This document summarizes the results of a survey conducted by the Wisconsin Department of Transportation (WDOT) on cell phone use and motor vehicle crashes from May to October 2002. The survey found that cell phone use by drivers was reported in 1.5% of crashes surveyed. It provides background on bills proposed in the Wisconsin legislature regarding cell phone use and limitations. The report is intended to help legislators and safety officials better understand the issue but notes the limited scope of the study.
Nearly 5,000 people died in crashes involving distracted drivers in 2009 according to the Department of Transportation. This document outlines a final rule by the Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration and Pipeline and Hazardous Materials Safety Administration restricting the use of hand-held mobile phones by commercial drivers. The rule aims to improve safety on roads by reducing distracted driving crashes involving commercial vehicles. It also establishes new licensing sanctions for drivers violating this restriction or state laws limiting mobile phone use while driving.
The United States Coast Guard developed the Vessel Identification System (VIS) in 1988 to allow information sharing about vessels between states and federal agencies. VIS collects registration and ownership data from participating states and the Coast Guard to identify vessels. States can access this consolidated data through VIS to identify vessel ownership history across state lines. Accessing VIS requires submitting a user request form for login credentials. The system is accessed through a web browser at a provided URL.
The document provides resources for reporters investigating trucking incidents, including truck crashes. It includes questions to ask during investigations, such as whether the trucking company and drivers were properly licensed. It also provides tips and potential follow-up story ideas, such as checking the accuracy of crash data reported by states and compliance with federal commercial driver licensing requirements. Contact information is provided for organizations related to trucking oversight and safety.
The document discusses updates to College Station's hands-free ordinance and wireless communication device use in the city. It provides statistics on citations issued since the ordinance took effect in 2017 and shares the results of surveys showing reductions in phone use and texting while driving. It also outlines changes to state law in 2017 that preempt parts of the local ordinance and gives options to amend the local law or repeal it in response to the state preemption.
Intellect Insurance Solutions - Csa drivers-pptxLus Hak
I am Transportation Insurance, Licensing, & Permit Expert and would like to add you to my professional network.
Lusine Hakhverdyan
Intellect Insurance
CA INS LIC #0I98743
P. 818.484.8501
Lusine@TruckingInsurers.com
Road Accidents India Report - Govt of IndiaRushLane
The document provides statistics on road accidents in India in 2017. Some key findings include:
- There were 464,910 reported road accidents in 2017, claiming 147,913 lives and injuring 470,975 people.
- The number of accidents, injuries, and deaths have declined compared to 2016, continuing a downward trend seen in recent years.
- National Highways accounted for 30.4% of accidents and 36% of deaths, while State Highways saw 25% of accidents and other roads saw 44.6%.
- Common causes of accidents included overspeeding, reckless driving, drunken driving and driving on the wrong side of the road. Safety measures have been introduced but road accidents remain a
Captain Scott A. Rotolo of the Wooster Police Department presented on distracted driving. Distracted driving is any non-driving activity that takes attention away from driving and increases crash risk. Texting while driving is illegal but difficult to enforce as a secondary offense. Other distractions like eating, grooming, and adjusting devices also endanger drivers. Statistics show distracted driving contributes to thousands of injuries and deaths each year. Drivers are advised to eliminate all distractions and keep their full attention on the road.
Analysis of Traffic Law Violations and Traffic Accidents with their Enforceme...AI Publications
More than about 1.24 million of people killed each year due to road traffic crashes worldwide. Out of these deaths, more than one fifth occur among pedestrians Promoting the level of road traffic law enforcement plays a great role in reducing traffic crashes. For assessing of traffic law enforcement, the registered data of traffic violation for the years 2015-2017 were taken from the Traffic Police Department to describe the activities of traffic police personnel in enforcing traffic laws. The violations were categorized into four groups: -those related to driving, vehicle, parking and others, and Traffic Law Enforcement into safety and other traffic law enforcement activities. The types of vehicles involved in the violations were categorized as cars, small load vehicles, motor-cycles, Bajaj and other. Traffic Police had registered a total of 77 traffic-law violation in the year 2015,65 in the year 2016, and 86 in the year 2017. Driving violation was the highest registered violation in the three years, and it was slightly higher in 2017. The categories of cars and small load vehicles were the highest registered vehicles in number of violations with in the three years. For motorized two wheeler vehicles the highest number of registered violation in the three years were the one that related to driving. Out of all vehicle related and other violations were registered more commonly for cars in 2015 and 2016 respectively. From the registered violations, parking related violation was occurred only in 2017. The safety related traffic law enforcement was 89.96 % of the total traffic law enforcement activity.
Nearly 5,000 people died in crashes involving distracted drivers in 2009 according to the Department of Transportation. This document outlines a final rule by the Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration and Pipeline and Hazardous Materials Safety Administration restricting the use of hand-held mobile phones by commercial drivers. The rule aims to improve safety on roads by reducing distracted driving crashes involving commercial vehicles. It also establishes new licensing sanctions for drivers violating this restriction or state laws limiting mobile phone use while driving.
The United States Coast Guard developed the Vessel Identification System (VIS) in 1988 to allow information sharing about vessels between states and federal agencies. VIS collects registration and ownership data from participating states and the Coast Guard to identify vessels. States can access this consolidated data through VIS to identify vessel ownership history across state lines. Accessing VIS requires submitting a user request form for login credentials. The system is accessed through a web browser at a provided URL.
The document provides resources for reporters investigating trucking incidents, including truck crashes. It includes questions to ask during investigations, such as whether the trucking company and drivers were properly licensed. It also provides tips and potential follow-up story ideas, such as checking the accuracy of crash data reported by states and compliance with federal commercial driver licensing requirements. Contact information is provided for organizations related to trucking oversight and safety.
The document discusses updates to College Station's hands-free ordinance and wireless communication device use in the city. It provides statistics on citations issued since the ordinance took effect in 2017 and shares the results of surveys showing reductions in phone use and texting while driving. It also outlines changes to state law in 2017 that preempt parts of the local ordinance and gives options to amend the local law or repeal it in response to the state preemption.
Intellect Insurance Solutions - Csa drivers-pptxLus Hak
I am Transportation Insurance, Licensing, & Permit Expert and would like to add you to my professional network.
Lusine Hakhverdyan
Intellect Insurance
CA INS LIC #0I98743
P. 818.484.8501
Lusine@TruckingInsurers.com
Road Accidents India Report - Govt of IndiaRushLane
The document provides statistics on road accidents in India in 2017. Some key findings include:
- There were 464,910 reported road accidents in 2017, claiming 147,913 lives and injuring 470,975 people.
- The number of accidents, injuries, and deaths have declined compared to 2016, continuing a downward trend seen in recent years.
- National Highways accounted for 30.4% of accidents and 36% of deaths, while State Highways saw 25% of accidents and other roads saw 44.6%.
- Common causes of accidents included overspeeding, reckless driving, drunken driving and driving on the wrong side of the road. Safety measures have been introduced but road accidents remain a
Captain Scott A. Rotolo of the Wooster Police Department presented on distracted driving. Distracted driving is any non-driving activity that takes attention away from driving and increases crash risk. Texting while driving is illegal but difficult to enforce as a secondary offense. Other distractions like eating, grooming, and adjusting devices also endanger drivers. Statistics show distracted driving contributes to thousands of injuries and deaths each year. Drivers are advised to eliminate all distractions and keep their full attention on the road.
Analysis of Traffic Law Violations and Traffic Accidents with their Enforceme...AI Publications
More than about 1.24 million of people killed each year due to road traffic crashes worldwide. Out of these deaths, more than one fifth occur among pedestrians Promoting the level of road traffic law enforcement plays a great role in reducing traffic crashes. For assessing of traffic law enforcement, the registered data of traffic violation for the years 2015-2017 were taken from the Traffic Police Department to describe the activities of traffic police personnel in enforcing traffic laws. The violations were categorized into four groups: -those related to driving, vehicle, parking and others, and Traffic Law Enforcement into safety and other traffic law enforcement activities. The types of vehicles involved in the violations were categorized as cars, small load vehicles, motor-cycles, Bajaj and other. Traffic Police had registered a total of 77 traffic-law violation in the year 2015,65 in the year 2016, and 86 in the year 2017. Driving violation was the highest registered violation in the three years, and it was slightly higher in 2017. The categories of cars and small load vehicles were the highest registered vehicles in number of violations with in the three years. For motorized two wheeler vehicles the highest number of registered violation in the three years were the one that related to driving. Out of all vehicle related and other violations were registered more commonly for cars in 2015 and 2016 respectively. From the registered violations, parking related violation was occurred only in 2017. The safety related traffic law enforcement was 89.96 % of the total traffic law enforcement activity.
IRJET-Road Traffic Accident Analysis and Prediction Model: A Case Study of Va...IRJET Journal
This document discusses road traffic accidents in Vadodara City, India. It analyzes accident data from 2010-2016 collected from local police stations. Key findings include:
- Accident severity, the number of people killed per 100 accidents, increased over this period.
- The highest numbers of accidents occurred in March-April and involved two and four-wheelers.
- Factors contributing to accidents included lack of median barriers, footpaths, traffic signals and signs.
- The study aims to identify causes of accidents, develop an accident prediction model, and propose safety improvements to reduce accidents.
Road accidents continue to be a major public health issue in India, with over 1.5 lakh deaths reported in 2018 alone. The report analyzes state-wise accident data and finds that most deaths occur among productive aged groups. It highlights initiatives taken by the government to address road safety like identifying and rectifying black spots, strengthening vehicle safety standards, and enacting the Motor Vehicles Amendment Act of 2019 with stricter penalties. While efforts have stabilized accident rates after 2010, the high number of deaths remains a concern. The government is working to improve data collection systems and hopes that better enforcement of laws will help reduce fatalities in the coming years.
The document discusses key provisions of the proposed Motor Vehicle Regulation & Road Safety Bill 2015 in India. The bill aims to establish an institutional framework focused on road safety, shift practices towards international best practices, and save over 200,000 lives in the first 5 years. It proposes setting up independent regulatory authorities at national and state levels, unified licensing and registration systems, stronger safety standards for vehicles and infrastructure, and higher penalties for traffic violations. The bill covers various aspects of road regulation and safety across 14 chapters dealing with issues like licensing, registration, insurance, enforcement, and offences.
Epidemiology, prevention & control of rtaAbhi Manu
Road traffic accidents (RTAs) are a major public health problem globally and in India. RTAs are projected to become the third leading cause of death worldwide by 2020. In India, over 1.3 lakh people die from RTAs each year. The risk factors for RTAs include speeding, drunken driving, reckless behavior like cell phone use while driving, lack of helmets and seatbelts. Prevention strategies include mandatory helmet and seatbelt laws, setting and enforcing speed limits, banning cell phone use while driving, and road safety infrastructure improvements. Management of RTA victims focuses on providing medical care, especially first aid, within the first hour to reduce mortality and injury severity. A multifaceted, collaborative approach is needed
Secure flight presentation by flightbuzz.co.ukflightbuzz
The document discusses the Secure Flight program implemented by the TSA to enhance aviation security. It matches passenger information against government watchlists to identify known or suspected terrorists. Airlines are required to collect and transmit passenger name, date of birth, and gender to TSA to facilitate this matching. The program aims to prevent individuals on terror watchlists from boarding planes while protecting passenger privacy and facilitating air travel.
