Kawasaki Disease
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This document presents a case study of a 2-year-old female infant diagnosed with Kawasaki disease based on symptoms of fever, swollen lips, and ankle swelling. The patient was treated with intravenous immunoglobulin and aspirin, showed improvement, and was discharged with a final diagnosis of incomplete Kawasaki disease. The document then provides a brief overview of Kawasaki disease, including epidemiology, pathophysiology, diagnostic criteria, treatment, and potential complications like coronary artery aneurysms and long-term cardiac issues.
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Kawasaki Disease
kawasaki disease is disease of pediatric age group leading to involvement of coronaries in 25% of case. some of presented as fetal complication. early diagnosis and treatment useful measure to prevent complications.
Kawasaki disease
KAWASAKI DISEASE
History of Kawasaki disease
Epidemiology and etiology
Presentation and diagnosis
Treatment
Chronic cardiovascular manifestations
Follow up of patients
Questions in the chronic management
Kawasaki Disease
This document discusses the diagnosis, treatment, and long-term management of Kawasaki disease. It begins with an overview of the epidemiology of the disease, including that it predominantly affects children under 5 years old and has the highest incidence in Japan, Korea, and Taiwan. It then covers the pathology and causes of the disease, which involves a systemic vasculitis of medium-sized arteries. Three linked pathological processes are described: necrotizing arteritis in the initial weeks, followed by subacute/chronic vasculitis and luminal myofibroblastic proliferation that can persist for months/years and cause coronary artery aneurysms or stenosis. The document outlines the diagnostic criteria for Kawasaki disease as a high
Kawasaki disease
This document provides an overview of Kawasaki disease, including its history, definition, epidemiology, pathogenesis, clinical features, diagnosis, differential diagnosis, complications, and treatment. Kawasaki disease is an acute febrile illness that predominantly affects children under 5 years old and can lead to coronary artery aneurysms if left untreated. It is diagnosed based on the presence of fever for at least 5 days along with four of five principal clinical features. Intravenous immunoglobulin and aspirin are the primary treatments used to reduce the risk of coronary complications.
Kawasaki disease
This document summarizes Kawasaki disease, an acute febrile illness that causes vasculitis of medium-sized arteries, especially coronary arteries. It can lead to coronary artery aneurysms and thrombosis. The disease is diagnosed based on clinical criteria in the absence of a confirmatory test. Treatment with intravenous immunoglobulin can reduce the risk of coronary artery lesions from 25% to 3-5%, but infants and incomplete presentations remain at higher risk.
Kawasaki disease
Kawasaki disease is an acute childhood vasculitis that can cause coronary artery abnormalities. It presents with fever and changes in lips, oral cavity, hands/feet, rash and lymphadenopathy. Echocardiogram monitors for coronary complications like aneurysms. Treatment is high dose IVIG and aspirin to reduce inflammation and risk of coronary abnormalities. Some children are resistant to initial treatment and require additional immunosuppressants. Long term low dose aspirin helps prevent complications in those with coronary abnormalities.
Kawasaki disease
This document discusses Kawasaki disease and its potential cardiac complications. Kawasaki disease is a systemic vasculitis that commonly affects coronary arteries in children if left untreated. It can cause coronary artery aneurysms and increased risk of thrombosis. Major cardiac complications include myocarditis, pericarditis, and valvular regurgitation. Treatment involves intravenous immunoglobulin and aspirin to reduce the risk of coronary artery abnormalities developing. Long term risks depend on the severity of any preexisting coronary artery disease.
