This document discusses the use of kaolin clay sprays to manage the glassy-winged sharpshooter (GWSS) in grapes. Kaolin clay sprays, marketed under the name Surround, form a protective powdery film on plant surfaces that deters insects through repellency, irritation, and by disguising the plant. Research shows Surround is effective against several leafhoppers and other pests in grapes. For best results, Surround should be used as part of an integrated pest management system combining cultural and chemical methods. Thorough coverage of plants is important for the kaolin clay spray to be effective.
Landscaping with Native Plants in PennsylvaniaFarica46m
Native plants help create beautiful landscapes that provide wildlife habitat and reduce maintenance costs. Their greatest benefit may be increasing awareness about which plants are native versus non-native and protecting remaining native plant communities. Some key practices for responsible landscaping with native plants include minimizing further habitat destruction, using nursery-propagated rather than wild-collected plants, and learning to identify native species well-suited to the local environment.
Kaolin Clay for Management of Glassy-winged Sharpshooter in GrapesElisaMendelsohn
This document discusses the use of kaolin clay sprays to manage the glassy-winged sharpshooter (GWSS) in grapes. Kaolin clay sprays, marketed under the name Surround, form a protective powdery film on plant surfaces that deters insects through repellency, irritation, and by disguising the plant. Research shows Surround is effective against several grape pests including leafhoppers and sharpshooters that transmit Pierce's disease. For best results, Surround should be used as part of an integrated pest management system combining cultural and chemical methods. Thorough coverage of plant surfaces is important for the kaolin clay spray to be effective.
Mulches for the Home Landscape - University of NebraskaFaizah68w
This document discusses different types of mulches that can be used in home landscapes. It provides details on organic mulches like woodchips, bark, and leaves as well as inorganic mulches like rock, landscape fabric, and shredded rubber. The summary discusses the benefits of mulches, including conserving soil moisture, reducing weeds, and enhancing plant health. Organic mulches are generally preferred as they break down over time and add organic matter to soils. When selecting and applying mulches properly, homeowners can improve their landscape in many positive ways.
1) Dear Garden Associates uses eco-friendly landscaping practices such as using native plants from local sources within 50 miles, avoiding plastic and using organic and natural materials when possible.
2) They recommend avoiding non-native, invasive plants that can choke out biodiversity and instead using indigenous plants that provide better habitats for wildlife.
3) Their designs aim to require minimal supplemental watering once established and use natural rainwater and soil drainage rather than irrigation systems.
Farmers have worked to reduce pesticides in water but more is needed. Key pesticides like oilseed rape herbicides and metaldehyde slug pellets still regularly appear in water testing. While overall pesticide levels are declining in water, peak levels after heavy rain pose problems for water companies. Improving practices around filling areas, application timing, and field drainage can help further protect water quality.
FUNGICIDE APPLICATION INTRODUCTION
DIFFERENT TYPES OF METHOD OF FUNGICIDE APPLICATION
SEED TREATMENT-SEED DRESSING, SEED DIPPING
SOIL TREATMENT- SOIL DRENCHING
FOLIAR APPLICATION: SPRAYING, DUSTING
POST HARVEST APPLICATION
SPECIAL METHODS
WHAT IS THE NEED
What's Your Poison: Putting Your Lawn and Garden Into Detoxsodj49v
This document discusses alternatives to using pesticides in lawns and gardens. It provides tips for preventing pest problems through natural methods like companion planting, using pest-resistant plants, and encouraging beneficial insects. Simple recipes are given for making organic fertilizers and sprays to control weeds, diseases and insects without chemicals. The hazards of pesticide use are outlined, and it is noted that many pest problems can be avoided or addressed without the use of toxic chemicals that endanger health and the environment.
This document discusses techniques for seed coating and pelleting to improve seed vigor and crop establishment. Seed coating involves applying a thin substance to the seed coat to enhance germination without changing the seed shape. Pelleting encloses seeds in a small quantity of inert material to facilitate precision planting and provide nutrients. Specific benefits include more even application of nutrients or chemicals, less waste, easier planting, and improved seedling emergence, stands, and weed control. Common coating and pelleting materials include gums, polymers, clays, and limestone.
Landscaping with Native Plants in PennsylvaniaFarica46m
Native plants help create beautiful landscapes that provide wildlife habitat and reduce maintenance costs. Their greatest benefit may be increasing awareness about which plants are native versus non-native and protecting remaining native plant communities. Some key practices for responsible landscaping with native plants include minimizing further habitat destruction, using nursery-propagated rather than wild-collected plants, and learning to identify native species well-suited to the local environment.
Kaolin Clay for Management of Glassy-winged Sharpshooter in GrapesElisaMendelsohn
This document discusses the use of kaolin clay sprays to manage the glassy-winged sharpshooter (GWSS) in grapes. Kaolin clay sprays, marketed under the name Surround, form a protective powdery film on plant surfaces that deters insects through repellency, irritation, and by disguising the plant. Research shows Surround is effective against several grape pests including leafhoppers and sharpshooters that transmit Pierce's disease. For best results, Surround should be used as part of an integrated pest management system combining cultural and chemical methods. Thorough coverage of plant surfaces is important for the kaolin clay spray to be effective.
Mulches for the Home Landscape - University of NebraskaFaizah68w
This document discusses different types of mulches that can be used in home landscapes. It provides details on organic mulches like woodchips, bark, and leaves as well as inorganic mulches like rock, landscape fabric, and shredded rubber. The summary discusses the benefits of mulches, including conserving soil moisture, reducing weeds, and enhancing plant health. Organic mulches are generally preferred as they break down over time and add organic matter to soils. When selecting and applying mulches properly, homeowners can improve their landscape in many positive ways.