Road traffic accidents are a leading cause of injuries, deaths and disabilities in India. In 2016, there were over 480,000 road accidents that resulted in over 150,000 deaths. Risk factors include speeding, drink-driving, lack of helmet or seatbelt use, and distracted driving from mobile phone use. Prevention strategies include data collection, safety education programs, promoting safety equipment, strict enforcement of traffic laws, eliminating hazardous road conditions, and improving emergency medical response. The Motor Vehicles Amendment Bill 2017 aims to improve road safety in India by increasing penalties for traffic offenses and mandating safety measures.
Chief McCollum discusses the dangers of distracted driving and recommends restricting wireless device use while driving. Distracted driving causes thousands of deaths annually. An ordinance banning handheld use but allowing hands-free use is recommended, along with public education and enforcement. Staff estimates a $15,000 cost to install signs within 60-90 days to notify drivers of the new restrictions.
The document discusses the dangers of distracted driving, particularly from wireless communication device use. It provides statistics showing that distracted driving, especially texting, significantly increases the risk of accidents. While most states have banned texting while driving, Texas is one of few that has not enacted an all-driver texting ban due to enforcement and privacy concerns. The document examines perspectives from the national level down to the local level in Texas and considers options for a potential city ordinance restricting wireless device use while driving.
The document describes AZCO/EVAS's driver information system called EVAS, which uses GPS, mapping displays, and vehicle-to-vehicle communication to provide real-time safety alerts and emergency vehicle notifications to drivers. The system aims to improve response times in emergencies, protect highway workers and school children, and alert drivers to road hazards and Amber Alerts. It has the potential to save over 30,000 lives per year by enabling faster emergency response times of just one additional minute.
Patel_P_Final Motor-Vehicle-Crash Related Injuries Resourse Guide.pdfParth Patel, MPH
Motor vehicle crashes are a leading cause of death in the United States, especially among young people. In 2014, over 32,000 people were killed in crashes while over 400,000 were injured. West Virginia in particular saw 271 fatalities from distracted driving crashes in 2014. Various interventions like increased seatbelt and helmet use, sobriety checkpoints, and driver education can help reduce crashes, deaths, and injuries.
This document outlines a proposed study on the prevalence and factors associated with road traffic accidents in Mekelle Town, Northern Ethiopia. The study will use a cross-sectional design involving a sample of 634 taxi drivers selected through systematic random sampling. Data will be collected through questionnaires on driver characteristics, vehicle condition, pedestrian factors, and environmental conditions. Descriptive statistics, bivariate and multivariate logistic regression will be used to analyze relationships between independent and dependent variables. Results will be disseminated to universities and transportation authorities to inform policies to reduce accidents. The proposal provides details on the introduction, objectives, methodology, variables, analysis plan, and ethics of the study.
Auto theft prevention using gsm @1000KV Technologies 90308448771000kv technologies
electronics engineering live projects abstracts
electronics projects, electronics projects for engineering final year students, electronics and communication engineering projects for final year students,100kv,1000kv,1000kv technologies,1000kv projects,technologies,live projects,Hyderabad live projects,live projects in, diploma low cost projects,1000kv projects, , academic projects,btech live projects,Hyderabad,1000kilovolts,1000kilovolts technologies ,btech main projects ,
Variable Pricing Program for Roads | FHWATexxi Global
This document summarizes the process for renewing exemptions from vision requirements for commercial drivers. It discusses 17 applicants who have requested renewal of exemptions and met the conditions for obtaining an exemption. These include having vision in the better eye that meets standards and a stable vision impairment. A review of each applicant's safety record over the past two years also meets exemption standards. Therefore, the Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration concludes that extending the exemptions for two more years for each applicant is likely to achieve a level of safety equal to having no exemption. Public comments on the safety records of these drivers are requested by November 18, 2010.
Recycling of Cellular Telephones in Mainepleasure16
This document is a memorandum opinion from a United States District Court regarding the government's application for an order authorizing the installation and use of a pen register and caller identification system on two telephone numbers and the production of real-time cell site information. The court initially denied the application, finding the government needed to show probable cause to obtain real-time cell site information. The government then submitted a letter arguing existing statutes allow such information upon less than probable cause. The court examines these statutes and determines they do not authorize access to real-time cell site information without a showing of probable cause.
The increase of single parent families: An examination of causespleasure16
This document summarizes grants committed by the Avon Foundation for breast cancer programs in 2003, totaling over $27 million. The majority of funds went to direct clinical care and services for underserved populations at public hospitals across the US. Significant funds also supported public education, outreach, patient navigation and advocacy programs, as well as breast cancer research. Smaller amounts were granted for education programs for women's empowerment and support services to help breast cancer patients.
1) The two-tier gold system established in March is threatened by South Africa's offer to sell gold to the IMF and by European banks wanting to buy gold from South Africa.
2) The US wants to preserve the two-tier system while avoiding a breakdown in international cooperation or a dispute over the IMF's obligation to buy gold.
3) The document proposes that the US agree to an $35 floor price for newly mined gold South Africa needs to sell, and allow South Africa to count existing gold holdings as monetary gold. In exchange, South Africa would sell newly mined gold in the market and avoid withholding supply.
The document provides information about parking at Metrorail stations, paying fares, accessibility features, and transferring between Metrorail, Metromover, Metrobus, and the South Miami-Dade Busway. Key details include: parking at stations costs $4 daily; fares are $2 with reduced fares of $1; stations have elevators, escalators and stairs for accessibility; and many transfer options exist between rail and bus services.
Grants Data Base FAS active in two ERA-NETs IFAU evaluatedpleasure16
The document summarizes early findings from a pilot project that provided online learning opportunities to over 100 low-income single mothers in New Jersey. Key findings include:
1) Participants ranged in age from 20-54, came from diverse racial/ethnic backgrounds, and had average annual incomes of $16,900.
2) Online learning provided flexibility that helped address barriers participants faced related to childcare, transportation, and work schedules.
3) Preliminary results found that online learning was effective in increasing skills and was cost-effective compared to traditional training methods.
Ga discussion,1. The concept in the study is positioning the natDustiBuckner14
Ga discussion,
1. The concept in the study is positioning the nation’s largest auto insurer, State Farm, as the most safety-conscious insurer by providing funds for communities to further research their dangerous intersections and initiate improvement based on the research. The constructs in the study are:
· Granting $20,000 to every city with a dangerous intersection on the overall list to defray the cost of a comprehensive traffic engineering study of the intersection.
· Granting $100,000 to each city named to the national top 10 dangerous intersection list to defray some of the cost of making improvements.
Sabirov states, “… a concept is a complex of views on something phenomena related to each other and forming an interconnected system; it is a certain way of understanding, interpreting any phenomena in some field” (2021, p. 7).
2. A hypothesis that might drive the research of one of the cities on the top 10 dangerous intersection list is the number of fatal incidents that have occurred at the intersection. “The formulation of a hypothesis provides a study with focus. It tells what specific aspects of a research problem to investigate, what data to be collected, and what not are to be collected, thereby providing focus are to be the study. As it provides a focus, the construction of a hypothesis enhances objectivity in a study” (Pawar, 2019, p. 3).
3. State Farm’s research uses a multiple-methodology design. Data is collected from State Farm’s databases and internal incident reports, and information is gathered from the industry market share. Čančer explains that a multi-methodology, “… uses more than one quantitative and/or qualitative method or methodology in tackling some real-world problem” (2017, p. 3).
4. If I were representing State Farm and was given the task of reviewing feedback from the transportation engineers, I would listen to what is being said without any prejudgments. Their concerns would be acknowledged and given a chance to be considered. “… feedback is defined as “perspectives, feelings, and opinions individuals have about their experiences with an organization, product, or service that are used to inform and improve the practice and decision-making of that organization” (Nolan, 2019, p. 2). The first concern of the transportation engineers is the demand for immediate solutions. It would be addressed by stating that the purpose of this study is to improve dangerous intersections. It is a process that cannot be rushed, and an immediate solution would be given when research is finished. The transportation engineers’ second concern of accidents with injuries and deaths to be given more attention is understandable and would be considered for research. “It is the glory of God to conceal a thing: but the honour of kings is to search out a matter” (King James Bible, 2017, Proverbs 25:2).
5. Traffic volume counts would be part of the 2003 study. Some jurisdictions were upset that it wasn’t initially included in the study. An e ...
Business Research Methods, 14eSchindler1casesStateTawnaDelatorrejs
Business Research Methods, 14e/Schindler
1
>cases
State Farm, the nation’s largest auto insurer, distributed a list of the 10 most
dangerous intersections in the United States based on crashes resulting in claims
by its policyholders. What started as a study to reduce risk turned into an ongoing
study that directs a major public relations effort: State Farm provides funds for
communities to further research their dangerous intersections and initiate improve-
ments based on the research. This case tells you how the State Farm Dangerous
Intersections initiative got started and how it is done. www.statefarm.com
>Abstract
>The Scenario
State Farm Insurance has a rich history of proactive safety involvement in auto and
appliance design to reduce injury and property loss. In June 2001, State Farm
Insurance, Inc., released the second report in its Dangerous Intersection reporting
series. State Farm modeled its program after an initiative by the Insurance Corporation
of British Columbia, Canada (ICBC), and the American Automobile Association of
Michigan (AAA) to help position the nation’s largest auto insurer as the most safety-
conscious insurer. ICBC had patterned its program on an earlier effort in Victoria,
Australia. AAA, in turn, benchmarked its program on the ICBC program. AAA
invited State Farm to help fund one of its intersection studies. State Farm saw this as
an opportunity to expand its effort into a nationwide campaign in 1999. “The 2001
study is part of a larger effort focused on loss prevention and improving the safety of
intersections around the U.S.A.,” shared State Farm research engineer John
Nepomuceno. State Farm has allocated significant resources as well as funds to the
initiative. Since its inception, every city with an intersection on the overall list of
dangerous intersections is eligible to apply for a $20,000 grant to defray the cost of
a comprehensive traffic engineering study of the intersection. Additionally, each city
named to the national top 10 dangerous intersection list is eligible for a grant of
$100,000 per intersection to defray some of the cost of making improvements. All
totaled, State Farm offered $4.44 million to the safety initiative in its first year.
Due to its large market share, State Farm is the only U.S. insurer in a position to
mine its databases for the requisite information on accidents to come up with a
viable U.S. list. But it found that although it had the interest to do so, its data warehouse
did not have sufficient information to tally accident rates for intersections. To rectify
this, in 1998 State Farm included a location field as part of the data that its claims
adjusters regularly complete. This location information, in open-text format, indicates
whether the accident took place in an intersection or as part of an incident related to
an intersection accident, and identifies the intersection. Following the 1999 study,
the fields for identifying intersections were further refined.
In t ...
IRJET-Road Traffic Accident Analysis and Prediction Model: A Case Study of Va...IRJET Journal
This document discusses road traffic accidents in Vadodara City, India. It analyzes accident data from 2010-2016 collected from local police stations. Key findings include:
- Accident severity, the number of people killed per 100 accidents, increased over this period.
- The highest numbers of accidents occurred in March-April and involved two and four-wheelers.
- Factors contributing to accidents included lack of median barriers, footpaths, traffic signals and signs.
- The study aims to identify causes of accidents, develop an accident prediction model, and propose safety improvements to reduce accidents.
Road accidents continue to be a major public health issue in India, with over 1.5 lakh deaths reported in 2018 alone. The report analyzes state-wise accident data and finds that most deaths occur among productive aged groups. It highlights initiatives taken by the government to address road safety like identifying and rectifying black spots, strengthening vehicle safety standards, and enacting the Motor Vehicles Amendment Act of 2019 with stricter penalties. While efforts have stabilized accident rates after 2010, the high number of deaths remains a concern. The government is working to improve data collection systems and hopes that better enforcement of laws will help reduce fatalities in the coming years.