Kawasaki disease by Hassan AL-Qarni
This document presents a case study of a 3-year-old female patient admitted with fever, skin rash, mouth ulcers, and red eyes. After initial treatment for a suspected viral infection, her symptoms worsened with swelling of the hands and feet. She was diagnosed with possible Kawasaki disease and treated with intravenous immunoglobulin and aspirin. Her fever subsided after treatment but returned, requiring a second dose of IVIG. She was discharged after 10 days against medical advice with aspirin treatment and follow-up appointments. Kawasaki disease is an acute childhood vasculitis of unknown cause seen more in Asian children. It involves fever, rash, mouth changes, conjunctivitis, swelling of hands
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Kawasaki Disease
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Kawasaki disease
KAWASAKI DISEASE
History of Kawasaki disease
Epidemiology and etiology
Presentation and diagnosis
Treatment
Chronic cardiovascular manifestations
Follow up of patients
Questions in the chronic management
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This document discusses the diagnosis, treatment, and long-term management of Kawasaki disease. It begins with an overview of the epidemiology of the disease, including that it predominantly affects children under 5 years old and has the highest incidence in Japan, Korea, and Taiwan. It then covers the pathology and causes of the disease, which involves a systemic vasculitis of medium-sized arteries. Three linked pathological processes are described: necrotizing arteritis in the initial weeks, followed by subacute/chronic vasculitis and luminal myofibroblastic proliferation that can persist for months/years and cause coronary artery aneurysms or stenosis. The document outlines the diagnostic criteria for Kawasaki disease as a high
Kawasaki disease
This document provides an overview of Kawasaki disease, including its history, definition, epidemiology, pathogenesis, clinical features, diagnosis, differential diagnosis, complications, and treatment. Kawasaki disease is an acute febrile illness that predominantly affects children under 5 years old and can lead to coronary artery aneurysms if left untreated. It is diagnosed based on the presence of fever for at least 5 days along with four of five principal clinical features. Intravenous immunoglobulin and aspirin are the primary treatments used to reduce the risk of coronary complications.
Kawasaki disease
This document summarizes Kawasaki disease, an acute febrile illness that causes vasculitis of medium-sized arteries, especially coronary arteries. It can lead to coronary artery aneurysms and thrombosis. The disease is diagnosed based on clinical criteria in the absence of a confirmatory test. Treatment with intravenous immunoglobulin can reduce the risk of coronary artery lesions from 25% to 3-5%, but infants and incomplete presentations remain at higher risk.
Kawasaki disease
Kawasaki disease is an acute childhood vasculitis that can cause coronary artery abnormalities. It presents with fever and changes in lips, oral cavity, hands/feet, rash and lymphadenopathy. Echocardiogram monitors for coronary complications like aneurysms. Treatment is high dose IVIG and aspirin to reduce inflammation and risk of coronary abnormalities. Some children are resistant to initial treatment and require additional immunosuppressants. Long term low dose aspirin helps prevent complications in those with coronary abnormalities.
Kawasaki disease
This document discusses Kawasaki disease and its potential cardiac complications. Kawasaki disease is a systemic vasculitis that commonly affects coronary arteries in children if left untreated. It can cause coronary artery aneurysms and increased risk of thrombosis. Major cardiac complications include myocarditis, pericarditis, and valvular regurgitation. Treatment involves intravenous immunoglobulin and aspirin to reduce the risk of coronary artery abnormalities developing. Long term risks depend on the severity of any preexisting coronary artery disease.
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This document presents a case study of a 3-year-old female patient admitted with fever, skin rash, mouth ulcers, and red eyes. After initial treatment for a suspected viral infection, her symptoms worsened with swelling of the hands and feet. She was diagnosed with possible Kawasaki disease and treated with intravenous immunoglobulin and aspirin. Her fever subsided after treatment but returned, requiring a second dose of IVIG. She was discharged after 10 days against medical advice with aspirin treatment and follow-up appointments. Kawasaki disease is an acute childhood vasculitis of unknown cause seen more in Asian children. It involves fever, rash, mouth changes, conjunctivitis, swelling of hands
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pediatrics.Kawasaki disease.(dr.khalid)
Kawasaki Disease is a self-limited vasculitis that predominantly affects children under 5 years old and can lead to coronary artery aneurysms if left untreated; it is characterized by fever for at least 5 days along with changes in extremities, rash, conjunctival injection, and cervical lymphadenopathy. Intravenous immunoglobulin and aspirin are the primary treatment to reduce the risk of coronary artery aneurysms developing.
