Presentation for paper:
Szymon Klarman. Judgment Aggregation as Maximization of Epistemic and Social Utility. In Proceedings of the 2nd International Workshop on Computational Social Choice (COMSOC-08), 2008.
This document discusses challenges and recent advances in Approximate Bayesian Computation (ABC) methods. ABC methods are used when the likelihood function is intractable or unavailable in closed form. The core ABC algorithm involves simulating parameters from the prior and simulating data, retaining simulations where the simulated and observed data are close according to a distance measure on summary statistics. The document outlines key issues like scalability to large datasets, assessment of uncertainty, and model choice, and discusses advances such as modified proposals, nonparametric methods, and perspectives that include summary construction in the framework. Validation of ABC model choice and selection of summary statistics remains an open challenge.
- Approximate Bayesian computation (ABC) is a technique used when the likelihood function is intractable or unavailable. It approximates the Bayesian posterior distribution in a likelihood-free manner.
- ABC works by simulating parameter values from the prior and simulating pseudo-data. Parameter values are accepted if the simulated pseudo-data are "close" to the observed data according to some distance measure and tolerance level.
- ABC originated in population genetics models where genealogies are considered nuisance parameters that cannot be integrated out of the likelihood. It has since been applied to other fields like econometrics for models with complex or undefined likelihoods.
An introduction to Bayesian Statistics using Pythonfreshdatabos
This document provides an introduction to Bayesian statistics and inference through examples. It begins with an overview of Bayes' Theorem and probability concepts. An example problem about cookies in bowls is used to demonstrate applying Bayes' Theorem to update beliefs based on new data. The document introduces the Pmf class for representing probability mass functions and working through examples numerically. Further examples involving dice and trains reinforce how to build likelihood functions and update distributions. The document concludes with a real-world example of analyzing whether a coin is biased based on spin results.
1) The document discusses PAC (probably approximately correct) learning and the VC (Vapnik-Chervonenkis) dimension.
2) The VC dimension measures the complexity of a hypothesis space or learning machine. It is defined as the maximum number of points that can be arranged so that the hypotheses shatter them, meaning every possible labeling of the points is represented by some hypothesis.
3) For linear classifiers of the form f(x) = sign(w·x + b) in R^d, the VC dimension is d+1. This provides an upper bound on the complexity of the hypothesis space.
A Maximum Entropy Approach to the Loss Data Aggregation ProblemErika G. G.
This document discusses using a maximum entropy approach to model loss distributions for operational risk modeling. It begins by motivating the need to accurately model loss distributions given challenges with limited datasets, including heavy tails and dependence between risks. It then provides an overview of the loss distribution approach commonly used in operational risk modeling and its limitations. The document introduces the maximum entropy approach, which frames the problem as maximizing entropy subject to moment constraints. It discusses using the Laplace transform of loss distributions to compress information into moments and how these can be estimated from sample data or fitted distributions to serve as constraints for the maximum entropy approach.
This document summarizes a presentation on testing hypotheses as mixture estimation and the challenges of Bayesian testing. The key points are:
1) Bayesian hypothesis testing faces challenges including the dependence on prior distributions, difficulties interpreting Bayes factors, and the inability to use improper priors in most situations.
2) Testing via mixtures is proposed as a paradigm shift that frames hypothesis testing as a model selection problem involving mixture models rather than distinct hypotheses.
3) Traditional Bayesian testing using Bayes factors and posterior probabilities depends strongly on prior distributions and choices that are difficult to justify, while not providing measures of uncertainty around decisions. Alternative approaches are needed to address these issues.
This document discusses challenges and recent advances in Approximate Bayesian Computation (ABC) methods. ABC methods are used when the likelihood function is intractable or unavailable in closed form. The core ABC algorithm involves simulating parameters from the prior and simulating data, retaining simulations where the simulated and observed data are close according to a distance measure on summary statistics. The document outlines key issues like scalability to large datasets, assessment of uncertainty, and model choice, and discusses advances such as modified proposals, nonparametric methods, and perspectives that include summary construction in the framework. Validation of ABC model choice and selection of summary statistics remains an open challenge.
- Approximate Bayesian computation (ABC) is a technique used when the likelihood function is intractable or unavailable. It approximates the Bayesian posterior distribution in a likelihood-free manner.
- ABC works by simulating parameter values from the prior and simulating pseudo-data. Parameter values are accepted if the simulated pseudo-data are "close" to the observed data according to some distance measure and tolerance level.
- ABC originated in population genetics models where genealogies are considered nuisance parameters that cannot be integrated out of the likelihood. It has since been applied to other fields like econometrics for models with complex or undefined likelihoods.
An introduction to Bayesian Statistics using Pythonfreshdatabos
This document provides an introduction to Bayesian statistics and inference through examples. It begins with an overview of Bayes' Theorem and probability concepts. An example problem about cookies in bowls is used to demonstrate applying Bayes' Theorem to update beliefs based on new data. The document introduces the Pmf class for representing probability mass functions and working through examples numerically. Further examples involving dice and trains reinforce how to build likelihood functions and update distributions. The document concludes with a real-world example of analyzing whether a coin is biased based on spin results.
1) The document discusses PAC (probably approximately correct) learning and the VC (Vapnik-Chervonenkis) dimension.
2) The VC dimension measures the complexity of a hypothesis space or learning machine. It is defined as the maximum number of points that can be arranged so that the hypotheses shatter them, meaning every possible labeling of the points is represented by some hypothesis.
3) For linear classifiers of the form f(x) = sign(w·x + b) in R^d, the VC dimension is d+1. This provides an upper bound on the complexity of the hypothesis space.
A Maximum Entropy Approach to the Loss Data Aggregation ProblemErika G. G.
