Social media are forms of information and commu-nication technology disseminated through social interaction. Social media rely on peer-to-peer (P2P) networks that are collaborative, decentralized, and community driven. They transform people from content consumers into content producers. Popular networking sites such as MySpace™, Facebook™, Twitter™, and Google™are versions of social media that are most commonly used for connecting with friends, relatives, and employees. The role of social media in disaster management became galvanized during the world response to the 2010 Haiti earthquake. During the immediate aftermath, much of what people around the world were learning about the earthquake originated from social media sources. Social media became the new forum for collective intelligence, social convergence, and community activism. During the first 2 days following the earthquake, “texting” mobile phone users donated more than $5 million to the American Red Cross. Both public and private response agencies used Google Maps™. Millions joined MySpace™ and Facebook™ discussion groups to share information, donate money, and offer comfort and support. Social media has also been described as “remarkably well organized, self correcting, accurate, and concentrated,” calling into question the ingrained view of unidirectional, official-to-public information broadcasts. Social media may also offer potential psychological benefit for vulnerable populations gained through participation as stakeholders in the response. Disaster victims report a psychological need to contribute, and by doing so, they are better able to cope with their situation. Affected populations may gain resilience by replacing their helplessness with dignity, control, as well as personal and collective responsibility. However, widespread use of social media also involves several important challenges for disaster management. Although social media is growing rapidly, it remains less widespread and accessible than traditional media. Also, public officials often view P2P communications as “backchannels” with potential to spread misinformation and rumor. In addition, in absence of the normal checks and balances that regulate traditional media, privacy rights violations can occur as people use social media to describe personal events and circumstances. Key words: social media, resilience, vulnerability,
Leveraging A Wiki To Enhance Virtual Collaboration In The Emergency DomainConnie White
In a crisis situation, critical success factors include good preparedness, the availability of
trustworthy information and reliable people, and the responders' ability to improvise with the available, functioning tools. Wikis can be used as collaborative group support systems to support these activities, especially for communities of practice that must operate as high reliability organizations. The advantages of using a wiki are especially beneficial in volatile environments, such as those in the emergency domain, where critical real-time decision making is required. An international wiki - emergenciWiki.org - has been created and is being used by both practitioners and academics. The conclusions include that wiki features and functionality, which are important for safetycritical work, should add a minimum of bureaucratic overhead while helping to establish trust and a sense of purpose and community among the users, strengthening each individual user's accountability for their actions, or easing the evaluation of information reliability. (*note emergenciWiki.org project is over)
Signal - social media, considerations for public safety and emergency managementIntergen
Social media’s significant usage and ongoing growth creates
opportunity for public safety and emergency management.
Information in and around social media can greatly enhance
intelligence and the common operating picture.
The now commonplace use of social media should encourage
public safety and emergency management agencies to get
involved. The level of involvement can be staged with
monitoring usually being the best place to start.
Many social media monitoring tools have been created to help
organisations manage the deluge of information and gain
intelligence. However, not all tools are alike especially when
it comes to features specific to public safety and emergency
management. Organisations should consider their requirements
carefully when investing in social media monitoring.
Emergency Management in the age of social convergencePatrice Cloutier
Conference on social media use in emergency management given at the Social Media in Government Conference on Oct. 3, 2011 for the Conference Board of Canada.
Leveraging A Wiki To Enhance Virtual Collaboration In The Emergency DomainConnie White
In a crisis situation, critical success factors include good preparedness, the availability of
trustworthy information and reliable people, and the responders' ability to improvise with the available, functioning tools. Wikis can be used as collaborative group support systems to support these activities, especially for communities of practice that must operate as high reliability organizations. The advantages of using a wiki are especially beneficial in volatile environments, such as those in the emergency domain, where critical real-time decision making is required. An international wiki - emergenciWiki.org - has been created and is being used by both practitioners and academics. The conclusions include that wiki features and functionality, which are important for safetycritical work, should add a minimum of bureaucratic overhead while helping to establish trust and a sense of purpose and community among the users, strengthening each individual user's accountability for their actions, or easing the evaluation of information reliability. (*note emergenciWiki.org project is over)
Signal - social media, considerations for public safety and emergency managementIntergen
Social media’s significant usage and ongoing growth creates
opportunity for public safety and emergency management.
Information in and around social media can greatly enhance
intelligence and the common operating picture.
The now commonplace use of social media should encourage
public safety and emergency management agencies to get
involved. The level of involvement can be staged with
monitoring usually being the best place to start.
Many social media monitoring tools have been created to help
organisations manage the deluge of information and gain
intelligence. However, not all tools are alike especially when
it comes to features specific to public safety and emergency
management. Organisations should consider their requirements
carefully when investing in social media monitoring.
Emergency Management in the age of social convergencePatrice Cloutier
Conference on social media use in emergency management given at the Social Media in Government Conference on Oct. 3, 2011 for the Conference Board of Canada.
Paper: A review of the value of social media in countrywide disaster risk red...Neil Dufty
This input paper was developed for the HFA Thematic Review and as an input to the Global Assessment Report on Disaster Risk Reduction 2015 (GAR15). It examines the current and potential value of social media in raising risk awareness and forming communities of practice before a disaster happens.
social media in disaster rescue operations post disaster management and futur...JibinShajiMukalepara
the use of social media in disaster rescue operations, post disaster management and future surveillance. this paper helps understand how social media can be used to meet the emergency crisis
Asia Pacific Civil-Military Centre for Excellence CMIS 2011Heather Blanchard
Heather Blanchard, Co Founder of CrisisCommons presents Social Media in Disasters to CMIS 2011 hosted by the Asia Pacific Civil-Military Centre for Excellence in Sydney, Australia on November 9, 2011
From drones to old-fashioned phone calls, data come from many unlikely sources. In a disaster, such as a flood or earthquake, responders will take whatever information they can get to visualise the crisis and best direct their resources. Increasingly, cities prone to natural disasters are learning to better aid their citizens by empowering their local agencies and responders with sophisticated tools to cut through the large volume and velocity of disaster-related data and synthesise actionable information.