The document discusses key provisions of the proposed Motor Vehicle Regulation & Road Safety Bill 2015 in India. The bill aims to establish an institutional framework focused on road safety, shift practices towards international best practices, and save over 200,000 lives in the first 5 years. It proposes setting up independent regulatory authorities at national and state levels, unified licensing and registration systems, stronger safety standards for vehicles and infrastructure, and higher penalties for traffic violations. The bill covers various aspects of road regulation and safety across 14 chapters dealing with issues like licensing, registration, insurance, enforcement, and offences.
Epidemiology, prevention & control of rtaAbhi Manu
Road traffic accidents (RTAs) are a major public health problem globally and in India. RTAs are projected to become the third leading cause of death worldwide by 2020. In India, over 1.3 lakh people die from RTAs each year. The risk factors for RTAs include speeding, drunken driving, reckless behavior like cell phone use while driving, lack of helmets and seatbelts. Prevention strategies include mandatory helmet and seatbelt laws, setting and enforcing speed limits, banning cell phone use while driving, and road safety infrastructure improvements. Management of RTA victims focuses on providing medical care, especially first aid, within the first hour to reduce mortality and injury severity. A multifaceted, collaborative approach is needed
Secure flight presentation by flightbuzz.co.ukflightbuzz
The document discusses the Secure Flight program implemented by the TSA to enhance aviation security. It matches passenger information against government watchlists to identify known or suspected terrorists. Airlines are required to collect and transmit passenger name, date of birth, and gender to TSA to facilitate this matching. The program aims to prevent individuals on terror watchlists from boarding planes while protecting passenger privacy and facilitating air travel.
Road traffic accidents are a leading cause of injuries, deaths and disabilities in India. In 2016, there were over 480,000 road accidents that resulted in over 150,000 deaths. Risk factors include speeding, drink-driving, lack of helmet or seatbelt use, and distracted driving from mobile phone use. Prevention strategies include data collection, safety education programs, promoting safety equipment, strict enforcement of traffic laws, eliminating hazardous road conditions, and improving emergency medical response. The Motor Vehicles Amendment Bill 2017 aims to improve road safety in India by increasing penalties for traffic offenses and mandating safety measures.
Chief McCollum discusses the dangers of distracted driving and recommends restricting wireless device use while driving. Distracted driving causes thousands of deaths annually. An ordinance banning handheld use but allowing hands-free use is recommended, along with public education and enforcement. Staff estimates a $15,000 cost to install signs within 60-90 days to notify drivers of the new restrictions.
The document discusses the dangers of distracted driving, particularly from wireless communication device use. It provides statistics showing that distracted driving, especially texting, significantly increases the risk of accidents. While most states have banned texting while driving, Texas is one of few that has not enacted an all-driver texting ban due to enforcement and privacy concerns. The document examines perspectives from the national level down to the local level in Texas and considers options for a potential city ordinance restricting wireless device use while driving.
The document describes AZCO/EVAS's driver information system called EVAS, which uses GPS, mapping displays, and vehicle-to-vehicle communication to provide real-time safety alerts and emergency vehicle notifications to drivers. The system aims to improve response times in emergencies, protect highway workers and school children, and alert drivers to road hazards and Amber Alerts. It has the potential to save over 30,000 lives per year by enabling faster emergency response times of just one additional minute.
Patel_P_Final Motor-Vehicle-Crash Related Injuries Resourse Guide.pdfParth Patel, MPH
Motor vehicle crashes are a leading cause of death in the United States, especially among young people. In 2014, over 32,000 people were killed in crashes while over 400,000 were injured. West Virginia in particular saw 271 fatalities from distracted driving crashes in 2014. Various interventions like increased seatbelt and helmet use, sobriety checkpoints, and driver education can help reduce crashes, deaths, and injuries.
This document outlines a proposed study on the prevalence and factors associated with road traffic accidents in Mekelle Town, Northern Ethiopia. The study will use a cross-sectional design involving a sample of 634 taxi drivers selected through systematic random sampling. Data will be collected through questionnaires on driver characteristics, vehicle condition, pedestrian factors, and environmental conditions. Descriptive statistics, bivariate and multivariate logistic regression will be used to analyze relationships between independent and dependent variables. Results will be disseminated to universities and transportation authorities to inform policies to reduce accidents. The proposal provides details on the introduction, objectives, methodology, variables, analysis plan, and ethics of the study.
Auto theft prevention using gsm @1000KV Technologies 90308448771000kv technologies
electronics engineering live projects abstracts
electronics projects, electronics projects for engineering final year students, electronics and communication engineering projects for final year students,100kv,1000kv,1000kv technologies,1000kv projects,technologies,live projects,Hyderabad live projects,live projects in, diploma low cost projects,1000kv projects, , academic projects,btech live projects,Hyderabad,1000kilovolts,1000kilovolts technologies ,btech main projects ,
Variable Pricing Program for Roads | FHWATexxi Global
This document summarizes the process for renewing exemptions from vision requirements for commercial drivers. It discusses 17 applicants who have requested renewal of exemptions and met the conditions for obtaining an exemption. These include having vision in the better eye that meets standards and a stable vision impairment. A review of each applicant's safety record over the past two years also meets exemption standards. Therefore, the Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration concludes that extending the exemptions for two more years for each applicant is likely to achieve a level of safety equal to having no exemption. Public comments on the safety records of these drivers are requested by November 18, 2010.
Recycling of Cellular Telephones in Mainepleasure16
This document is a memorandum opinion from a United States District Court regarding the government's application for an order authorizing the installation and use of a pen register and caller identification system on two telephone numbers and the production of real-time cell site information. The court initially denied the application, finding the government needed to show probable cause to obtain real-time cell site information. The government then submitted a letter arguing existing statutes allow such information upon less than probable cause. The court examines these statutes and determines they do not authorize access to real-time cell site information without a showing of probable cause.
The increase of single parent families: An examination of causespleasure16
This document summarizes grants committed by the Avon Foundation for breast cancer programs in 2003, totaling over $27 million. The majority of funds went to direct clinical care and services for underserved populations at public hospitals across the US. Significant funds also supported public education, outreach, patient navigation and advocacy programs, as well as breast cancer research. Smaller amounts were granted for education programs for women's empowerment and support services to help breast cancer patients.
1) The two-tier gold system established in March is threatened by South Africa's offer to sell gold to the IMF and by European banks wanting to buy gold from South Africa.
2) The US wants to preserve the two-tier system while avoiding a breakdown in international cooperation or a dispute over the IMF's obligation to buy gold.
3) The document proposes that the US agree to an $35 floor price for newly mined gold South Africa needs to sell, and allow South Africa to count existing gold holdings as monetary gold. In exchange, South Africa would sell newly mined gold in the market and avoid withholding supply.
The document provides information about parking at Metrorail stations, paying fares, accessibility features, and transferring between Metrorail, Metromover, Metrobus, and the South Miami-Dade Busway. Key details include: parking at stations costs $4 daily; fares are $2 with reduced fares of $1; stations have elevators, escalators and stairs for accessibility; and many transfer options exist between rail and bus services.
Grants Data Base FAS active in two ERA-NETs IFAU evaluatedpleasure16
The document summarizes early findings from a pilot project that provided online learning opportunities to over 100 low-income single mothers in New Jersey. Key findings include:
1) Participants ranged in age from 20-54, came from diverse racial/ethnic backgrounds, and had average annual incomes of $16,900.
2) Online learning provided flexibility that helped address barriers participants faced related to childcare, transportation, and work schedules.
3) Preliminary results found that online learning was effective in increasing skills and was cost-effective compared to traditional training methods.
Ga discussion,1. The concept in the study is positioning the natDustiBuckner14
Ga discussion,
1. The concept in the study is positioning the nation’s largest auto insurer, State Farm, as the most safety-conscious insurer by providing funds for communities to further research their dangerous intersections and initiate improvement based on the research. The constructs in the study are:
· Granting $20,000 to every city with a dangerous intersection on the overall list to defray the cost of a comprehensive traffic engineering study of the intersection.
· Granting $100,000 to each city named to the national top 10 dangerous intersection list to defray some of the cost of making improvements.
Sabirov states, “… a concept is a complex of views on something phenomena related to each other and forming an interconnected system; it is a certain way of understanding, interpreting any phenomena in some field” (2021, p. 7).
2. A hypothesis that might drive the research of one of the cities on the top 10 dangerous intersection list is the number of fatal incidents that have occurred at the intersection. “The formulation of a hypothesis provides a study with focus. It tells what specific aspects of a research problem to investigate, what data to be collected, and what not are to be collected, thereby providing focus are to be the study. As it provides a focus, the construction of a hypothesis enhances objectivity in a study” (Pawar, 2019, p. 3).
3. State Farm’s research uses a multiple-methodology design. Data is collected from State Farm’s databases and internal incident reports, and information is gathered from the industry market share. Čančer explains that a multi-methodology, “… uses more than one quantitative and/or qualitative method or methodology in tackling some real-world problem” (2017, p. 3).
4. If I were representing State Farm and was given the task of reviewing feedback from the transportation engineers, I would listen to what is being said without any prejudgments. Their concerns would be acknowledged and given a chance to be considered. “… feedback is defined as “perspectives, feelings, and opinions individuals have about their experiences with an organization, product, or service that are used to inform and improve the practice and decision-making of that organization” (Nolan, 2019, p. 2). The first concern of the transportation engineers is the demand for immediate solutions. It would be addressed by stating that the purpose of this study is to improve dangerous intersections. It is a process that cannot be rushed, and an immediate solution would be given when research is finished. The transportation engineers’ second concern of accidents with injuries and deaths to be given more attention is understandable and would be considered for research. “It is the glory of God to conceal a thing: but the honour of kings is to search out a matter” (King James Bible, 2017, Proverbs 25:2).
5. Traffic volume counts would be part of the 2003 study. Some jurisdictions were upset that it wasn’t initially included in the study. An e ...
Business Research Methods, 14eSchindler1casesStateTawnaDelatorrejs
Business Research Methods, 14e/Schindler
1
>cases
State Farm, the nation’s largest auto insurer, distributed a list of the 10 most
dangerous intersections in the United States based on crashes resulting in claims
by its policyholders. What started as a study to reduce risk turned into an ongoing
study that directs a major public relations effort: State Farm provides funds for
communities to further research their dangerous intersections and initiate improve-
ments based on the research. This case tells you how the State Farm Dangerous
Intersections initiative got started and how it is done. www.statefarm.com
>Abstract
>The Scenario
State Farm Insurance has a rich history of proactive safety involvement in auto and
appliance design to reduce injury and property loss. In June 2001, State Farm
Insurance, Inc., released the second report in its Dangerous Intersection reporting
series. State Farm modeled its program after an initiative by the Insurance Corporation
of British Columbia, Canada (ICBC), and the American Automobile Association of
Michigan (AAA) to help position the nation’s largest auto insurer as the most safety-
conscious insurer. ICBC had patterned its program on an earlier effort in Victoria,
Australia. AAA, in turn, benchmarked its program on the ICBC program. AAA
invited State Farm to help fund one of its intersection studies. State Farm saw this as
an opportunity to expand its effort into a nationwide campaign in 1999. “The 2001
study is part of a larger effort focused on loss prevention and improving the safety of
intersections around the U.S.A.,” shared State Farm research engineer John
Nepomuceno. State Farm has allocated significant resources as well as funds to the
initiative. Since its inception, every city with an intersection on the overall list of
dangerous intersections is eligible to apply for a $20,000 grant to defray the cost of
a comprehensive traffic engineering study of the intersection. Additionally, each city
named to the national top 10 dangerous intersection list is eligible for a grant of
$100,000 per intersection to defray some of the cost of making improvements. All
totaled, State Farm offered $4.44 million to the safety initiative in its first year.
