This document discusses the different extension systems in India for agriculture. There are four main systems - the first line extension system of ICAR and SAUs, the extension system of the Ministry of Agriculture and state departments, the extension system of the Ministry of Rural Development, and development work by voluntary organizations. It then provides details on the major programs and initiatives of the first line extension system of ICAR, including the All India Coordinated Project on National Demonstrations, Operational Research Project, Krishi Vigyan Kendra, and Lab to Land Project. It also discusses the evolution of national extension systems in India and their four distinct stages of development.

1. EXT-602 DEVELOPMENT PERSPECTIVES OF
EXTENSION EDUCATION
Assignment on
Extension systems in India

2. SYSTEMS OF EXTENSION IN INDIA
Four major oganisational streams devoted to
extension work for agriculture. They are,
1. First line extension system of ICAR and SAUs
2. Extension system of Ministry of Agriculture and the
State Departments of Agriculture.
3. Extension system of the Ministry of Rural Development
and the State develpoment Departments.
4. Development work by the Voluntary organisations,
business houses etc.

3. FIRST LINE EXTENSION SYSTEM OF ICAR
 Established a section of Extension Education at its
headquarters in 1971.
 Later renamed as Division of Agricultural
Extension.
 Intended to enforce the functional relationship
(Relationship between research, education and
extension) down the line in research institutes.

4. Four main TOT projects of the ICAR
 All India Coordinated Project on National Demonstrations
(AICPND)
 Operational Research Project (ORP)
 Krishi Vigyan Kendra (KVK)
 Lab to Land Project (LLP)

5. All India Coordinated Project on National
Demonstrations (AICPND)
 NATIONAL DEMONSTRATIONS (ND) on major food
crops.
 Launched in 1964
 Unless scientist could demonstrate what they
advocated, their advice might not be heeded by the
farmers.

6. It differs from other demonstration in four major
aspects:
 There was a specific yield target and there was no
control plot near the demonstration.
 The area of the demonstration plot was about one
hectare
 The farmers in whose plots the demonstrations were
laid out were the actual cultivators with the small
holdings.
 The agricultural scientists conducted these
demonstrations were in association with the local
extension agencies

7. Objectives
 To demonstrate convincingly to the farmers and extension
personnel, and encourage them to adopt and popularize
these technologies for accelerating production.
 To fully exploit these demonstrations for the purpose of
training farmers and field functionaries in improved
cultivation practices.

8.  To provide the research workers to get firsthand
knowledge of problems being faced by the farmers.
 To determine the income and employment generation
potentialities of the crops/ subjects under demonstration
and educate them to farmers and extension agents.
 To influence the extension systems of the State
Departments of Agriculture, voluntary organisations etc. in
the country by demonstrating the yield gaps and pointing
out operational constraints.

9. OPERATIONAL RESEARCH PROJECT (ORP)
 Initiated in 1974-75.
 Aimed at disseminating the proven technology in a
discipline/ area among watershed basis, covering the
whole village or a cluster of villages, and concurrently
studying constraints as barrier to the rapid spread of
improved technical know-how.
 It is to demonstrate the impact of new technologies on
a large scale involving whole village or cluster of
villages at a time.

10. The ORPs considered two kinds of problems:
1. The common agricultural problems affecting farming
community.
2. Total resources development of the watershed area.
Objectives
 To test, adopt and demonstrate the new agricultural technology.
 To determine the profitability of the new technology and their
pace of spread among the farmers.
 To identify the constraints both technological as well as socio-
economical
 To demonstrate group action as a method of popularizing the
modern technologies at a faster rate.

11. KRISHI VIGYAN KENDRA (KVK)
 First KVK was established in 1974 at Pondicherry under
Tamil Nadu Agricultural University.
 It is designed to impart need-based and skill oriented
vocational training to the practising farmers, and those to
who wish to go in for self- employment.

12. The basic concepts of a KVK are-
 The centre will impart learning through work-experience.
 The centre will impart training only to those extension agents
who are already employed or to practising farmer.
 There will be no uniform syllabus for a KVK.
Three fundamental principles
i. Agricultural production as the prime goal
ii. Work-experience as the main method of impart training
iii. Priority to the weaker sections of the society, are the
backbone of the KVK programme.

13. Objectives
The main objective of the KVK is to provide training for
production in agriculture.
Specific objectives
1. Plan and conduct survey of the operational area to
prepare the resource inventory.
2. Compile all relevant recommendations of practices for the
district and follow up the extension programmes.
3. Plan and conduct production oriented, need-based, short
and long duration courses both on the campus as well as
in the villages.

14. 4. Organize Farm Science Clubs, both in rural schools and
in villages.
5. Develop and maintain the campus farms and
demonstration units on scientific lines.
6. Provide practical training facilities of the centre to the
teachers and the students of vocational agriculture of
higher secondary schools.
7. Impart general education to the rural illiterates and school
drop outs.
8. Provide training facilities in homemaking and nutrition
education

15. LAB TO LAND PROGRAMME (LLP)
 It was launched by the ICAR in 1979 as a part of its
golden jubilee celebration.
 To improve the economic condition of the small and
marginal farmers and landless agricultural laborers,
particularly scheduled castes and scheduled tribes, by
transfer of improved technology developed by the
agricultural universities, research institutes etc.