Information dissemination and lacking of communicationProfessor5G
Role of Information Dissemination in Effective Disaster Management
Information plays an important role in empowering the personnel involved in disaster management at various levels. The personnel who need information on disaster management range from-
Health sector managers,
Epidemiologists,
Primary health care physicians,
Nurses,
Sanitary engineers,
Academicians,
Researchers,
Disaster mitigation personnel,
Social service organizations etc.
Leveraging Social Media and SEO for Online Disaster Outreach: Lessons from SandyWilneida Negrón
Nearly one million people are affected by natural disasters each year. When thinking about response and recovery, social media has become the go-to tool for those affected by disasters. The goal of this toolkit is to help nonprofits and community groups harness the power of social media and search engine optimization (SEO) in emergency and disaster situations. It builds on the lessons learned from the tremendous effort of hundreds of community groups, government agencies, and ad hoc groups during and after Sandy and proposes best practices, new tips, and tools for cost-effective online disaster outreach.
Overview of Social Media During Disaster and Crowd Power in Disaster Response
Prepared for Otago University, COMP113 Social Media and Online
Presented by Catherine Graham
January 29, 2013
Statement for the Record of Heather Blanchard, Co Founder of CrisisCommons before the Ad Hoc Subcommittee on Disaster Recovery and Intergovernmental Affairs, Homeland Security and Governmental Affairs Committee, United States Senate on May 19, 2011
Semantic Social Mashup approach for Designing Citizen DiplomacyAmit Sheth
Amit Sheth, "Semantic Social Mashup approach for Designing Citizen Diplomacy," position paper/talk at NSF Workshop on Designing Citizen Diplomacy, Irvine, CA, January 27-28, 2011.
Putting the community into Total Flood Warning SystemsNeil Dufty
Presentation to the 2018 Floodplain Management Australia National Conference held on the Gold Coast, Australia.
Abstract:
The lead guiding document for the development of the Total Flood Warning System (TFWS) in Australia is ‘Manual 21 – Flood Warning’ (Attorney-General’s Department, 2009). According to Manual 21, the TFWS consists of six components: Prediction; Interpretation; Message Construction; Communication; Response; and, Review.
In a review of these TFWS components in relation to the findings of previous social research and government inquiries into flood warning in Australia, Molino et al. (2011) identified a further six components of a TFWS: Understanding the Flood Risk; Emergency Management Planning; Community Flood Education; Data Collection; Community Participation in the TFWS; and, Integration of the TFWS Components.
The twelve components have since been tested in the assessment of existing warning systems and the development of TFWSs for several communities across Australia.
This paper provides a summary of the findings from these projects with a particular emphasis on the successes and challenges involving the more community-related TFWS components such as Understanding the Flood Risk, Community Flood Education and Community Participation. For example, the TFWS assessments found that:
• Up to 20% of people living in floodplains were unaware of their flood risk
• Community flood education tended to rely on the provision of information
• There was little community participation in flood warning systems.
The findings demonstrated the need to engage with communities about all twelve TFWS components and this paper concludes by explaining how this could be best done using tailored techniques.
Sahana Software Foundation presentation to the World Conference on Disaster Management, Toronto, Canada, June 25, 2012, delivered by SSF CEO Mark Prutsalis
Paper: A review of the value of social media in countrywide disaster risk red...Neil Dufty
This input paper was developed for the HFA Thematic Review and as an input to the Global Assessment Report on Disaster Risk Reduction 2015 (GAR15). It examines the current and potential value of social media in raising risk awareness and forming communities of practice before a disaster happens.
social media in disaster rescue operations post disaster management and futur...JibinShajiMukalepara
the use of social media in disaster rescue operations, post disaster management and future surveillance. this paper helps understand how social media can be used to meet the emergency crisis
Asia Pacific Civil-Military Centre for Excellence CMIS 2011Heather Blanchard
Heather Blanchard, Co Founder of CrisisCommons presents Social Media in Disasters to CMIS 2011 hosted by the Asia Pacific Civil-Military Centre for Excellence in Sydney, Australia on November 9, 2011
From drones to old-fashioned phone calls, data come from many unlikely sources. In a disaster, such as a flood or earthquake, responders will take whatever information they can get to visualise the crisis and best direct their resources. Increasingly, cities prone to natural disasters are learning to better aid their citizens by empowering their local agencies and responders with sophisticated tools to cut through the large volume and velocity of disaster-related data and synthesise actionable information.
Information dissemination and lacking of communicationProfessor5G
Role of Information Dissemination in Effective Disaster Management
Information plays an important role in empowering the personnel involved in disaster management at various levels. The personnel who need information on disaster management range from-
Health sector managers,
Epidemiologists,
Primary health care physicians,
Nurses,
Sanitary engineers,
Academicians,
Researchers,
Disaster mitigation personnel,
Social service organizations etc.
Leveraging Social Media and SEO for Online Disaster Outreach: Lessons from SandyWilneida Negrón
Nearly one million people are affected by natural disasters each year. When thinking about response and recovery, social media has become the go-to tool for those affected by disasters. The goal of this toolkit is to help nonprofits and community groups harness the power of social media and search engine optimization (SEO) in emergency and disaster situations. It builds on the lessons learned from the tremendous effort of hundreds of community groups, government agencies, and ad hoc groups during and after Sandy and proposes best practices, new tips, and tools for cost-effective online disaster outreach.
Overview of Social Media During Disaster and Crowd Power in Disaster Response
Prepared for Otago University, COMP113 Social Media and Online
Presented by Catherine Graham
January 29, 2013
Statement for the Record of Heather Blanchard, Co Founder of CrisisCommons before the Ad Hoc Subcommittee on Disaster Recovery and Intergovernmental Affairs, Homeland Security and Governmental Affairs Committee, United States Senate on May 19, 2011
Semantic Social Mashup approach for Designing Citizen DiplomacyAmit Sheth
Amit Sheth, "Semantic Social Mashup approach for Designing Citizen Diplomacy," position paper/talk at NSF Workshop on Designing Citizen Diplomacy, Irvine, CA, January 27-28, 2011.