Due to its large market share, State Farm is the only U.S. insurer in a position to
mine its databases for the requisite information on accidents to come up with a
viable U.S. list. But it found that although it had the interest to do so, its data warehouse
did not have sufficient information to tally accident rates for intersections. To rectify
this, in 1998 State Farm included a location field as part of the data that its claims
adjusters regularly complete. This location information, in open-text format, indicates
whether the accident took place in an intersection or as part of an incident related to
an intersection accident, and identifies the intersection. Following the 1999 study,
the fields for identifying intersections were further refined.
In t ...
Thomas Erdmann is a supervisor and accredited reconstruction specialist with the Wisconsin State Patrol Technical Reconstruction Unit. He has over 30 years of experience in law enforcement including crash reconstruction, criminal investigations, and training. He is accredited by the Accreditation Commission for Traffic Accident Reconstruction and has reconstructed or assisted on over 1000 traffic crashes. He currently supervises reconstruction personnel and provides expert analysis, testimony, and training.
This technical report from the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration examines pedestrian and bicyclist crash rates involving hybrid electric vehicles (HEVs) compared to internal combustion engine (ICE) vehicles using state crash data from 2000-2007. The report finds that HEVs have higher crash rates than ICE vehicles in certain scenarios, particularly when vehicles are slowing, stopping, backing up or entering/leaving parking spaces. It also finds higher bicyclist crash rates for HEVs at intersections. However, most crashes for both HEVs and ICE vehicles occurred on roadways with speed limits of 35 mph or less, during daylight in clear weather. The small sample size limits detailed analysis, but the results suggest HEVs may pose greater risks
This technical report from the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration examines pedestrian and bicyclist crash rates involving hybrid electric vehicles (HEVs) compared to internal combustion engine (ICE) vehicles using state crash data from 2000-2007. The report finds that HEVs have higher crash rates than ICE vehicles in certain scenarios, particularly when vehicles are slowing, stopping, backing up or entering/leaving parking spaces. It also finds higher bicyclist crash rates for HEVs at intersections. However, most crashes for both HEVs and ICE vehicles occurred on roadways with speed limits of 35 mph or less, during daylight in clear weather. The small sample size is a limitation, and future analysis with more data could provide more detailed results
The document discusses cell phone use while driving and legislation around it. It provides examples of accidents caused by distracted driving from cell phone use. Current legislation in many states bans handheld cell phone use and texting while driving. The city of Conshohocken proposes a local ordinance banning cell phone use without hands-free devices while driving to increase road safety. Research shows that cell phone use while driving can significantly impair a driver similar to driving drunk.
This document summarizes a study on the safety impacts of different types of guardrail ends in run-off-road crashes in Wisconsin. It reviews previous research that has found turned down guardrail ends provide the least effective safety record compared to other guardrail end treatments. The study analyzes crash data from 2003-2005 to determine injury outcomes associated with impacts to different guardrail end types on divided and undivided highways in Wisconsin. It aims to provide recommendations to WisDOT on replacing turned down guardrail ends with other energy-absorbing designs.
Minimum 350-500 Words each answer Academic Sources DiscussioAlleneMcclendon878
State Farm conducted studies of dangerous intersections using its claims data to identify the most dangerous intersections and provide grants to study and improve them. Their initial 1998 study identified 172 intersections and subsequent studies in 2001 and planned for 2003 refined the methodology to include factors like accident severity and traffic volume. The program aims to improve intersection safety and reduce accidents while also generating goodwill, though some transportation engineers initially raised concerns about the studies. State Farm tracks results and seeks to identify patterns to guide future intersection improvements.
Use of Road Accidents Data by Government Stakeholders to reduce Road Accident...Data Portal India
Use of Road Accidents Data by Government Stakeholders to reduce Road Accidents and ensure Road Safety – A study on Black Spot Management. Presented by Sh. Ranjan Mukherjee, Director, M/o Road Transport & Highways at Workshop on Data Driven Decision Making for Chief Data Officers.
Towards Improving Crash Data Management System in Gulf CountriesIJERA Editor
Scientific and analytical approaches to accident data collection, storage and analysis are essential in dealing with road safety problems. Police accident records in the majority of countries form the main (and sometimes the only) source of accident data. Access to the accident database is also important to identifying specific safety problems and evaluating the effectiveness of the countermeasure introduced. Accident data collection and analysis offered by technological innovation such as Electronic Data Entry (EDE), Electronic Data transfer (EDT), and Geographic Information system (GIS) are implemented in developed countries. Developing countries, including the Gulf countries, should take advantage of the experience of developed countries on how the advance accident data management system works to identifying, more accurately, the main factors contributing to traffic accident. The main purpose of this research is to provide information on accident statistics process in Virginia state, starting from the time of accident occurring until it is stored in the database, with the aim of using it towards improving the process of collecting and maintaining accident data system in Gulf countries. The task is performed by reviewing the relevant international literature and interviewing police officers in charge and academic researchers in order to compare the accident data management system and also the quality of the data. Recommendations towards developing the crash data management system will be obtained based on the research results and international experience.
A previous report titled, Application of Walking Security Index Research to Standard of Care Situations and Analysis discussed a number of issues related to the topic of “care”, with emphasis on municipal government duties and activities that affect the safety, comfort and convenience of pedestrians. At the request of the Federation of Urban Neighbourhoods this report continues examining the standard of care theme, but with an emphasis on: 1.Identifying and examining events and practices associated with careless driving; 2..Making suggestions to drivers, law enforcement agencies, and provincial and municipal governments about steps to curtail the frequency of careless driving events;
3. Proposing how the Federation of Urban Neighbourhoods, and especially its community association members, could assist drivers, law enforcement agencies, and provincial and municipal governments raise the bar in order to achieve a significant reduction in careless driving practices.
This seminar report discusses automatic number plate recognition (ANPR) technology. It provides background on number plates and their use by law enforcement. ANPR systems use cameras and optical character recognition to capture images of license plates, extract the plate numbers, and compare them to databases to identify vehicles of interest in seconds. The report covers the process of ANPR including pre-processing, plate localization, character segmentation, and character recognition. It also discusses types and applications of ANPR systems and their advantages for law enforcement.
Southern Connecticut Community Traffic Safety Conferencebiotara
The document summarizes seat belt usage and impaired driving data from Connecticut. It finds that seat belt usage has increased 29 percentage points since 1995 based on observation surveys conducted at 100 sites each year. Nighttime seat belt usage is 7 percentage points lower than daytime usage. From 2003-2010, Connecticut implemented a large publicity and enforcement campaign around impaired driving around holidays. Evaluation found an estimated 37 fewer alcohol-related fatalities over 18 months as a result of the campaign.
Driver distraction, including cell phone use, contributes to 20-30% of vehicle collisions. While hands-free phones allow drivers to keep hands on the wheel, studies show driver inattention is the larger issue and hands-free phones pose similar risks. Some states and countries restrict cell phone use while driving, but studies show education may be more effective than penalties alone at changing behavior and improving safety.
LynnLaytonChevrolet.org_AAA Cell Phones and Driving Research UpdateLynnLayton Chevrolet
Two surveys conducted in 2008 found that over half of drivers admit to using cell phones while driving, with 16-17% doing so regularly. Younger drivers aged 25-34 had the highest rates of cell phone use while driving. Both surveys also found that around 15% of drivers admit to reading or sending text messages while driving occasionally, with 3% doing so regularly. However, most drivers believe using hands-free phones is safer despite studies showing no safety difference between hands-free and hand-held phone use.
LoneStarChevy.Org - Lone Star Chevy; 2009 AAA Cell Phones And Driving Researc...Lone Star Chevrolet
Two surveys conducted in 2008 found that over half of drivers admit to using cell phones while driving, with 16-17% doing so regularly. Younger drivers aged 25-34 had the highest rates of cell phone use while driving. Both surveys also found that around 15% of drivers admit to reading or sending text messages while driving occasionally, with young drivers aged 18-24 being most likely to do so. While most drivers feel using cell phones while driving is a serious problem, nearly half admitted to the behavior themselves. Many also incorrectly believe that hands-free devices are safer despite studies showing otherwise.
Two surveys conducted in 2008 found that over half of drivers admit to using cell phones while driving, with 16-17% doing so regularly. Younger drivers aged 25-34 had the highest rates of cell phone use while driving. Both surveys also found that around 15% of drivers admit to reading or sending text messages while driving occasionally, with young drivers aged 18-24 being most likely to do so. However, most drivers believe using hands-free phones is safer despite studies showing no safety difference between hands-free and hand-held use.
CapitalAutoCommunity.Com - Capital Auto Cjd Pptx Ppt; 2009 AAA Cell Phones An...CapitalAutoCJD
Two surveys conducted in 2008 found that over half of drivers admit to using cell phones while driving, with 16-17% doing so regularly. Younger drivers aged 25-34 had the highest rates of cell phone use while driving. Both surveys also found that around 14-17% of drivers admit to reading or sending text messages while driving occasionally, with 3% doing so regularly. However, most drivers believe that using hands-free phones is safer, even though studies show hands-free use is just as dangerous as hand-held phones. The surveys highlight discrepancies between drivers' attitudes about cell phone dangers and their own phone use behind the wheel.
Similar to Job-Hunt FREE 15-Minute Guide to Layoff Self-Defense (20)
The document discusses a survey of cell phone recycling programs in New York City. The survey examined compliance with New York state legislation requiring cell phone take-back programs, as well as voluntary programs. Key findings include:
- Only 36% of visited stores had visible take-back signs as required by law. Verizon Wireless stores complied most consistently.
- 28% of stores visited had a visible drop-off box. Boxes were often hidden from view.
- 30% of stores listed on the voluntary RBRC program website did not have drop-off boxes as advertised.
- Employees generally lacked knowledge about their store's recycling program, except at Verizon Wireless stores.
The survey found
I n t h e Picture This: Smart Cell Phone Camera Networkspleasure16
This document provides a summary of Maine's first annual report on cell phone recycling efforts in the state as required by Maine law. It finds that in 2008, approximately 54,400 cell phones were recycled in Maine, up from an estimated 1% recycling rate in 2003. This establishes a baseline for measuring the effectiveness of collection efforts going forward. Over 900 cell phone collection sites now exist statewide ensuring convenience for residents. Compliance among retailers was around 73% and most major carriers have developed recycling programs, though some small carriers require further follow up. Continued education efforts are needed to increase consumer awareness and motivation to recycle old phones.
C O N T RO L L I N G E L E C T RO N I C S V I A S M Spleasure16
1) Fort Bragg FCU is collecting school supplies from April 1 to June 30 to send to troops in Afghanistan to help build trust with local communities. Needed supplies include notebooks, pens, pencils, pencil sharpeners, small toys, and healthy treats in ziplock bags.
2) Donations can be dropped off at any FBFCU branch location. Cash donations are also accepted.
3) Interest rates are low, so now is a good time for members to purchase a home and take advantage of a new government tax credit of up to $8,000 for qualified first-time homebuyers.