16. The specific objectives are-
1. Study and understand the background and resources of
the selected farmers and landless agricultural labourers.
2. Assist the farmers to develop feasible farm plans within
the available technology, needs and resources of the
farmers.
3. Guide and help the farmers in adopting improved
technologies as per their farm plans.
4. Organize training programmes and other extension
activities, in relation to their adopted practices.
5. Make the farmers aware of the various opportunities and
agencies.

17. REORGANIZED KVK SYSTEM
All first-line transfer of technology projects of the
ICAR viz. ND, ORP and LLP have been integrated with
KVKs.
The major mandates of the reorganized KVK are to
conduct-
i. Training programmes,
ii. Frontline demonstrations, and
iii. On-farm testing.

18. EXTENSION ROLE OF AGRICULTURAL UNIVERSITIES
1. Statewide responsibility for teaching, research and extension
education.
2. Integration of teaching, research and extension at all levels of
university administration.
3. Multi- disciplinary team work in the development programmes
of education, research and extension.
4. Quick communication of knowledge to students in
classrooms, extension personnel and farmers.
5. Programmes giving specialized training to the rural youth and
adult men and women.

19. EXTENSION EDUCATION INSTITUTES
 Nilokheri in Haryana (1959)
 Anand in Gujarat (1962)
 Hyderabad in AP (1962)
 Jorhat in Assam (1987)
Integrated with the Agricultural University system of
the States (Misra, 1990).

20. Early Extension Efforts
Attempts made by individual and private agencies:
 Gurgaon project in Haryana (Mr.F.L.Brayne)
 Siniketan experiment by Rabindranath Tagore
 Servants of Indian Society, Pune
 Sevagram experiment in Wardha by Mahatma Gandhi
 Sarvodhya Programme in Bombay Province

21. The Famine Commission(1901)
The Government of India Act (1919)
The Royal Commission on Agriculture (1928)
Extension effort by the government
 Firka Development Scheme
 Ettawah Pilot Project
 GMF (Grow More Food) Campaign

22. The Comilla Project, Bangladesh
Rural development tasks:
 To improve rural standards by increasing productivity of
land by intensive cultivation
 To improve the roads, irrigation and drainage system, and
build flood- protection works.
 To set up an organisation to introduce improvements to
farmers and provide training.
 To organise a public work programme.

23. Activities followed by the academy
 To organize themselves into village cooperatives
 To select two members from each group and send them
to the Academy once a week for training as organizer
and agricultural teacher of each cooperative.
 To hold regular meeting and training for members.
 To use credit for farm inputs and make saving deposits.

24. NATIONAL EXTENSION SYSTEMS
Four distinct stages,
 Community Development
 Technological Development
 Development with social justice
 Infrastructure development

25. COMMUNITY DEVELOPMENT
 Community Development Programme(CDP)- 1952
 National Extension Service(NES)- 1953
 Community Development Block(CDB)- 1954
 Democratic Decentralization- 1957
TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENT
 Intensive Agricultural DevelopmentProgramme(IADP)-1960
 Intensive Agricultural Area Programme(IAAP)- 1964
 Intensive Cattle Development Project(ICDP)- 1964-65
 High Yielding Variety Programme(HYVP)- 1966

26. DEVELOPMENT WITH SOCIAL JUSTICE
 Small Farmers’ Development Agency(SFDA)- 1970-71
 Marginal Farmers’ and Agricultural labourers Programme
(MFAL)
 Drought Prone Areas Programme (DPAP)
 Pilot Project for Tribal Development(PPTD)- 1972-73
 Training and Visit programme(T&V)- 1974
 Integrated Rural Development Programme(IRDP)- 1978
 Training Rural Youth for Self- Employment (TRYSEM)- 1979

27.  National Rural Employment Programme(NREP)-1980
 Development of Women and Children in Rural Areas
(DWCRA)-1982
 National Agricultural Extension Project(NAEP)-1983
 Technology Mission on Oilseeds(TMO)- 1986
 Jawahar Rozgar Yojana (JRY)- 1989
 Employment Assurance Scheme(EAS)- 1993
 Small Farmers Agri-Business Consortium(SFAC)- 1994
 Swarnajayanti Gram Swarozgar Yojana(SGSY)- 1999

28. Infrastructure Development
 National Agricultural Technology Project(NATP)- 1999
 Providing Urban Amenities in Rural Areas(PURA)- 2004
 National Agricultural Innovation Project(NAIP)-2006
 National Rural Employment Guarantee Act (NREGA)-
2006
 National Horticulture Mission(NHM)- 2005-06
 National Food Security Mission(NFSM)- 2007

29. REFERENCE
 Govind Santha, G.Tamilselvi, J.Meenambigai, 2013,
Extension Education and Rural Development,
Agrobios, India.
 Ray.G.L., Extension Communication amd
Management, 2014, Kalayani Publishers, New
Delhi.
 http://www.syngentafoundation.org
 http://www.icar.org.in
 http://lnweb90.worldbank.org

30. THANK YOU