Kawasaki disease to present
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pediatrics.Kawasaki disease.(dr.khalid)
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Kawasaki disease
This document discusses Kawasaki disease, a condition that causes inflammation of medium-sized arteries. It begins with a case study of a 2-year-old boy exhibiting symptoms including fever, rash, and swollen lymph nodes who was later diagnosed. It then summarizes vasculitis and describes Kawasaki disease in more detail, noting it often affects the coronary arteries and children under 5. While the specific cause is unknown, it is thought to involve an immune response triggered by various factors in genetically susceptible individuals. The document outlines treatment and notes that with early treatment, recovery is expected though risks of coronary complications remain if untreated.
Kawasaki disease
Here are the answers:
A. True
B. False (IVIG and low dose aspirin used)
C. False
D. True
E. False (most common <5 years)
T/F regarding Kawasaki disease
- True
- True
- True
- True
- True
Kwasaki syndrome2
Kawasaki syndrome is a heart disease that mainly affects children under 5 years old. It causes inflammation in the blood vessels and can lead to serious heart problems if not treated early. The disease involves a high fever lasting over 5 days along with rash, swollen lymph nodes, and inflammation of the mouth and eyes. While the cause is unknown, early diagnosis and treatment with gamma globulin and aspirin can prevent heart complications in most cases. Children who have had the disease require periodic heart screening to check for any lasting effects.
Kawasaki's disease
Kawasaki's disease is a systemic vasculitis that commonly affects children under 5 years old and can lead to coronary artery aneurysms if left untreated. It is characterized by a fever for at least 5 days along with at least 4 of 5 principal symptoms including bilateral non-exudative conjunctivitis, changes to the lips and oral cavity, polymorphous rash, changes to the extremities, and cervical lymphadenopathy over 1.5cm. Atypical presentations with fewer symptoms or in unusual age groups can be missed but are important to identify to prevent cardiac complications through early treatment with intravenous immunoglobulin and aspirin. Delayed or missed diagnosis is associated with increased risks of aneurysm formation, treatment
Kawasaki disease
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This is for study purpose and it helps to every agriculture students as well as farmers for there chilli cultivation.
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kawasaki disease new.pptx
This document summarizes the case of a 7-year-old boy admitted to the hospital for 1 week with Kawasaki disease. He presented with a high fever for 7 days, headache for 7 days, rashes for 4 days, and eye swelling for 4 days. Initial workup showed elevated inflammatory markers and echocardiogram showed enlarged coronary arteries. He was treated with IVIG, steroids, and other supportive care. His symptoms improved and he was discharged on low-dose aspirin with a final diagnosis of Kawasaki disease and multi-organ inflammation that had resolved.
Case based discussion on Listeria monocytogenes
A 68-year-old man presented to the emergency room with fever, chills, and cough for 2 weeks. He has a history of diabetes, hypertension, chronic kidney disease, and coronary artery disease for which he had coronary bypass grafting one month ago. Initial tests showed leukocytosis and elevated inflammatory markers. Blood cultures grew Listeria monocytogenes. He was treated with ampicillin and symptoms improved, but he was readmitted 3 days later with similar symptoms and found to be COVID-19 positive. The diagnosis is Listeria bacteremia likely from contaminated food. Timely antibiotic treatment is important for good outcomes in immunocompromised patients at risk for Listeria infections.
FN, sepsis and shock
Neutropenia is defined as an absolute neutrophil count (ANC) below specific thresholds, with severe neutropenia being an ANC below 500/microL. The risks of infection are related to the duration and degree of neutropenia as well as other factors that compromise immunity. Febrile neutropenia is diagnosed based on temperature thresholds and requires prompt evaluation and treatment with broad-spectrum intravenous antibiotics to cover common bacterial and fungal pathogens. Fluid resuscitation is the initial treatment for shock in febrile neutropenic patients, while vasopressors may be needed if the patient does not respond to fluids alone.
Kawadaki disease
Kawasaki disease is an acute febrile illness that primarily affects young children and infants, causing inflammation of blood vessels. It is characterized by fever, rash, swelling of hands and feet, irritation and redness of eyes, and swelling of lymph nodes in the neck. The cause is unknown but may be due to an immunological response to an infectious agent. Treatment involves intravenous immunoglobulin and aspirin to prevent complications like coronary artery aneurysms and abnormalities. Ongoing monitoring is needed as some patients are resistant to initial treatment or develop coronary artery issues later. Recent studies have found potential links between Kawasaki disease and COVID-19 infections in children.