This document describes a system that allows electrical devices to be remotely controlled via text messaging. It works by using an INSTEON controller connected to a computer to communicate with INSTEON switches. Twitter is used as an SMS gateway so that a phone can send commands to Twitter which are then read by a script on the computer controlling the switches. The script checks Twitter for commands and sends the appropriate signals to the switches via the INSTEON controller.
AWARENESS OF PERFORMANCE DECREMENTS DUE TO DISTRACTION IN YOUNGER ...pleasure16
This document provides 6 steps to protect yourself if you are at risk of being laid off from your job.
The steps are: 1) Establish private contact channels like a personal email and phone number. 2) Increase external networking through alumni groups and professional organizations. 3) Update your resume privately and collect recommendations. 4) Expand your online presence by registering a domain name. 5) Leave your current job before layoffs start to avoid credibility issues. 6) Take the steps before an actual layoff to prepare without tipping off your employer.
This study examined how well calibrated younger and older drivers were to performance decrements caused by distraction from cell phone use. Forty drivers completed driving tasks on a closed test track while performing a mental math task on a handheld or hands-free phone. Drivers' estimates of performance changes due to distraction were compared to actual changes measured across multiple driving performance measures. The results showed that drivers generally were not well calibrated to the magnitude of distraction effects, with some estimates even showing performance changes in the opposite direction of reality. Younger male drivers in particular tended to underestimate distraction impacts. The findings suggest that lack of awareness of distraction effects could influence drivers' decisions to engage in distracting activities.
Address Book IntegrAtIon wIth Jd edwArds enterprIseone And Jd ...pleasure16
The document provides instructions for installing, configuring, and using Guardian mobile security software. It allows users to enable invisible SMS notifications if an unauthorized SIM is inserted, protect access to apps and data with a password, and purchase upgraded editions for additional features like remote tracking and wiping of a lost phone. Configuration involves setting the notification recipient, secret code, and selecting which apps to password protect. The software comes in Free, Gold, and Platinum editions that can be upgraded by purchasing a registration code.
Cell Phone–Based System Could Improve HIV/AIDS Drug Trackingpleasure16
Address book integration with JD Edwards and other systems can seem simple but is actually quite complex due to various data formats, proliferation of contact information types, and inconsistencies. Magic Software's iBolt is a code-free integration tool that can model the necessary business rules and processes through visual design to facilitate real-time or batch address book integration and information sharing between systems.
2008 DEER HUNTING INFORMATION AND ON-LINE/TOLL FREE TELEPHONE ...pleasure16
1) Researchers at NYU are developing a cell phone-based system called SmartTrack to improve HIV/AIDS drug distribution and patient treatment in Africa.
2) SmartTrack will use cell phone technology to more easily track drug shipments and monitor patient medication adherence and health outcomes.
3) The system aims to address key issues with drug supply chains in Africa like theft and counterfeiting, and help ensure patients follow drug regimens correctly.
This document provides information on deer hunting regulations in Illinois for 2008, including seasons, licenses required, legal firearms, tagging and reporting requirements, and other rules. Key details include:
- Deer hunting seasons include archery, youth firearm, two firearm seasons, muzzleloader, and late-winter antlerless.
- Hunters must report deer harvested within 10 hours via the online or phone check-in system and attach the confirmation number to the tag.
- Legal firearms are shotguns, muzzleloaders, and handguns .30 caliber or larger. Only expanding bullets may be used.
- Hunters must have the proper licenses, permits, and FOID card and follow regulations on tagging, transporting,
The document provides information about recognizing and reporting telephone fraud. It advises consumers to be wary of telemarketing calls and asks questions to determine if a call is legitimate or a scam. Consumers can report fraudulent calls to the FTC and state attorneys general to help law enforcement investigate scams and stop telemarketers. The national Do Not Call registry allows consumers to limit unwanted telemarketing calls by registering their phone numbers.
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Pre-paid phone cards allow users to pay for calling time in advance. However, some cards do not deliver the advertised number of minutes due to hidden fees or charges. Consumers should carefully check rates, expiration dates, and terms and conditions for any additional charges to ensure they get full value for the card. The FTC advises consumers to report any issues with non-working cards.
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This article summarizes an expert's opinion that cell phone records could help identify the Northwest Serial Rapist in Columbus, Ohio. The expert, Ben Levitan, believes that by analyzing the cell phone towers that picked up signals from the victims' phones during each attack, police could generate a list of phone numbers near each crime scene and likely identify one phone number common to all the lists, pointing to the rapist. The Columbus police are skeptical but say they will consider any potential leads. They continue to encourage women to take safety precautions.
The Talk-N-Trace is a point-to-point communication and tracing set that allows up to 4 units to communicate hands-free over wired connections. It has a built-in ringer, volume control, and low battery indicator. To use it, the user connects one Talk-N-Trace to each end of the wire pair and presses the on button to power it on and allow conversation or signal the other end by holding the button to ring the other unit.
This report summarizes a comparative accident study between years when a limousine company did and did not allow cell phone use. Survey results from drivers found most believed cell phone use increased distraction and accidents. Accident rates in categories like rear-end collisions and sideswipes decreased from 1998 to 1999 after the company introduced cell phones. However, the decreases were smaller than projections from studies finding 34-400% higher accident risks with cell phone use. The report examines literature on impacts of cell phone use on driving and identifies best practices to reduce risks.
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This free audio tour provides an overview and descriptions of modern outdoor sculptures located at the Getty Center. It includes commentary from sculptors and curators about 27 sculptures by artists such as Henry Moore, Isamu Noguchi, Joan Miró, and others. Visitors can dial a phone number and enter stop codes to listen to details about individual sculptures or get an overall description of the Sculpture Garden.
TechStone Soft announces the release of MobiWee, a cloud-based service that allows users to remotely access, backup, sync and secure their mobile devices. MobiWee offers features like contact and file management, SMS messaging from a computer, email setup, call forwarding, locating lost devices, and locking or wiping devices from a web browser on any computer. The service works across different phones, operating systems, and computers using 3G or WiFi connections. TechStone Soft created MobiWee to give users control over their information by storing it in the cloud rather than on the device manufacturer's servers.
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This document provides a guide to cell phone usage and service plans in New York City. It begins by discussing factors to consider when choosing a provider such as reception quality, which can vary significantly depending on location. It then offers tips on optimizing contracts, including negotiating deals when renewing, and choosing contract types such as individual plans, family plans, or prepaid options. The guide also covers topics like minimum contract lengths, early termination fees, phone replacement options, and laws regarding cell phone use in NYC. Overall, the document aims to help New Yorkers better understand their cell phone service options and get the most value from their plans.
The document describes techniques for conducting metabolizable energy assays in ducks, including feeding and excreta collection methods. Surgical attachment of a plastic retainer ring to the vent allowed excreta to be collected in plastic bags attached to the ring over 102 hours. Test ingredients were administered by orogastric tube in two doses. Excreta was collected by replacing bags at regular intervals. The techniques allowed accurate determination of apparent and true metabolizable energy values for various feed ingredients in ducks.
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Inspire: Igniting the Spark of Human Potential
Inspiration is the force that propels individuals from ordinary to extraordinary. It transforms ideas into innovations, dreams into realities, and individuals into icons. This article delves into the multifaceted nature of inspiration, exploring its sources such as nature, art, personal experiences, and the achievements of others, and its profound impact on personal growth, societal progress, and cultural evolution. Through the lens of historical figures and timeless quotes, we uncover how inspiration fuels creativity, drives societal change, and ignites the spark of human potential.
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Procrastination is a common challenge that many individuals face when it comes to completing tasks and achieving goals. It can hinder productivity and lead to feelings of stress and frustration.
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You may be stressed about revealing your cancer diagnosis to your child or children.
Children love stories and these often provide parents with a means of broaching tricky subjects and so the ‘The Secret Warrior’ book was especially written for CANSA TLC, by creative writer and social worker, Sally Ann Carter.
Find out more:
https://cansa.org.za/resources-to-help-share-a-parent-or-loved-ones-cancer-diagnosis-with-a-child/
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Job-Hunt FREE 15-Minute Guide to Layoff Self-Defense
1. CELL PHONE USE IN
MOTOR VEHICLE CRASHES
DATA FROM
WISCONSIN MOTOR VEHICLE
ACCIDENT
REPORT FORM (MV4000)
WISCONSIN STATE PATROL
MAY – OCTOBER 2002
WISCONSIN DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORTATION
DIVISION OF STATE PATROL
DIVISION OF MOTOR VEHICLES
BUREAU OF TRANSPORTATION SAFETY
MAY 2003
2. June 11, 2003
The Honorable Jerry Petrowski The Honorable Tony Staskunas
Wisconsin State Assembly Wisconsin State Assembly
PO Box 8953 PO Box 8953
Madison, Wi 53708-8953 Madison, Wi 53708-8953
Dear Rep. Petrowski and Rep. Staskunas;
The Wisconsin Department of Transportation (DOT) is pleased to provide you
with its report on cell phone use at motor vehicle crashes. The report represents a
combined effort by the Division of State Patrol, the Division of Motor Vehicles
and the Bureau of Transportation Safety.
We appreciate your efforts in considering legislation related to cell phone use by
motorists in Wisconsin and your request to gather data to better understand some
of the questions raised during legislative hearings. Hopefully this report can
provide some assistance in determining the next step in studying the cell phone
issue.
On behalf of the DOT staff who worked on this report, I want to thank you for
the opportunity to work with your offices and we look forward to continued
dialogue.
Sincerely,
Benjamin H. Mendez, Jr.
Lieutenant Colonel
Wisconsin State Patrol
3. TABLE OF CONTENTS
THE TASK 1
THE IMPETUS 1
SURVEY PARAMETERS 3
THE METHODOLOGY 3
BENCHMARKS 5
TABLE I – 2002 Statewide Crash Statistics 7
TABLE II – Statewide MV4000 Statistics 8
SURVEY RESULTS 19
TABLE III – State Patrol / Crash Location, Type and Severity 10
OTHER FACTORS 12
CONCLUSION 17
MV4000 18
4. THE TASK
The Wisconsin State Patrol (State Patrol), in conjunction with the Department of
Transportation’s Division of Motor Vehicles (DMV) and Bureau of Transportation
Safety (BOTS) and at the request of Wisconsin State Representative Jerry
Petrowski, surveyed a limited number of crashes in Wisconsin in an attempt to
determine if there was any relation between the use of cell phones by drivers
involved in crashes and the crashes themselves. The results of the survey are to be
used as a tool for legislators, law enforcement, and traffic safety professionals in
understanding cell phone use by Wisconsin motorists.
This survey was not intended to provide an in-depth study and analysis of the use
of cell phones by motorists in Wisconsin. Rather, its intent was to provide an
introduction to the issue, or what some call the “problem”, of motorist cell phone
use and to prompt further discussion, research and queries. The issue of cell
phone use by motorists is complex enough to warrant further review of many
variables, including driver demand and/or need for cell phones, driver education,
other driver distractions, varying driver abilities, physiological factors of cell phone
use, cell phone reporting procedures, and a review of empirical data.
THE IMPETUS
Three legislative proposals related to limiting motorists’ use of cell phones or
collecting data on cell phone use were drafted during Wisconsin’s 2001-2002
legislative session:
• 2001 Assembly Bill 202 (Rep. Staskunas) would have prohibited a person
who is driving under an instructional permit or probationary license from
operating a motor vehicle while using a cellular or other mobile telephone,
except to report an emergency, regardless of whether use of the telephone
interferes with the operation of the vehicle.