1) Dear Garden Associates uses eco-friendly landscaping practices such as using native plants from local sources within 50 miles, avoiding plastic and using organic and natural materials when possible.
2) They recommend avoiding non-native, invasive plants that can choke out biodiversity and instead using indigenous plants that provide better habitats for wildlife.
3) Their designs aim to require minimal supplemental watering once established and use natural rainwater and soil drainage rather than irrigation systems.
Farmers have worked to reduce pesticides in water but more is needed. Key pesticides like oilseed rape herbicides and metaldehyde slug pellets still regularly appear in water testing. While overall pesticide levels are declining in water, peak levels after heavy rain pose problems for water companies. Improving practices around filling areas, application timing, and field drainage can help further protect water quality.
FUNGICIDE APPLICATION INTRODUCTION
DIFFERENT TYPES OF METHOD OF FUNGICIDE APPLICATION
SEED TREATMENT-SEED DRESSING, SEED DIPPING
SOIL TREATMENT- SOIL DRENCHING
FOLIAR APPLICATION: SPRAYING, DUSTING
POST HARVEST APPLICATION
SPECIAL METHODS
WHAT IS THE NEED
What's Your Poison: Putting Your Lawn and Garden Into Detoxsodj49v
This document discusses alternatives to using pesticides in lawns and gardens. It provides tips for preventing pest problems through natural methods like companion planting, using pest-resistant plants, and encouraging beneficial insects. Simple recipes are given for making organic fertilizers and sprays to control weeds, diseases and insects without chemicals. The hazards of pesticide use are outlined, and it is noted that many pest problems can be avoided or addressed without the use of toxic chemicals that endanger health and the environment.
This document discusses techniques for seed coating and pelleting to improve seed vigor and crop establishment. Seed coating involves applying a thin substance to the seed coat to enhance germination without changing the seed shape. Pelleting encloses seeds in a small quantity of inert material to facilitate precision planting and provide nutrients. Specific benefits include more even application of nutrients or chemicals, less waste, easier planting, and improved seedling emergence, stands, and weed control. Common coating and pelleting materials include gums, polymers, clays, and limestone.
CACAO Insect, Pest, Diseases, and ManagementKirk Go
A short guide on common Cacao pest and disease management, published by the Philippine Agricultural Training Institute.
Cacao growers can benefit from additional information provided to keep their farms a viable agribusiness venture.
Seed treatment involves subjecting seeds to compounds, processes, or energy forms to enhance germination. There are physical (e.g. hot water), chemical, and biological seed treatments. Hot water treatment kills diseases but can damage old seeds. Scarification mechanically or chemically damages seed coats to allow water penetration. Stratification exposes seeds to temperatures to overcome dormancy. Chemical treatments use salts or other compounds. Ultrasound increases seed permeability and germination in some crops like chickpeas but decreases it in others like peppers. It is a non-chemical method that increases alpha-amylase and germination speed.
The document discusses seed treatment and enhancement techniques. It describes how seed treatment involves applying fungicides and insecticides to seeds to disinfect and protect them from pathogens and pests. Seed enhancement techniques aim to improve germination, vigor and performance, and include methods like priming, coating, pelleting and integrated approaches. These techniques provide benefits such as early emergence, uniform stands, stress tolerance and nutrient/microbe delivery. The history, types, advantages and applications of various seed treatment and enhancement methods are reviewed.
This document provides information on classifying and selecting insecticides and fungicides for use on ornamental plants. It discusses various classification schemes for both insecticides and fungicides including by chemical class and mode of action. For each major class, several examples of commonly used products are listed. The document stresses the importance of resistance management when using insecticides, which involves rotating between classes and modes of action. It provides similar guidance on rotating fungicide classes and modes of action to prevent resistance.
This document provides information about gardening and pest control. It includes tips on growing bigger plants and preventing common pests like ants. It also identifies common garden bugs and provides solutions to issues like yellow grass or holes in leaves. The magazine highlights new pest control products and systems and discusses how to determine the right treatment based on location and season.
Weed Management Education Increases Profit for Pea Growersnacaa
Julie R. Kikkert, Cornell Cooperative Extension Vegetable Program, 480 N. Main St., Canandaigua, NY 14424,
Robin R. Bellinder, Department of Horticulture, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853
Coastal Gardens: A Planting Guide for the South West Capes Coastal Region - Y...Kardatou54a
This planting guide provides advice for gardens in the south west capes coastal region of Western Australia, from Augusta to Yallingup. It suggests using water-wise local native plants as attractive replacements for introduced plants that can harm coastal landscapes. The guide discusses how to incorporate local plants into different garden styles and maintenance practices to create water efficient gardens suited to the region's tough climate.
Coastal Gardens: A Planting Guide for Kangaroo IslandKardatou54a
This planting guide provides advice for coastal gardens on Kangaroo Island, suggesting water-wise local native plants as alternatives to introduced species. It discusses the benefits of local plants, which are well-adapted to the harsh coastal conditions. The guide outlines various garden designs and provides information on specific plant species that can tolerate coastal exposure or require some protection, along with their characteristics and growing needs. It also identifies common garden plants that have become invasive weeds.
This document provides an overview of electron beam treatment of seeds as an alternative to chemical seed treatment. It discusses the basics of how electron beam treatment works, its advantages over chemical treatment including no residue, lower risk of pathogen resistance, and environmental friendliness. Several case studies are presented showing the effectiveness of electron beam treatment in reducing pathogens and improving germination and yields for various crops like cabbage, carrot, and alfalfa. The document concludes that electron beam treatment is a promising technology that will become more important as environmental regulations further restrict chemical use in agriculture.