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Kawasaki disease is an acute vasculitis that predominantly affects coronary arteries in children. It is characterized by fever, rash, conjunctival injection, cervical lymphadenopathy, and changes to the mouth and lips. The cause is unknown but may involve a novel RNA virus. Treatment involves intravenous immunoglobulin and aspirin to reduce inflammation and prevent coronary artery abnormalities. Refractory cases may require additional immunomodulating therapies.
A Case of Neurocysticercosis
The patient is a 25-year-old male who presented with 3 months of giddiness, 1 week of headaches, and 1 day of fever. He experienced blackouts while working as a driver. Examination found brisk reflexes. Imaging and tests ruled out other causes. He was diagnosed with neurocysticercosis based on MRI findings. Treatment involved anti-seizure medications, albendazole, and steroids to reduce inflammation from dying cysts.
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A 2-year-old boy was diagnosed with Langerhans cell histiocytosis involving bones in his skull. He received chemotherapy and had lesions in his spine and pelvis. He later developed fever, headache, and irritability. Examination found enlarged cervical lymph nodes and a fever of 38C. Testing detected enterovirus. He was treated conservatively and symptoms resolved within a few days. Enteroviruses are common viruses that typically cause self-limiting infections but can occasionally cause meningitis, encephalitis, or myocarditis. There is no approved treatment but investigational drugs and IVIG may help in severe cases.
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This document discusses prolonged fever and its infectious and non-infectious causes. It provides details on enteric fever (typhoid fever) including its pathogenesis, clinical manifestations over four weeks, laboratory findings, complications, treatment, prevention, and case scenarios. Brucellosis is also discussed as an infectious cause of prolonged fever, covering transmission, clinical manifestations, diagnosis, management, prevention, and a case scenario. The document concludes with a case of visceral leishmaniasis (kala azar) as another potential infectious cause of prolonged fever in children.
Kawasakii
1. The patient is exhibiting signs and symptoms consistent with Kawasaki disease, including prolonged fever, oral ulcers, conjunctivitis, rash, lymphadenopathy, and extremity changes.
2. Kawasaki disease does occur in Egypt, with an estimated 280 cases diagnosed annually.
3. Treatment for Kawasaki disease involves intravenous immunoglobulin and aspirin to prevent coronary artery aneurysms, which develop in around 25% of untreated patients.
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This document provides an overview of nephrotic syndrome in children. It defines nephrotic syndrome as a glomerular disease characterized by heavy proteinuria, hypoalbuminemia, edema, and hyperlipidemia. The document discusses the epidemiology, etiology, pathophysiology, clinical features, investigations, treatment, complications, and prognosis of nephrotic syndrome. It notes that the majority of nephrotic syndrome cases in children are primary or idiopathic in nature and often steroid-responsive. The long-form document provides detailed information on different types of nephrotic syndrome and their clinical management.
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This document provides information about Dengue virus, its transmission, clinical presentation, diagnosis, and management. Some key points:
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- There are four serotypes of dengue virus. Subsequent infection by a different serotype can cause more severe disease due to antibody-dependent enhancement.
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- Diagnosis is made by detecting IgM antibodies, NS1 antigen, or
Typical & atypical clinical presentations of COVID-19 in children
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This document provides an overview of sickle cell anemia (SCA), including its causes, clinical manifestations, diagnosis, and management. SCA is an inherited blood disorder caused by a mutation in the hemoglobin gene. It presents as hemolytic anemia, painful vaso-occlusive crises, and organ damage from microinfarctions. Diagnosis is confirmed via hemoglobin electrophoresis. Management involves treatment of pain crises, transfusions for complications, antibiotics for infection prevention, and hydroxyurea in severe cases to reduce symptoms. Long-term care focuses on immunizations, family education, and follow-up to monitor for complications.
