International Journal of Humanities and Social Science Invention (IJHSSI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of Humanities and Social Science. IJHSSI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Humanities and Social Science, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
- The document discusses economic empowerment of women through self-help groups (SHGs) in Kolli Hills, Tamil Nadu. It analyzes profiles of tribal women respondents and their participation and awareness of SHG functions.
- The study found that most respondents were between 36-45 years old, had primary education, were married, lived in nuclear families with less than 4 members. Experience in SHGs and leadership positions were associated with higher socioeconomic status.
- Awareness of SHG activities was also linked to greater socioeconomic empowerment. The study concludes that while SHGs can empower tribal women, more work is needed to systematically involve all tribal women in Kolli Hills through SHGs.
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The papers for publication in The International Journal of Engineering& Science are selected through rigorous peer reviews to ensure originality, timeliness, relevance, and readability.
An empirical analysis of women empowerment within muslim community in murshid...Alexander Decker
This document presents an empirical analysis of women's empowerment within the Muslim community in Murshidabad District, West Bengal, India. It analyzes data from a survey of 150 married Muslim women between 18-49 years old. A Cumulative Empowerment Index (CEI) was constructed using 22 indicators covering economic resources, household decision making, mobility, and political awareness. Nine explanatory variables were also selected as potential determinants of the CEI. A multiple regression analysis found that accessing media, family structure, family headship, household income, paid work, and duration of marriage had statistically significant impacts on women's empowerment as measured by the CEI in the study area. The study concludes that involvement of government and N
Economic Empowerment of Women through Microcredit in South-west Region of Ban...iosrjce
This study tries to reveal the role of microcredit in enhancing women empowerment in south-west
region of Bangladesh, especially in Batiaghata Upazila of Khulna District. The sample size is 80 which has
been selected randomly, and, is comprising of equal number of microcredit taker and non-microcredit taker
women of Batiaghata Upazila which has been selected randomly, engaged in poultry farming. Cumulative
Empowerment Index (CEI) is constructed and multiple linear regression model is used to find out women
empowerment status. By using CEI, the study has found that the microcredit taker women are economically
more empowered than the non-microcredit taker women. By using multiple linear regression model, the study
also finds that, contribution to household income, monthly investment, and new addition to asset ownership of
the respondents have statistically significant effect on women empowerment. But status regarding microcredit
taking gives statistically insignificant result. Above all, based on the empirical result, it can be concluded that
status regarding microcredit has a positive effect on economic empowerment of women in the study area.
IMPACT ANALYSIS OF WELFARE SCHEMES OF WOMEN’S EMPOWERMENT: WITH REFERENCE TO ...IAEME Publication
Empowerment of women essentially mean improving the social, political and
economic status of women, especially the traditional underprivileged one. It means
creating an environment where women are free from any kind of physical, mental
abuse, exploitation, and prejudice that they are the most vulnerable section in the
society. Recognising the importance of women in the economic growth of the nation,
the Government of India along with State Governments has been taking several efforts
since post-independence period to uplift women from their conditions in general.
Attempts were made by the Government to address the issues through employment,
empowerment, labour force participation, education, gender equality and
entrepreneurship. The focus of Government is progressively shifting towards
promoting women entrepreneurship to motivate women to participate in the economic
activities. The study examines the perspective of women who are getting benefitted
through various government schemes implemented in assistance with nongovernmental organizations. The impact observed is in terms of such as - financial
assistance, training facilities, infrastructure and its awareness, motivation,
confidence, increase in the rate of women opting for entrepreneurship. Studies have
shown that such initiatives are boosting self-confidence, increasing the purchasing
power and decision making power, leading to their empowerment. It, therefore,
addresses the economic, socio-cultural, inter-personal, psychological, political and
legal domains of empowerment. The study has been conducted in three selected
village of Maharashtra. Data was collected from various NGO, Women entrepreneurs
and women beneficiaries associated with various Self-Help Group’s (SHG’s) in the
Kanave, Shahapur (Dist. Thane) and Vengaon, Karjat (Dist. Raigad) regions. The
Mixed method approach has been adopted for analysis of this research. Primary data
was collected from personal interviews with well-structured questionnaires and focus
group discussions in both the areas.
Present Situation of Women Empowerment in Bangladeshinventionjournals
The total development of Bangladesh will undoubtedly be hampered if the empowerment status of women, constituting about fifty percent of the country’s population will not be increased or remains as low as it nowadays. In this study an attempt has been made to analyze and determine the nature and extent of women’s empowerment and factors influencing it in Bangladesh using the data of Bangladesh Demographic and Health Survey (BDHS) 2007. The findings reveal that the overall mean values of Economic Decision Making Index (EDMI) are 0.661, 0.697, and 0.669 and the overall mean values of Household Decision Making Index (HDMI) are 0.604, 0.646, and 0.613 for rural, urban and combined group respectively. It is observed that lowest age group has lowest mean values of EDMI and HDMI for all three (rural, urban and combined) groups. The mean EDMI is the highest when respondents age at marriage is <14 for both rural and urban areas and for combined groups. It is found that household head has negative significant effect on both EDMI and HDMI. Women living in urban area, involved with income generating activities are more empowered than their counterpart. The mean value of EDMI is larger than that of HDMI which indicates that women are less empowered in household decision making purpose than economic decision making. Between the two dimensions of empowerment, obviously urban women are relatively more empowered than that of rural women.
Panchayati Raj: Towards Good Governance “Just as the whole universe is contai...inventionjournals
This paper discussed about the Rationale of Good governance in present era of Globalization at Grassroot level. It discuss about the Rural India and 73rd Amendment act of 1992 and how Panchayati raj Institutions and the need of transparency and accountability through good governance . For the upliftment of rural village there is a esurience of delivering better service by using information technology and giving better quality of life at grass roots. For this there is need to strengthen democracy through good governance. The issue of governance at the forefront of the development agenda and states “good governance is one of most crucial factor for development”. Governance is wider than government which ensures the responsibility and accountability of various community i.e government, the civil society and the corporate sector
International Journal of Humanities and Social Science Invention (IJHSSI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of Humanities and Social Science. IJHSSI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Humanities and Social Science, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
- The document discusses economic empowerment of women through self-help groups (SHGs) in Kolli Hills, Tamil Nadu. It analyzes profiles of tribal women respondents and their participation and awareness of SHG functions.
- The study found that most respondents were between 36-45 years old, had primary education, were married, lived in nuclear families with less than 4 members. Experience in SHGs and leadership positions were associated with higher socioeconomic status.
- Awareness of SHG activities was also linked to greater socioeconomic empowerment. The study concludes that while SHGs can empower tribal women, more work is needed to systematically involve all tribal women in Kolli Hills through SHGs.
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The papers for publication in The International Journal of Engineering& Science are selected through rigorous peer reviews to ensure originality, timeliness, relevance, and readability.
An empirical analysis of women empowerment within muslim community in murshid...Alexander Decker
This document presents an empirical analysis of women's empowerment within the Muslim community in Murshidabad District, West Bengal, India. It analyzes data from a survey of 150 married Muslim women between 18-49 years old. A Cumulative Empowerment Index (CEI) was constructed using 22 indicators covering economic resources, household decision making, mobility, and political awareness. Nine explanatory variables were also selected as potential determinants of the CEI. A multiple regression analysis found that accessing media, family structure, family headship, household income, paid work, and duration of marriage had statistically significant impacts on women's empowerment as measured by the CEI in the study area. The study concludes that involvement of government and N
Economic Empowerment of Women through Microcredit in South-west Region of Ban...iosrjce
This study tries to reveal the role of microcredit in enhancing women empowerment in south-west
region of Bangladesh, especially in Batiaghata Upazila of Khulna District. The sample size is 80 which has
been selected randomly, and, is comprising of equal number of microcredit taker and non-microcredit taker
women of Batiaghata Upazila which has been selected randomly, engaged in poultry farming. Cumulative
Empowerment Index (CEI) is constructed and multiple linear regression model is used to find out women
empowerment status. By using CEI, the study has found that the microcredit taker women are economically
more empowered than the non-microcredit taker women. By using multiple linear regression model, the study
also finds that, contribution to household income, monthly investment, and new addition to asset ownership of
the respondents have statistically significant effect on women empowerment. But status regarding microcredit
taking gives statistically insignificant result. Above all, based on the empirical result, it can be concluded that
status regarding microcredit has a positive effect on economic empowerment of women in the study area.
IMPACT ANALYSIS OF WELFARE SCHEMES OF WOMEN’S EMPOWERMENT: WITH REFERENCE TO ...IAEME Publication
Empowerment of women essentially mean improving the social, political and
economic status of women, especially the traditional underprivileged one. It means
creating an environment where women are free from any kind of physical, mental
abuse, exploitation, and prejudice that they are the most vulnerable section in the
society. Recognising the importance of women in the economic growth of the nation,
the Government of India along with State Governments has been taking several efforts
since post-independence period to uplift women from their conditions in general.