Water-Wise Coastal Gardens: A Planting Guide - Sustainable AustraliaKaila694m
This planting guide provides advice for coastal gardens in Adelaide and beyond. It suggests using water-wise local native plants as attractive replacements for introduced plants that harm coastal landscapes. The guide shows how to design different garden styles like formal, Japanese, and contemporary using resilient coastal plants. It discusses specific plant species to use or avoid and provides tips for growing and sourcing local coastal plants.
Mulching is the process of covering soil around plants with organic or synthetic materials. It protects the soil from drying, prevents erosion, and suppresses weeds. There are two main types of mulch - organic materials like straw or grass clippings, and synthetic materials like plastic sheets. Organic mulches improve soil health over time as they decompose, while synthetic mulches help control weeds and soil temperature. Proper mulching benefits plants by retaining moisture and nutrients in the soil.
Lower Risk Pest Control Products & PracticesHeidiKratsch
This document provides information from a training for master gardeners on lower risk pest control methods. It defines what a pest is and lists common examples. It then discusses non-chemical control methods like pruning, mulching, and hand picking. It also covers lower risk chemical controls like insecticidal soaps, horticultural oils, botanical insecticides like neem and pyrethrins, and microbial pesticides like Bt. Finally, it discusses monitoring pests and enhancing beneficial insect populations through proper habitat management.
The document provides an overview of a presentation given by Dr. Atul Nayyar on mycorrhizal fungi. The presentation covered what mycorrhizal fungi are, the types of mycorrhizae, mycorrhizal research trends, mechanisms of symbiosis between fungi and plants, challenges in producing viable inoculum products, and benefits of mycorrhizae for plant growth including faster establishment, reduced water and fertilizer needs, and increased disease resistance. Premier Tech was highlighted as having expertise in industrial scale production of mycorrhizal inoculants.
The document discusses plant stem cell science and its anti-aging benefits for skin. It introduces three plant stem cell ingredients - Edelweiss, Coneflower, and Pennywort. It then details how the proprietary blend works to reduce signs of aging, protect skin from environmental damage, and repair skin cells. Clinical studies showed the Edelweiss ingredient significantly reduced wrinkles and improved skin tone and elasticity after 22 and 40 days of use. The document proposes both topical treatments and ingestible supplements containing plant stem cell ingredients for internal and external anti-aging benefits.
Green Herbicides
`
For more information, Please see websites below:
`
Organic Edible Schoolyards & Gardening with Children
http://scribd.com/doc/239851214
`
Double Food Production from your School Garden with Organic Tech
http://scribd.com/doc/239851079
`
Free School Gardening Art Posters
http://scribd.com/doc/239851159`
`
Companion Planting Increases Food Production from School Gardens
http://scribd.com/doc/239851159
`
Healthy Foods Dramatically Improves Student Academic Success
http://scribd.com/doc/239851348
`
City Chickens for your Organic School Garden
http://scribd.com/doc/239850440
`
Simple Square Foot Gardening for Schools - Teacher Guide
http://scribd.com/doc/239851110
This document provides an overview of alternative pest and disease controls that can be used in the garden. It describes various physical, biological, and least-toxic chemical controls. The guide includes details on how to use tools like floating row covers, copper slug barriers, sticky traps, and beneficial nematodes to prevent pest problems without highly toxic pesticides. It emphasizes starting with physical controls, then biological, using chemicals only as a last resort, and always following directions carefully.
This presentation is part of a video series we are developing for a course module to help organic farmers and gardeners. The video is under production and will be available shortly at https://www.youtube.com/user/acesfieldvideo?feature=watch. Please consult your county Extension office for full recommendations and check with your supplier for organic insecticides. Products can also be purchased online.
This document discusses strategies for developing drought resistant soil through effective water management. It describes how organic matter, soil aggregation, and ground cover can work together to 1) maximize the amount of rainfall absorbed by the soil (infiltration), 2) increase the soil's water storage capacity for plant use, and 3) allow for deep root growth to access stored water. Specifically, it notes that each 1% increase in soil organic matter can store an additional 16,000 gallons of water per acre foot of soil. Well aggregated soil structures and ground cover also promote infiltration and water retention while reducing evaporation. Together, these factors can greatly reduce the need for irrigation during drought.
Organic rice production faces challenges with weed control and soil fertility but uses crop rotations, cover crops, and water management. Case studies show producers suppressing weeds through precision leveling, rotations of 3+ years, and flooding. Green manure crops like clover supply nitrogen and reseed naturally. While organic rice yields are lower, it commands a higher price in niche markets. Certification and following organic standards are required to label products as organic.
CACAO Insect, Pest, Diseases, and ManagementKirk Go
A short guide on common Cacao pest and disease management, published by the Philippine Agricultural Training Institute.
Cacao growers can benefit from additional information provided to keep their farms a viable agribusiness venture.
Seed treatment involves subjecting seeds to compounds, processes, or energy forms to enhance germination. There are physical (e.g. hot water), chemical, and biological seed treatments. Hot water treatment kills diseases but can damage old seeds. Scarification mechanically or chemically damages seed coats to allow water penetration. Stratification exposes seeds to temperatures to overcome dormancy. Chemical treatments use salts or other compounds. Ultrasound increases seed permeability and germination in some crops like chickpeas but decreases it in others like peppers. It is a non-chemical method that increases alpha-amylase and germination speed.