• 2001 Assembly Bill 240 (Rep. Colon) would have prohibited a person
from operating a motor vehicle (other than an authorized emergency
vehicle), except to report an emergency, while using a hand-held cellular or
other mobile telephone, regardless of whether use of the cell phone
interferes with the operation of the vehicle.
• 2001 Assembly Bill 201 (Rep. Staskunas) would have required the
Wisconsin Department of Transportation (WisDOT) to record information
on the Wisconsin Motor Vehicle Accident Report Form (MV4000) on any
use of cellular or other mobile telephone that contributed to the motor
vehicle crash.
1
5. All three of these proposals received hearings at the Assembly Highway Safety
Committee under the chairmanship of Rep. Jerry Petrowski. The testimony
provided at each of the three hearings included information both in support of
and in opposition to the proposals, and included some testimony provided “for
information only”.
Specifically, testimony included:
• Anecdotal information about crashes caused by motorists using cell phones.
• There are conflicting studies from other states about the effect of cell phone
use on safe driving.
• Wisconsin statutes already permit law enforcement officers to cite for
“inattentive driving”, which would include use of a cell phone, under
s.346.89(1), Wis. Stats., which states that “No person while driving a motor
vehicle shall be so engaged or occupied as to interfere with the safe driving
of such vehicle.”
• Public education and information is a necessary component of any
legislation related to motorists’ cell phone use.
• Is cell phone use enough of a distraction to warrant prohibiting or limiting
its use by motorists?
• Other activities performed by motorists while driving, such as eating,
tuning a radio or tending to children, are just as distracting and potentially
dangerous, and perhaps even more so, than the use of cell phones.
• Hands-free cell phones are not less distracting than hand-held cell phones.
• The use of cell phones is increasing as technology improves and the cost of
cell phones decreases.
• It may be difficult for law enforcement officers to identify that a driver
using a cell phone is operating with an instructional and/or probationary
driver’s licenses.
• Should citizen band radios (CB’s) also be banned?
• It may be difficult for law enforcement officers to identify that the motorist
cell phone use was related to an emergency.
• Is it necessary and possible to collect phone records for a cell phone that
had been in use just prior to a motor vehicle crash?
• How does common sense fit into any ban or limit of cell phone use?
• Primary enforcement of any cell phone ban or limit would give law
enforcement too much discretion for traffic stops.
• Will driver-reported (i.e. self-reported) cell phone use information collected
at a motor vehicle stop be accurate?
After a review of the legislative proposals and the resulting testimonies, Rep.
Petrowski and his colleagues determined that more information was necessary if
the most appropriate legislation was to be crafted and proposed for Wisconsin.
Thus, the State Patrol was requested to assist in gathering additional information
through a survey of cell phone use during motor vehicle crashes.
2
6. SURVEY PARAMETERS
The survey conducted by the Wisconsin State Patrol for six months during the
summer and autumn of 2002 focused on the use of cell phones during motor
vehicle crashes. Information was obtained at the crash site by noting motorist cell
phone use by the drivers involved in the crash. The data collected was recorded
as driver “self-reporting” responses and categorized on the Wisconsin Motor
Vehicle Accident Report form known as the “MV4000” in the data fields titled
“Special Study.”
The results of this survey are limited by the detail of the queries, the number of
the crashes queried, and the types of highways on which the crashes occurred, as
well as the fact that just one law enforcement agency, the Wisconsin State Patrol,
conducted the survey. Those limitations do not diminish the reliability or
importance of the survey data, but they do caution the overall applicability of the
results.
It is important to note that the data on cell phone use for this survey is collected
on a per crash basis, not per vehicle basis. One MV4000 report is completed for
a crash, as a single event, which may involve multiple vehicles and drivers. The
MV4000 contains some identification of separate vehicles, drivers, and citations,
but general conditions of the crash are identified as applicable to the entire crash
as a single event. This survey, designed as a base information survey, does not
distinguish among the individual drivers or vehicles as to cell phone use; the cell
phone information is related to the crash as a whole.
THE METHODOLOGY
The survey / data collection was conducted by troopers and inspectors of the
Wisconsin State Patrol between May 1, 2002, and October 31, 2002. The State
Patrol was chosen for the study due to its ability to quickly respond to the request
for the survey and to provide controlled procedures to maintain the integrity of
the data. The State Patrol could guarantee an almost 100% reporting rate for cell
phone use and could provide immediate and comprehensive training on the data
collection, field supervision of the data collection, occasional review of the
submitted data, effective dialogue with the Division of Motor Vehicles (DMV) on
the progress of the data collection and coordinated analysis of the data with DMV
and the Bureau of Transportation Safety (BOTS).
The State Patrol trooper and inspectors collected the cell phone use data as part of
every MV4000 completed for each crash to which they responded. By statute,
the MV4000’s are submitted to DMV for recording within 10 days of the crash, so
3
7. cell phone data did not have to be separately submitted to DMV, thus increasing
response rate and efficiency.
The DMV was charged with the task of receiving the data, compiling the data, and
submitting the data in a usable format to analysts of the State Patrol and BOTS.
The State Patrol assumed the lead analysis of the data, conferring with DMV and
BOTS on the data submitted, what additional queries were to be completed, and
what the final analysis was to contain. Draft data was available for initial analysis
during February 2003, with the final report completed in May 2003.
Cell phone use was recorded for all drivers, pedestrians, motorcyclists and
bicyclists involved in the crash but not for cell phone use by a passenger of a
vehicle involved in a crash.
The data was recorded in four Special Study bubbles in Field 19 of the MV4000:
• Bubble 1 – No cell phone was in use at time of crash.
• Bubble 2 – A cell phone (of any type) was in use at the time of the crash
but it was not a possible contributing circumstance. For example, if Driver
A who was talking on a cell phone was rear-ended while stopped at a red
light by Driver B who was not using a cell phone, Driver A was not at fault
and the information does not indicate that his/her use of the cell phone
was a possible contributing circumstance in the crash.
• Bubble 3 – A hand-held cell phone was in use at the time of the crash and it
may have been a possible contributing circumstance in the crash.
• Bubble 4 – A hands-free cell phone was in use at the time of the crash and
it may have been a possible contributing circumstance in the crash.
• NOTE: At least one bubble must be marked for each crash. Only one
bubble may be marked per crash unless bubbles 3 and 4 apply, in which
case bubble 3 and bubble 4 may be marked. If more than one person
involved in the crash was using a cell phone at the time of the crash and
bubble 2 and bubble 3 or 4 could be marked, mark only bubble 3 or 4.
For example, if Driver A was using a cell phone but it was not a possible
contributing circumstance in the crash for that driver, but Driver B was
using a hand-held cell phone and it was a possible contributing
circumstance in the crash, mark only bubble 3 and do not mark bubble 2
for Driver A.
During routine completion of any MV4000, not just during the time of the
survey, Possible Contributing Circumstances (PCCs) are recorded on the MV4000.
These PCCs, in the officers’ opinion, are Driver Factors, Vehicle Factors or
Highway Factors that may have contributed to the cause of a crash. If recorded
on the MV4000, these factors usually result in a citation(s) issued to a driver or
drivers involved in the crash. At any time, cell phone use can be recorded under
Driver Factors in the general category of Inattentive Driving. Factors such as
4
8. eating food, tuning a radio, looking away from the roadway, or fatigue, in
addition to cell phone use, can be included in Inattentive Driving though they are
not specifically identified on the MV4000. All the PCC choices listed under Driver
Factors as identified on page 4 of the MV4000 include:
• Exceeding Speed Limit
• Speed Too Fast / Condition
• Fail to Yield Right of Way
• Inattentive Driving
• Following Too Close
• Improper Turn
• Left of Center
• Disregarded Traffic Control
• Improper Overtaking
• Unsafe Backing
• Failure to Have Control
• Driver Condition
• Physically Disabled
• Other
The State Patrol completed 2,691 MV4000 reports (i.e. 2,691 crashes) during the
six-month survey time period. Over 96% of the completed reports included the
required cell phone use information. The distribution of completed MV4000
reports was proportional throughout the districts to the number of officers
assigned to each district and the amount of traffic generally characteristic of each
district:
District 1 / DeForest 741 crashes
District 2 / Waukesha 231 crashes
District 3 / Fond du Lac 415 crashes
District 4 / Wausau 377 crashes
District 5 / Tomah 339 crashes
District 6 / Eau Claire 432 crashes
District 7 / Spooner 156 crashes
BENCHMARKS
The data collected by the State Patrol for this study is counted as number of
crashes, not number of cell phones in use or number of vehicles. The MV4000s
are completed in terms of a crash, and one MV4000 report may include
information on multiple vehicles, multiple drivers and multiple cell phones. Thus,
the benchmark statistics provided for comparison are also in units of crashes
except where other units of measurement are appropriate.
5
9. Wisconsin Department of Transportation 2002 records state that of the total
112,664 miles of highway in Wisconsin, 581 miles (0.5%) are rural interstate, 164
miles (0.15%) are urban interstate, 9,729 miles (8.6%) are rural state highways
and 1,278 (1.1%) are urban state highways. This 11,752 miles (10.4%) represents
an approximate total of the Wisconsin highways on which the State Patrol
enforces traffic laws and encounters crashes. However, the State Patrol does not
patrol all of the miles represented by urban interstate highway totals or urban
state highway totals. The extent of the applicability of the cell phone survey data
from State Patrol (completion of MV4000s) to the entire state and all crashes,
must be reviewed in that context.
To adequately determine the applicability of the data collected from the State
Patrol survey, the data must be compared to statewide benchmarks. The State
Patrol is one of approximately 600 Wisconsin law enforcement agencies that have
the authority and opportunity to complete MV4000s. The amount of data
collected (i.e. total number of completed MV4000s) by the State Patrol is limited
by the Patrol’s primary enforcement on interstate, federal and state highways and
state trunk roads. These types of highways are characterized by heavy daily traffic
volumes but with less vehicle congestion than is characteristic of urban highways
and city and village streets due to roadway configuration, higher speeds, and
limited access. Though the congestion found on city and village streets contributes
to crash frequency, the increased speed at which vehicles travel on rural interstate
and state trunk roads contributes to crashes of a greater severity than those
occurring on urban roads.
TABLE I, below, identifies the breakdown of crashes statewide, by severity and
type of highway on which the crashes occur. There were 129,072 total crashes
reported on MV4000s by all law enforcement agencies in 2002, 723 (0.6%) of
which resulted in a total of 805 fatalities. Generally speaking, crashes occurring
on the types of highways that the State Patrol routinely patrols accounts for
approximately 38% of the total highways identified: rural interstate crashes
(3%), rural state highway crashes (20%), urban interstate crashes (3.4%) and
urban state highway crashes (12%). For each highway category there may be
multiple types of law enforcement responses, but the State Patrol focuses its traffic
enforcement on interstate, federal and state highways and state trunk highways.
6
10. TABLE I
2002 STATEWIDE CRASH STATISTICS
• 129,072 total crashes in Wisconsin
o 8,922 (7%) alcohol-related crashes
o 20,660 (16%) speed-related crashes
• 723 (0.6%) fatal crashes with 805 people killed
• 39,634 (31%) injury crashes with 57,776 people injured
o 4,595 crashes with type A incapacitating injuries (11.6% of total
injury crashes)
o 5,880 persons with type A incapacitating injuries (10% of total
persons injured)
• 88,715 (68.7%) property damage crashes
• 45,769 (35.5%) urban city street crashes
• 4,382 (3.4%) urban interstate crashes
• 15,483 (12%) urban state highway crashes
• 4,367 (3.4%) rural city street crashes
• 4,036 (3%) rural interstate crashes
• 26,317 (20.4%) rural state highway crashes
• 15,575 (12%) county highway crashes
• 13,143 (10%) town road crashes
TABLE II below, illustrates that while the State Patrol may investigate a limited
number of crashes, the crashes they investigate are often more severe crashes.