Putting the community into Total Flood Warning SystemsNeil Dufty
Presentation to the 2018 Floodplain Management Australia National Conference held on the Gold Coast, Australia.
Abstract:
The lead guiding document for the development of the Total Flood Warning System (TFWS) in Australia is ‘Manual 21 – Flood Warning’ (Attorney-General’s Department, 2009). According to Manual 21, the TFWS consists of six components: Prediction; Interpretation; Message Construction; Communication; Response; and, Review.
In a review of these TFWS components in relation to the findings of previous social research and government inquiries into flood warning in Australia, Molino et al. (2011) identified a further six components of a TFWS: Understanding the Flood Risk; Emergency Management Planning; Community Flood Education; Data Collection; Community Participation in the TFWS; and, Integration of the TFWS Components.
The twelve components have since been tested in the assessment of existing warning systems and the development of TFWSs for several communities across Australia.
This paper provides a summary of the findings from these projects with a particular emphasis on the successes and challenges involving the more community-related TFWS components such as Understanding the Flood Risk, Community Flood Education and Community Participation. For example, the TFWS assessments found that:
• Up to 20% of people living in floodplains were unaware of their flood risk
• Community flood education tended to rely on the provision of information
• There was little community participation in flood warning systems.
The findings demonstrated the need to engage with communities about all twelve TFWS components and this paper concludes by explaining how this could be best done using tailored techniques.
Sahana Software Foundation presentation to the World Conference on Disaster Management, Toronto, Canada, June 25, 2012, delivered by SSF CEO Mark Prutsalis
Making (or not making) our world disaster resilient is our legacy. History will decide which legacy we actually leave. The keys to resilience: 1) know the disaster history of your region, 2) be well-prepared 3) have a warning system 4) have an evacuation plan 5) learn from every global experience and start over. Presentation courtesy of Dr. Walter Hays, Global Alliance For Disaster Reduction.
The Thornton Group - Finding and Keeping the Best Talent - An 8 Step Hiring ...Neil Thornton HBA, MA
Finding, keeping and engaging top talent remains a priority for most, if not all of our clients today. To help, we have developed a unique approach to recruiting that is celebrating incredible success.
2,000 homes were completely destroyed, and about 22,500 were damaged. 90 deaths despite being a moderate-magnitude event. The challenge facing china’s leaders -- Implement a modern building code and reassure the people of their safety. Presentation courtesy of Dr. Walter Hays, Global Alliance for Disaster Reduction
Sandy, 2012’s ninth hurricane, became a huge storm with wind and rain bands reaching out 500 km or more from the storm center, produced 15-50 cm of rain and flooding in Jamaica, Bermuda, Haiti, Dominican Republic, Cuba, New Jersey, and New York
LATEST EVIDENCE. Antarctica’s Thwaites Glacier Ice Shelf Begins To Break Up (Ian Joughin, a glaciologist at the University of Washington in Seattle). Planet Earth may be at greater risk than ever before if global climate change proves to be a long-term threat. Two teams of scientists say the long-feared collapse of the West Antarctic Ice Sheet has begun, kicking off what they say will be a centuries-long, "unstoppable" process that could raise sea levels by as much as 4 m (15 ft). The glacier serves as a linchpin for the rest of the West Antarctic Ice sheet, which has enough frozen mass to cause another 10 to 13 feet (3 to 4 meters) of sea level rise. Many locations will have environments at higher risk as temperature increases and sea level rises, as hypothesized. Presentation courtesy of Dr. Walter Haye, Global Alliance for Disaster Reduction
Typhoon Rammasun (Cat 3) Headed Towards Manila. This tropical storm is predicted to be the first direct hit on the capital in four years. Rammasun is the strongest storm to threaten the country since Haiyan, a Cat-5 "super typhoon," that wiped out nearly everything in its path when it crossed over the central Philippines in November, 2013, just eight months ago. The major lesson from last Haiyan: ANTICIPATORY ACTIONS ARE THE KEY TO PREPAREDNESS. People who endured haiyan should know 1) what to expect (e.G., high-velocity winds, rain, flash floods, landslides, and storm surge), 2) where and when it will happen, and 3) what they should (and should not) do to prepare will survive. Presentation courtesy of Dr. Walter Hays, Global Alliance for Disaster Reduction
Sorry I couldn't be there to talk about this with all of you, and to hear your presentations.
This is about my final project, which will be on SM post-earthquake.
Proceedings of the 5th International ISCRAM Conference – WashiDaliaCulbertson719
Proceedings of the 5th International ISCRAM Conference – Washington, DC, USA, May 2008
F. Fiedrich and B. Van de Walle, eds.
Backchannels on the Front Lines:
Emergent Uses of Social Media in the
2007 Southern California Wildfires
Jeannette Sutton1, Leysia Palen1 & Irina Shklovski2
University of Colorado, Boulder1 University of California, Irvine2
[email protected], [email protected], [email protected]
ABSTRACT
Opportunities for participation by members of the public are expanding the information arena of disaster. Social
media supports “backchannel” communications, allowing for wide-scale interaction that can be collectively
resourceful, self-policing, and generative of information that is otherwise hard to obtain. Results from our study of
information practices by members of the public during the October 2007 Southern California Wildfires suggest that
community information resources and other backchannel communications activity enabled by social media are gaining
prominence in the disaster arena, despite concern by officials about the legitimacy of information shared through such
means. We argue that these emergent uses of social media are pre-cursors of broader future changes to the institutional
and organizational arrangements of disaster response.