Case discussion
This document describes the case of a 22-year-old female patient who presented with fever, difficulty opening her mouth, ear discharge, oral ulcers, breathing difficulties, and cough after a recent tooth extraction. Testing showed sinusitis, oral candidiasis, low lymphocyte counts, and elevated inflammatory markers. A CT scan found lung lesions and the patient was diagnosed with Wegener's granulomatosis based on a positive C-ANCA and lung biopsy showing necrotizing vasculitis. Treatment with steroids and rituximab led to improvement of symptoms. Wegener's is a rare autoimmune disease characterized by necrotizing vasculitis affecting the respiratory tract and kidneys.
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This document discusses a case of Kawasaki disease in a 3-year old male patient who presented with fever and developed recurrent seizures. Kawasaki disease is a multisystem vasculitis that commonly affects coronary arteries in children. The patient was diagnosed based on meeting the diagnostic criteria and treated with intravenous immunoglobulin and aspirin. He showed improvement in his seizures, consciousness, and coronary artery abnormalities after treatment. The case highlights that central nervous system complications can rarely occur in Kawasaki disease.
Fever,Rash and.pptx
This patient, a 4-year-old boy, presented with prolonged fever, rash, fatigue, bone pain, conjunctivitis, and severe anemia. Laboratory tests showed high inflammatory markers, hypoalbuminemia, and hyperferritinemia. Imaging found hepatosplenomegaly and pericarditis with effusion. Infectious etiologies were ruled out. The presentation and lab results were consistent with a diagnosis of systemic juvenile idiopathic arthritis, also known as Still's disease. The patient was started on prednisone to treat this autoimmune condition characterized by intermittent fever, rash, and arthritis.
Acute rheumatic fever
Acute rheumatic fever is an immune-mediated disease that can develop weeks after a Group A streptococcal throat infection. It commonly affects the heart, joints, skin, and brain in children ages 5-15. The disease is caused by an abnormal immune response to the bacterial infection. Symptoms may include migratory arthritis, heart inflammation (carditis), abnormal movements (chorea), and skin nodules or rashes. Diagnosis is based on the modified Jones criteria and treatment involves antibiotics, anti-inflammatories, and long-term prevention of recurrent episodes through antibiotics. Untreated, it can lead to permanent heart valve damage known as rheumatic heart disease.
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This document provides information on neutropenia, febrile neutropenia, prevention and treatment. It discusses definitions of neutropenia and febrile neutropenia. It outlines increased infection risk and complications of febrile neutropenia like prolonged hospitalization and increased costs. It recommends prevention measures including growth factors and antibiotics. It provides treatment guidelines for febrile neutropenia focusing on empirical antibiotic therapy based on infection site and risk factors. It discusses antifungal, antiviral and additional site-specific treatment considerations.
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2019 Novel Coronavirus
a quick review of the articles issued by WHO, CDC and other medical experts...
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on its epidemiology, etiology, clinical manifestations, diagnosis, management and prevention.
Aspirin for Primary Prevention of Cardiovascular Disease
This document provides recommendations for aspirin use for primary prevention of cardiovascular disease. It recommends aspirin for adults aged 60-69 years who have a 10-year CVD risk of 10% or higher, no increased bleeding risk, a life expectancy of at least 10 years, and a willingness to take aspirin for at least 10 years. It finds insufficient evidence for aspirin's primary prevention in adults aged 50-59 years or 70 years and older.
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The document discusses two severity scores - CURB-65 and CRB-65 - that are used to evaluate the severity of community-acquired pneumonia. CURB-65 assesses confusion, blood urea nitrogen level, respiratory rate, low blood pressure, and age 65 and older, while CRB-65 excludes blood urea nitrogen. Both have been validated for predicting prognosis in community-acquired pneumonia patients based on studies comparing them to other prediction rules.
Epilepsy
1. Epilepsy is a chronic neurological disorder characterized by recurrent seizures. Seizures occur due to abnormal electrical activity in the brain and their signs and symptoms depend on their location in the brain.