The document discusses seed treatment and enhancement techniques. It describes how seed treatment involves applying fungicides and insecticides to seeds to disinfect and protect them from pathogens and pests. Seed enhancement techniques aim to improve germination, vigor and performance, and include methods like priming, coating, pelleting and integrated approaches. These techniques provide benefits such as early emergence, uniform stands, stress tolerance and nutrient/microbe delivery. The history, types, advantages and applications of various seed treatment and enhancement methods are reviewed.
This document provides information on classifying and selecting insecticides and fungicides for use on ornamental plants. It discusses various classification schemes for both insecticides and fungicides including by chemical class and mode of action. For each major class, several examples of commonly used products are listed. The document stresses the importance of resistance management when using insecticides, which involves rotating between classes and modes of action. It provides similar guidance on rotating fungicide classes and modes of action to prevent resistance.
This document provides information about gardening and pest control. It includes tips on growing bigger plants and preventing common pests like ants. It also identifies common garden bugs and provides solutions to issues like yellow grass or holes in leaves. The magazine highlights new pest control products and systems and discusses how to determine the right treatment based on location and season.
Weed Management Education Increases Profit for Pea Growersnacaa
Julie R. Kikkert, Cornell Cooperative Extension Vegetable Program, 480 N. Main St., Canandaigua, NY 14424,
Robin R. Bellinder, Department of Horticulture, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853
Coastal Gardens: A Planting Guide for the South West Capes Coastal Region - Y...Kardatou54a
This planting guide provides advice for gardens in the south west capes coastal region of Western Australia, from Augusta to Yallingup. It suggests using water-wise local native plants as attractive replacements for introduced plants that can harm coastal landscapes. The guide discusses how to incorporate local plants into different garden styles and maintenance practices to create water efficient gardens suited to the region's tough climate.
Coastal Gardens: A Planting Guide for Kangaroo IslandKardatou54a
This planting guide provides advice for coastal gardens on Kangaroo Island, suggesting water-wise local native plants as alternatives to introduced species. It discusses the benefits of local plants, which are well-adapted to the harsh coastal conditions. The guide outlines various garden designs and provides information on specific plant species that can tolerate coastal exposure or require some protection, along with their characteristics and growing needs. It also identifies common garden plants that have become invasive weeds.
This document provides an overview of electron beam treatment of seeds as an alternative to chemical seed treatment. It discusses the basics of how electron beam treatment works, its advantages over chemical treatment including no residue, lower risk of pathogen resistance, and environmental friendliness. Several case studies are presented showing the effectiveness of electron beam treatment in reducing pathogens and improving germination and yields for various crops like cabbage, carrot, and alfalfa. The document concludes that electron beam treatment is a promising technology that will become more important as environmental regulations further restrict chemical use in agriculture.
Water-Wise Coastal Gardens: A Planting Guide - Sustainable AustraliaKaila694m
This planting guide provides advice for coastal gardens in Adelaide and beyond. It suggests using water-wise local native plants as attractive replacements for introduced plants that harm coastal landscapes. The guide shows how to design different garden styles like formal, Japanese, and contemporary using resilient coastal plants. It discusses specific plant species to use or avoid and provides tips for growing and sourcing local coastal plants.
Mulching is the process of covering soil around plants with organic or synthetic materials. It protects the soil from drying, prevents erosion, and suppresses weeds. There are two main types of mulch - organic materials like straw or grass clippings, and synthetic materials like plastic sheets. Organic mulches improve soil health over time as they decompose, while synthetic mulches help control weeds and soil temperature. Proper mulching benefits plants by retaining moisture and nutrients in the soil.
Lower Risk Pest Control Products & PracticesHeidiKratsch
This document provides information from a training for master gardeners on lower risk pest control methods. It defines what a pest is and lists common examples. It then discusses non-chemical control methods like pruning, mulching, and hand picking. It also covers lower risk chemical controls like insecticidal soaps, horticultural oils, botanical insecticides like neem and pyrethrins, and microbial pesticides like Bt. Finally, it discusses monitoring pests and enhancing beneficial insect populations through proper habitat management.
The document provides an overview of a presentation given by Dr. Atul Nayyar on mycorrhizal fungi. The presentation covered what mycorrhizal fungi are, the types of mycorrhizae, mycorrhizal research trends, mechanisms of symbiosis between fungi and plants, challenges in producing viable inoculum products, and benefits of mycorrhizae for plant growth including faster establishment, reduced water and fertilizer needs, and increased disease resistance. Premier Tech was highlighted as having expertise in industrial scale production of mycorrhizal inoculants.
The document discusses plant stem cell science and its anti-aging benefits for skin. It introduces three plant stem cell ingredients - Edelweiss, Coneflower, and Pennywort. It then details how the proprietary blend works to reduce signs of aging, protect skin from environmental damage, and repair skin cells. Clinical studies showed the Edelweiss ingredient significantly reduced wrinkles and improved skin tone and elasticity after 22 and 40 days of use. The document proposes both topical treatments and ingestible supplements containing plant stem cell ingredients for internal and external anti-aging benefits.