Attempts were made by the Government to address the issues through employment,
empowerment, labour force participation, education, gender equality and
entrepreneurship. The focus of Government is progressively shifting towards
promoting women entrepreneurship to motivate women to participate in the economic
activities. The study examines the perspective of women who are getting benefitted
through various government schemes implemented in assistance with nongovernmental organizations. The impact observed is in terms of such as - financial
assistance, training facilities, infrastructure and its awareness, motivation,
confidence, increase in the rate of women opting for entrepreneurship. Studies have
shown that such initiatives are boosting self-confidence, increasing the purchasing
power and decision making power, leading to their empowerment. It, therefore,
addresses the economic, socio-cultural, inter-personal, psychological, political and
legal domains of empowerment. The study has been conducted in three selected
village of Maharashtra. Data was collected from various NGO, Women entrepreneurs
and women beneficiaries associated with various Self-Help Group’s (SHG’s) in the
Kanave, Shahapur (Dist. Thane) and Vengaon, Karjat (Dist. Raigad) regions. The
Mixed method approach has been adopted for analysis of this research. Primary data
was collected from personal interviews with well-structured questionnaires and focus
group discussions in both the areas.
Present Situation of Women Empowerment in Bangladeshinventionjournals
The total development of Bangladesh will undoubtedly be hampered if the empowerment status of women, constituting about fifty percent of the country’s population will not be increased or remains as low as it nowadays. In this study an attempt has been made to analyze and determine the nature and extent of women’s empowerment and factors influencing it in Bangladesh using the data of Bangladesh Demographic and Health Survey (BDHS) 2007. The findings reveal that the overall mean values of Economic Decision Making Index (EDMI) are 0.661, 0.697, and 0.669 and the overall mean values of Household Decision Making Index (HDMI) are 0.604, 0.646, and 0.613 for rural, urban and combined group respectively. It is observed that lowest age group has lowest mean values of EDMI and HDMI for all three (rural, urban and combined) groups. The mean EDMI is the highest when respondents age at marriage is <14 for both rural and urban areas and for combined groups. It is found that household head has negative significant effect on both EDMI and HDMI. Women living in urban area, involved with income generating activities are more empowered than their counterpart. The mean value of EDMI is larger than that of HDMI which indicates that women are less empowered in household decision making purpose than economic decision making. Between the two dimensions of empowerment, obviously urban women are relatively more empowered than that of rural women.
Panchayati Raj: Towards Good Governance “Just as the whole universe is contai...inventionjournals
This paper discussed about the Rationale of Good governance in present era of Globalization at Grassroot level. It discuss about the Rural India and 73rd Amendment act of 1992 and how Panchayati raj Institutions and the need of transparency and accountability through good governance . For the upliftment of rural village there is a esurience of delivering better service by using information technology and giving better quality of life at grass roots. For this there is need to strengthen democracy through good governance. The issue of governance at the forefront of the development agenda and states “good governance is one of most crucial factor for development”. Governance is wider than government which ensures the responsibility and accountability of various community i.e government, the civil society and the corporate sector
International Journal of Humanities and Social Science Invention (IJHSSI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of Humanities and Social Science. IJHSSI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Humanities and Social Science, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
Identification of the effects of micro-credits on different aspects of the li...inventionjournals
International Journal of Humanities and Social Science Invention (IJHSSI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of Humanities and Social Science. IJHSSI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Humanities and Social Science, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
Women Empowerment through SHGs in India and Andhra Pradeshpaperpublications3
Abstract: The self-help group is functioning very effective dimension role at creating rural livelihood at sustain, the savings and bank linkages are eliminating poverty and creating the effective social functions by participating women at village level committees as a member at each and every village level committees. The self help group members are very active part of an economical status, through Banks they are getting the loan, and loan amount is utilizing for purposeful fields and at their children education, economic activity. And it creates self-reliance, self-esteem, self-production, joint responsibility, self-determination by mobilizing internal indigenous resources of the person the group. In this paper attempt to women empowerment through SHGs in India and Andhra Pradesh.
This document discusses women's empowerment in India. It begins by noting that historically, women have faced inequality and lacked economic freedom. However, awareness has now motivated more women to become entrepreneurs and contribute to family income. The document then examines indicators of gender equality and empowerment. It outlines challenges faced by women entrepreneurs, such as lack of education, family responsibilities, and societal attitudes. Finally, the document concludes that government efforts are helping to strengthen women's roles in India by promoting entrepreneurship and empowerment.
Small-Scale Mining and Empowerment of Women in the Adansi North District, GhanaPremier Publishers
Researchers in the social sciences have done very little with the issue of empowerment of women through energy sapping and hazardous occupations such as small-scale mining (SSM). This paper basically explores how the participation of women in small-scale mining in the Adansi North District of Ghana may lead to their empowerment. The Cooperative for Assistance and Relief Everywhere (CARE) International Sustainable Livelihood model was adopted for the study. A cross-sectional survey design and mixed method approach were used for the study whilst the probability and non-probability sampling methods were applied for the selection of the sample. The quantitative and qualitative approaches were also used for the study. Descriptive statistics and qualitative techniques were largely used to analyze the results. whilst the Pearson chi square test was used to assess the relationship between income and involvement in SSM. The study observes that women who get involved in small-scale mining enjoy improved income, which gives them access to assets, education and participation in household and community decision-making, among others, which are evidences of empowerment. There is a marked statistically significant difference between incomes earned by women before and after getting involved in small-scale mining; with participants earning more after joining SSM. Within the framework of CARE, this study has strengthened the foundations of geography of gender as well as feminist geography.
Since its endorsement in 1995, the level of the adoption of gender mainstreaming in the leadership positions remains an issue among stakeholders. Lack of women representation in leadership positions has been attributed
This document summarizes a working paper about the transformation of child labor in Andhra Pradesh, India. It discusses how the percentage of children in the workforce in Andhra Pradesh decreased sharply between 1991 and 2010, from 10% to 4.7%, making it the state with the largest decline. It credits this change to the collaborative efforts of the local NGO MV Foundation and the state bureaucracy. The paper aims to understand how MV Foundation was able to influence state policy on child labor and explore lessons for effective state-NGO collaboration. It argues that community participation played a key intermediary role in shaping the productive relationship between MV Foundation and the state government.
Basic Features and Strategies of Women’s Empowerment of a Developing Urban Ar...ijtsrd
Women’s Empowerment is a holistic and sustainable goal for development of a society. They are the resources of family, society, community and nation. They are the greatest asset of an economy. Urbanization processes are not properly guided their roles in this society. Transformation of gender roles in urban contexts will require wider community involvement as well as administration. They are disadvantaged in income poverty, asset poverty, time and power. This paper is properly focused on features of empowerment of women in this society, their educational status, employment opportunities, social and economic status, as well as future strategies. Suchana Banerjee | Ayan Kumar Maity "Basic Features and Strategies of Women’s Empowerment of a Developing Urban Area – A Case Study of Memari Municipality, Purba Bardhaman, West Bengal, India" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-1 , December 2020, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd38263.pdf Paper URL : https://www.ijtsrd.com/humanities-and-the-arts/education/38263/basic-features-and-strategies-of-women’s-empowerment-of-a-developing-urban-area-– -a-case-study-of-memari-municipality-purba-bardhaman-west-bengal-india/suchana-banerjee
This document summarizes a lecture on gender and the economy. The key points are:
1) The status of women in a country is fundamentally linked to that country's prosperity and security, yet women's contributions are often overlooked.
2) Gender equality is essential for smart economic growth, as evidenced by statistics showing its impact on GDP, poverty reduction, education outcomes, and more.
3) While Nepal has made progress toward gender equality through women's participation in government and improvements in legal protections, full gender equality remains a long-term project critical to ensuring national prosperity and security.
Article: Unravelling Institutionalized Gender InequalityGender at Work .
This document summarizes the key challenges and strategies for addressing institutionalized gender inequality. It discusses how major institutions are inherently gendered in favoring men, and how this bias becomes deeply embedded and reinforced over time through social norms and conventions. It emphasizes that truly expanding women's capabilities requires transforming gender relations and the institutions that preserve inequality. The document also examines how gender mainstreaming efforts face challenges becoming marginalized or failing to create meaningful change. Overall, it argues that addressing institutionalized gender bias requires deep analysis of the implicit rules and power structures across different levels and spheres of society that privilege men and undermine gender equality.