2. A first seizure should be thoroughly evaluated to determine its cause, risk of recurrence, and need for anti-seizure medication. The chance of recurrence is greatest within the first two years and treatment may reduce this risk.
3. Common anti-seizure medications include phenytoin, diazepam, lorazepam, valproate, and levetiracetam. Their dosages and monitoring vary depending on factors like administration route and patient characteristics.
Acute Myocardial Infarction
Acute myocardial infarction, or heart attack, results from prolonged ischemia due to a blockage in a coronary artery that supplies blood to heart muscle. Risk factors include increasing age, male sex, hypertension, dyslipidemia, diabetes, smoking, obesity, physical inactivity, excessive alcohol intake, and family history. Diagnosis involves electrocardiogram changes, elevated cardiac biomarkers, and symptoms like chest pain. Management focuses on oxygen, pain relief, antiplatelet/anticoagulant drugs, revascularization, and lifestyle changes to prevent future heart attacks.
Syndrome of inappropriate anti diuretic hormone secretion (siadh)
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Diagnosis
SIgns and Symptoms
Treatment
Vitamin B12 Deficiency
Vitamin B12 deficiency can cause macrocytic anemia and neuropsychiatric disorders. While diagnosis is typically based on low serum B12 levels, about half of subclinical cases have normal levels. More sensitive tests measure methylmalonic acid and homocysteine levels. Oral B12 supplementation is a safe and effective treatment for B12 deficiency, even without intrinsic factor or in diseases affecting absorption in the ileum. Follow-up testing two to three months after treatment can check for correction of mild deficiency.
Stroke
Stroke occurs when blood supply to the brain is interrupted or reduced, causing brain cells to die. The most common type is ischemic stroke, which accounts for 80% of cases and occurs when a blood vessel is blocked. A stroke is a medical emergency and prompt treatment is important to minimize damage. Guidelines recommend administering thrombolysis within 3.5 hours, carefully controlling blood pressure, ordering diagnostic tests, and monitoring for potential complications. Lifestyle factors like controlling hypertension, cholesterol levels, diabetes, and use of anticoagulants can affect risk and outcomes of stroke.
Clostridium difficile infection
Clostridium difficile infection is caused by ingestion of C. difficile spores after antibiotic use disrupts normal gut flora. It most commonly causes diarrhea in a hospital setting and can progress to pseudomembranous colitis. Treatment involves discontinuing antibiotics, rehydration, and administration of oral vancomycin or metronidazole. Recurrence is common after initial treatment and may require prolonged or multi-drug therapy. Severe complications include toxic megacolon and sepsis.
Hydrocarbon Toxicity
Hydrocarbons are organic substances composed of carbon and hydrogen that are commonly ingested through substances like gasoline, oil, and solvents. Inhalation of hydrocarbon vapors can cause lung damage and neurological effects. Symptoms vary based on the specific hydrocarbon but can include cough, hypoxia, headaches, and in some cases neuropathy or cardiac issues. Treatment involves supportive care, observation of symptoms, addressing any respiratory failure, and consideration of gastric decontamination for certain toxic hydrocarbons.
Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis
Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), AKA "Lou Gehrig's Disease," is a progressive neurodegenerative disease that affects nerve cells in the brain and the spinal cord. Motor neurons reach from the brain to the spinal cord and from the spinal cord to the muscles throughout the body. The progressive degeneration of the motor neurons in ALS eventually leads to their death. When the motor neurons die, the ability of the brain to initiate and control muscle movement is lost. With voluntary muscle action progressively affected, patients in the later stages of the disease may become totally paralyzed.
Emergencies In Oncology
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SVCO
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Esophageal Cancer
Cancer of the esophagus is more common in males than females and in blacks than whites. It usually appears after age 50 and is associated with lower socioeconomic status. The most common symptoms are progressive dysphagia and weight loss. By the time symptoms appear, it is usually incurable since over 60% of the esophagus is usually infiltrated. Diagnosis involves endoscopy and biopsy to visualize and confirm tumors. Treatment options include surgery, radiation, chemotherapy, or a combination, but the prognosis is generally poor with less than 5% surviving more than 5 years.