Green Herbicides
`
For more information, Please see websites below:
`
Organic Edible Schoolyards & Gardening with Children
http://scribd.com/doc/239851214
`
Double Food Production from your School Garden with Organic Tech
http://scribd.com/doc/239851079
`
Free School Gardening Art Posters
http://scribd.com/doc/239851159`
`
Companion Planting Increases Food Production from School Gardens
http://scribd.com/doc/239851159
`
Healthy Foods Dramatically Improves Student Academic Success
http://scribd.com/doc/239851348
`
City Chickens for your Organic School Garden
http://scribd.com/doc/239850440
`
Simple Square Foot Gardening for Schools - Teacher Guide
http://scribd.com/doc/239851110
This document provides an overview of alternative pest and disease controls that can be used in the garden. It describes various physical, biological, and least-toxic chemical controls. The guide includes details on how to use tools like floating row covers, copper slug barriers, sticky traps, and beneficial nematodes to prevent pest problems without highly toxic pesticides. It emphasizes starting with physical controls, then biological, using chemicals only as a last resort, and always following directions carefully.
This presentation is part of a video series we are developing for a course module to help organic farmers and gardeners. The video is under production and will be available shortly at https://www.youtube.com/user/acesfieldvideo?feature=watch. Please consult your county Extension office for full recommendations and check with your supplier for organic insecticides. Products can also be purchased online.
This document discusses strategies for developing drought resistant soil through effective water management. It describes how organic matter, soil aggregation, and ground cover can work together to 1) maximize the amount of rainfall absorbed by the soil (infiltration), 2) increase the soil's water storage capacity for plant use, and 3) allow for deep root growth to access stored water. Specifically, it notes that each 1% increase in soil organic matter can store an additional 16,000 gallons of water per acre foot of soil. Well aggregated soil structures and ground cover also promote infiltration and water retention while reducing evaporation. Together, these factors can greatly reduce the need for irrigation during drought.
Organic rice production faces challenges with weed control and soil fertility but uses crop rotations, cover crops, and water management. Case studies show producers suppressing weeds through precision leveling, rotations of 3+ years, and flooding. Green manure crops like clover supply nitrogen and reseed naturally. While organic rice yields are lower, it commands a higher price in niche markets. Certification and following organic standards are required to label products as organic.
Garden symphylans are soil-dwelling pests that can cause extensive damage to crops. They feed on plant roots, stunting growth. Damage may be misdiagnosed, as it can resemble other issues. The document describes the life cycle and ecology of garden symphylans, techniques for determining if they are present, and sustainable management options to prevent economic damage to crops.
Downy mildew is a destructive fungal disease that affects cucurbit crops like cucumbers and cantaloupe. It is spread by wind and rain and thrives under cool, humid conditions. Symptoms include pale green or yellow leaf spots that are initially on the top of leaves but later show a grayish fungal growth on the bottom. The disease can kill entire plants if left uncontrolled. Management strategies include using resistant varieties, improving soil health and air circulation, applying organic fungicides like copper, neem oil, or biofungicides, and monitoring forecasts to time applications.
Organic Pumpkin and Winter Squash Marketing and ProductionElisaMendelsohn
This document provides an overview of organic production and marketing of pumpkins and winter squash. It discusses the taxonomy and varieties of different pumpkin and squash species, including those commonly used for culinary purposes, ornamental purposes, and commercial canning. The document covers production topics like planting, soil management, weed control, and pest management, as well as post-harvest handling and marketing considerations for different varieties.
Flame weeding involves using propane torches to burn young weeds before and after crop emergence as an alternative to chemical herbicides. Prior to the 1950s, flame weeding was commonly used to control weeds in various crops. Weeds are most susceptible to flame when they are small seedlings 1-2 inches tall. Flame weeding can be done by cross-flaming or parallel-flaming between crop rows. While homemade flame weeding units can be built for $1,200-$1,520, commercial kits typically cost around $1,900 plus additional equipment. Flame weeding is considered more economical than some herbicide treatments when accounting for propane usage of 8-10
This document provides organic field crop documentation forms for farmers to record information needed to demonstrate compliance with organic regulations. It includes forms for activities, inputs, seeds and planting stock, compost production, soil and pest monitoring, harvest records, and storage records for on-farm and off-farm storage of organic and conventional crops. The forms are intended to help farmers keep organized records of their practices to showcase they are farming organically as outlined in their organic system plan.
Kaolin Clay for Management of Glassy-Winged Sharpshooter in GrapesGardening
The document discusses the use of kaolin clay particle films as a means of managing the glassy-winged sharpshooter (GWSS), an efficient vector of Pierce's disease in grapes. Kaolin clay particle films, when applied as the product Surround, create a physical barrier on plant surfaces that repels insects through visual cues and irritation. Research has shown Surround can effectively suppress several grape pests, including GWSS, and is most effective when integrated into a whole farm system approach including soil health, beneficial habitat and nutrient management.
Kaolin clay, the active ingredient in Surround WP, is a non-toxic particle film that acts as a barrier between pests and apple plants. When insects contact trees coated with kaolin clay, the tiny particles agitate and repel the insects. Trials have shown Surround WP provides control of leafrollers and leafhoppers as well as suppression of mites, codling moth, plum curculio, and other pests. In addition to pest control, kaolin clay can provide horticultural benefits like reduced heat stress and improved fruit color. Growers report positive results using Surround WP as part of an integrated pest management system.
Kaolin clay, the active ingredient in SurroundWP, provides a non-toxic particle film barrier between pests and apple plants. Trials show it controls or suppresses many key apple pests while also improving photosynthesis and reducing heat stress, sunburn, and fruit drop. Growers report high levels of control for pests like plum curculio and suppression or control of additional pests. SurroundWP is most effective as part of a holistic IPM system and has potential to make organic apple production more economically viable.