"Sustainable Development Goals to ‘Achieve Gender Equality’ – How Far?"Rashmi Sajwan
The present study delves into existing asset ownership practices
basis gender distribution across diverse socio-economic
backgrounds;
(a)With a critical outlook on norms, legal redressal, right of
information / education regarding asset ownership amongst
women
(b) With a purpose to analyze whether there is an effective
system to empower individuals to exercise economic agency,
irrespective of gender
This document discusses the concepts of human development and gender, highlighting several key points:
1. It outlines the evolution of approaches to development, from trickle-down theories to more recent frameworks focused on human development, gender, and women's empowerment.
2. It defines several terms related to gender equality and lists some forms of gender inequality according to Amartya Sen.
3. It discusses the importance of making women visible in statistics and developing gender-aware data systems to inform policymaking for women's empowerment.
1. The document discusses pathways to women's empowerment based on research from 12 countries across 5 regions. It examines how empowerment is understood and achieved through different economic, political, and social means in varied local contexts.
2. Key findings include that empowerment means different things to different women and must be framed around lived experiences rather than stereotypes. Supporting women's independent incomes, voice, relationships, and organizing are often important across contexts.
3. Both policies and social change are needed to promote women's empowerment, and efforts require input from local women, support of women's rights advocates, and addressing underlying structural inequalities that perpetuate gender imbalances.
This document summarizes a research study on women's empowerment, good governance, and decentralization by assuring women's participation in panchayats (local councils) in two districts in West Bengal, India. The study interviewed nearly 500 elected women representatives from different tiers of panchayats using structured and unstructured questionnaires to understand the realities of women's political participation on the ground. The study aimed to examine how major legal and policy changes like the 73rd Constitutional Amendment impacted women's political empowerment and role in grassroots decision making. Key findings from the study are discussed in later chapters.
This document provides a summary of a report on women's economic empowerment in Afghanistan between 2002 and 2012. It begins with an introduction to the report and methodology. The next section provides an information mapping of key developments, including improvements in education and health indicators for women, as well as increases in political and public participation. However, safety issues remain a challenge. The mapping also examines women's growing participation in various economic sectors and small-to-medium enterprises. The final section presents a situation analysis of selected economic projects involving women, exploring the impacts on participants and their communities as well as ongoing barriers. The report concludes with recommendations to strengthen policies supporting women's long-term economic empowerment and equal rights.
DA’WAH STRATEGY IN STRENGTHENING THE COMMUNITY’S ECONOMY IN BIRA VILLAGE BULU...IAEME Publication
This research aims to examine the da'wah (The word da’wah, rooted from Arabic language, means calling out or inviting to Islam/ Preaching of Islam) strategy in strengthening the local people's economy in Bira Village, Bulukumba Regency, Indonesia. The research focus covers the people’s economic sector development such as; weavers, souvenirs and the values spread through da’wah in strengthening the local people’s economy. The research approach is qualitative using case study method. The techniques of data collection were observation, interviews, and analysis of secondary data and related documents. The collected data were analyzed by conducting several stages such as data display, data reduction, data interpretation and conclusion based on selected themes. The research result shows that women (wives) are the people who take responsibility of the family economy after their husbands’ death. Their economic sector includes sarong weaving and souvenirs making. The values of da'wah in strengthening the people's economy are conveyed through their good deeds and sincerity at work, strengthening work ethic, honesty, trust, and responsibility in work. Thus, these positive work ethics support the women in making woven sarongs as part of their local culture and business identity.
Microfinance in Bangladesh and the Myth of Women Empowerment Manoj Bhusal
The aim of the study was to describe the impact of microfinance in empowering the women of northern Bangladesh. The study also aimed at assessing the effectiveness and outreach of NGOs and Microfinance Institutions (MFIs) in addressing the financial needs of the poor. A comparative study of long-term and short-term beneficiaries was carried out in order to evaluate the degree of social participation and political awareness. Increment in choices and opportunities was taken as the major indicator of empowerment.
The study was supported by the Ministry for Foreign Affairs of Finland, Finn Church Aid, and Rangpur Dinajpur Rural Service (RDRS) Bangladesh. The study followed the qualitative research methodologies. A non-participant observation, semi-structured focus group interviews and four family case studies were carried out during the study. A non-participant observation was chosen as an important methodology and several RDRS branch offices and weekly microfinance group meetings were observed throughout the study period.
Five short-term and five long-term beneficiaries of RDRS microfinance were selected and they were posed different questions on social economic and political domains, and a set of questionnaires was used for this purpose. Four family case studies were also carried out for an in-depth study of economic empowerment and changing gender relations. Data triangulation was used to ensure validity and reliability.
The findings suggest, though the long-term microfinance beneficiaries enjoyed slightly improved chances of social mobility and possessed an added value of self-worth, there was not any significant improvement in securing an enhanced economic base, and at the same time, the longstanding issues of gender disparity and powerlessness remained unchallenged. Thus, the link between minimalist microfinance and women empowerment is not as strong as it is normally perceived.
In addition, the minimalist microfinance seems to have many limitations and, thus, cannot contribute effectively to empowerment of the poor. If the focus of the MFI is on poverty eradication and empowerment, not merely on providing financial services to the poor, the report recommends, instead of a minimalist microfinance, a holistic microfinance with vigorous educational and skill-training opportunities should be devised and implemented. It would certainly be wise to look for new models of microfinance where the poor are not necessarily entrepreneurs, but active stakeholders. Such an example has also been included in the report.
Keywords: women empowerment, microfinance, Bangladesh, poverty, empowerment measurement, gender equity, qualitative study
Assessment of women non formal educational empowerment programmDr. Mary Agbo
The study evaluated the administrative effectiveness of women non-formal educational empowerment program for women in the rural areas of Benue State. A descriptive survey method was employed in order to assess the impact of administration of the Program. Two types of data were collected for the study: primary and secondary data. The former was collected with the use of structured and unstructured questionnaires, interviews and participant observation; while the latter were derived from existing literature and document from the State Ministry of Education. The study findings indicated that the numbers of women who participated in the program increased annually. The program has recorded some success in the area of promotion of mass literacy; skill acquisition; and employment opportunities.
The document summarizes a study that evaluated the effectiveness of a non-formal educational empowerment program for women in rural areas of Benue State, Nigeria. Key findings include:
1) Participation in the program increased annually, with over 62,000 women enrolled between 1995-2005 and most graduating.
2) The program was successful in promoting literacy, skills training, and employment opportunities for rural women.
3) While the program helped empower rural women, its administration was found to be only fairly effective or not effective according to most respondents. Improving participation and adopting better approaches were recommended.
Economic empowerment of women through shg in kolli hillsRAVICHANDIRANG
Empowerment, as a social process has challenged the fundamental imbalances of power distribution and relations. It was redistribution of power within and between families, society’s process aiming at social equality which could be achieved through disempowering some structures, systems and institutions. Social empowerment has promoted sustainable rural structure for dissemination of knowledge about health, nutrition, literacy, education, freedom and opportunities for realizing women’s potentialities and adoption of new
agricultural practices. The present paper discussed about the profile of the respondents, Participat ion of Women in SHG functions and awareness towards SHGs.
This document summarizes a study on the importance of women's empowerment for societal development in Chennai, India. The study collected survey responses from 203 participants using online convenient sampling. Graphs in the document show responses by age, income, education level, and occupation on issues like gender pay gaps, women's contributions, and the perceived impacts of empowerment. The discussion section analyzes response trends, finding that highly educated middle-aged respondents generally saw positive impacts of empowerment. Limitations included a small sample size that over-represented certain demographics. The conclusion is that empowering women through education, economic independence, and equal opportunities can promote gender equality and societal progress.
Identification of the effects of micro-credits on different aspects of the li...inventionjournals
International Journal of Humanities and Social Science Invention (IJHSSI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of Humanities and Social Science. IJHSSI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Humanities and Social Science, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
Women Empowerment through SHGs in India and Andhra Pradeshpaperpublications3
Abstract: The self-help group is functioning very effective dimension role at creating rural livelihood at sustain, the savings and bank linkages are eliminating poverty and creating the effective social functions by participating women at village level committees as a member at each and every village level committees. The self help group members are very active part of an economical status, through Banks they are getting the loan, and loan amount is utilizing for purposeful fields and at their children education, economic activity. And it creates self-reliance, self-esteem, self-production, joint responsibility, self-determination by mobilizing internal indigenous resources of the person the group. In this paper attempt to women empowerment through SHGs in India and Andhra Pradesh.
This document discusses women's empowerment in India. It begins by noting that historically, women have faced inequality and lacked economic freedom. However, awareness has now motivated more women to become entrepreneurs and contribute to family income. The document then examines indicators of gender equality and empowerment. It outlines challenges faced by women entrepreneurs, such as lack of education, family responsibilities, and societal attitudes. Finally, the document concludes that government efforts are helping to strengthen women's roles in India by promoting entrepreneurship and empowerment.
