) and exponential curve generated by increase in WTP and corresponding income level are shown
in Figure 1. This output illustrates that as income increases from $300 to $400, the mean WTP amount increases from ̴$46.5 to ̴$63.7;
an increase in income from $400 to $500 results in an increase of mean WTP from ̴$63.7 to ̴$82; an increase in income from $500 to
$600 results in an increase in mean WTP from ̴$82 to $101.4; and an increase in income from $600 to $700 results in an increase in
mean WTP from $101.4 to ̴$124.7. These figures are all shown in Table 1. The mean increase from one income level to the next is
approximately $19.4, as shown in Table 6.
Figure 1: Best-fitting line and exponential curve of increase in willingness to pay (WTP) with corresponding increase in income
Income levels ($)
MeanWTPatcorrespondingincomelevel
($)
40
60
80
100
120
140
300 400 500 600 700
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IV. DISCUSSION
We should commence our discussion by briefly defining the terms willingness to accept (WTA) and willingness to pay (WTP).
Brown and Gregory (1999) [18] reason that WTA and WTP are equivalent measures of economic value. WTP ‘reflects the maximum
monetary amount that an individual would pay to obtain a good’ and WTA ‘reflects the minimum monetary amount required to
relinquish the good.’ Moreover, ‘WTP therefore provides a purchase price, relevant for valuing the proposed gain of a good, whereas
WTA provides a selling price, relevant for valuing a proposed relinquishment’ [18]. According to our findings, the most statistically
significant determinants of WTA WTP were study sites’ economic characteristics, respondents’ positive response to the WTA
dichotomous-choice item, and increase in income. Though other variables may not have been shown to have statistically significant
correlations with WTA and WTP, sex and age, in particular, were determined to have significant cumulative effect on welfare
estimates over the long term - and were used as controlled variables. In adherence to the guidelines of the NOAA Panel Report, only
the most conservative welfare estimates have been extrapolated to the population.
Firstly, in response to the dichotomous-choice items, all 327 respondents believed the forest had nonmarket value; 307 (̴94%)
of respondents believed the nonmarket value of the forest was greater than the market value; 304 respondents (93%) responded ‘Yes’
when asked whether they would be willing to accept a lower compensation for forest preservation in lieu of what they currently
received as earning from mining, logging or agriculture. Responses to these three questions were almost entirely positive despite only
71 percent of all respondents revealing – in response to the fourth dichotomous-choice item - that mining, logging and agriculture
were of direct economic benefit to them. This suggests that forest-dependent Guyanese – regarding the forest as having nonmarket
value – generally preferred to preserve the forest as opposed to extract it for its market value, once provided with some compensation,
albeit less than the amount they likely would have earned from the extractive sectors. Their lack of direct economic benefit from forest
extraction neither negatively impacted their consideration of the forest’s nonmarket value nor prohibited their willingness to contribute
to the ecosystem’s preservation.
Secondly, the mean willingness to accept of ̴$7,674 as the least compensation for forest preservation in lieu of $10,000
received from mining, logging or agriculture annually in essence represents a mean willingness to contribute ̴$2,326 annually to forest
preservation. This 23 percent contribution toward forest preservation elicited by WTA is arguably greater than what would have been
offered through a willingness to pay elicitation item. For our study, we found an average increase in WTP of $19.4 with every $100
increase in salary. If respondents were willing to pay $124.68 (17.81% of income) at the $700 income level, then we can project they
would be willing to pay $144 at the $800 income level, and $163.5 at the $900 income level. Even at the $900 income level, the WTP
of 18.16 percent of income is lower than what could be estimated from a monthly WTA contribution from a corresponding monthly
income. For example, the $10,000 respondents hypothetically earned annually represents a monthly income of $833.33, and 23
percent of this amount is $191.7, about $28 more than what respondents would possibly have offered through WTP at the $900
income level. This finding is in keeping with the literature that posits that WTA estimates are generally higher compared to WTP
estimates – a reality that puts estimates elicited by CVM at odds with neoclassical economic theory, and has caused the NOAA Panel
to discourage the use of WTA. Economic and psychological explanations have been advanced in an attempt to unravel the disparity in
estimates elicited by WTA and WTP [18]. Factors such as income and substitute effects, endowment effect, implied value and profit
motive [18] and [19] have all been proposed as causes of divergence. However, from our estimation and interactions with respondents,
WTA estimates in our research are higher than WTP estimates because respondents were generally more willing to forego voluntarily
– not by force – money they did not yet possess than pay money they had in hand. We argue that the divergence we have found is not
so significant that the abandonment of WTA is of policy exigency. In fact, we propose that it is of policy and strategic importance to
elicit both WTA and WTP for forest preservation and restoration.