Kaolin clay, the active ingredient in Surround WP, is a non-toxic particle film that acts as a barrier between pests and apple plants. When insects contact trees coated with kaolin clay, the tiny particles agitate and repel the insects. Trials have shown Surround WP provides control of leafrollers and leafhoppers as well as suppression of mites, codling moth, plum curculio, and other pests. In addition to pest control, kaolin clay can provide horticultural benefits like reduced heat stress and improved fruit color. Growers report kaolin clay is most effective when used as part of an integrated pest management system incorporating cultural and chemical methods.
This factsheet discusses the use of kaolin clay, the main ingredient in Surround WP, for insect pest management in apples. It provides an overview of how Surround works by creating a particle film barrier between pests and plants. Studies show it can control or suppress many key apple pests while also providing horticultural benefits like reduced heat stress. Reports from growers in Maryland and Arkansas found that Surround was effective against pests like plum curculio and did not harm beneficial insects, though full tree coverage with spraying equipment can be challenging. While not a complete replacement for synthetic pesticides, kaolin clay seems to be a promising reduced-risk option when used as part of a full IPM system.
This document summarizes integrated pest management strategies for controlling aphids in greenhouses, focusing on monitoring, sanitation, biological controls using beneficial organisms, and biorational pesticides like insecticidal soaps, oils, and fungi. It provides tables with information on specific biological control agents like green lacewings and parasitic wasps, as well as biorational pesticide options and their suppliers. The strategies aim to control aphids in a sustainable way while minimizing risk to humans, other animals, and beneficial insects.
This document provides a summary of integrated pest management (IPM) strategies for controlling aphids in greenhouses, focusing on monitoring, sanitation, biological controls, biorational pesticides, and insect growth regulators. It describes the life cycles and behaviors of common greenhouse aphid pests and emphasizes least-toxic control methods like beneficial insects, fungi, insecticidal soaps, oils, and botanical insecticides. Tables list biological control organisms and biorational pesticides effective against aphids, along with contact information for suppliers.
This document provides a summary of integrated pest management (IPM) strategies for controlling aphids in greenhouses, focusing on monitoring, sanitation, biological controls, biorational pesticides, and insect growth regulators. It discusses the life cycles and behaviors of common greenhouse aphid pests and emphasizes least-toxic control methods like beneficial insects, fungi, insecticidal soaps, oils, and botanical insecticides. Tables list biological control organisms and biorational pesticides effective against aphids, along with contact information for suppliers.
This document discusses different types of algae. It describes the characteristics of brown algae (Phaeophyta), including their pigments, cell wall composition, and storage material. It provides examples of orders in brown algae like Fucales. It also summarizes the life cycle, reproduction, and medical and ecological significance. Similarly, it outlines the characteristics of red algae (Rhodophyta) and euglenoids (Euglenophyta) and provides the examples of Euglena and Phacus. It discusses features like pigments, cell wall, chloroplasts, reproduction, and significance for food, medicine and industry.
Cucumber Beetles: Organic and Biorational Integrated Pest ManagementElisaMendelsohn
Cucumber beetles are major pests of cucurbit crops throughout the United States. They cause direct feeding damage to plants and transmit bacterial wilt and viruses. Organic and biorational integrated pest management strategies include monitoring beetle populations, using trap crops and row covers, and encouraging natural enemies like parasitic organisms and predatory insects to help control beetle numbers. Cultural practices such as delayed planting can also help avoid damage from cucumber beetles.
Cucumber Beetles: Organic and Biorational Integrated Pest ManagementElisaMendelsohn
Cucumber beetles are pests that damage cucurbit crops through both direct feeding and transmission of diseases. They have multiple generations per growing season. Overwintering adult beetles feed on crops in spring, while larvae feed on roots, potentially stunting plants. Later-generation adult beetles feed on leaves, flowers, and fruits. Organic management strategies aim to disrupt the beetles' life cycle through cultural practices like trap cropping, and use of biological controls and botanical or biorational pesticides. Monitoring populations is important for well-timed applications.
Manures are an important organic fertilizer but also present risks if not properly handled. Applying raw manure too close to harvest can contaminate crops with human pathogens and cause quality issues. It also risks nutrient imbalances in soils if over-applied. Composting manures reduces risks but pathogens can still survive. Proper application timing and washing crops are needed to safely use manures in organic farming.
Manures are an important resource for organic crop production but also present challenges if not properly managed. Applying raw manure can lead to contamination of crops, produce quality issues, soil nutrient imbalances, weed problems, and pollution. Composting manure reduces many of these risks by stabilizing nutrients and destroying pathogens. The document provides guidelines for organic farmers on safely applying and managing raw and composted manures.
Manures are an important organic fertilizer but also present challenges if not properly managed. Applying raw manure can lead to contamination of crops, nutrient imbalances in soil, and increased weeds and pollution risks. These issues are reduced by composting manures, which stabilizes nutrients and reduces pathogens and weed seeds. The document provides guidelines for organic farmers on safely using and timing applications of raw and composted manures to maximize benefits while minimizing problems.
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This document provides information on integrated pest management for controlling greenhouse whiteflies. It discusses monitoring whiteflies, using biological controls like the parasitic wasp Encarsia formosa and other beneficial organisms. It also discusses the use of biopesticides like Beauveria bassiana fungus and insect growth regulators. Maintaining controlled atmospheres with higher carbon dioxide can also help control whitefly populations. The appendices provide lists of available biological controls and biopesticides.