Small-Scale Mining and Empowerment of Women in the Adansi North District, GhanaPremier Publishers
Researchers in the social sciences have done very little with the issue of empowerment of women through energy sapping and hazardous occupations such as small-scale mining (SSM). This paper basically explores how the participation of women in small-scale mining in the Adansi North District of Ghana may lead to their empowerment. The Cooperative for Assistance and Relief Everywhere (CARE) International Sustainable Livelihood model was adopted for the study. A cross-sectional survey design and mixed method approach were used for the study whilst the probability and non-probability sampling methods were applied for the selection of the sample. The quantitative and qualitative approaches were also used for the study. Descriptive statistics and qualitative techniques were largely used to analyze the results. whilst the Pearson chi square test was used to assess the relationship between income and involvement in SSM. The study observes that women who get involved in small-scale mining enjoy improved income, which gives them access to assets, education and participation in household and community decision-making, among others, which are evidences of empowerment. There is a marked statistically significant difference between incomes earned by women before and after getting involved in small-scale mining; with participants earning more after joining SSM. Within the framework of CARE, this study has strengthened the foundations of geography of gender as well as feminist geography.
Since its endorsement in 1995, the level of the adoption of gender mainstreaming in the leadership positions remains an issue among stakeholders. Lack of women representation in leadership positions has been attributed
This document summarizes a working paper about the transformation of child labor in Andhra Pradesh, India. It discusses how the percentage of children in the workforce in Andhra Pradesh decreased sharply between 1991 and 2010, from 10% to 4.7%, making it the state with the largest decline. It credits this change to the collaborative efforts of the local NGO MV Foundation and the state bureaucracy. The paper aims to understand how MV Foundation was able to influence state policy on child labor and explore lessons for effective state-NGO collaboration. It argues that community participation played a key intermediary role in shaping the productive relationship between MV Foundation and the state government.
Basic Features and Strategies of Women’s Empowerment of a Developing Urban Ar...ijtsrd
Women’s Empowerment is a holistic and sustainable goal for development of a society. They are the resources of family, society, community and nation. They are the greatest asset of an economy. Urbanization processes are not properly guided their roles in this society. Transformation of gender roles in urban contexts will require wider community involvement as well as administration. They are disadvantaged in income poverty, asset poverty, time and power. This paper is properly focused on features of empowerment of women in this society, their educational status, employment opportunities, social and economic status, as well as future strategies. Suchana Banerjee | Ayan Kumar Maity "Basic Features and Strategies of Women’s Empowerment of a Developing Urban Area – A Case Study of Memari Municipality, Purba Bardhaman, West Bengal, India" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-1 , December 2020, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd38263.pdf Paper URL : https://www.ijtsrd.com/humanities-and-the-arts/education/38263/basic-features-and-strategies-of-women’s-empowerment-of-a-developing-urban-area-– -a-case-study-of-memari-municipality-purba-bardhaman-west-bengal-india/suchana-banerjee
This document summarizes a lecture on gender and the economy. The key points are:
1) The status of women in a country is fundamentally linked to that country's prosperity and security, yet women's contributions are often overlooked.
2) Gender equality is essential for smart economic growth, as evidenced by statistics showing its impact on GDP, poverty reduction, education outcomes, and more.
3) While Nepal has made progress toward gender equality through women's participation in government and improvements in legal protections, full gender equality remains a long-term project critical to ensuring national prosperity and security.
Article: Unravelling Institutionalized Gender InequalityGender at Work .
This document summarizes the key challenges and strategies for addressing institutionalized gender inequality. It discusses how major institutions are inherently gendered in favoring men, and how this bias becomes deeply embedded and reinforced over time through social norms and conventions. It emphasizes that truly expanding women's capabilities requires transforming gender relations and the institutions that preserve inequality. The document also examines how gender mainstreaming efforts face challenges becoming marginalized or failing to create meaningful change. Overall, it argues that addressing institutionalized gender bias requires deep analysis of the implicit rules and power structures across different levels and spheres of society that privilege men and undermine gender equality.
"Sustainable Development Goals to ‘Achieve Gender Equality’ – How Far?"Rashmi Sajwan
The present study delves into existing asset ownership practices
basis gender distribution across diverse socio-economic
backgrounds;
(a)With a critical outlook on norms, legal redressal, right of
information / education regarding asset ownership amongst
women
(b) With a purpose to analyze whether there is an effective
system to empower individuals to exercise economic agency,
irrespective of gender
This document discusses the concepts of human development and gender, highlighting several key points:
1. It outlines the evolution of approaches to development, from trickle-down theories to more recent frameworks focused on human development, gender, and women's empowerment.
2. It defines several terms related to gender equality and lists some forms of gender inequality according to Amartya Sen.
3. It discusses the importance of making women visible in statistics and developing gender-aware data systems to inform policymaking for women's empowerment.
1. The document discusses pathways to women's empowerment based on research from 12 countries across 5 regions. It examines how empowerment is understood and achieved through different economic, political, and social means in varied local contexts.
2. Key findings include that empowerment means different things to different women and must be framed around lived experiences rather than stereotypes. Supporting women's independent incomes, voice, relationships, and organizing are often important across contexts.
3. Both policies and social change are needed to promote women's empowerment, and efforts require input from local women, support of women's rights advocates, and addressing underlying structural inequalities that perpetuate gender imbalances.
This document summarizes a research study on women's empowerment, good governance, and decentralization by assuring women's participation in panchayats (local councils) in two districts in West Bengal, India. The study interviewed nearly 500 elected women representatives from different tiers of panchayats using structured and unstructured questionnaires to understand the realities of women's political participation on the ground. The study aimed to examine how major legal and policy changes like the 73rd Constitutional Amendment impacted women's political empowerment and role in grassroots decision making. Key findings from the study are discussed in later chapters.
This document provides a summary of a report on women's economic empowerment in Afghanistan between 2002 and 2012. It begins with an introduction to the report and methodology. The next section provides an information mapping of key developments, including improvements in education and health indicators for women, as well as increases in political and public participation. However, safety issues remain a challenge. The mapping also examines women's growing participation in various economic sectors and small-to-medium enterprises. The final section presents a situation analysis of selected economic projects involving women, exploring the impacts on participants and their communities as well as ongoing barriers. The report concludes with recommendations to strengthen policies supporting women's long-term economic empowerment and equal rights.
DA’WAH STRATEGY IN STRENGTHENING THE COMMUNITY’S ECONOMY IN BIRA VILLAGE BULU...IAEME Publication
This research aims to examine the da'wah (The word da’wah, rooted from Arabic language, means calling out or inviting to Islam/ Preaching of Islam) strategy in strengthening the local people's economy in Bira Village, Bulukumba Regency, Indonesia. The research focus covers the people’s economic sector development such as; weavers, souvenirs and the values spread through da’wah in strengthening the local people’s economy. The research approach is qualitative using case study method. The techniques of data collection were observation, interviews, and analysis of secondary data and related documents. The collected data were analyzed by conducting several stages such as data display, data reduction, data interpretation and conclusion based on selected themes. The research result shows that women (wives) are the people who take responsibility of the family economy after their husbands’ death. Their economic sector includes sarong weaving and souvenirs making. The values of da'wah in strengthening the people's economy are conveyed through their good deeds and sincerity at work, strengthening work ethic, honesty, trust, and responsibility in work. Thus, these positive work ethics support the women in making woven sarongs as part of their local culture and business identity.
Microfinance in Bangladesh and the Myth of Women Empowerment Manoj Bhusal
The aim of the study was to describe the impact of microfinance in empowering the women of northern Bangladesh. The study also aimed at assessing the effectiveness and outreach of NGOs and Microfinance Institutions (MFIs) in addressing the financial needs of the poor. A comparative study of long-term and short-term beneficiaries was carried out in order to evaluate the degree of social participation and political awareness. Increment in choices and opportunities was taken as the major indicator of empowerment.
The study was supported by the Ministry for Foreign Affairs of Finland, Finn Church Aid, and Rangpur Dinajpur Rural Service (RDRS) Bangladesh. The study followed the qualitative research methodologies. A non-participant observation, semi-structured focus group interviews and four family case studies were carried out during the study. A non-participant observation was chosen as an important methodology and several RDRS branch offices and weekly microfinance group meetings were observed throughout the study period.
Five short-term and five long-term beneficiaries of RDRS microfinance were selected and they were posed different questions on social economic and political domains, and a set of questionnaires was used for this purpose. Four family case studies were also carried out for an in-depth study of economic empowerment and changing gender relations. Data triangulation was used to ensure validity and reliability.
