1) A meta-analysis of 27 randomized trials found that treating anemia in chronic kidney disease patients with erythropoiesis-stimulating agents (ESAs) to achieve higher hemoglobin levels increased risks of stroke, worsening hypertension, and vascular access thrombosis compared to lower hemoglobin targets. 2) No significant differences were found between higher and lower hemoglobin targets for risks of death, cardiovascular events, or progression to kidney failure requiring dialysis. 3) While higher hemoglobin targets reduced need for blood transfusions, they increased use of intravenous iron therapy.