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Kaolin Clay for Management of Glassy-winged Sharpshooter in Grapes
1. Reduced-Risk Pest Control Factsheet
Kaolin Clay for Management of
Glassy-winged Sharpshooter
in Grapes
C alifornia vineyards are facing the combination of
Reprinted with permission. See endnote.
an old threat and a new vector—Pierce’s disease, a
xylem-clogging bacterial disease which was first
identified over 100 years ago, now has a new and
efficient vector, the glassy-winged sharpshooter
(GWSS) Homalodisca coagulata. Pierce’s disease is
incurable and will generally kill a vine within two
years of infection. It has a very wide host range (over
170 hosts), and it’s feared that it may already be
present in most areas of California, representing a
potential time bomb that may explode with the
appearance of an efficient vector, such as the GWSS.
A native of the southeast U.S. and first found in Homalodisca coagulata. Its transparent wings give
Ventura County in 1990, the GWSS is a strong flier, the glassy-winged sharpshooter its common name.
able to travel distances of a quarter mile or more.
GWSS will depend on the integration of several
Other crop diseases caused by the Pierce’s disease tactics, including biological control, vegetation
bacterium (Xylella fastidiosa) include: almond leaf management, monitoring, and other strategies.
scorch, phoney peach disease, alfalfa dwarf, oleander
leaf scorch and citrus variegated chlorosis. What is kaolin
Other vectors of Pierce’s disease include the blue- and how does it work?
green, smoke tree, green, and red-headed sharp-
shooters. Compared to the GWSS, the blue-green
sharpshooter is a poor flier and a much less efficient A relatively new technology, kaolin sprays are
disease vector. Because of its voracious feeding currently available under the tradename SurroundÒ
behavior and high mobility, management of the WP Crop Protectant. Please note that Surround is, at
this point in time, the only kaolin product suitable
and registered for horticultural use. The kaolin in
Surround is processed to a specific particle size
range, and combined with a sticker-spreader. Non-
processed kaolin clay may be phytotoxic. We have
heard of one apple grower who bought a traincar
load of “generic” kaolin clay, and killed most of his
apple trees!
Surround presents a unique form of pest control:
a non-toxic particle film that places a barrier
between the pest and its host plant. The active
ingredient is kaolin clay, an edible mineral long
used as an anti-caking agent in processed foods, and
in such products as toothpaste and Kaopectate.
There appears to be no mammalian toxicity or any
Kaolin particle film barrier as it appears on blueberry. danger to the environment posed by the use of kaolin
Adequate coverage of all leaf and fruit surfaces is crucial. in pest control.
ATTRA is a project of the National Center for Appropriate Technology
2. Surround is sprayed on as a liquid, which
evaporates, leaving a protective powdery film on the
surfaces of leaves, stems, and fruit. Conventional
Reprinted with permission. See endnote.
spray equipment can be used, and full coverage is
important. The film works to deter insects in several
ways. Tiny particles of the clay attach to the insects
when they contact the plant, agitating and repelling
them. Even if particles don’t attach to their bodies,
the insects may find the coated plant or fruit
unsuitable for feeding and egg-laying. In addition,
the highly reflective white coating makes the plant
less recognizable as a host.
The glassy-winged sharpshooter is shown
Modes of Action next to the smaller blue-green sharpshooter.
Repellency
• White color visually repels some insects, or acts to Engelhard Corporation, which began marketing the
disguise the plant product in 1999 on a limited basis, after several
• Unfamiliar touch cues years of trials with grower-collaborators. Surround is
• Difficulty gripping surface now available across the U.S., and is listed by the
Organic Materials Review Institute (OMRI) for use
Irritation in organic production.
• Particles stick to insect parts Although at first glance the film may appear to
• Confusion and excessive grooming block light, Surround actually increases net photo-
• Obstacle to feeding and egg-laying synthesis, and can provide secondary benefits to the
plants’ overall health. Surround keeps the plants
cool so that photosynthesis can continue longer into
Surround has proved to be a very effective the afternoon on hot days, after untreated plants
management tool for most species of leafhoppers, have already shut down because of heat stress.
including the sharpshooters. Results from research Grapes treated with Surround show improved vigor
conducted in California on GWSS control in lemon and studies have shown positive effects on juice
are very promising. In grapes, the combined effect of flavor.
“disguising” vines and interfering with feeding and
probing behavior should make transmission of the
Pierce’s disease bacterium less likely on Surround-
treated surfaces, but this needs to be confirmed by
ongoing research in California.
The particle spray was developed by Drs. Michael
Glenn and Gary Puterka of the USDA/ARS at
Kearneysville, WV, in cooperation with the
Inadequate coverage on pear leaves. Wiped leaf...excellent coverage.
3. Approach
A Systems Approach
Surround has proved effective in suppressing the
following grape pests: Surround will be most effective when used within a
several types of leafhoppers, including glassy- well-managed agro-ecological system combining the
winged, redheaded, and bluegreen sharpshooters, most appropriate cultural and chemical methods for the
and grape leafhopper; leafrollers, Japanese specific vineyard situation, pest complex, and local
beetles, thrips, grape leaf skeletonizer, and June climate. Such a system will integrate soil building,
beetle. habitat for beneficial organisms, and well-tuned nutrient
and water management.
Soil building and nutrient/water management are two
sides of the same coin and could be considered preven-
recommendations
Spraying recommendations tative pest management. A healthy soil high in organic
matter will have better water and nutrient holding
• Thorough coverage is key for protection. capacity. Plants receiving too much or too little of either
• Sprays before expected infestation are much more water or nutrients, particularly nitrogen, are more
effective. attractive and more susceptible to damage by insects
• Normal air-blast and hand-held sprayers (but not and diseases. Good water management, through water-
backpack sprayers) are preferred. stress monitoring, conserves valuable (and expensive)
• Re-apply to cover new growth and after heavy soil nutrients, reduces contaminated runoff, and con-
rains. serves water.