This document discusses using a maximum entropy approach to model loss distributions for operational risk modeling. It begins by motivating the need to accurately model loss distributions given challenges with limited datasets, including heavy tails and dependence between risks. It then provides an overview of the loss distribution approach commonly used in operational risk modeling and its limitations. The document introduces the maximum entropy approach, which frames the problem as maximizing entropy subject to moment constraints. It discusses using the Laplace transform of loss distributions to compress information into moments and how these can be estimated from sample data or fitted distributions to serve as constraints for the maximum entropy approach.
This document summarizes a presentation on testing hypotheses as mixture estimation and the challenges of Bayesian testing. The key points are:
1) Bayesian hypothesis testing faces challenges including the dependence on prior distributions, difficulties interpreting Bayes factors, and the inability to use improper priors in most situations.
2) Testing via mixtures is proposed as a paradigm shift that frames hypothesis testing as a model selection problem involving mixture models rather than distinct hypotheses.
3) Traditional Bayesian testing using Bayes factors and posterior probabilities depends strongly on prior distributions and choices that are difficult to justify, while not providing measures of uncertainty around decisions. Alternative approaches are needed to address these issues.
The document discusses probabilistic decision making and the role of emotions in decision making. It defines key probability concepts like sample space, classical probability theory, and conditional probability. It explains that emotions can both help and hinder decision making - emotions may lead to faster decisions in some cases but also cause problems like procrastination. The document argues that removing emotions from decision making can allow for more optimal decisions by avoiding issues like sub-optimal intertemporal choices due to self-control problems.
Min-based qualitative possibilistic networks are one of the effective tools for a compact representation of
decision problems under uncertainty. The exact approaches for computing decision based on possibilistic
networks are limited by the size of the possibility distributions. Generally, these approaches are based on
possibilistic propagation algorithms. An important step in the computation of the decision is the
transformation of the DAG (Direct Acyclic Graph) into a secondary structure, known as the junction trees
(JT). This transformation is known to be costly and represents a difficult problem. We propose in this paper
a new approximate approach for the computation of decision under uncertainty within possibilistic
networks. The computing of the optimal optimistic decision no longer goes through the junction tree
construction step. Instead, it is performed by calculating the degree of normalization in the moral graph
resulting from the merging of the possibilistic network codifying knowledge of the agent and that codifying
its preferences.
This document provides an overview of Bayesian networks through a 3-day tutorial. Day 1 introduces Bayesian networks and provides a medical diagnosis example. It defines key concepts like Bayes' theorem and influence diagrams. Day 2 covers propagation algorithms, demonstrating how evidence is propagated through a sample chain network. Day 3 will cover learning from data and using continuous variables and software. The overview outlines propagation algorithms for singly and multiply connected graphs.
Elementary Probability and Information TheoryKhalidSaghiri2
This document provides an overview of foundational probability and statistics concepts relevant to statistical natural language processing (NLP). It discusses topics like probability theory, random variables, expectation, variance, Bayesian and frequentist statistics, maximum likelihood estimation, entropy, mutual information, and how these concepts can be applied to language modeling tasks in NLP. The document aims to motivate these mathematical foundations and illustrate their use for statistical inference and modeling of language.
This document outlines a lecture on probability theory. It introduces concepts like uncertainty, measuring uncertainty with probabilities from 0 to 1, subjective versus objective probabilities, possible worlds semantics, and definitions of random variables, joint distributions, marginal probabilities, conditional probabilities, Bayes' rule, and expected value. Key examples discussed include rolling dice, weather in Edmonton, and computing probabilities and expected values for random variables.
Uncertainty & Probability
Baye's rule
Choosing Hypotheses- Maximum a posteriori
Maximum Likelihood - Baye's concept learning
Maximum Likelihood of real valued function
Bayes optimal Classifier
Joint distributions
Naive Bayes Classifier
- The document proposes a new class of coherent risk measures called spectral measures of risk. These measures are generated by expanding on expected shortfall measures using a risk aversion function φ.
- The risk aversion function φ assigns weights to different confidence levels of portfolio losses, allowing for a more flexible representation of subjective risk preferences than expected shortfall alone.
- φ must be positive, decreasing, and normalized to define a coherent spectral risk measure. This provides an intuitive interpretation of coherence as assigning larger weights to worse outcomes. φ allows investors to express their individual risk aversion profile.
1. The document discusses key concepts in probability theory such as random experiments, sample spaces, events, mutually exclusive events, independent events, and probability definitions and formulas.
2. Examples are provided to illustrate concepts like probability, conditional probability, Bayes' theorem, and probability formulas including addition rules.
3. Common probability theorems and formulas are defined including addition rules for two and n events, multiplication rules, and Bayes' theorem.
Probability In Discrete Structure of Computer SciencePrankit Mishra
This document provides an overview of probability, including its basic definition, history, interpretations, theory, and applications. Probability is defined as a measure between 0 and 1 of the likelihood of an event occurring, where 0 is impossible and 1 is certain. It has been given a mathematical formalization and is used in many fields including statistics, science, and artificial intelligence. Historically, the scientific study of probability began in the 17th century and was further developed by thinkers like Bernoulli, Legendre, and Kolmogorov. Probability can be interpreted objectively based on frequencies or subjectively as degrees of belief. Important probability terms covered include experiments, outcomes, events, joint probability, independent events, mutually exclusive events, and conditional probability.
RuleML2015: Input-Output STIT Logic for Normative SystemsRuleML
This document presents input/output STIT logic, which is a logic of norms that uses STIT logic as its base. It defines input/output STIT logic formally and provides semantics and proof theory. It also discusses applications to normative multi-agent systems, including defining legal, moral and illegal strategies and normative Nash equilibria. The document aims to increase the expressiveness of input/output logic by building it on top of STIT logic to represent concepts like agents and abilities.