Keywords
Crisis Informatics, disaster, information and communication technology, wildfire
INTRODUCTION
Disaster situations are non-routine events that result in non-routine behaviors. In times of disaster, people and
organizations adapt and improvise (Wachtendorf, 2004) to suit the conditions as needs demand. Even emergency
response organizations—which are strongly organized around locally- and federally-mandated protocols—adapt to
accommodate the situation particulars for warning, rescue, and recovery. Indeed, in the US, the organizational
structure that is activated during times of crisis is designed to be internally flexible. However, its ability to be
externally flexible when interfacing with the public is in doubt (Wenger, 1990; Buck, et al, 2006; Palen and Liu,
2007). Members of the public are known by sociologists to improvise in disaster situations, and are responsible for
leading important rescue and relief activities (Tierney, et al. 2001; Kendra and Wachtendorf, 2003; Palen and Liu,
2007). They leverage their own social networks to find and provide information outside the official response effort,
and to make critical decisions about, for example, heeding warning and making plans to evacuate (Mileti, et al., 2006).
These facts are often ignored during local and federal disaster management planning and policy implementation, with
the focus almost entirely on the role of the official response and their management of public-side activities. This
stance places public peer-to-peer communications as “backchannel” activity that does not have full legitimacy in the
information arena of disaster. However, the increasing presence of info ...
Social media? It's serious! Understanding the dark side of social mediaIan McCarthy
Research and practice have mostly focused on the “bright side” of social media, aiming to understand and help in leveraging the manifold opportunities afforded by this technology. However, it is increasingly observable that social media present enormous risks for individuals, communities, firms, and even for society as a whole. Examples for this “dark side” of social media include cyberbullying, addictive use, trolling, online witch hunts, fake news, and privacy abuse. In this article, we aim to illustrate the multidimensionality of the dark side of social media and describe the related various undesirable outcomes. To do this, we adapt the established social media honeycomb framework to explain the dark side implications of each of the seven functional building blocks: conversations, sharing, presence, relationships, reputation, groups, and identity. On the basis of these reflections, we present a number of avenues for future research, so as to facilitate a better understanding and use of social media.
The world “Media is a plural Latin noun; the singular form is medium”. So it is correct to call television a “medium” and to refer to multiple types of communication as “Media”.
Similar to Emergent use of social media: A new age of opportunity for disaster resilience (20)
Particulate matter is a mixture of very small solids and liquid droplets that float in the air. Some particles come from a specific source (such as a burning candle), while others form as a result of complicated chemical reactions. While much is known about the health effects of exposure to particulate matter outdoors, the effects of indoor exposure are less well-understood. However, indoor exposure to particulate matter is gaining attention as a potential source of adverse health effects.
Two drivers stand out in this analysis because of their potentially large and negative effect on disaster risk, and the low associated uncer tainty of their future trends: global environmental change and demographic change. But others stand out for a different reason: while they have the potential to greatly increase disaster risk, there is also potential for effective policy action to achieve risk reduction. Urbanisation provides the clearest example: unmanaged growth of cities, par ticularly those in low elevation coastal zones, would leave millions in extremely vulnerable situations, but there will be oppor tunities for policy makers to intervene to increase resilience in urban areas. Other drivers, for example globalisation, have extremely complex interactions with disaster risk, but must nonetheless be considered. In this lecture I will discuss the impact of each of the eight drivers on disaster risk is considered.
The objective of this study is to evaluate the seismic hazard at the northwestern Egypt using the probabilistic seismic hazard assessment approach. The Probabilistic approach was carried out based on a recent data set to take into account the historic seismicity and updated instrumental seismicity. A homogenous earthquake catalogue was compiled and a proposed seismic sources model was presented. The doubly-truncated exponential model was adopted for calculations of the recurrence parameters. Ground-motion prediction equations that recently recommended by experts and developed based upon..
A powerful 7.5 magnitude earthquake rocked parts of South Asia on 26 October 2015. It was centred near Jurm in northeast Afghanistan, 250 kilometres (160 miles) from the capital Kabul and at a depth of 213.5 kilometres, the US Geological Survey said. (AFP, 26 Oct 2015) Pakistan's confirmed death toll so far stands at 272, with more than 1,900 people injured and nearly 14,000 homes damaged, though the spokesman said the NDMA was still in the process of estimating a final toll. (AFP, 28 Oct 2015) In Afghanistan, Assessment reports indicate 117 deaths, 544 people injured, 12,794 homes damaged and 7,384 houses destroyed. Furthermore, 136,967 people are still in need of humanitarian assistance, of which 131,345 people have received some form of assistance so far date. More than 51,000 people were affected in Badakhshan alone, where property damage was most extensive. The earthquake claimed the most lives and caused the most casualties in Kunar and Nangarhar provinces. Access remains the most significant challenge in providing assistance to people in need and is an issue reaching at least 194 villages affected by the earthquake.
A torrential rain event during the first full week of March 2016 featuring over two feet of record March rain in the South unleashed major river flooding, rising to historic levels in some areas. Add flooding along the Gulf Coast, and the disaster became a triple assault. In all, 400 homes flooded in Mississippi. Three people were killed in Louisiana, the governor said. In one case, a driver died when floodwater swept his vehicle off a road in Bienville Parish, the Governor's Office of Homeland Security and Emergency Preparedness said. The two others died in Ouachita Parish, according to the Louisiana Department of Health and Hospitals.
The 2016 Ecuador earthquake occurred on April 16 at 18:58:37 ECT with a moment magnitude of 7.8 and a maximum Mercalli intensity of VIII (Severe). The very large thrust earthquake was centered approximately 27 km (17 mi) from the towns of Muisne and Pedernales in a sparsely populated part of the country, and 170 km (110 mi) from the capital Quito, where it was felt strongly. Regions of Manta, Pedernales and Portoviejo accounted for over 75 percent of total casualties.[6] Manta's central commercial shopping district Tarqui, was completely destroyed. Widespread damage was caused across Manabi province, with structures hundreds of kilometres from the epicenter collapsing. At least 659 people were killed and 27,732 people injured. President Rafael Correa declared a state of emergency; 13,500 military personnel and police officers were dispatched for recovery operations.