While almost 4.6% of the total 2002 crashes statewide were reported by the State
Patrol, almost 9.3% of the fatal crashes for a full year were reported by the State
Patrol. This data indicates that the State Patrol proportionally encounters more
severe crashes on the high speed roads it patrols. That same crash characteristic is
evident in the data for county sheriff’s offices that also primarily patrol non-urban
roads. While county sheriffs’ offices reported almost 41% of the total 2002
crashes, they reported on over 68% of the fatal crashes. The data for local police
departments is the converse, showing a higher percentage for total crashes but a
lower percentage for fatal crashes. Cell phone use at fatal crashes may be an
important factor in analyzing the overall impact of legislative or policy limits on
motorist cell phone use.
In comparing the 2002 crash statistics with those from May – October 2002, there
is not much seasonal difference. The survey was conducted during warm months,
yet the data compares favorably with annual data in terms of the number of
crashes on each category of road. However, the 15.9% of crashes that involved
deer may increase during the later autumn and early winter months on an annual
basis.
7
11. TABLE II
STATEWIDE MV4000 STATISTICS
MAY – OCTOBER 2002
• 63,218 total crashes
o 30,699 (48.6%) reported by city police departments
o 24,247 (38.4%) reported by county sheriffs’ offices
o 3,365 (5.3%) reported by village police departments
o 2,691 (4.3%) reported by the State Patrol
o 2,075 (3.3%) reported by township police departments
• 63,218 total crashes
o 404 (0.6%) fatal crashes
§ 61 (15.1%) reported by city police departments
§ 284 (70.3% of fatal crashes) reported by co. sheriffs’ offices
§ 35 (8.7% of fatal crashes) reported by the State Patrol
§ 13 (3.2%) reported by township police departments
o 21,318 (33.7%) injury crashes
§ 11,260 (52.8%) reported by city police departments
§ 7,329 (34.4%) reported by county sheriffs’ offices
§ 1,161 (5.4%) reported by village police departments
§ 791 (3.7% of injury crashes) reported by the State
Patrol
o 41,496 (65.6%) property damage crashes
§ 19,378 (46.7%) reported by city police departments
§ 16,634 (40.1%) reported by county sheriffs’ offices
§ 2,195 (5.3%) reported by village police departments
§ 1,865 (4.5% of pd crashes) reported by the State Patrol
• 63,218 total crashes
o 23,611 (37.3%) occurred on urban city streets
o 12,371 (19.6%) occurred on rural state highways
o 7,917 (12.5%) occurred on urban state highways
o 7,037 (11.1%) occurred on county trunk roads
o 6,009 (9.5%) occurred on rural town roads
o 2,228 (3.5%) occurred on urban interstate roads
o 2,193 (3.5%) occurred on rural city streets
o 1,852 (2.9%) occurred on rural interstate roads
• 63,218 total crashes
o 35,460 (56.1%) involved motor vehicles in transport
o 10,655 (16.9%) involved fixed objects
o 9,094 (14.4%) involved deer
o 5,986 (9.5%) involved “other”
o 1,715 (2.7%) involved roll-overs
8
12. SURVEY RESULTS
Within the State Patrol’s 4% of the statewide crashes that occurred between May
and October of 2002, the State Patrol’s survey does not indicate a definable
relationship between cell phone use and motor vehicle crashes. The total survey
numbers reporting cell phone use are not significant enough to make a
determination that cell phone use is a major contributing factor in motor vehicle
crashes, or if hands-free cell phones are safer to use than hand-held cell phones.
However, the results of the survey are significant because they illustrate that at this
time, there is uncertainty as to the effect cell phone use has on motorist behavior.
The development of any legislative proposal or new administrative policy must
first explore other factors of cell phone use before embarking on a specific course
of action. The discussion below focuses on the resultant data from the State Patrol
survey, but additional information presented later will identify other factors.
The first look at the State Patrol data (TABLE III) reports that only 49 crashes
(1.8% of State Patrol’s 2,691 reported crashes) indicate that a cell phone was in
use at the time of the crash. Of those 49 crashes, 17 crashes (0.6% of those
investigated by the State Patrol) indicated that a hand-held cell phone was in use
at the time of the crash and may have been a possible contributing circumstance
(PCC) of the crash. Only 7 crashes (0.3%) indicated that a hands-free cell phone
was in use at the time of the crash and may have been a possible contributing
cause (PCC) of the crash. In 25 of the crashes (0.9%), the officer indicated that a
cell phone was in use but in his/her opinion, it was not a contributing
circumstance of the crash. The remaining 98.2% of the crashes investigated by the
State Patrol report that for 2,537 crashes (94.3%) no cell phone was reported to
be in use at the time of the crash. There were 105 crashes (3.9%) that did not
record cell phone use information.
It is important to note that the results of the survey may have lower total numbers
for cell phone use than previously expected. That may be partially due to the fact
that the survey relied on a “self-reporting” procedure that gave the motorists at
the crash site the responsibility to answer questions posed by the State Patrol
officer about her/his cell phone use rather than relying on the officer’s own
observations. Similar to questions about seat belt use, the answers to questions
about cell phone use rely on the honesty and memory of the motorists involved.
TABLE III details the State Patrol crash reports and illustrates no discernable
correlation between cell phone use and traffic volume or between cell phone use
and crash severity or type due to the infrequency of reported cell phone use. The
table also illustrates that as previously discussed, due to the primary focus of State
Patrol enforcement on rural Interstate and state trunk roads, most crashes and
9
13. reported cell phone use occurred on Interstate and rural roads where there is less
congestion and fewer intersections. Only one crash reported a fatality for which a
cell phone was in use at the time of the crash, but the cell phone was not
considered as a possible contributing circumstance (PCC) of the crash.
TABLE III
STATE PATROL
CRASH LOCATION, TYPE AND SEVERITY
MAY – OCTOBER 2002
2,691 CRASHES
• 17 crashes (0.6%) reported use of hand-held cell phones that were
PCCs
7 crashes (0.3%) reported use of hands-free cell phones that were
PCCs
25 crashes (0.9%) reported use of cell phones that were not PCCs
2,537 crashes (94.3%) reported no cell phone use
105 crashes (3.9%) did not record cell phone use
• 1,253 crashes (46.6%) occurred on Interstate-rural roads
o 23 crashes (1.8%) reported cell phone use of which 10 were hand-
held cell phones that were PCCs and 5 were hands-free cell phones
that were PCCs;
o 1,192 crashes (95%) reported no cell phones in use at time of the
crash.
• 682 crashes (25.4%) occurred on rural state highways
o 10 crashes (1.5%) reported cell phone use of which 3 were hand-
held cell phones that were PCCs and 1 was a hands-free cell phone
that was a PCC.
o 642 crashes (94%) reported no cell phone in use at time of the
crash.
• 2,290 crashes (85%) occurred at non-intersections
o 40 crashes (1.7%) reported cell phone use of which 15 were hand-
held cell phones that were PCCs and 5 were hands-free cell phones
that were PCCs.
• 1,000 crashes (37%) involved collision with another mv in transport
o 21 crashes (2.1%) reported cell phone use of which 8 were hand-
held cell phones that were PCCs and 5 were hands-free cell phones
that were PCCs.
• 700 crashes (26%) occurred when a motor vehicle struck a deer
o 7 crashes (1.0%) reported cell phone use of which 2 were hand-held
cell phones that were PCCs and 1 was a hands-free cell phone that
was a PCC.
• 537 crashes (20%) occurred when a motor vehicle struck a fixed object
10
14. o 11 crashes (2.0%) reported cell phone use of which 5 were hand-
held cell phones that were PCCs.
• 184 crashes (6.8%) occurred resulted in a vehicle roll-over
o 6 crashes (3.3%) reported cell phone use of which 2 were hand-held
cell phones that were PCCs and 1 that was a hands-free cell-phone
that was a PCC.
• 1,865 crashes (69%) resulted in property damage
o 27 crashes (1.4%) reported cell phone use of which 9 were hand-
held cell phones that were PCCs and 4 that were hands-free cell
phones that were PCCs
o 1,753 crashes (94%) reported no cell phone in use at time of crash.
• 791 crashes (29%) resulted in some injuries to the motorists
o 21 crashes (2.7%) reported cell phone use of which 8 were hand-
held cell phones that were PCCs and 3 were hands-free cell phones
that were PCCs.
• 34 crashes (1.3%) resulted in at least one fatality
o 1 crash (3%) reported cell phone use but it was not considered a
PCC of the crash.
Other factors related to crash frequency and severity must also be taken into
consideration when reviewing crash statistics. Since unsafe driving when using a
cell phone can be cited under s.346.89(1), Wis.Stats., as “inattentive driving”, it is
important to identify reported crashes that identified “inattentive driving” as a
possible contributing circumstance (PCC) of the crash or the driver was issued a
citation for inattentive driving. Note that “inattentive driving” does not always
indicate cell phone use. Inattentive driving can also result from many other kinds
of distractions encountered by a driver such as picking things up from the floor of
the vehicle, tuning the radio, checking the kids in the back seat, eating, feeling
drowsy, talking to a passenger, and looking at something out the window.
For the time period of May – October 2002, the State Patrol considered
inattentive driving a PCC or cited a driver for “inattentive driving”
(not just caused by use of cell phones) at 664 crashes, resulting in 8 fatalities and
519 people injured. These 664 crashes represent 25% of the 2,691 crashes State
Patrol reported on their MV4000’s. Since the MV4000 data cannot directly link
cell phone use to a specific driver involved in the crash, the data is not able to
indicate if the driver that was using a cell phone was either cited for inattentive
driving or if the cell phone use was a PCC for a crash that reported inattentive
driving. However, the data does indicate that:
• For the 25 crashes where a cell phone was in use but was not a PCC, 5 of
those crash reports noted inattentive driving as a PCC;
11
15. • For the 17 crashes where a hand-held cell phone was identified as a PCC, 11
of the crash reports noted inattentive driving as a PCC;
• For the 7 crashes where a hands-free cell phone was identified as a PCC, 3
of the crash reports noted inattentive driving as a PCC.
In summary, while inattentive driving appears to be a factor in unsafe driving
which often results in crashes, the extent of cell phone use causing inattentive
driving is indeterminable from this survey.
OTHER FACTORS
The State Patrol survey only recorded the number of crashes reported on
MV4000s for which a cell phone was in use and if that cell phone use was a
possible contributing circumstance of the crash. This narrow survey does not
address the entire problem of cell phone use as it contributes to inattentive driving
that does not result in a crash, or its connection to future technologies. A more
thorough review of other current studies combined with perhaps some further
Wisconsin surveys must first be undertaken before any definite action is proposed
to limit or curtail motorist cell phone use. The State Patrol’s survey indicates by its
inconclusiveness that many variables are integral to the specific issue of cell phone
use by motorists and the general issue of distracted driving.