When Classifier Selection meets Information Theory: A Unifying ViewMohamed Farouk
Classifier selection aims to reduce the size of an
ensemble of classifiers in order to improve its efficiency and
classification accuracy. Recently an information-theoretic view
was presented for feature selection. It derives a space of possible
selection criteria and show that several feature selection criteria
in the literature are points within this continuous space. The
contribution of this paper is to export this information-theoretic
view to solve an open issue in ensemble learning which is
classifier selection. We investigated a couple of informationtheoretic
selection criteria that are used to rank classifiers.
Inference via Bayesian Synthetic Likelihoods for a Mixed-Effects SDE Model of...Umberto Picchini
- The document describes a talk given by Umberto Picchini on Bayesian inference for a mixed-effects stochastic differential equation (SDE) model of tumor growth.
- The model introduces a state-space model for tumor growth in mice with dynamics driven by an SDE and formulates a mixed-effects SDE model to estimate population parameters.
- The talk aims to show how to perform approximate Bayesian inference for the mixed-effects SDE model using synthetic likelihoods.
1. The document discusses universal quantification and quantifiers. Universal quantification refers to statements that are true for all variables, while quantifiers are words like "some" or "all" that refer to quantities.
2. It explains that a universally quantified statement is of the form "For all x, P(x) is true" and is defined to be true if P(x) is true for every x, and false if P(x) is false for at least one x.
3. When the universe of discourse can be listed as x1, x2, etc., a universal statement is the same as the conjunction P(x1) and P(x2) and etc., because this
ISM_Session_5 _ 23rd and 24th December.pptxssuser1eba67
The document discusses random variables and their probability distributions. It defines discrete and continuous random variables and their key characteristics. Discrete random variables can take on countable values while continuous can take any value in an interval. Probability distributions describe the probabilities of a random variable taking on different values. The mean and variance are discussed as measures of central tendency and variability. Joint probability distributions are introduced for two random variables. Examples and homework problems are also provided.
Module-2_Notes-with-Example for data sciencepujashri1975
The document discusses several key concepts in probability and statistics:
- Conditional probability is the probability of one event occurring given that another event has already occurred.
- The binomial distribution models the probability of success in a fixed number of binary experiments. It applies when there are a fixed number of trials, two possible outcomes, and the same probability of success on each trial.
- The normal distribution is a continuous probability distribution that is symmetric and bell-shaped. It is characterized by its mean and standard deviation. Many real-world variables approximate a normal distribution.
- Other concepts discussed include range, interquartile range, variance, and standard deviation. The interquartile range describes the spread of a dataset's middle 50%
This document provides an introduction to probability theory and different probability distributions. It begins with defining probability as a quantitative measure of the likelihood of events occurring. It then covers fundamental probability concepts like mutually exclusive events, additive and multiplicative laws of probability, and independent events. The document also introduces random variables and common probability distributions like the binomial, Poisson, and normal distributions. It provides examples of how each distribution is used and concludes with characteristics of the normal distribution.
The document discusses key concepts in probability theory and statistical decision making under uncertainty. It covers topics like data generation processes being modelled as random variables, Bayes' rule for calculating conditional probabilities, discriminant functions for classification, and utility theory for making rational decisions. Bayesian networks and influence diagrams are introduced as graphical models for representing conditional independence between variables and making decisions. Finally, the document notes that future chapters will focus on estimating probabilities from data using parametric, semiparametric, and nonparametric approaches.
The document discusses probabilistic reasoning and probabilistic models. It introduces key concepts like representing knowledge with certainty factors rather than simple logic, defining sample spaces and probability distributions, calculating marginal and conditional probabilities, and using important probabilistic inference rules like the product rule and Bayes' rule. It provides examples of modeling problems with random variables and probabilities, like determining the probability of a disease given a positive test result.
Arthur Charpentier presented on actuarial pricing games at the University of Michigan in June 2017. He discussed how insurance works by pooling risks from many policyholders to cover the losses of a few. With imperfect information, insurers can segment risks by observable factors and set premiums accordingly. This allows some risks to be shared across segments while others are kept by individual policyholders or segments. In a competitive market, insurers will use different statistical models and sets of rating variables to set premiums, and policyholders will choose the insurer with the best price given their risk characteristics.
Formal Verification of Data Provenance RecordsSzymon Klarman
Szymon Klarman, Stefan Schlobach and Luciano Serafini. Formal Verification of Data Provenance Records. In Proceedings of the 11th International Semantic Web Conference (ISWC-12), 2012
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The document discusses probabilistic decision making and the role of emotions in decision making. It defines key probability concepts like sample space, classical probability theory, and conditional probability. It explains that emotions can both help and hinder decision making - emotions may lead to faster decisions in some cases but also cause problems like procrastination. The document argues that removing emotions from decision making can allow for more optimal decisions by avoiding issues like sub-optimal intertemporal choices due to self-control problems.
Min-based qualitative possibilistic networks are one of the effective tools for a compact representation of
decision problems under uncertainty. The exact approaches for computing decision based on possibilistic
networks are limited by the size of the possibility distributions. Generally, these approaches are based on
possibilistic propagation algorithms. An important step in the computation of the decision is the
transformation of the DAG (Direct Acyclic Graph) into a secondary structure, known as the junction trees
(JT). This transformation is known to be costly and represents a difficult problem. We propose in this paper
a new approximate approach for the computation of decision under uncertainty within possibilistic
networks. The computing of the optimal optimistic decision no longer goes through the junction tree
construction step. Instead, it is performed by calculating the degree of normalization in the moral graph
resulting from the merging of the possibilistic network codifying knowledge of the agent and that codifying
its preferences.