The moderate-magnitude quake struck at 9:26 p.M. Thursday night at a depth of 11 kilometers (7 miles) in southern Japan near Kumamoto city on the island of Kyushu. The epicenter was 120 kilometers (74 miles) northeast of Kyushu Electric Power Company's Sendai nuclear plant, the only one operating in the country; no adverse consequences were reported.
Lesson: the knowledge and timing of anticipatory actions is vital
The Kathmandu Valley is densely populated with nearly 2.5 million people, and the quality of building construction is often poor. The epicenter of today's disaster was 80 kilometers (50 miles) northwest of the city, and had a depth of only 11 kilometers (7 miles), which is considered shallow in geological terms. This earthquake, the worst quake to hit Nepal (a poor South Asian nation) since 1934, collapsed buildings and houses, leveled centuries-old temples and triggered avalanches in the Himalayas. Presentation courtesy of Dr Walter Hays, Global Alliance for Disaster Reduction.
The Third UN World Conference on Disaster Risk Reduction was held from 14 to 18 March 2015 in Sendai City, Miyagi Prefecture, Japan. Several thousand participants attended, including at related events linked to the World Conference under the umbrella of building the resilience of nations and communities to disasters. The United Nations General Assembly Resolution for 2013 on International Strategy for Disaster Reduction states that the World Conference will result in a concise, focused, forward-looking, and action-oriented outcome document and will have the following objectives:
* To complete assessment and review of the implementation of the Hyogo Framework for Action;
* To consider the experience gained through the regional and national strategies/institutions and plans for disaster risk reduction and their recommendations as well as relevant regional agreements within the implementation of the Hyogo Framework of Action;
* To adopt a post-2015 framework for disaster risk reduction;
* To identify modalities of cooperation based on commitments to implement a post-2015 framework for disaster risk reduction;
* To determine modalities to periodically review the implementation of a post-2015 framework for disaster risk reduction.
Presentation courtesy of Dr Walter Hays, Global Alliance for Disaster Reduction
March 15, 2015: The second world conference on disaster risk reduction convened in Sendai, Japan will re-invigorate the historic global endeavor started in 1990 by the United Nations. Presentation courtesy of Dr Walter Hays, Global Alliance for Disaster Reduction
Popocatapatele and Colima, two of Mexico’s most active volcanoes, are acting up again. For now the eruptions are not considered to be dangerous and no evacuations have been ordered. But don’t forget that the world’s 1,498 other active volcanoes can erupt at anytime too. A re-eruption of any of these active volcanoes is likely to be very devastating, locally, regionally, and globally. Location and a large explosivity index (VEI) combine to make some volcanoes especially dangerous. Location refers to proximity to cities and other areas of high human population density. An eruption with large VEI at such locations is certain to be devastating to people, their property, their health, the community infra-structure, the environment, and the economy. Presentation courtesy of Dr Walter Hays, Global Alliance for Disaster Reduction.
INDIA IS BIG, DIVERSE, and CAPABLE. It is the seventh largest country, The second most populous country with human resources of over 1.2 billion people having cultural and religious diversity, The most populous democracy, with many well- educated and well-trained people, with high-tech and low-tech capabilities. On the downside, it is also a country with many living in poverty, with many living in non-earthquake-resistant housing, with cities and towns that are dependent upon non- earthquake-resistant infrastructure and critical facilities. India faces potential disasters each year from floods, earthquakes, and cyclones, some of which have triggered notable disasters in the past, and very recently. That will happen again, unless a paradigm shift occurs. Disaster resilience has become an urgent global goal in the 21st century as many Nations are experiencing disasters after a natural hazard strikes, and learning that their communities, institutions, and people do NOT yet have the capacity to be disaster resilient. Disaster resilience does not just happen; it is the result of decision-making for a national paradigm shift from the status quo to an improved “coping capacity” that enables the country to rebound quickly after a disaster. A paradigm shift towards earthquake disaster resilience is a three step process. Step 1: Integrate Past Experiences Into Books of Knowledge. Step 2: From Books of Knowledge to Innovative Educational Surges to Build Professional and Technical Capacit. Step 3: From Professional and Technical Capacity to Disaster Resilience. In summary, BOOKS OF KNOWLEDGE are are “TOOLS” to facilitate India’s continuing commitment to minimize the likely impacts of the inevitable future earthquake, thereby preventing another disaster
Disaster resilience, which is the capacity of a country to rebound quickly after the socioeconomic impacts of a disaster, requires decision-making for a national paradigm shift from the status quo. Disaster resilience has become an urgent global goal in the 21st century as many Nations are experiencing disasters after a natural hazard strikes, and learning that their communities, institutions, and people do NOT yet have the capacity to be disaster resilient. Presentation courtesy of Dr Walter Hays, Global Alliance for Disaster Reduction.
On January 29, 2015, a routine delivery of gas to a maternity hospital in Mexico City leads to a deadly explosion killing 4 and injuring dozens. The explosion occurred when a gas tanker was making a routine, early morning delivery of gas to the hospital kitchen, and gas started to leak. The tanker workers worked for 15 to 20 minutes to repair the leak while a large cloud of gas was forming, then exploded. Technologies for monitoring, forecasting, and warning are vital for becoming resilient. Presentation courtesy of Dr Walter Hays, Global Alliance for Disaster Reduction
Disasters are caused by single- or multiple-event natural hazards that, (for various reasons), cause extreme levels of mortality, morbidity, homelessness, joblessness, economic losses, or environmental impacts. The keys to resilience: 1) know the history of past disasters 2) be prepared 3) have a warning system 4) evacuate 5) learn from the experience
As we begin the year 2015, we must unfortunately recognize that it is well past the time to speed up the long-term recovery process for earthquakes (and tsunamis). The main insights from global earthquakes have consistently shown that being prepared includes pre-earthquake planning for post-earthquake recovery ("PEPPER"). Only about 110 of the 10 million earthquakes of all sizes that occur somewhere in the world each year are large enough and close enough to a community to cause a disaster, which creates a multitude of local and regional dilemmas about what to do, both before and after the quake, to shorten the recovery process. THE SOLUTION: PRE-EARTHQUAKE PLANNING FOR POST-EARTHQUAKE RECOVERY(PEPPER). “THE END GAME” FOR JAPAN AND SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA: Identification of the physical, social and economic consequences of a major earthquake in Tokai, Japan or Southern California will enable end users to identify what they can change now before the earthquake—to shorten recovery from the catastrophic impacts after the inevitable “big ones” occur, probably in the near future.