• Re-sprays most important on young fruit. Providing habitat for beneficial organisms is like
• Wine grapes sprayed up to veraison will have hiring millions of helpers whose sole aim in life is to eat
minimal adherence to berries. Applications after pests. Nitrogen-fixing cover crops can do double duty as
veraison will adhere better to grape berries. habitat for beneficial organisms if managed correctly.
Applications may be made up to two weeks before
harvest, then continued post harvest. If you are
uncertain about Surround residues on grapes, it is ATTRA
Recommended ATTRA Publications:
recommended to spray only up to veraison.
Farmscaping to Enhance Biological Control
• grapes—A supplemental label
Table and raisin grapes
Overview of Cover Crops and Green Manures
enables applications up to 5 mm berry size; then
sprays may be continued post harvest. Applications Farm-Scale Composting Resource List
are not recommended between 5 mm and harvest in Sustainable Soil Management
order to avoid unsightly residues on harvested fruit. Sustainable Management of Soilborne
• For targeted control of glassy-winged sharp- PlantDiseases
shooter:
shooter apply during the dormant period up to 5 Drought Resistant Soils
mm berry size to prevent sharpshooter movement All available free of charge. Call 800-346-9140
into vines. or visit our website at http://www.attra.ncat.org
Reprinted with permission. See endnote.
Reprinted with permission. See endnote.
Glassy-winged sharpshooters lay eggs on the under-
sides of leaves, usually in groups of 10 to 12. The egg
masses appear as small, greenish blisters. These blisters
are more easily observed after the eggs hatch, when they Parasitized egg masses are tan to brown in color with
appear as tan to brown scars on the leaves. small, circular holes at one end of the eggs.
4. Alexander Purcell at (510) 642-7285,
Further Resources purcell@nature.berkeley.edu.
Alexander is looking at vegetation management
as a strategy for managing the blue-green sharpshooter, the
Surround WP manufacturer: primary vector of Pierce’s disease along coastal areas. This
Engelhard Corporation
Engelhard strategy revolves around removing the five or six plant
101 Wood Avenue species in any given riparian habitat that the sharpshooter
P.O. Box 770 is attracted to during its egg-laying period. This strategy
Iselin, NJ 08830-0770 can potentially increase biodiversity and reduce the need for
Phone: (732) 205-5000 insecticide use.
Toll-free: (877) 240-0421
Fax: (732) 321-1598 Bruce Kirkpatrick at (530) 752-2831,
bckirkpatrick@ucdavis.edu.
Bruce is knowledgable about host range of Pierce’s
Several researchers are examining different facets disease, as well as diseases and symptoms caused by the
of GWSS management. Many of them may be bacterium in other hosts.
contacted through information listed at:
http://www.ucr.edu/news/gwss/ Mark Hoddle, (909) 787-4714
mark.hoddle@ucr.edu or
information
Following is contact infor mation for a few of the
Dave Morgan, (909) 787-4360,
esearchers Pierce’
ce’s
r esearchers working on GWSS and Pierce’s
disease. dmorgan@citrus.ucr.edu
The wasp Gonatocerus triguttatus is successfully
reducing populations of the sharpshooter in Mexico and
Gary Puterka, 304-725-3451,
Texas. The wasp parasitizes the sharpshooter by laying its
GPuterka@afrs.ars.usda.gov
eggs inside those of the larger insect. Once hatched, the
Gary has researched kaolin clay particle
wasps eat their way out.
film barriers for control of leafhoppers on pears and
is a member of the Kern County GWSS Task Force.
Beth Grafton-Cardwell at (559) 646-6591, Pierce’s Disease is a concise and authoritative
Pierce’
ce’s
bethgc@uckac.edu. handbook on the disease, its spread, and strategies
Beth is researching tactics for managing for containing it. The publication is written by UC
GWSS in citrus in the context of slowing movement scientists on the forefront of the battle. The 20-page
from citrus into grapes. The GWSS is not considered
publication, produced by the UC Division of Agricul-
a pest of citrus.
ture and Natural Resources (ANR Publication
Matthew Blua, (909) 787-6301, 21600), is priced at $6 a copy, plus tax and shipping,
matthew.blua@ucr.edu. with discounts available for purchases of 10 or more.
Matthew is also researching tactics to Pierce’s Disease is available at local UC Cooperative
Pierce’
ce’s
prevent or slow movement of GWSS into vineyards. Extension offices, directly from ANR Communication
He has found that 95% of GWSS fly at 5 meters or Services (6701 San Pablo Avenue, 2nd Floor, Oak-
lower. He is investigating effects of physical land, CA 94608-1239), or by phone (800-994-8849),
barriers combined with pesticide treatments on the fax (510-643-5470), and online at
transmission of Pierce’s disease to vineyards. http://anrcatalog.ucdavis.edu.
Glassy-winged Sharpshooter images source: “Glassy-Winged Sharpshooter Online Media Kit,” University of California
Division of Agriculture and Natural Resources, Communication Services website,
http://danr.ucop.edu/news/MediaKit/photos/default.shtml. Copyright 1999 by the Regents of the University of
California. Reprinted with permission. Other images courtesy of Engelhard, Inc.
The ATTRA Project is operated by the National Center for Appropriate Technology under a grant from the
Rural Business—Cooperative Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture. These organizations do not
recommend or endorse products, companies, or individuals. ATTRA is located in the Ozark Mountains at
the University of Arkansas in Fayetteville at P.O. Box 3657, Fayetteville, AR 72702. ATTRA staff members
prefer to receive requests for information about sustainable agriculture via the toll-free number 800-346-9140.