This document provides an overview of Bayesian networks through a 3-day tutorial. Day 1 introduces Bayesian networks and provides a medical diagnosis example. It defines key concepts like Bayes' theorem and influence diagrams. Day 2 covers propagation algorithms, demonstrating how evidence is propagated through a sample chain network. Day 3 will cover learning from data and using continuous variables and software. The overview outlines propagation algorithms for singly and multiply connected graphs.
Elementary Probability and Information TheoryKhalidSaghiri2
This document provides an overview of foundational probability and statistics concepts relevant to statistical natural language processing (NLP). It discusses topics like probability theory, random variables, expectation, variance, Bayesian and frequentist statistics, maximum likelihood estimation, entropy, mutual information, and how these concepts can be applied to language modeling tasks in NLP. The document aims to motivate these mathematical foundations and illustrate their use for statistical inference and modeling of language.
This document outlines a lecture on probability theory. It introduces concepts like uncertainty, measuring uncertainty with probabilities from 0 to 1, subjective versus objective probabilities, possible worlds semantics, and definitions of random variables, joint distributions, marginal probabilities, conditional probabilities, Bayes' rule, and expected value. Key examples discussed include rolling dice, weather in Edmonton, and computing probabilities and expected values for random variables.
Uncertainty & Probability
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Maximum Likelihood - Baye's concept learning
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Bayes optimal Classifier
Joint distributions
Naive Bayes Classifier
- The document proposes a new class of coherent risk measures called spectral measures of risk. These measures are generated by expanding on expected shortfall measures using a risk aversion function φ.
- The risk aversion function φ assigns weights to different confidence levels of portfolio losses, allowing for a more flexible representation of subjective risk preferences than expected shortfall alone.
- φ must be positive, decreasing, and normalized to define a coherent spectral risk measure. This provides an intuitive interpretation of coherence as assigning larger weights to worse outcomes. φ allows investors to express their individual risk aversion profile.
1. The document discusses key concepts in probability theory such as random experiments, sample spaces, events, mutually exclusive events, independent events, and probability definitions and formulas.
2. Examples are provided to illustrate concepts like probability, conditional probability, Bayes' theorem, and probability formulas including addition rules.
3. Common probability theorems and formulas are defined including addition rules for two and n events, multiplication rules, and Bayes' theorem.
Probability In Discrete Structure of Computer SciencePrankit Mishra
This document provides an overview of probability, including its basic definition, history, interpretations, theory, and applications. Probability is defined as a measure between 0 and 1 of the likelihood of an event occurring, where 0 is impossible and 1 is certain. It has been given a mathematical formalization and is used in many fields including statistics, science, and artificial intelligence. Historically, the scientific study of probability began in the 17th century and was further developed by thinkers like Bernoulli, Legendre, and Kolmogorov. Probability can be interpreted objectively based on frequencies or subjectively as degrees of belief. Important probability terms covered include experiments, outcomes, events, joint probability, independent events, mutually exclusive events, and conditional probability.
RuleML2015: Input-Output STIT Logic for Normative SystemsRuleML
This document presents input/output STIT logic, which is a logic of norms that uses STIT logic as its base. It defines input/output STIT logic formally and provides semantics and proof theory. It also discusses applications to normative multi-agent systems, including defining legal, moral and illegal strategies and normative Nash equilibria. The document aims to increase the expressiveness of input/output logic by building it on top of STIT logic to represent concepts like agents and abilities.
When Classifier Selection meets Information Theory: A Unifying ViewMohamed Farouk
Classifier selection aims to reduce the size of an
ensemble of classifiers in order to improve its efficiency and
classification accuracy. Recently an information-theoretic view
was presented for feature selection. It derives a space of possible
selection criteria and show that several feature selection criteria
in the literature are points within this continuous space. The
contribution of this paper is to export this information-theoretic
view to solve an open issue in ensemble learning which is
classifier selection. We investigated a couple of informationtheoretic
selection criteria that are used to rank classifiers.
Inference via Bayesian Synthetic Likelihoods for a Mixed-Effects SDE Model of...Umberto Picchini
- The document describes a talk given by Umberto Picchini on Bayesian inference for a mixed-effects stochastic differential equation (SDE) model of tumor growth.
- The model introduces a state-space model for tumor growth in mice with dynamics driven by an SDE and formulates a mixed-effects SDE model to estimate population parameters.
- The talk aims to show how to perform approximate Bayesian inference for the mixed-effects SDE model using synthetic likelihoods.
1. The document discusses universal quantification and quantifiers. Universal quantification refers to statements that are true for all variables, while quantifiers are words like "some" or "all" that refer to quantities.
2. It explains that a universally quantified statement is of the form "For all x, P(x) is true" and is defined to be true if P(x) is true for every x, and false if P(x) is false for at least one x.
3. When the universe of discourse can be listed as x1, x2, etc., a universal statement is the same as the conjunction P(x1) and P(x2) and etc., because this
ISM_Session_5 _ 23rd and 24th December.pptxssuser1eba67
The document discusses random variables and their probability distributions. It defines discrete and continuous random variables and their key characteristics. Discrete random variables can take on countable values while continuous can take any value in an interval. Probability distributions describe the probabilities of a random variable taking on different values. The mean and variance are discussed as measures of central tendency and variability. Joint probability distributions are introduced for two random variables. Examples and homework problems are also provided.
Module-2_Notes-with-Example for data sciencepujashri1975
The document discusses several key concepts in probability and statistics:
- Conditional probability is the probability of one event occurring given that another event has already occurred.
- The binomial distribution models the probability of success in a fixed number of binary experiments. It applies when there are a fixed number of trials, two possible outcomes, and the same probability of success on each trial.
- The normal distribution is a continuous probability distribution that is symmetric and bell-shaped. It is characterized by its mean and standard deviation. Many real-world variables approximate a normal distribution.