A brief review of studies recently conducted throughout the United States
indicates that there are some important issues to discuss and hard decisions to be
made relating to cell phone use. Each study seems to indicate that cell phone use
is indeed a problem for motorists and often leads to inattentive driving, but the
magnitude of the problem has yet to be adequately identified. Cell phone use
must be viewed both as a distraction itself and as one variable within the entire
issue of “inattentive driving” or “distracted driving”. There are also disagreements
among the studies on the comparative safety of hands-free cell phones, the
promotion of overall bans on all technologies for drivers, interest in other driver
distractions, overall driver experience, and how best to collect empirical data.
A June 2003, report from the National Transportation Research Board
(NTSB) made a strong recommendation that all states pass laws prohibiting
inexperienced drivers from using cell phones while driving. Joseph Osterman,
director of NTSB’s Office of Highway Safety stated that “We think that
inexperienced drivers should do nothing more than concentrate on the driving
task.” The NTSB report indicated that “drivers who are distracted will respond up
to 1.5 seconds later to a hazard on the road” than those who are not using cell
phones. The NTSB is careful, however, not to recommend a general ban on cell
phones. Board chairwoman Ellen Engleman states that “We don’t want to be
simplistic…saying cell phones are all bad…We need to find out facts and not
12
16. come to a conclusion too fast.” New Jersey and Maine are the only states so far
to have passed laws prohibiting drivers with learners’ permits from using cell
phones or other wireless devices while driving and only New York band all
drivers from using hand-held cell phones. The NTSB recommendations on driver
distractions include:
• Enact laws that bar novice drivers with learner’s permits and provisional or
intermediate licenses from using cell phones while driving;
• All drivers education courses should include warnings about the dangers of
driving distractions, such as cell phones;
• Require the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration to track and
analyze the scope and impact of cell-phone related accidents;
• Have states add driver distraction codes, including one for cell phone use,
to their traffic accident investigation forms;
• Develop a nationwide media campaign stressing the dangers of distracted
driving.
Some of the other studies that may be useful in further research include:
Virginia: One of the most recent studies was conducted by the Virginia
Commonwealth University for the Virginia Department of Motor Vehicles. That
study’s headline states “VCU finds cell phones are not the leading cause of
distracted driving.” After more than 2,700 crashes involving distracted
drivers and almost 4,500 drivers studied, the study results indicate that
cell phone use ranked sixth on the list of the most important “distracted
driving behaviors.” Ranking first, with the factor contributing to 16% of the
distracted driver crashes, was “looking at crash, vehicle, roadside incident or
traffic”, followed by driver fatigue (12%), “looking at scenery or landmarks”
(10%), passenger or child distraction (9%), and adjusting radio or changing CD or
tape (7%). Cell phone distraction contributed to 5% of the distracted driver
crashes. On an annual basis, overall driver distraction accounts for “roughly 13%
of all traffic crashes in Virginia.”
University of Utah: Psychologists from the University of Utah conducted a
study published in the March 2003 issue of the Journal of Experimental
Psychology: Applied and in the February – March 2003 issue of the National
Safety Council’s Injury Insights, that identified “inattention blindness” as a vital
factor in safe driving. The study states that “ ‘inattentive blindness’ makes drivers
less able to process visual information” and “Even when participants [drivers] are
directing their gaze at objects in the driving environment, they may fail to ‘see’
them because attention is directed elsewhere.” Thus, the findings indicate that
motorists who use hands-free cell phones and hand-held cell phones are
“equally impaired” and miss or react slowly to traffic signals more than
motorists who do not use cell phones. Specifically, the study showed that cell
phone users took longer to brake, are less attentive to the driving environment,
don’t “see” their surroundings, and had less subconscious memory. Similar
13
17. findings were identified in a recent study from the psychology department of the
University of Kansas.
University of North Carolina: The Highway Safety Research Center of the
University of North Carolina conducted two studies of motorist cell phone use in
North Carolina. The first study was conducted in 2001 and concluded that “cell
phone use while driving does elevate the risk of a crash…Using cell phones slows
reaction times and degrades drivers’ tracking abilities. But there is wide
disagreement about the magnitude of that increased risk and whether hands-free
cell phone use is safer than hand-held.” The study also found that at any given
time, 3.1% of the people on North Carolina roads are using their cell phones
while driving, which compares with the National Highway Transportation Safety
Administration study that estimates national cell phone use while driving at 3%.
The second study conducted in the summer of 2002 estimated that “cellular
telephones are involved in at least 0.16 percent of crashes occurring in non-
metropolitan areas of the state, or about one in 623 reported crashes.” These cell
phone drivers’ violations most commonly identified included failure to reduce
speed, traffic signal violations, speeding, following too closely and failure to yield.
National Conference of State Legislature’s Driver Focus and Technology
Forum: The final, March 2002, report of the Driver Focus and Technology
Forum attempted to provide a “comprehensive guide and leading source of
current information” for legislators and interested persons on “issues of driver
distraction and traffic safety.” In this report, the executive director of the
conference noted that “Technology has brought great advantages to drivers in
need of emergency service while at the same time, in the hands of uneducated
users, has caused safety concerns.” This comment illustrates some of the “big
picture” concerns regarding cell phone use by motorists. After the eight-month
study, these concerns are identified by the Forum members in their fourteen
recommendations:
1) Federal law governs equipment embedded in motor vehicles. Driver
behavior, however, should be a state issue.
2) “States, rather than local jurisdictions, should decide whether to regulate
the use of wireless telephones and other communications, information and
entertainment technology in motor vehicles.”
3) Drivers should not have access to traditional broadcast televisions or other
embedded technologies that are not intended for driver use.
4) No regulations should prevent a driver’s use of cell phones in emergency
situations.
5) Any legislation should consider including automatic crash notification
systems.
6) Driver education programs must include instruction on driver distractions.
7) Safety groups should be included when developing educational materials.
8) All states should collect empirical data related to driver distractions on
crash report forms.
14
18. 9) “Academic studies – such as driving simulators, road tests and
epidemiological research – should supplement information obtained from
crash reports.”
10) All drivers should receive educational materials on driver distractions.
11) Federal and state governments should work with technology industries and
federal and state governments, as well as industry should engage in specific
research related to cell phone use.
12) Teenage and inexperienced drivers are more susceptible to driver
distractions, including cell phones and other technologies.
13) School districts should be encouraged to provide cell phones for school bus
drivers for use in emergency situations.
14) Any enforcement of legislative restrictions on motorist cell phone use
should be phased in “to allow the consumer enough time to adjust to
restrictions.”
AAA: The American Automobile Association (AAA) recently compiled
information from various studies nationwide, on the issue of motorist cell phone
use. Among the information gathered, AAA noted that the National Highway
Safety Administration (NHTSA) estimates that from 25% - 50% of the nation’s
crashes involve distracted drivers; these distractions include eating while
driving, using cell phones, managing children, conversations with passengers,
reading maps, and listening to radios, etc. And due to the increased popularity of
cell phones and highly publicized crashes, there is a “heightened concern as to the
need to minimize driver distractions.” Yet, the cell phone is not listed as the
primary distraction; findings indicate that “no single distracter predominates
beyond listening to / tuning radios and eating.” More importantly, the various
studies contend that “psychomotor tasks”, or activities that cause drivers to take
their eyes from the road “are the major contributor to accidents involving driver
distraction.” Included however, in the list of distractions, is the time that the
driver is engaged in “intellectual preoccupation”, such as carrying on a
conversation on a cell phone, either hand-held or hands-free. This intellectual
preoccupation can delay reaction time, inhibit detection of hazards or shrink the
normal margin of safety.
Japan: Two studies conducted in Japan in 2001 indicate that the use of cell
phones by motorists does delay driver reaction time, compromises the mental
attention drivers give to their driving, draws the drivers eye from the visual field
of driving, and increases unstable driving. These studies employed the techniques
of driving simulations along with the study of driving on “real” roads and report
that “using a cellular telephone while driving may cause a collision because it
delays visual information processing by the driver.” The driver experiences
mental distractions both with hand-held cell phones and hands-free cell
phones that compromise the driver’s skills and safe driving habits.
15
19. California: Two different studies conducted by the California Highway Patrol
(CHP), in 1997 and 2002, approached the issue of motorist cell phone use. 1) The
1997 paper was a review of cell phone use studies found in the bi-monthly
publication titled Accident Analysis and Prevention. The conclusion reached by
CHP was that though “risks appear to be higher among younger, older, and
inexperienced drivers…none of the researchers were able to state that
cellular telephone use causes traffic collisions.” In short, the authors of the
various studies all agreed that more studies are needed. 2) The 2002 study was
conducted using the CHP 555, Traffic Collision Report, which is similar to
Wisconsin’s MV4000. The intent of the six-month data collection was to collect
“information as to whether a cellular telephone or other driver distraction or
inattention is a known or suspected associated factor to the cause of the traffic
collision.” The study reported that out of 5,677 persons involved in collisions
identified as being inattentive and adding to the cause of the collision, 11% of
those persons were inattentive due to cell phone use. This was the greatest
percentage for inattention and was a factor in 6 fatalities. The study goes on to
state that the data collected does not enable determination of “how many
of the collisions, if any, would have been avoided without the [use of cell
phones].” And as with other studies, this study stated that the lack of
comparative data makes it “impossible to answer questions relating to
trends.”
NHTSA: A 1997 report by the National Highway Safety Administration (NHTSA)
concluded that “in some cases the inattention and distraction created by the
use of a cellular telephone while driving is similar to that associated with
other distractions in increasing collision risk.” Included in that conclusion is
the notation that among the several factors by which cell phone use can increase
the risk of collision is that “conversation appears to be most associated with the
collisions reviewed.” That is, the act of talking was the main distracting feature of
cell phone use. The report also states that there was “insufficient data to indicate
the magnitude of any safety-related problem associated with cellular telephone
use while driving” which is similar to the conclusion reached by the limited
Wisconsin State Patrol study. However, the NHTSA report concludes its
report by identifying a variety of options that could be employed to
enhance the safe use of cell phones. The options include “educational,
research, enforcement and legislative considerations and initiatives” each with the
intent to “better define the nature and magnitude of any potential traffic safety
problem and assist the public, the states and the industry in making informed
decisions on how best to address any issues related to cellular telephone use and
driving.”
The above information represents only a fraction of the literature available
regarding cell phone use while driving, driver distractions, and inattentive driving.
While not complete, the list of other variables integral to a comprehensive study
of distracted or inattentive driving includes:
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20. • Efforts to identify the magnitude of the problem;
• Identification of other driver distractions;
• Intensity of mental distractions:
• Impact of driver experience;
• Efforts at public education;
• Identification of future communications devices;
• Effective enforcement.
CONCLUSION
While the Department of Transportation and Wisconsin State Patrol survey did
not provide a definitive conclusion on the relationship of cell phone use to motor
vehicle crashes, it did provide a first step in a review of the issue. The lack of
striking data that points unquestionably at cell phone use as the cause of crashes
leads us to believe that there are many more variables that must be discussed
before any decisions are made on how best to either limit motorist cell phone use
or enhance safety for cell phone users. The data indicates that cell phone use is
indeed a contributing factor to motor vehicle crashes, as are other reasons for
“inattentive” or “distracted” driving, and that, in itself, is an important finding.
However, taking into consideration the limited scope of the survey and after
reviewing the studies conducted by other agencies and institutions on cell phone
use, it is clear that there are many variables involved and alternative approaches
for alleviating the problem. The Wisconsin legislature, law enforcement
community and safety professionals must take this “first step” survey data and use
it to encourage further consideration of alternative ways to ensure the safe, and
perhaps limited, use of cell phones on Wisconsin’s highways.
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