The findings suggest, though the long-term microfinance beneficiaries enjoyed slightly improved chances of social mobility and possessed an added value of self-worth, there was not any significant improvement in securing an enhanced economic base, and at the same time, the longstanding issues of gender disparity and powerlessness remained unchallenged. Thus, the link between minimalist microfinance and women empowerment is not as strong as it is normally perceived.
In addition, the minimalist microfinance seems to have many limitations and, thus, cannot contribute effectively to empowerment of the poor. If the focus of the MFI is on poverty eradication and empowerment, not merely on providing financial services to the poor, the report recommends, instead of a minimalist microfinance, a holistic microfinance with vigorous educational and skill-training opportunities should be devised and implemented. It would certainly be wise to look for new models of microfinance where the poor are not necessarily entrepreneurs, but active stakeholders. Such an example has also been included in the report.
Keywords: women empowerment, microfinance, Bangladesh, poverty, empowerment measurement, gender equity, qualitative study
Assessment of women non formal educational empowerment programmDr. Mary Agbo
The study evaluated the administrative effectiveness of women non-formal educational empowerment program for women in the rural areas of Benue State. A descriptive survey method was employed in order to assess the impact of administration of the Program. Two types of data were collected for the study: primary and secondary data. The former was collected with the use of structured and unstructured questionnaires, interviews and participant observation; while the latter were derived from existing literature and document from the State Ministry of Education. The study findings indicated that the numbers of women who participated in the program increased annually. The program has recorded some success in the area of promotion of mass literacy; skill acquisition; and employment opportunities.
The document summarizes a study that evaluated the effectiveness of a non-formal educational empowerment program for women in rural areas of Benue State, Nigeria. Key findings include:
1) Participation in the program increased annually, with over 62,000 women enrolled between 1995-2005 and most graduating.
2) The program was successful in promoting literacy, skills training, and employment opportunities for rural women.
3) While the program helped empower rural women, its administration was found to be only fairly effective or not effective according to most respondents. Improving participation and adopting better approaches were recommended.
Economic empowerment of women through shg in kolli hillsRAVICHANDIRANG
Empowerment, as a social process has challenged the fundamental imbalances of power distribution and relations. It was redistribution of power within and between families, society’s process aiming at social equality which could be achieved through disempowering some structures, systems and institutions. Social empowerment has promoted sustainable rural structure for dissemination of knowledge about health, nutrition, literacy, education, freedom and opportunities for realizing women’s potentialities and adoption of new
agricultural practices. The present paper discussed about the profile of the respondents, Participat ion of Women in SHG functions and awareness towards SHGs.
This document summarizes a study on the importance of women's empowerment for societal development in Chennai, India. The study collected survey responses from 203 participants using online convenient sampling. Graphs in the document show responses by age, income, education level, and occupation on issues like gender pay gaps, women's contributions, and the perceived impacts of empowerment. The discussion section analyzes response trends, finding that highly educated middle-aged respondents generally saw positive impacts of empowerment. Limitations included a small sample size that over-represented certain demographics. The conclusion is that empowering women through education, economic independence, and equal opportunities can promote gender equality and societal progress.
Women Empowerment Through Micro Enterprise Development in Urban Areas—Need F...inventionjournals
International Journal of Humanities and Social Science Invention (IJHSSI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of Humanities and Social Science. IJHSSI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Humanities and Social Science, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
Economic empowerment programmes and women participation in community developm...Alexander Decker
This document summarizes a study on the Empowerment Support Initiative (ESI) in Rivers State, Nigeria, which aims to empower women through various programs. The study examined the implementation of ESI programs, women's participation in the programs, and the impact on women's involvement in community development. The researcher conducted a survey of over 2,000 women involved with community groups. The results showed that the extent of implementation of ESI programs, women's participation in decision-making, and the influence of ESI on women's roles in their communities were all rated as very low. The document concludes that more needs to be done to improve ESI's effectiveness in achieving its goals of enhancing women's socioeconomic status and participation in
This document summarizes an article from the International Journal of Management that discusses competency development and empowering women's lives in Indian society. The article explores how women's roles tend to be domestic while men's roles are public. It examines approaches to women's empowerment, including consciousness raising, economic empowerment, and integrated development. It also discusses the competency development process and how managing competencies can help women take action, develop skills, and achieve results while receiving support. The goal of women's empowerment can be achieved through education, economic participation, and overall development via improved competencies.
A Practical Approach For Measuring Women S EmpowermentStephen Faucher
This document proposes a new approach for measuring women's empowerment. It suggests assessing personal skills and key performance indicators (WEIs) that measure empowerment before and after women receive empowerment activities, based on predefined targets. The skills assessment focuses on self-confidence and other personal skills, while the WEIs are divided into personal, social, and technical indicators to measure empowerment in these areas. The approach was developed based on interviews with organizations supporting women in Jordan and a review of literature on defining and measuring empowerment. The goal is to maximize the benefits of empowerment efforts and ensure women receive the right services to become empowered.
“Emergence and Activities of Self-Help Group (SHG)-A Great Effort and Impleme...iosrjce
The budding social consciousness from corner to corner of the globe has brought a number of issues
to the fore among which gender impartiality and empowerment of women are very noteworthy. Discrimination
against women in the form of male-female segregation reflects the core of the gender-biased structure. The
education is the biggest therapeutic power and the rise in the levels of education which nourishes progressive
stance and the beginning of industrialization and modernization have effected a sea change in the attitudes and
thinking prototype of the citizens. The empowerment is not fundamentally political single-handedly in fact;
political empowerment will not be successful in the deficiency of economic, socio-cultural and environmental
empowerment. Women empowerment is a progression in which women confront the presented norms and
culture, to efficiently encourage their well being. The involvement of women in Self Help Groups (SHGs) made a
momentous impact on their empowerment both in social and economical aspects. This study addresses women
empowerment as well as rural development through self help groups of Khejuri CD Blocks in Purba Medinipur
district of West Bengal. The information requisite for the study has been collected from both the primary and
secondary sources. A multistage random sampling method has been followed. Average and percentage analysis
was accepted out to draw significant interpretation of the results. Factor analysis was used to measure the
relationship between the observed variables. The outcome of the study revealed that the SHGs have had greater
impact on both economic and social aspects of the beneficiaries.
International Journal of Business and Management Invention (IJBMI) inventionjournals
International Journal of Business and Management Invention (IJBMI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of Business and Management. IJBMI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Business and Management, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online
Present Situation of Women Empowerment in Bangladeshinventionjournals
The total development of Bangladesh will undoubtedly be hampered if the empowerment status of women, constituting about fifty percent of the country’s population will not be increased or remains as low as it nowadays. In this study an attempt has been made to analyze and determine the nature and extent of women’s empowerment and factors influencing it in Bangladesh using the data of Bangladesh Demographic and Health Survey (BDHS) 2007. The findings reveal that the overall mean values of Economic Decision Making Index (EDMI) are 0.661, 0.697, and 0.669 and the overall mean values of Household Decision Making Index (HDMI) are 0.604, 0.646, and 0.613 for rural, urban and combined group respectively. It is observed that lowest age group has lowest mean values of EDMI and HDMI for all three (rural, urban and combined) groups. The mean EDMI is the highest when respondents age at marriage is <14 for both rural and urban areas and for combined groups. It is found that household head has negative significant effect on both EDMI and HDMI. Women living in urban area, involved with income generating activities are more empowered than their counterpart. The mean value of EDMI is larger than that of HDMI which indicates that women are less empowered in household decision making purpose than economic decision making. Between the two dimensions of empowerment, obviously urban women are relatively more empowered than that of rural women.
Economic Contribution of Women in Self Help Groups: Village Level Evidence fr...iosrjce
Women in Self Help Groups (SHGs) have made their mark in the rural economy in a quite nontraditional
way. This paper examines the economic contribution of SHG women drawing on a field survey
conducted in 20 villages by canvassing a structured schedule among 150 sample respondents of two blocks of
Balasore district in Odisha, India. The findings show that women in SHG’s have made a significantly positive
contribution to employment, income, expenditure and saving at the household level. An increase in the demand
for SHG products is required for improving productivity of women and enhancing their economic contribution
in a sustainable way. A reorientation in policy is suggested for generating awareness, upgrading skills and
expanding markets in order to augment their contribution and raise their empowerment level for the benefit of
the households as well as for transforming the rural economy in a big way.
The document discusses several gender analysis frameworks that can be used to assess how policies, programs, and projects differentially impact men and women. It describes frameworks like the Harvard Analytical Framework, Moser's triple roles framework, and Longwe's Women's Empowerment Framework. Each framework asks different questions to analyze factors like who does what work, who has access to and control over resources, and how interventions may affect gender roles, status, and responsibilities.