- Other concepts discussed include range, interquartile range, variance, and standard deviation. The interquartile range describes the spread of a dataset's middle 50%
This document provides an introduction to probability theory and different probability distributions. It begins with defining probability as a quantitative measure of the likelihood of events occurring. It then covers fundamental probability concepts like mutually exclusive events, additive and multiplicative laws of probability, and independent events. The document also introduces random variables and common probability distributions like the binomial, Poisson, and normal distributions. It provides examples of how each distribution is used and concludes with characteristics of the normal distribution.
The document discusses key concepts in probability theory and statistical decision making under uncertainty. It covers topics like data generation processes being modelled as random variables, Bayes' rule for calculating conditional probabilities, discriminant functions for classification, and utility theory for making rational decisions. Bayesian networks and influence diagrams are introduced as graphical models for representing conditional independence between variables and making decisions. Finally, the document notes that future chapters will focus on estimating probabilities from data using parametric, semiparametric, and nonparametric approaches.
The document discusses probabilistic reasoning and probabilistic models. It introduces key concepts like representing knowledge with certainty factors rather than simple logic, defining sample spaces and probability distributions, calculating marginal and conditional probabilities, and using important probabilistic inference rules like the product rule and Bayes' rule. It provides examples of modeling problems with random variables and probabilities, like determining the probability of a disease given a positive test result.
Arthur Charpentier presented on actuarial pricing games at the University of Michigan in June 2017. He discussed how insurance works by pooling risks from many policyholders to cover the losses of a few. With imperfect information, insurers can segment risks by observable factors and set premiums accordingly. This allows some risks to be shared across segments while others are kept by individual policyholders or segments. In a competitive market, insurers will use different statistical models and sets of rating variables to set premiums, and policyholders will choose the insurer with the best price given their risk characteristics.
Similar to Judgment Aggregation as Maximization of Epistemic and Social Utility (20)
Formal Verification of Data Provenance RecordsSzymon Klarman
Szymon Klarman, Stefan Schlobach and Luciano Serafini. Formal Verification of Data Provenance Records. In Proceedings of the 11th International Semantic Web Conference (ISWC-12), 2012
Data driven approaches to empirical discoverySzymon Klarman
The document discusses several data-driven approaches to empirical discovery, including inductive machine systems. It describes the Function Induction System (FIS), BACON, FAHRENHEIT, and IDS systems. FIS used condition-action rules to detect patterns and recursively apply functions to residuals. BACON discovered laws relating independent and dependent terms using heuristics and defined new theoretical terms. FAHRENHEIT extended BACON by determining the scope of laws using separate numeric laws defining limits.
Presentation for paper:
Szymon Klarman, Ulle Endriss and Stefan Schlobach. ABox Abduction in the Description Logic ALC. In Journal of Automated Reasoning, 46(1), pp. 43-80, 2011.
This document discusses representing knowledge with contexts in description logics. It proposes two-dimensional, two-sorted description logics of context that include:
1. Separate context and object languages to describe contexts and knowledge respectively.
2. Contexts represented as first-order objects that can be organized into relational structures and described in the context language.
3. A two-dimensional semantics where each possible world has its own description logic interpretation, allowing for alternative viewpoints.
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Presentation for the paper:
Szymon Klarman and Thomas Meyer. Prediction and Explanation over DL-Lite Data Streams. In Proceedings of the 19th International Conference on Logic for Programming, Artificial Intelligence and Reasoning (LPAR-19), 2013.
Presentation of the paper:
Szymon Klarman and Thomas Meyer. Querying Temporal Databases via OWL 2 QL (with appendix). In Proceedings of the 8th International Conference on Web Reasoning and Rule Systems (RR-14), 2014.
Ontology learning from interpretations in lightweight description logicsSzymon Klarman
Presentation of the paper:
Szymon Klarman and Katarina Britz. Ontology Learning from Interpretations in Lightweight Description Logics. In Proceedings of the 25th International Conference on Inductive Logic Programming (ILP-15), 2015
What makes a linked data pattern interesting?Szymon Klarman
A short talk on the problem of mining linked data (RDF) patterns, introducing a few preliminary notions towards the definition of generic linked data mining algorithms.