Diabetes Mellitus
This document discusses diabetes mellitus, including its causes, symptoms, diagnosis, and treatment. There are two main types of diabetes: type 1 is an autoimmune disease where the body destroys pancreatic beta cells, while type 2 is usually linked to obesity and genetics. Symptoms can include thirst, frequent urination, weight loss, and ketoacidosis in severe cases. Diagnosis involves blood glucose testing. Treatment involves lifestyle changes like diet and exercise as well as medications to lower blood sugar like metformin, sulfonylureas, and insulin for more severe cases.
Sjogren’s syndrome
Sjogren's syndrome is an autoimmune disease characterized by lymphocytic infiltration and destruction of the exocrine glands, mainly the lacrimal and salivary glands, causing symptoms of dry eyes and dry mouth. It most commonly affects middle-aged women and clinical features include keratoconjunctivitis sicca, xerostomia, and a dry, sticky oral mucosa. Sjogren's syndrome can occur alone as primary Sjogren's or associated with other autoimmune diseases like SLE or RA, known as secondary Sjogren's. Diagnosis involves blood tests for autoantibodies, biopsy of the labial salivary gland, and tests of tear and saliva production
Approach to a patient with JAUNDICE
This document provides information on the clinical management of a patient presenting with jaundice. It begins by defining jaundice and explaining bilirubin metabolism. Jaundice is classified by the type of circulating bilirubin (conjugated or unconjugated) and site of the problem (prehepatic, hepatocellular, or cholestatic/obstructive). The causes, clinical manifestations, appropriate laboratory tests, and imaging studies are described for each type of jaundice to aid in diagnosis and management. A thorough history, physical exam, and targeted lab and imaging workup are recommended to determine the underlying etiology causing a patient's jaundice.
Paraneoplastic Endocrine Syndrome
Paraneoplastic syndromes occur in 7-15% of malignancies and involve substances secreted by tumors affecting distant sites. Common syndromes include endocrine disorders like Cushing syndrome from ACTH/cortisol overproduction. Hypercalcemia, the most frequent paraneoplastic syndrome, results from PTHrP secretion by cancers like breast and lung. Other syndromes involve inappropriate antidiuretic hormone or insulin secretion. These syndromes provide clues to underlying malignancies, impact prognosis, and challenge management. Recognition of tumor-induced hormonal imbalances is important for timely cancer diagnosis and treatment.
Emergencies in ENT
This document provides information on various ear, nose, throat and head and neck conditions commonly seen in emergency departments. It discusses the presentation, investigations, management and criteria for admission of nasal fractures, epistaxis, post-tonsillectomy bleeding, ear emergencies, head and neck infections, and ingested foreign bodies. Procedures for examining and removing foreign bodies from the throat are also outlined. The document serves as a guide for evaluating and treating ENT emergencies.
Physical Examination
The document provides guidance on performing a neurologic examination. It outlines examining various aspects of cerebral function, the 12 cranial nerves, motor skills, sensory function, and reflexes. For each component, it describes the tests to perform and what normal and abnormal findings may indicate, such as signs of nerve damage or increased intracranial pressure. The goal is to indirectly evaluate neurologic function through assessing specific body parts controlled by the brain and peripheral nervous system.
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There is increasing confidence that cell therapies will soon play a role in the treatment of autoimmune disorders, but the extent of this impact remains to be seen. Early readouts on autologous CAR-Ts in lupus are encouraging, but manufacturing and cost limitations are likely to restrict access to highly refractory patients. Allogeneic CAR-Ts have the potential to broaden access to earlier lines of treatment due to their inherent cost benefits, however they will need to demonstrate comparable or improved efficacy to established modalities.
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Kawasaki Disease
- 1. Crisbert I. Cualteros, M.D. 1 st Year Resident
- 17. 2D-Echo
- 36. 1. Bilateral bulbar conjunctival injection
- 37. 2. Changes in the mucosa strawberry tongue Fissured/ crack lips
- 38. 3. Edema/erythema of the hands/feet
- 39. 4. Rash
- 40. 5. Cervical LAD ≥1.5 cm (unilateral)
- 61. THANK YOU!