The document discusses women's empowerment in India. It covers topics like principles of empowerment, the importance of education, action plans, violence against women, economic participation, and access to technology. The key aspects of empowerment discussed are increasing women's self-reliance, decision making power, and participation in development. While progress has been made in education and economic participation, gender gaps still exist and more work is needed to fully empower women in India.
Educational Empowerment of Women and their Sustainability in 21st Century wit...Mohammad Rafee
This document discusses educational empowerment of women in urban India in the 21st century. It provides background on the history of women's education in India. The literacy rate has risen significantly but remains below the global average. Studies have found that access to education and employment empower women but societal attitudes are also important. Government programs aim to encourage women's education but factors like domestic violence, gender inequality, and restrictions in some communities still hinder literacy. The document presents objectives to assess women's empowerment and the impact of schemes in urban India through a study analyzing the relationship between income, education spending, health spending, and food spending.
Educational empowerment of women and their sustainability in 21st century wit...mohammad Rafee
This document discusses educational empowerment of women in urban India in the 21st century. It provides background on the history of women's education in India. The literacy rate has risen from 8.6% at independence to 65.5% currently, though it has not reached the global average. Studies discussed found that access to education and employment enable empowerment, but societal attitudes are most important. Government programs aim to encourage women's education. Higher education allows women to utilize their skills and contribute to the economy. The study aims to assess women's empowerment status and how government schemes contribute. It analyzes the relationship between women's income, education spending, health spending, and food spending. A positive correlation was found between spending on
This document summarizes a study on Women's Leadership in the Development Sector. It discusses the underrepresentation of women in leadership roles in the development sector despite the work focusing on gender equality. The study includes interviews with over 50 women leaders and surveys to understand the challenges faced. It aims to help organizations create gender-inclusive workplaces and support women pursuing leadership. The report provides recommendations to increase social enterprises' effectiveness in supporting women's empowerment.
Views on different facets of women empowermentdeshwal852
The document discusses women's empowerment and analyzes views on different facets of empowerment through a survey of 240 women professionals. It finds that there are significant differences in understanding different facets of empowerment, such as economic, political, health, and educational empowerment. There are also differences found between women from different cities in their understanding of empowerment. Empowering women is identified as key to reducing poverty and advancing a nation's economic development.
Women's empowerment refers to increasing women's spiritual, political, social and economic strengths, developing their confidence in their abilities, and gaining decision-making power and control over their lives. Empowerment involves gaining power through, with and within oneself. It is a process of building awareness, capacity and greater participation that allows women to get what they want and influence others. Educating girls and women is key to empowering them and has positive impacts for families and future generations. Empowerment also involves women gaining economic independence through work and control over resources as well as political participation and rights over their bodies and lives.
Temple of Asclepius in Thrace. Excavation resultsKrassimira Luka
The temple and the sanctuary around were dedicated to Asklepios Zmidrenus. This name has been known since 1875 when an inscription dedicated to him was discovered in Rome. The inscription is dated in 227 AD and was left by soldiers originating from the city of Philippopolis (modern Plovdiv).
ISO/IEC 27001, ISO/IEC 42001, and GDPR: Best Practices for Implementation and...PECB
Denis is a dynamic and results-driven Chief Information Officer (CIO) with a distinguished career spanning information systems analysis and technical project management. With a proven track record of spearheading the design and delivery of cutting-edge Information Management solutions, he has consistently elevated business operations, streamlined reporting functions, and maximized process efficiency.
Certified as an ISO/IEC 27001: Information Security Management Systems (ISMS) Lead Implementer, Data Protection Officer, and Cyber Risks Analyst, Denis brings a heightened focus on data security, privacy, and cyber resilience to every endeavor.
His expertise extends across a diverse spectrum of reporting, database, and web development applications, underpinned by an exceptional grasp of data storage and virtualization technologies. His proficiency in application testing, database administration, and data cleansing ensures seamless execution of complex projects.
What sets Denis apart is his comprehensive understanding of Business and Systems Analysis technologies, honed through involvement in all phases of the Software Development Lifecycle (SDLC). From meticulous requirements gathering to precise analysis, innovative design, rigorous development, thorough testing, and successful implementation, he has consistently delivered exceptional results.
Throughout his career, he has taken on multifaceted roles, from leading technical project management teams to owning solutions that drive operational excellence. His conscientious and proactive approach is unwavering, whether he is working independently or collaboratively within a team. His ability to connect with colleagues on a personal level underscores his commitment to fostering a harmonious and productive workplace environment.
Date: May 29, 2024
Tags: Information Security, ISO/IEC 27001, ISO/IEC 42001, Artificial Intelligence, GDPR
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Communicating effectively and consistently with students can help them feel at ease during their learning experience and provide the instructor with a communication trail to track the course's progress. This workshop will take you through constructing an engaging course container to facilitate effective communication.
Beyond Degrees - Empowering the Workforce in the Context of Skills-First.pptxEduSkills OECD
Iván Bornacelly, Policy Analyst at the OECD Centre for Skills, OECD, presents at the webinar 'Tackling job market gaps with a skills-first approach' on 12 June 2024
Chapter wise All Notes of First year Basic Civil Engineering.pptxDenish Jangid
Chapter wise All Notes of First year Basic Civil Engineering
Syllabus
Chapter-1
Introduction to objective, scope and outcome the subject
Chapter 2
Introduction: Scope and Specialization of Civil Engineering, Role of civil Engineer in Society, Impact of infrastructural development on economy of country.
Chapter 3
Surveying: Object Principles & Types of Surveying; Site Plans, Plans & Maps; Scales & Unit of different Measurements.
Linear Measurements: Instruments used. Linear Measurement by Tape, Ranging out Survey Lines and overcoming Obstructions; Measurements on sloping ground; Tape corrections, conventional symbols. Angular Measurements: Instruments used; Introduction to Compass Surveying, Bearings and Longitude & Latitude of a Line, Introduction to total station.
Levelling: Instrument used Object of levelling, Methods of levelling in brief, and Contour maps.
Chapter 4
Buildings: Selection of site for Buildings, Layout of Building Plan, Types of buildings, Plinth area, carpet area, floor space index, Introduction to building byelaws, concept of sun light & ventilation. Components of Buildings & their functions, Basic concept of R.C.C., Introduction to types of foundation
Chapter 5
Transportation: Introduction to Transportation Engineering; Traffic and Road Safety: Types and Characteristics of Various Modes of Transportation; Various Road Traffic Signs, Causes of Accidents and Road Safety Measures.
Chapter 6
Environmental Engineering: Environmental Pollution, Environmental Acts and Regulations, Functional Concepts of Ecology, Basics of Species, Biodiversity, Ecosystem, Hydrological Cycle; Chemical Cycles: Carbon, Nitrogen & Phosphorus; Energy Flow in Ecosystems.
Water Pollution: Water Quality standards, Introduction to Treatment & Disposal of Waste Water. Reuse and Saving of Water, Rain Water Harvesting. Solid Waste Management: Classification of Solid Waste, Collection, Transportation and Disposal of Solid. Recycling of Solid Waste: Energy Recovery, Sanitary Landfill, On-Site Sanitation. Air & Noise Pollution: Primary and Secondary air pollutants, Harmful effects of Air Pollution, Control of Air Pollution. . Noise Pollution Harmful Effects of noise pollution, control of noise pollution, Global warming & Climate Change, Ozone depletion, Greenhouse effect
Text Books:
1. Palancharmy, Basic Civil Engineering, McGraw Hill publishers.
2. Satheesh Gopi, Basic Civil Engineering, Pearson Publishers.
3. Ketki Rangwala Dalal, Essentials of Civil Engineering, Charotar Publishing House.
4. BCP, Surveying volume 1
it describes the bony anatomy including the femoral head , acetabulum, labrum . also discusses the capsule , ligaments . muscle that act on the hip joint and the range of motion are outlined. factors affecting hip joint stability and weight transmission through the joint are summarized.
Main Java[All of the Base Concepts}.docxadhitya5119
This is part 1 of my Java Learning Journey. This Contains Custom methods, classes, constructors, packages, multithreading , try- catch block, finally block and more.
How to Setup Warehouse & Location in Odoo 17 InventoryCeline George
In this slide, we'll explore how to set up warehouses and locations in Odoo 17 Inventory. This will help us manage our stock effectively, track inventory levels, and streamline warehouse operations.
Traditional Musical Instruments of Arunachal Pradesh and Uttar Pradesh - RAYH...