SKOS: Building taxonomies with minimum ontological commitmentSzymon Klarman
A short introduction to Simple Knowledge Organisation System (SKOS) - a W3C standard for representing taxonomies, thesuari, and other classification systems. Presented at the Semantic Web London meetup (April, 2017)
SDSS1335+0728: The awakening of a ∼ 106M⊙ black hole⋆Sérgio Sacani
Context. The early-type galaxy SDSS J133519.91+072807.4 (hereafter SDSS1335+0728), which had exhibited no prior optical variations during the preceding two decades, began showing significant nuclear variability in the Zwicky Transient Facility (ZTF) alert stream from December 2019 (as ZTF19acnskyy). This variability behaviour, coupled with the host-galaxy properties, suggests that SDSS1335+0728 hosts a ∼ 106M⊙ black hole (BH) that is currently in the process of ‘turning on’. Aims. We present a multi-wavelength photometric analysis and spectroscopic follow-up performed with the aim of better understanding the origin of the nuclear variations detected in SDSS1335+0728. Methods. We used archival photometry (from WISE, 2MASS, SDSS, GALEX, eROSITA) and spectroscopic data (from SDSS and LAMOST) to study the state of SDSS1335+0728 prior to December 2019, and new observations from Swift, SOAR/Goodman, VLT/X-shooter, and Keck/LRIS taken after its turn-on to characterise its current state. We analysed the variability of SDSS1335+0728 in the X-ray/UV/optical/mid-infrared range, modelled its spectral energy distribution prior to and after December 2019, and studied the evolution of its UV/optical spectra. Results. From our multi-wavelength photometric analysis, we find that: (a) since 2021, the UV flux (from Swift/UVOT observations) is four times brighter than the flux reported by GALEX in 2004; (b) since June 2022, the mid-infrared flux has risen more than two times, and the W1−W2 WISE colour has become redder; and (c) since February 2024, the source has begun showing X-ray emission. From our spectroscopic follow-up, we see that (i) the narrow emission line ratios are now consistent with a more energetic ionising continuum; (ii) broad emission lines are not detected; and (iii) the [OIII] line increased its flux ∼ 3.6 years after the first ZTF alert, which implies a relatively compact narrow-line-emitting region. Conclusions. We conclude that the variations observed in SDSS1335+0728 could be either explained by a ∼ 106M⊙ AGN that is just turning on or by an exotic tidal disruption event (TDE). If the former is true, SDSS1335+0728 is one of the strongest cases of an AGNobserved in the process of activating. If the latter were found to be the case, it would correspond to the longest and faintest TDE ever observed (or another class of still unknown nuclear transient). Future observations of SDSS1335+0728 are crucial to further understand its behaviour. Key words. galaxies: active– accretion, accretion discs– galaxies: individual: SDSS J133519.91+072807.4
BIRDS DIVERSITY OF SOOTEA BISWANATH ASSAM.ppt.pptxgoluk9330
Ahota Beel, nestled in Sootea Biswanath Assam , is celebrated for its extraordinary diversity of bird species. This wetland sanctuary supports a myriad of avian residents and migrants alike. Visitors can admire the elegant flights of migratory species such as the Northern Pintail and Eurasian Wigeon, alongside resident birds including the Asian Openbill and Pheasant-tailed Jacana. With its tranquil scenery and varied habitats, Ahota Beel offers a perfect haven for birdwatchers to appreciate and study the vibrant birdlife that thrives in this natural refuge.
JAMES WEBB STUDY THE MASSIVE BLACK HOLE SEEDSSérgio Sacani
The pathway(s) to seeding the massive black holes (MBHs) that exist at the heart of galaxies in the present and distant Universe remains an unsolved problem. Here we categorise, describe and quantitatively discuss the formation pathways of both light and heavy seeds. We emphasise that the most recent computational models suggest that rather than a bimodal-like mass spectrum between light and heavy seeds with light at one end and heavy at the other that instead a continuum exists. Light seeds being more ubiquitous and the heavier seeds becoming less and less abundant due the rarer environmental conditions required for their formation. We therefore examine the different mechanisms that give rise to different seed mass spectrums. We show how and why the mechanisms that produce the heaviest seeds are also among the rarest events in the Universe and are hence extremely unlikely to be the seeds for the vast majority of the MBH population. We quantify, within the limits of the current large uncertainties in the seeding processes, the expected number densities of the seed mass spectrum. We argue that light seeds must be at least 103 to 105 times more numerous than heavy seeds to explain the MBH population as a whole. Based on our current understanding of the seed population this makes heavy seeds (Mseed > 103 M⊙) a significantly more likely pathway given that heavy seeds have an abundance pattern than is close to and likely in excess of 10−4 compared to light seeds. Finally, we examine the current state-of-the-art in numerical calculations and recent observations and plot a path forward for near-future advances in both domains.
Discovery of An Apparent Red, High-Velocity Type Ia Supernova at 𝐳 = 2.9 wi...Sérgio Sacani
We present the JWST discovery of SN 2023adsy, a transient object located in a host galaxy JADES-GS
+
53.13485
−
27.82088
with a host spectroscopic redshift of
2.903
±
0.007
. The transient was identified in deep James Webb Space Telescope (JWST)/NIRCam imaging from the JWST Advanced Deep Extragalactic Survey (JADES) program. Photometric and spectroscopic followup with NIRCam and NIRSpec, respectively, confirm the redshift and yield UV-NIR light-curve, NIR color, and spectroscopic information all consistent with a Type Ia classification. Despite its classification as a likely SN Ia, SN 2023adsy is both fairly red (
�
(
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−
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)
∼
0.9
) despite a host galaxy with low-extinction and has a high Ca II velocity (
19
,
000
±
2
,
000
km/s) compared to the general population of SNe Ia. While these characteristics are consistent with some Ca-rich SNe Ia, particularly SN 2016hnk, SN 2023adsy is intrinsically brighter than the low-
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Ca-rich population. Although such an object is too red for any low-
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cosmological sample, we apply a fiducial standardization approach to SN 2023adsy and find that the SN 2023adsy luminosity distance measurement is in excellent agreement (
≲
1
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) with
Λ
CDM. Therefore unlike low-
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Ca-rich SNe Ia, SN 2023adsy is standardizable and gives no indication that SN Ia standardized luminosities change significantly with redshift. A larger sample of distant SNe Ia is required to determine if SN Ia population characteristics at high-
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truly diverge from their low-
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counterparts, and to confirm that standardized luminosities nevertheless remain constant with redshift.
Signatures of wave erosion in Titan’s coastsSérgio Sacani
The shorelines of Titan’s hydrocarbon seas trace flooded erosional landforms such as river valleys; however, it isunclear whether coastal erosion has subsequently altered these shorelines. Spacecraft observations and theo-retical models suggest that wind may cause waves to form on Titan’s seas, potentially driving coastal erosion,but the observational evidence of waves is indirect, and the processes affecting shoreline evolution on Titanremain unknown. No widely accepted framework exists for using shoreline morphology to quantitatively dis-cern coastal erosion mechanisms, even on Earth, where the dominant mechanisms are known. We combinelandscape evolution models with measurements of shoreline shape on Earth to characterize how differentcoastal erosion mechanisms affect shoreline morphology. Applying this framework to Titan, we find that theshorelines of Titan’s seas are most consistent with flooded landscapes that subsequently have been eroded bywaves, rather than a uniform erosional process or no coastal erosion, particularly if wave growth saturates atfetch lengths of tens of kilometers.