Floods occur somewhere in the world 10,000 times or more each year. With 2015’s spring floods only weeks away, it’s past time to speed up the long-term recovery process for floods. In 2008, after weeks of flooding through Iowa, Illinois, Missouri, Indiana and Wisconsin, the region faced billions of dollars in losses, threats of disease, and a long cleanup. Losses included millions of acres of prime farm land that are still requiring restoration and the rebuilding of large urban areas such as Cedar Rapids, Iowa which alone is estimated to have required at least $1 billion. However, the total direct and indirect losses may never be known. Flood waters during the summer of 2008 seeped into countless wells, affecting drinking water for thousands of homes and businesses across the region. Hazardous materials were also released into the flood waters that ultimately emptied into the Gulf of Mexico exacerbating what marine biologists call a “dead zone” – bodies of water so starved for oxygen that aquatic life can no longer be supported. Presentation courtesy of Dr Walter Hays, Global Alliance for Disaster Reduction.
Emergent use of social media: A new age of opportunity for disaster resilience
1. DM ORIGINAL ARTICLE
Emergent use of social media: A new age of opportunity
for disaster resilience
Mark E. Keim, MD; Eric Noji, MD
Abstract to cope with their situation. Affected populations may
Social media are forms of information and commu- gain resilience by replacing their helplessness with dig-
nication technology disseminated through social inter- nity, control, as well as personal and collective responsi-
action. Social media rely on peer-to-peer (P2P) networks bility. However, widespread use of social media also
that are collaborative, decentralized, and community involves several important challenges for disaster man-
driven. They transform people from content consumers agement. Although social media is growing rapidly, it
into content producers. Popular networking sites such remains less widespread and accessible than tradi-
as MySpace™, Facebook™, Twitter™, and Google™ are tional media. Also, public officials often view P2P com-
versions of social media that are most commonly used munications as “backchannels” with potential to spread
for connecting with friends, relatives, and employees. misinformation and rumor. In addition, in absence of
The role of social media in disaster management the normal checks and balances that regulate tradi-
became galvanized during the world response to the tional media, privacy rights violations can occur as peo-
2010 Haiti earthquake. During the immediate after- ple use social media to describe personal events and
math, much of what people around the world were circumstances.
learning about the earthquake originated from social Key words: social media, resilience, vulnerability,
media sources. Social media became the new forum for disaster management, peer-to-peer architecture, emer-
collective intelligence, social convergence, and commu- gency response, information/communication technology
nity activism. During the first 2 days following the
earthquake, “texting” mobile phone users donated more Introduction
than $5 million to the American Red Cross. Both public On January 12, 2010, a devastating earthquake
and private response agencies used Google Maps™. struck Port-au-Prince, Haiti. After this natural disas-
Millions joined MySpace™ and Facebook™ discussion ter, a powerful new tool was widely used to reduce dis-
groups to share information, donate money, and offer aster-related morbidity and mortality risk. The ways
comfort and support. Social media has also been in which people used social media to inform and to
described as “remarkably well organized, self correct- assist quake victims and responders have reshaped
ing, accurate, and concentrated,” calling into question the ways in which we will confront disaster-related
the ingrained view of unidirectional, official-to-public challenges in the future.
information broadcasts. Social media may also offer
potential psychological benefit for vulnerable popula- The growing role of social media in disaster
tions gained through participation as stakeholders in management
the response. Disaster victims report a psychological Social media are forms of information and commu-
need to contribute, and by doing so, they are better able nication technology (ICT). Created using highly
DOI:10.5055/ajdm.2010.0000
www.disastermedicinejournal.com 1
2. accessible and scalable publishing techniques, social the Haiti disaster, the online communication site
media are designed for dissemination through social Twitter™ played an especially large role as it quickly
interaction. Social media are also collaborative, decen- relayed disaster-related information. Twitter™ even
tralized, networked, and community driven. They sup- became a main topic of extended electronic discussion
port the democratization of knowledge and information, after the quake. Not only after the Haiti quake but also
transforming people from content consumers into con- after earthquakes in Chile and Mexico both public and
tent producers and analysts. Popular networking sites private response agencies used Google Maps™ exten-
such as MySpace™, Facebook™, Twitter™, and sively. Millions throughout the globe joined My Space™
Google™ are versions of social media that are most com- and Facebook™ discussion groups to share information,
monly used for connecting with friends, relatives, and donate money, and offer comfort and support. Within
employees. During the immediate aftermath, much of hours of the Haiti quake, “Haiti” was a trending word on
what people around the world were learning about the Twitter™. Users in Haiti provided live earthquake
earthquake originated from social media. These sites coverage, including pictures and information about
have taken on a new role: assisting disaster-affected damaged areas. The same phenomenon occurred yet
populations to build resilience and reduce vulnerabili- again after the Chilean earthquake. Pacific islanders
ties in real time. used cell phones and Skype to monitor hazard-prone
Changing and evolving networked communication beaches for signs of an impending tsunami, and cyber
systems now offer the public with ever-increasing infor- traffic was not limited to individual users; social as well
mation access. These systems also provide faster shar- as traditional media mega-outlets such as CNN™
ing of a widening range of resources. In the past, the shared these feeds.
public was only an information consumer, not a provider. Figure 1 depicts a comparison of trends among
In recent years, social media have grown in popu- Google™ Web site1 searches and news stories for
larity and expanded globally. Google™, MySpace™, January 1-30, 2010. Peaks in Web site searches
Facebook™, Skype™, and Twitter™ are now at the cut- occurred on the following dates during that time-
ting edge of this new and interconnected world. During frame:
Figure 1. A comparison of trends among Google™ Web site searches and news stories for January 1-30, 2010.