K0323063068
1. International Journal of Humanities and Social Science Invention
ISSN (Online): 2319 – 7722, ISSN (Print): 2319 – 7714
www.ijhssi.org Volume 3 Issue 2 ǁ February.2014ǁ PP.63-68
www.ijhssi.org 63 | P a g e
The Effect of Employment Generation Projects On
Empowerment Of Rural Women’s In Markazi Province, Iran
Mansoureh Sarami Foroushani1
, Homayon Farhadian2
, Hossein Shabanali Fami3
1, 2
(Department of Extension and Education, Agricultural Faculty, University of Tarbiat Modarres.Iran)
3
(Department of Rural Development, Faculty of Economics’ and Rural Development and Extension, University
of Tehran, Iran)
ABSTRACT : Availability of employment opportunities, particularly for women, is widely recognized as an
important indicator of development. Enhancement of women’s socioeconomic position and improvement of their
participation in their community are some of the results of women’s empowerment and employment.
Communities that underscore empowerment of women, function successfully particularly in terms of economic
growth, employment, poverty reduction, and income distribution. This descriptive-correlational study examines
the effects of employment generation schemes on employment and empowerment of rural women in Markazi
Province, Iran. The statistical population consisted of rural women who participated in training programs
conducted through employment generation projects and are currently benefiting from employment (N=420).
Using proportional stratified sampling method, 150 women were selected. Also, 100 women were selected as the
non-participant group. The validity of the questionnaire was confirmed by a panel of experts. The reliability of
the questionnaire was acceptable for the purpose of research (Alpha Cronbach’s= 0.89). Based on the results of
the study, training programs included in employment generation projects have positively affected employment
rate, men’s attitude towards women’s capabilities, and households’ income. With regard to livelihood decisions,
the results of the t-test approved that project participants were more capable in decision making about life-
related issues compared to their non-participant counterparts. Significant relationships exist between variables
such as age, income, savings, and employment generation with the variable of rural women’s empowerment
with employment generation variable having the greatest influence. Additionally, it appears from the results that
the aforementioned variables could explain 54.4 % of the variance in the dependent variable of rural women’s
empowerment.
KEY WORDS: Training, employment, empowerment, rural women, Markazi province, Iran.
I. INTRODUCTION
Employment and employment generation have significant positive effects on human behaviors and
spirits. These positive effects include, but are not limited to, socialization, achievement of a general concept of
life, and development of personality. Women‟s employment and social inclusion i.e. involvement in positive
beneficial activities are associated with development of skills, enhancement of social interactions, development
of personality and professional characteristics, and promotion of socio-economic status [1]. Thanks to their
various roles in rural contexts, rural women influence on economic conditions and food production. Around the
world, women involve in wage-labor employment, particularly in economic crisis, to help their households with
costs. Therefore, regardless of living in either a male-headed or a female-headed household, women work to
address their economic needs [2]. It is widely known that human resource development is a priority for
development programs. Considering that women comprise half of the rural population, part of governmental
investments should be directed towards them if human resource development is targeted. Women‟s human
development is more than just increasing efficiency of their labor force and thus must address economic,
cultural, and social development goals within development processes as well. United Nation‟s schemes for
empowerment of women initiated in different regions have resulted in increased confidence among them and
thereby contributed to improvement of their life quality. For instance, several training programs have been
conducted for women in various domains in Ethiopia. The statistics reveal that these programs could improve
their confidence and helped them believe in themselves [3]. Malhotra et al. [4] believe that empowerment is a
process through which women can organize themselves, improve their confidence, make free choices, and
control their resources. Empowerment consists of three elements or concepts. The first element of empowerment
is „resource‟. Factors such as education and employment can be considered as sources of empowerment.
According to Kabeer [5] resources serve as enabling factors that foster the empowerment process. The second
element of empowerment is „agency‟in other words, rather than being merely recipients, women themselves
must play a key role in the process of change that is being described/ measured.
2. The Effect Of Employment Generation Projects…
www.ijhssi.org 64 | P a g e
It encompasses the ability of formulating strategic choices and controlling resources and decisions that
significantly affect their life outcomes. The significance of agency in the discourse of empowerment emerges
from “bottom up” rather than “top down” approaches toward development [4]. The third element of
empowerment is „achievement or outcome‟. Achievements may range from fulfillment of basic needs to more
complicated issues such as satisfaction, self-esteem, and participation [6]. Empowerment encompasses various
concepts and definitions from different social, economic, and political viewpoints. However, many of these
definitions include common concepts such as self-reliance, power of making choices, independence, decision-
making, self-confidence, and awareness. Empowerment is a process through which individuals, in order to
tackle obstacles, get involved in activities that help them determine their own destiny. Empowerment does not
merely refer to economic empowerment. Landers believes that there are different approaches towards power
including power over (relationship between dominance and dependence), power to (ability to make decisions
and solve problems), power with (to reach goals), and power from within (self-confidence). Accordingly,
empowerment of women is a process through which women get access to and control over sources of power and
thereby can play a more powerful role in making decisions about resources and their surrounding [7].
II. LITERATURE REVIEW
In their study on empowerment of women, Ketabi et al. [8] argued that financial self-efficacy and
removal of obstacles from the labor market may pave the way for women‟s participation and thereby result in
empowerment. Salahi Esfehani [9] believes that rural women‟s employment is crucial to efforts aimed at
enhancement of rural community‟s status quo. Noori and Ghaffari [10] add to the list of factors that accelerate
rural women‟s empowerment and suggest that extension-education courses and rural women‟s control on and
ownership of resources and production factors can result development of rural areas. Amiri Ardakani [11] also
emphasized on the significance of training for rural women and suggested that training courses can help women
participate in decision making processes. Similarly, Amini et al. [12] suggest that training is vital to
development efforts and may result employment and financial self-efficacy. Safari shali [13] in his research on
rural women‟s participation in Zanjan province enumerated facilitating factors such as training for the purpose
of skill development, establishment of self-confidence, creation of eagerness and enthusiasm, and support from
organizations as factors that exert influence on empowerment of rural women. Shakoori [14] in his study on
women supported by Emdad Committee of Imam Khomeini suggested that only those women who benefited
from self employment and training courses were empowered. Saeie and Valipour [15] in their study on factors
affecting women‟s empowerment argued that variables such as education, economic factors, and employment
influence empowerment of women. Since, presence of skillful and trained women in rural production is
fundamental to rural development efforts, training and employment should be considered as a prerequisite for
women‟s empowerment. To this, employment generation projects coupled with training programs can result in
empowerment, improvement, and reconstruction of the workforce. Currently, besides housekeeping,
management, and taking care of children, most of women‟s activities in rural settings are concentrated on
farming and horticulture, livestock rearing, poultry, bee-keeping, processing industries, handicrafts, etc.
Accordingly, the main objective of this study is to identify the effects of employment generation projects on
women‟s empowerment, employment, and participation.
III. MATERIALS AND METHODS
This study is based on a descriptive-correlation survey. The statistical population consisted of 150 rural
women who participated in employment generation projects and 100 rural women who did not participate in
these projects. The size of the sample was determined using Kerjice and Morgan‟s Table [16]. Random
sampling method was used to draw the sample. Based on the review of documents and interviews with experts,
the research instrument was designed. The questionnaire contained two sections. The first section included
personal and professional characteristics of rural women while the second section included the effects of
employment generation projects and rural women‟s empowerment. The validity of the questionnaire was
confirmed by faculty members of University of Tarbiat Modarres and experts in the office of rural women‟s
issues. The reliability of the questionnaire was calculated using Cronbach‟s alpha which was acceptable for the
purpose of study (=0.89). To deal with data, SPSS 18 was employed. Frequency, mean, standard deviation, CV
were used in the descriptive analysis and t-test was employed to compare participant and non-participant rural
women.
IV. RESULTS
Demographic characteristics
From the results of the study on rural women who were members of employment generation projects, it
appears that respondents were between 18 and 55 years old (with the average of 34) and the greatest share of the
sample belonged to the category of 30-40. Results revealed that 46 % of the respondent households had between
4-6 family members. Generally, 86 % of the respondent households had less than 7 family members. According
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to the results, 60 % of the respondents were married and the remainder was single. Approximately, 17 % of the
households of the respondents were female-headed while the remainder was male- headed (headed either by a
husband or a father). With regard to literacy, about 58 % of the respondents (87 respondents) held less than high
school education, 16.7 % held high school diploma or higher while only 4 % were illiterate. The average age of
non-participants was 38 varying between 19 and 55 years old while the majority of respondents were classified
under the category of 30-40. The household size of more than half of this group of respondents ranged between
4-6 members while 96 % of them had less than 7 members. More than 80 % of the non-participants were
married and the remainder was single. Also, 75 % of this group of respondents had high school diploma while
25 % had less than high school education. Only 2 % of them were illiterate. Surveyed groups (participant and
non participant respondents) show no marked differences with respect to personal characteristics which is an
indication of homogeneity of their community. These results are in line with the findings of a study carried out
by Karami et al. [17] [19] that a great number of rural women are literate. Also, these findings contrast with the
results of a study carried out by Shaybani and Afshari [18] showing that a considerable number of women
working in agriculture sector are illiterate.