Quality assurance B.pharm 6th semester BP606T UNIT 5
Judgment Aggregation as Maximization of Epistemic and Social Utility
1. Judgment Aggregation
as Maximization of Social and Epistemic Utility
Szymon Klarman
Institute for Logic, Language and Computation
University of Amsterdam
sklarman@science.uva.nl
ComSoC-2008, Liverpool
Szymon Klarman 1 / 13
2. Judgment Aggregation as Maximization of Social and Epistemic Utility
Problem of Judgment Aggregation
Let Φ be an agenda, such that for every ϕ ∈ Φ there is also ¬ϕ ∈ Φ, and
A = {1, ..., n} be a set of agents.
An individual judgment of agent i with respect to Φ is a subset Φi ⊆ Φ of
those propositions from Φ that i accepts. The collection {Φi }i∈A is the
profile of individual judgments with respect to Φ. A collective judgment
with respect to Φ is a subset Ψ ⊆ Φ.
Rationality constraints: completeness, consistency.
A judgment aggregation function is a function that assigns a single
collective judgment Ψ to every profile {Φi }i∈A of individual judgments
from the domain.
Requirements for JAF: universal domain, anonymity, independence.
Szymon Klarman 2 / 13
3. Judgment Aggregation as Maximization of Social and Epistemic Utility
Impossibility Result
The propositionwise majority voting rule entails the discursive dilemma.
C. List, P. Pettit (2002), “Aggregating Sets of Judgments: an Impossibility Result”, in:
Economics and Philosophy, 18: 89-110.
Escape routes:
Relaxing completeness: no obvious choice for the propositions to be
removed from the judgement.
Relaxing independence: doctrinal paradox
Conclusion-driven procedure,
Premise-driven procedure,
Argument-driven procedure.
G. Pigozzi (2006), “Belief Merging and the Discursive Dilemma: an Argument-Based
Account to Paradoxes of Judgment Aggregation”, in: Synthese, 152(2): 285-298.
Szymon Klarman 3 / 13
4. Judgment Aggregation as Maximization of Social and Epistemic Utility
Inspiration
There is a similar problem known as the lottery paradox that has been
discussed in the philosophy of science.
The lottery paradox concerns the problem of acceptance of logically
connected propositions in science on the basis of the support provided by
empirical evidence. Propositionwise acceptance based on high probability
leads to inconsistency.
I. Douven, J. W. Romeijn (2006), “The Discursive Dilemma as a Lottery Paradox”, in:
Proceedings of the 1st International Workshop on Computational Social Choice
(COMSOC-2006), ILLC University of Amsterdam: 164-177.
I. Levi suggested that acceptance can be seen as a special case of decision
making and thus analyzed in a decision-theoretic framework. He showed
also how the lottery paradox can be tackled in this framework.
I. Levi (1967), Gambling with Truth. An Essay on Induction and the Aims of Science,
MIT Press: Cambridge.
Szymon Klarman 4 / 13
5. Judgment Aggregation as Maximization of Social and Epistemic Utility
Decision-Making Under Uncertainty
Maximization of expected utility:
Choose A that maximizes EU(A) = i∈[1,m] P(vi )u(A, vi ).
Szymon Klarman 5 / 13
6. Judgment Aggregation as Maximization of Social and Epistemic Utility
Actions
Actions are the acts of acceptance of possible collective judgments.
The set of possible collective judgments CJ = {Ψ1, ..., Ψm} typically
contains judgments that are consistent, though not necessarily complete.
Example (Φ = {p, ¬p, q, ¬q, r, ¬r}, where r ≡ p ∧ q)
CJ = {{p, q, r}, {¬p, q, ¬r}, {p, ¬q, ¬r}, {¬p, ¬q, ¬r},
{¬p, ¬r}, {¬q, ¬r}, {¬r}, ∅}
Szymon Klarman 6 / 13
7. Judgment Aggregation as Maximization of Social and Epistemic Utility
Possible States of the World
MΦ = {v1, ..., vl } is the set of all possible states of the world with respect
to Φ, where each vj is a unique truth valuation for the formulas from Φ.
Example (Φ = {p, ¬p, q, ¬q, r, ¬r}, where r ≡ p ∧ q)
MΦ = {v1, v2, v3, v4}, such that:
v1 : v1(p) = 1, v1(q) = 1, v1(r) = 1
v2 : v2(p) = 0, v2(q) = 1, v2(r) = 0
v3 : v3(p) = 1, v3(q) = 0, v3(r) = 0
v4 : v4(p) = 0, v4(q) = 0, v4(r) = 0
Szymon Klarman 7 / 13
8. Judgment Aggregation as Maximization of Social and Epistemic Utility
Probability
Given the degree of reliability of agents (0.5 < r < 1) and the profile of
individual judgments we can derive the probability distribution over MΦ
using the Bayesian Update Rule.
The degree of reliability represents the likelihood that an agent correctly
identifies the true state.
A single update for v Φi :
P(v|Φi ) = P(Φi |v)P(v)P
j P(Φ|vj )P(vj )
Example (MΦ = {v1, v2, v3, v4}, r = 0.7)
P(v1) = 0.25 P(v2) = 0.25 P(v3) = 0.25 P(v4) = 0.25
Szymon Klarman 8 / 13
9. Judgment Aggregation as Maximization of Social and Epistemic Utility
Probability
Given the degree of reliability of agents (0.5 < r < 1) and the profile of
individual judgments we can derive the probability distribution over MΦ
using the Bayesian Update Rule.
The degree of reliability represents the likelihood that an agent correctly
identifies the true state.