Additionally, the mean WTA by study site was evidently determined by the primary commercial activity of that study site.
Where mining and logging are the predominant commercial activities, the mean WTA is considerably higher, that is, the willingness
to forego earning from commercial activities is significantly lower. Case in point: in Ituni, Kwakwani and Aroaima, the predominant
commercial activities are mining and logging. The mean WTA of this study site is $8,411 which represents a willingness to forego a
mere $1,589 for forest preservation. This demonstrated willingness to forego is significantly lower than the $2,726 respondents of
Moruca – a community in which agriculture is predominant – expressed a willingness to forego, as shown in Table 7. WTA, therefore,
is inhibited by mining and logging. This is a logical conclusion given that preservation and mining or logging are mutually exclusive;
mining and logging are inimical to preservation and vice versa, and those who earn significantly from forest extraction are least
willing to forego such economic benefits of extraction to contribute to preservation.
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Table 7: The mean willingness to accept (WTA) amount for forest preservation in lieu of $10,000
from mining, logging or agriculture by each study site
Study
Site
Number of
Respondents
(Households)
WTA
Amount (US$)
Mean
WTA (US$)
Percentage
WTA
Annai 68 (489) 507,500 7,463 74.63%
Moruca 64 (1501) 463,499 7,242 72.42%
Mara 33 (25) 255,000 7,727 77.27%
Mahdia 66 (709) 497,500 7,538 75.38%
Ituni,
Kwakwani &
Aroaima
56 (1,147) 471,000 8,411 84.11%
Bartica 40 (2,219) 315,000 7,875 78.75%
And thirdly, as it pertains to the willingness to pay for forest restoration, increase in income was shown to have the most significant
effect on WTP. This corresponds with the findings of several contingent valuation and welfare economic studies across the globe [20,
21, 22]. Respondents have demonstrated a positive WTP with increase in income – from 15.49 percent of income at the $300 income
level to 17.81 percent of income at the $700 income level - with an income increase interval of $100. This represents a consistent
increase in WTP at an increasing rate despite an increase in income at a decreasing rate. The WTP 15.49 percent of income of $300 –
approximately Guyana Dollars 60, 000 – looks realistic and reliable. Guyanese public-sector employees are required to pay
approximately 33 percent of gross income in tax beyond the G$60,000 tax threshold, and between 14 and 16 percent value added tax.
The positive increase in WTP suggests two things in particular: forest-dependent Guyanese’ appreciation of the need for investment in
and willingness to contribute to forest protection, and the reality that as discretionary income increases, so does the willingness among
forest-dependent Guyanese to pay for forest protection. Consequently, it is the increase of discretionary income that impacts increase
in WTP, and not merely an increase in gross income. We believe that if the increase in expenditure was directly proportional to the
increase at income across the four income levels examined, the WTP may have been less positive.
Moreover, commercial activities also had statistically significant effect on WTP. As was observed between study sites and
WTA, respondents of study sites at which mining and logging are the primary commercial activities demonstrated lower willingness
to pay for forest restoration than respondents of study sites at which agriculture is the primary economic activity, albeit this variance
between most and least WTP being smaller than the variance between least and most WTA.