Ranking of effects of training courses on employment generation for rural women
An examination of respondents‟ rankings of eight specific effects of training courses on a scale from 1
(Very Low) to 5 (Very High) helped understand their importance in employment generation (Table 1).
However, at analytical level, these scales were condensed to three (low, moderate, high). In general,
„employment generation‟ (average=2.73), „development of positive attitude among men towards women‟s
capabilities‟ (2.56), „generation of additional income for women and their households‟ (average=2.46) were on
the top of the list. Nevertheless, „provision of welfare facilities‟ (average=2.026) and „generation of income and
supply of livelihood needs‟ (average=2.33) were of less importance from respondents‟ point of view.
Table 1: Ranking of specific effects of training courses on rural women’s employment from respondents’
viewpoint
Statement Mean Standard
deviation
Coefficient of
variation
Rank
(1) employment generation 2/733 0/50 0/183 1
(2) development of positive attitude among
men towards women‟s capabilities
2/560 0/66 0/257 2
(3) generation of additional income for
women and their households
2/460 0/73 0/296 3
(4) Generate employment and income for
poor families
2/466 0/73 0/296 4
(5) Solve economic problems 2/433 0/81 0/333 5
(6) Reduce migration to cities 2/253 0/80 0/355 6
(7) generation of income and supply of
livelihood needs
2/333 0/79 0/339 7
(8) provision of welfare facilities 2/026 0/86 0/424 8
Ranking of statements related to empowerment from participants’ viewpoint
In order to learn more about the effects of conducted training courses on rural women‟s empowerment,
respondents were asked to rate 17 statements on a 5-point Likert scale (ranged from very low to very high)
which was later condensed to three. As summarized in Table 2, „helping others‟, „improving their own
„abilities‟, and „foreseeing a bright future for themselves and their household‟ were ranked higher than other
items. From respondents‟ point of view, „selling products‟, „wandering around the city‟ and “referring to public
organizations” were of less importance.
Table 2: Ranking of statements related to empowerment from participants’ viewpoint
Statement Mean Standard
deviation
Coefficient of
variation
Rank
helping others 2/760 0/48 0/17 1
improving their own abilities 2/660 0/55 0/20 2
foreseeing a bright future for themselves and
their household‟
2/680 0/55 0/20 3
See a bright future for themselves and their
family
2/646 0/58 0/21 4
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Result of efforts 2/624 0/58 0/22 5
Find the solution to problems 2/473 0/58 0/23 6
Success 2/493 0/62 0/24 7
Self-content 2/600 0/64 0/24 8
Visiting relatives and acquaintances. 2/313 0/64 0/27 9
Ability to escape poverty 2/440 0/66 0/27 10
To better future for themselves and their families 2/533 0/69 0/27 11
The ability to change destiny. 2/313 0/77 0/33 12
Going to Health center 353/2 80/0 33/0 13
Buying from the City 2/313 0/82 0/35 14
referring to public organizations 2/286 0/83 0/36 15
wandering around the city 2/113 0/83 0/39 16
selling products 2/153 0/88 0/40 17
No significant differentiation exists between two investigated groups of respondents (participant and non-
participant) with respect to the level of empowerment. Considering that one of the main goals of employment
generation projects is empowerment, t-test was used to compare groups of respondents (participant and non-
participant) regarding achievement of this objective. Comparison of results presented in Table 3, shows that
these two groups contrast significantly with regard to empowerment (Sig= 0.000, t= 10.736). In other words,
those respondents who participated in employment generation projects (with an average of 63.50) were more
empowered compared to their non-participant counterparts (with an average of 44.42).
Table 3: Comparison of participant and non-participant respondents regarding their level of
empowerment
**
001/0p≤
Considering that the calculated t is less than t in the table, the null hypothesis implying that there exists no
difference between two groups regarding their empowerment, is rejected.
Correlation among studied variables and empowerment
In order to investigate the relationships between studied variables and the variable of empowerment
Pearson correlation was used. table 4.
Table 4: The relationship between studied variables and the variable of empowerment
Statement r Sig
years of employment 0/282
** 0/000
Income 0/304
** 0/000
Savings 0/329
** 0/000
Level of education 0/061 0/461
employment generation 0/590
** 0/000
Sig= 0/001**
Table 4 presents information on the results of the correlation analysis. Accordingly, years of employment,
income, savings, and employment generation are associated significantly and positively with the variable of
empowerment.
Multiple Regression Analysis
The effects of independent variables including years of employment, income, saving, and employment
generation were investigated on the dependent variable of empowerment through multiple regression.
Accordingly, variables of employment, yeas of employment, saving, and income were entered into the model in
four
steps
.
Sig.t valueStandard
deviation
MeanNumberVariables levelVariable
000/0**
736/10046/15
577/11
500/63
420/44
150
100
participant
non- participant
Empowerment
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Table 5: Affecting factors on empowerment
Independent variables R2
R2
adj B Beta T **
Sig. D.W
Constant ---- ---- 6/510 ---- 1/204 0/308
Employment 0/343 0/339 0/378 0/539 8/723 0/000 1/94
Years of employment 0/449 0/441 0/382 0/331 5/863 0/000
Saving 0/504 0/494 0/633 0/376 5/457 0/000
Income 0/544 0/531 0/758 0/247 3/569 0/000
Sig= 0/001**
As described in Table 5, these variables could explain 54.4 % of the variation of the dependent variable.(Fig 1.)
Fig 1: The relative importance of affecting variables on rural women’s empowerment
(Reference: research findings)
The standardized measures of Beta reveal that variables of level of education, years of employment, saving, and
employment generation have had the greatest influence on rural women‟s empowerment.
V. CONCLUSION
Women‟s employment is one the factors that enhances the conditions of a household. Thus, analysis of
reasons of women‟s employment and thereby participation in socio-economic context is of great importance. As
a key factor in agricultural activities, rural women should be considered as an important factor in rural
development. Without their participation, rural development is impossible. Results of this study which aimed at
identification of effects of employment generation projects on empowerment of rural women revealed that half
of the women who were members of employment generation projects were in the range of 30-40 years of age
and thereby were young. About 60 % of respondents were married and the remainder was single. Considering
the interviews, it can be interpreted that one of the main factors that impede single women‟s participation is
cultural matters specific to rural communities. The case was similar for some of married women who believed
that lack of acknowledgment of their capabilities impedes their efficient participation in their community and
thereby in rural development. Similar conclusions were reached in similar studies by Amiri Ardakani and
Mirakzadeh et al. [11, 17]. Skilled female trainers and expert facilitators supported by organizations can serve as
an example for rural women. Yet, however, the number of experts and trained human force in the country is
inadequate. Even organizations involved in women‟s issues suffer from lack of (or small number of) female
experts.According to the results, about 60 % of the respondents had high school diploma. The interview with
rural women approved that literacy should be considered as a significant factor in women‟s empowerment. This
result is in line with the results of a study carried out by Karami et al. [17].Regarding acceptance and
participation in projects, there exist no differences in personal characteristics of participants and non-
participants. Considering that one of the main objectives of these projects was empowerment of rural women, 17
statements using a Likert scale were employed to compare participants and non-participants. Accordingly, as
results approved, these projects were successful in this regard. Also, helping others, increasing women‟s
capability, and having a positive attitude towards future are the most important effects of employment
generation projects. Finally, the results of correlation analysis and regression analysis revealed that factors
including employment, saving, education level, and years of employment had the most significant effect on
empowerment of rural women.
Rural
Women‟s
Empowerment
382/0
633/0
Employment
378/0 Saving
Years of
Employmen
t
Education
758/0
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Recommendations
Based on the results of the study and the interviews carried out during the study, the following recommendations
are made to boost the effects of initiatives aiming at empowerment of rural women:
[1] Provision of a context for development of units and organizations supporting rural women
[2] Changing beliefs and superficial attitudes of the rural community about women and enhancement of
women‟s participation in activities aimed at growth and development of their capacities
[3] Training and recruitment of experienced and skilled experts who are able to facilitate, train, and empower
rural women
[4] Enabling presence of authorities and relevant organizations to support rural women and provision of a
context for smooth change of attitudes and beliefs prevailing among rural people towards women
[5] Introduction of successful individuals and organizing celebrations to acknowledge rural women‟s
achievements and creation of motivation among others
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