American Journal of Disaster Medicine, Vol. 6, No. 1, January/February 2011
3. January 15 (when searches surged for the “react” to situations, and to rally “support.” Thus, social
topic (Haiti):-where to donate.2 media became the new forum for collective intelligence,7
social convergence,8 and community activism related to
January 20 (when searches surged for the the Haiti disaster. Literally, millions of people donated
topic (Haiti): 6.1 earthquake after-shock.3 via text messages. During the first 2 days following the
earthquake alone, “texting” mobile phone users donated
January 22 (when searches surged for the more than $5 million to the American Red Cross.9
topic (Haiti)We: Hope for Haiti telethon.4
The effect of social media on human adaptation
Sutton et al.5 accurately predicted that emergent and resilience to disasters
uses of social media would broadly change disaster man-
agement models. Studies of social media use in response Disaster resilience is
to the Virginia Tech shootings and Southern California
wildfires in 2007, as well as during the 2008 Democratic “...the ability of a system community or society
National Convention and Hurricanes Gustav and Ike exposed to hazards to resist, absorb, accom-
revealed that the public used social networking to verify modate to and recover from the effects of a
facts, coordinate information, bring together resources, hazard in a timely and efficient manner,
and make communities more resilient during disasters.5 including the preservation and restoration of
During disaster responses, public social media its essential basic structures and functions.”10
users now serve as “information brokers” or “technical
facilitators” as they assist in connecting people and Faced with massive transformation, resilient sys-
information via various media. This decentralized tems have the necessary components for renewal and
communication network has been described as reorganization. In other words, they can cope, adapt,
“remarkably well organized, self-correcting, accurate, or reorganize without sacrificing essential services.11
and concentrated.”5 In addition to acting as a source of Social media offer disaster-affected populations
information available to the public, social media are another means to
also a useful source of information about the public.
Insights from local communities and traditional soci- absorb disaster impact,
eties with experience and with historical continuity
can enrich scientific understandings of complex adap- reorganize into more effective approaches
tive systems.6 Augmentation of scientific understand- to risk reduction, and
ing with traditional knowledge and community-based
participation is an important research tool. adapt to new socioeconomic and environ-
mental conditions.
January 12, 2010: A new age of human adaptation
The role of social media in disaster management Similarly, “resilience” is related to
galvanized during the world response to the January
2010 Haiti earthquake. For example, social media the magnitude of shock that the system can
became central to the effort that raised millions of dol- absorb and remain within a given state;
lars. During the immediate quake aftermath, much of
what people around the world were learning about the the degree to which the system is capable
Haiti earthquake originated from social media sources. of self-organization; and
Although most online consumers relied on tradi-
tional media for quake coverage, these consumers then the degree to which the system can build
turned to Twitter and blogs to “share” information, to capacity for learning and adaptation.
www.disastermedicinejournal.com
4. In the field of disaster management, these factors
are referred to as absorptive capacity, organizational
capacity, and adaptive capacity, respectively.12
Adaptive capacity is the “ability of a social-ecologi-
cal system to cope with novel situations without losing
options for the future.”12 According to Folke et al.,11
“resilience is key to enhancing adaptive capacity.”11 In
social systems, those institutions and networks that
learn and store knowledge, create flexibility in problem Figure 2. A comparison of (a) modern P2P and (b) tra-
solving, and balance power among interest groups play ditional hierarchical incident management systems.
an important role in building adaptive capacity.5,13,14
Social media have thus become new means for vulnera- client-server model where only servers supply and
ble populations to increase their resilience to disasters. clients consume, peers are both resource suppliers and
consumers. Figure 2 illustrates the fundamental differ-
The effect of social media on disaster ence between these two structures for social organiza-
organizational systems tion that helped to manage the Haiti disaster response.
A peer-to-peer (P2P) network is any distributed The comparison of various characteristics of these
network architecture composed of participants who two architectures and the implications for each social
make some of their resources directly available to system during a disaster response is given in Table 1.
other network participants without the need for cen- However, public participation in social media has
tral coordination. Recent ICT advances have opened influenced more than organizational structure. It now
P2P systems access for a significant number of groups includes material and psychological benefits for vulner-
to share and store knowledge through social media. able populations gained through people’s participation
P2P communication is changing the way societies as stakeholders in the disaster response. International
communicate, do business, and manage disasters. standards of humanitarian assistance are based on
In fact, social media are changing the fundamen- empowered local populations and disaster victims hav-
tal organizational structure of disaster response itself. ing a voice in their own response and recovery.15
A new system of meta-adaptive, P2P distributed Empowerment is also the process by which indi-
response networks has augmented the traditional viduals and communities replace their helpless stance
hierarchical-based, centralized, and socially organized as victims by recovering their dignity, regaining con-
incident management system. trol over resources, and recovering their sense of per-
One way to rank social systems is according to sonal and collective responsibility.16
their flexibility and adaptability. Rigid or static sys- Opportunities and mechanisms for participation by
tems are, for example, brittle and environmentally members of the public are also expanding the disaster
indifferent. In times of stress, these systems lack the information arena.5,17 Social media, by its very nature,
capacity to adapt structures or functions and tend to supports the democratization of knowledge and infor-
disintegrate. The flexible and proactive meta-adaptive mation, as well as the empowerment of the public to
systems are at the other end of the scale. In effect, they become disaster managers/incident commanders of
are learning systems that also incorporate facilities their own social systems. Disaster-affected populations
for prediction and long-and short-term planning in report a psychological need to contribute, and by doing
response to variable scenarios. so, they are better able to cope with the enormity of
The P2P concept continuously evolves to expand its their situation.5 Thus, an exchange of information via
role as the active, relational dynamic in distributed net- text-based sharing sites can serve a dual purpose of pro-
works (ie, not just computer to computer, but human to viding much needed information and doing it in a man-
human). In contrast to the traditional, hierarchical ner that is also therapeutic.