Given the aforementioned willingness to accept and willingness to pay estimates, conservative estimates can be extrapolated
to the entire population to determine how much each community is likely to forego or pay for forest preservation and restoration –
forest protection. The aggregate WTA and WTP amounts are herein determined by the upper bound of the mean WTA and the lower
bound of the mean WTP multiplied by the number of households within the communities in which research was conducted at the 95
percent confidence interval, as shown in Table 1. With the six study sites having a total number of 6,090 households, as per the 2012
Population and Housing Census conducted by the Bureau of Statistics, Guyana, the most conservative annual WTA at the 95 percent
confidence interval is $47,779,521 of a possible $60,900,000. This represents a willingness to forego $13,120,479 annually (̴21.5% of
annual earnings). The most conservative monthly WTP from a monthly income of $300 at the 95 percent confidence interval is
$263,088 of a maximum income of $1,827,000 (̴14.4% of monthly income). At the $700 income level, the most conservative monthly
WTP at the 95 percent confidence interval is $704,857 of a maximum income of $4,263,000 (̴16.5% of monthly income). These
estimates suggest that forest-dependent Guyanese’ were willing to invest significantly in protection of the tropical forest. Many
researchers and publicists have asserted that citizens of tropical countries were likely to be more willing to pay to protect their forests
than citizens of non-tropical countries [23]. Moreover, forest-dependent people, indigenous people were considered to demonstrate
and represent the most significant willingness to contribute to forest protection among all peoples [24, 25, 26].
V. CONCLUSION
We have found that it was worth conducting the contingent valuation (CV) study using both willingness to accept (WTA) and
willingness to pay (WTP), for each held strategic importance for forest policy and management, especially if forest-dependent
Guyanese were to be required, hypothetically, to foot the bill for forest any protection programme. Respondents demonstrated greater
willingness to forego earnings from forest-extractive activities in lieu of compensation for forest preservation than they demonstrated
willingness to pay for forest restoration. This is in keeping with findings of many researches which have compared WTA and WTP
estimates. Despite the NOAA Panel’s apprehension regarding the reliability of estimates elicited by WTA question, we found both
WTA and WTP estimates to be reflective of respondents’ consciousness of national taxation realities and their own ability to give
based on their discretionary income. The mean WTP of 16.53 percent of a monthly income of $700, and the mean WTA of 78.46
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percent - at the conservative level of the 95 percent confidence interval – both represent reasonable estimates and forest-dependent
Guyanese’ willingness to contribute significantly to forest protection.
In addition, forest-dependent Guyanese’ willingness to pay for forest preservation was an important indicator of these forest-
dwelling people’s interest in forest protection. This should be taken into account by forest policy developers and forest managers.
However, this willingness should not suggest that any forest restoration or preservation programme should be funded exclusively by
forest-dependent Guyanese. It suggests that these people should be made – as much as practical - the chief agents of forest protection.
They of all citizens may be willing to accept the least remuneration for their services in and pay the most for forest protection
programme.
Finally, the research considered forest protection of critical importance for a number of reasons. Foremostly, the forest is
habitat of countless species of flora and fauna. Secondly, the forest serves ecosystem functions and provides ecosystem services. And
lastly, the forest has value as a biotic component of Earth’s biosphere, and is the ecosystem on which the continuity of much of
terrestrial life depends. Further study should be conducted to validate the findings of our study and reinforce the awareness and forest-
value consciousness our research has aroused among indigenous and forest-dependent people of Guyana.
ACKNOWLEDGMENT
The research was supported by the National Science and Technology Major Project of China on Water Pollution Control and
Management (2017ZX07206-001). Dr Rongchang WANG was supported by the Shanghai Peak Discipline Program at Shanghai
Institute of Pollution Control and Ecological Security.
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AUTHORS
First Author – Alvin Anthony Doris, Master of Environmental Science Student, UN Environment-Tongji Institute of Environment
for Sustainable Development, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai, PR China.
Email address: alvindoris@yahoo.com.
Second Author – Rongchang WANG, PhD, Key Laboratory of Yangtze Aquatic Environment (MOE), College of Environmental
Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai, PR China.
Email address: wangrongchang@tongji.edu.cn.
Correspondence Author – Rongchang WANG. Email address: wangrongchang@tongji.edu.cn; Tel.: +86-159-2126-0028.