A single update for v Φi :
P(v|Φi ) = P(Φi |v)P(v)P
j P(Φ|vj )P(vj )
Example (MΦ = {v1, v2, v3, v4}, r = 0.7)
P(v1) = 0.44 P(v2) = 0.19 P(v3) = 0.19 P(v4) = 0.19
v1 Φ1
Szymon Klarman 8 / 13
10. Judgment Aggregation as Maximization of Social and Epistemic Utility
Probability
Given the degree of reliability of agents (0.5 < r < 1) and the profile of
individual judgments we can derive the probability distribution over MΦ
using the Bayesian Update Rule.
The degree of reliability represents the likelihood that an agent correctly
identifies the true state.
A single update for v Φi :
P(v|Φi ) = P(Φi |v)P(v)P
j P(Φ|vj )P(vj )
Example (MΦ = {v1, v2, v3, v4}, r = 0.7)
P(v1) = 0.64 P(v2) = 0.12 P(v3) = 0.12 P(v4) = 0.12
v1 Φ1, v1 Φ2
Szymon Klarman 8 / 13
11. Judgment Aggregation as Maximization of Social and Epistemic Utility
Probability
Given the degree of reliability of agents (0.5 < r < 1) and the profile of
individual judgments we can derive the probability distribution over MΦ
using the Bayesian Update Rule.
The degree of reliability represents the likelihood that an agent correctly
identifies the true state.
A single update for v Φi :
P(v|Φi ) = P(Φi |v)P(v)P
j P(Φ|vj )P(vj )
Example (MΦ = {v1, v2, v3, v4}, r = 0.7)
P(v1) = 0.56 P(v2) = 0.24 P(v3) = 0.10 P(v4) = 0.10
v1 Φ1, v1 Φ2, v2 Φ3
Szymon Klarman 8 / 13
12. Judgment Aggregation as Maximization of Social and Epistemic Utility
Utility Function
The collective judgment selected by a group is expected to fairly reflect
opinions of the group’s members (social goal) as well as to have good
epistemic properties, i.e. to be based on a rational cognitive act (epistemic
goals).
u(Ψ, vi ) ∼ uε(Ψ, vi ) + us(Ψ)
uε(Ψ, vi ) — epistemic utility — adopted from the cognitive deci-
sion model of I. Levi. Involves a trade-off between epis-
temic goals.
us(Ψ) — social utility — a distance measure of the judgment
from the majoritarian choice.
Szymon Klarman 9 / 13
13. Judgment Aggregation as Maximization of Social and Epistemic Utility
Epistemic Goals
Epistemically good judgments are ones that convey a large amount of
information about the world and are very likely to be true.
Measure of information content (completeness):
cont(Ψ) = |vi ∈MΦ:vi Ψ|
|MΦ|
Example (Φ = {p, ¬p, q, ¬q, r, ¬r}, where r ≡ p ∧ q)
cont({p, q, r}) = 0.75 cont({¬r}) = 0.25
Measure of truth:
T(Ψ, vi ) =
1 iff vi Ψ
0 iff vi Ψ
Szymon Klarman 10 / 13
14. Judgment Aggregation as Maximization of Social and Epistemic Utility
Social Goal
The social value of a collective judgment depends on how well the
judgment responds to individual opinions of agents, i.e. to what extent
agents individually agree on it.
Measure of social agreement:
for any ϕ ∈ Φ: SA(ϕ) =
|Aϕ|
|A| ,
for any Ψi ∈ CJ : SA(Ψi ) = 1
|Ψi | ϕ∈Ψi
SA(ϕ),
The measure expresses what proportion of propositions from a judgment is
on average accepted by an agent (normalized Hamming distance).
Szymon Klarman 11 / 13
15. Judgment Aggregation as Maximization of Social and Epistemic Utility
Acceptance Rule
The total utility of accepting a collective judgment:
u(Ψ, vi ) = β (α cont(Ψ) + (1 − α) T(Ψ, vi )) + (1 − β) SA(Ψ)
= β uε(Ψ, vi ) + (1 − β) us(Ψ)
Coefficient β ∈ [0, 1] should reflect the ’compromise’ preference of the
group between the epistemic and social goals; coefficient α ∈ [0, 1] —
between information content and truth.
(Provisional) tie-breaking rule:
In case of a tie accept the common information contained in the selected
collective judgments.
The utilitarian judgment aggregation function
JAF({Φi }i∈A) = Ψ
such that Ψ ∈ arg maxΨ∈CJ vi ∈MΦ
P(vi )u(Ψ, vi )
Szymon Klarman 12 / 13
16. Judgment Aggregation as Maximization of Social and Epistemic Utility
Conclusions
The utilitarian model of judgment aggregation:
brings together perspectives of social choice theory and epistemology,
relaxes independence and completeness requirements in a justified
and controlled manner (the discursive dilemma resolved!),
is predominantly a tool for theoretical analysis of judgment
aggregation procedures, amenable to various extensions and revisions.
However:
unless trimmed it is hardly feasible as a practical aggregation method,
some ingredients of the model are debatable (the tie-breaking rule,
probabilities...).
Szymon Klarman 13 / 13
17. Judgment Aggregation as Maximization of Social and Epistemic Utility
Conclusions
u(Ψ, vi ) = β (α cont(Ψ) + (1 − α) T(Ψ, vi )) + (1 − β) SA(Ψ)
= β uε(Ψ, vi ) + (1 − β) us(Ψ)
β = 0, CJ = all complete judgments: propositionwise majority
voting,
β = 0, CJ = complete and consistent judgments: argument-based
aggregation (Pigozzi, 2006),
α = 1: completeness vs. responsiveness trade-off ,
β = 1: cognitive decision model (Levi, 1967).
Szymon Klarman 13 / 13