American Journal of Disaster Medicine, Vol. 6, No. 1, January/February 2011
5. Table 1. A comparison of key characteristics of peer-to-peer and hierarchical architecture
Peer to peer Hierarchical
Users Public Institutions
Sanction Nonofficial Official
Empowerment Individual Organizational
Activation Immediate Delayed
Adaptability High Moderate
Accessibility Inclusive Exclusive
Sources of public information Many One
Structure Dynamic Static
Scalability High Moderate
The effect of social media on crisis informatics including, but not limited to, awareness, content accu-
In the traditional, hierarchical incident command racy, public policy, security issues, and personal privacy.
systems model, hazard warning was communicated
unidirectionally—from officials to the public via the The need for heightened awareness
media.18 The multidirectional flow of information charac- Although social media is growing rapidly, it remains
teristic of P2P networks has instead allowed for crisis less widespread and accessible than traditional media.
informatics decentralization. Other essential P2P archi- Although widely used among younger information con-
tecture attributes include dynamic content, scalability, sumers, social media has yet to win broad-based accept-
even openness, freedom, and collective intelligence. These ance among most population groups. Yet, as web-based
have contributed to a strikingly well-organized and social interactions increase in popularity, profitability,
remarkably flexible crisis communication model. Social and utility, this will most likely change.
media have called into question more than ever before the Current beliefs held by many traditional response
ingrained view of unidirectional, official-to-public informa- agencies include negative assumptions regarding the
tion broadcasts. Many who went online for information accuracy and utility of information gained from social
during the Southern California wildfires of 2007 found media. Public officials often view P2P communications
misinformation emanating from public authorities and as “backchannels” with strong potential to spread mis-
from the major media. In contrast, many of these informa- information and rumor, thereby compromising public
tion seekers also had access to accurate information at the safety. Nevertheless, with each new disaster social
local level and provided that information as a corrective.5 media, P2P communications grow as means for sup-
Social media have enabled the public to adapt to this porting additional—and often critical and accurate—
new environment by providing a low-cost and easily dissemination of information in the public sphere.5
accessible means for crisis management and communi- Even traditional news media increasingly rely on infor-
cation. The comparison of key characteristics of social mation generated by the public and co-opt social media
media with those of traditional media is given in Table 2. commonly used for backchannel communication.
Social media challenges The need for public policy updates
Widespread use of social media to promote disaster Changes in disaster management models due to
risk reduction involves several important challenges, social media occur in spite of an obvious failure to
www.disastermedicinejournal.com 5
6. Table 2: A comparison of key characteristics of social media and traditional communication media
Social media Traditional media
Corporations
Sources Public Organizations
Government
Online discussion forums News
Web broadcasting Entertainment
Weblogs and Wikis Advertisement
Format
Podcasts, pictures, and video Risk communication
Social network platforms Public service
Propaganda
Mobile phones
• Voice
• Text and instant messaging
• Picture and video sharing
Television
Computers
Radio
Technologies • VOIP
Internet
• E-mail and instant messaging
• Videoconferencing
• File sharing
Digital music players
Internet
Information flow Multidirectional Unidirectional
Information control Low High
Integration with ICS Low High
Adaptability High Low
Relevance for local residents High Low
Intelligence Collective Proprietary
Empowerment Individual Organizational
Dependency on power grid Moderate High
Dependency on cellular networks Moderate Low
Accuracy of information Variable Variable
Cost Low High
Accessibility Inclusive Exclusive
Timeliness of information Immediate Delayed
Abbreviations: VOIP, voice over internet protocol; ICS, incident command systems.
recognize these activities formally.5 Note that the cur- public policy or congressional void. An improved
rent transformation of disaster management and crisis awareness will help public policy to better serve this
informatics has occurred within a rather conspicuous new adaptive capacity for public resilience.
American Journal of Disaster Medicine, Vol. 6, No. 1, January/February 2011
7. The need for improved quality assurance The application of social media to achieve disaster
Newfound vulnerabilities have accompanied the resilience also needs further study. This would require
growing power and influence of social media. In the not only more research but also simultaneous consid-
aftermath of the Haiti disaster, some used microblog- eration by emergency management institutions for
ging services to spread rumors and outright lies. The integrating these aspects of public response into a
Federal Bureau of Investigation warned Internet users modernized meta-adaptive system.
who received requests for charitable donations on Thus, social media has changed how the world
behalf of earthquake victims to “apply a critical eye and responds to disasters—traditional disaster manage-
do their due diligence before responding. Past tragedies ment methods have not changed with a “bang,” but with
and natural disasters have prompted individuals with a “tweet.”
criminal intent to solicit contributions purportedly for a
charitable organization and/or a good cause.”19 Acknowledgments
Disclaimer: The content in this article reflects solely the views of
the authors. It does not necessarily reflect the policies or recommen-
The need for individual privacy right protection dations of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention or the U.S.
In the absence of the normal checks and balances Department of Health and Human Services.
that regulate traditional media, privacy rights viola-
tions can occur as people use social media to describe Mark E. Keim, MD, Senior Science Advisor, National Center for
Environmental Health Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease
personal disaster-related events and circumstances.
Registry, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta,
No current mechanisms monitor or regulate such Georgia.
infractions to individual privacy rights. For example,
concerns regarding personal privacy issues were raised Eric Noji, MD, Chairman and CEO, Noji Global Health and Security
LLC, Washington, District of Columbia.
after the 2007 student murders at Virginia Tech.20
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