The document discusses common patterns used to describe jobs or professions in English. These include using the verb with the suffix "-er" like "teach-teacher", the verb with "-or" like "sail-sailor", a noun with "-ist" like "piano-pianist", a noun with "-cian" like "electricity-electrician", and a noun with "-man" or "-woman" like "police-policeman". It also provides some examples of common jobs that don't follow these patterns, such as "cook", "astronaut", and "nurse".