This report summarizes a comparative accident study between years when a limousine company did and did not allow cell phone use. Survey results from drivers found most believed cell phone use increased distraction and accidents. Accident rates in categories like rear-end collisions and sideswipes decreased from 1998 to 1999 after the company introduced cell phones. However, the decreases were smaller than projections from studies finding 34-400% higher accident risks with cell phone use. The report examines literature on impacts of cell phone use on driving and identifies best practices to reduce risks.
Driver distraction, including cell phone use, contributes to 20-30% of vehicle collisions. While hands-free phones allow drivers to keep hands on the wheel, studies show driver inattention is the larger issue and hands-free phones pose similar risks. Some states and countries restrict cell phone use while driving, but studies show education may be more effective than penalties alone at changing behavior and improving safety.
This document discusses how fleet managers must address the growing issues of distracted and impaired driving caused by mobile device use and drug/alcohol use among drivers. It provides examples of policies and language to establish clear rules regarding legal and illegal behaviors, and the consequences of violating safety policies. Creating a culture with incentives for safe driving and penalties for unsafe driving can help reduce costs and risks. Fleet managers must balance connectivity needs with safety by restricting certain mobile uses while driving and ensuring drivers are not impaired.
There are three main types of driver distraction: visual, manual, and cognitive. Distracted driving can endanger drivers, passengers, and bystanders. Common distractions include texting, cell phone use, eating, talking to passengers, and adjusting devices. In 2010, nearly 3,000 people were killed and over 400,000 injured in distraction-affected crashes. Teen drivers under 20 and drivers using handheld devices are especially at risk of crashes from distraction. States are passing laws against distracted driving to increase awareness and prevent accidents.
This document discusses using driver state monitoring and feedback systems to enhance traffic safety. It summarizes that driver state factors like distraction, impairment, and drowsiness contribute to a major portion of crashes. Monitoring technologies like eye tracking can assess driver state in real-time by measuring visual distraction, drowsiness, and impairment. Experiments show measures like total eyes-off-road time and reaction times correlate with degraded driving performance when distracted. Driver state monitoring has potential to prevent crashes by modifying risky behavior and integrating with other safety systems.
Nearly 5,000 people died in crashes involving distracted drivers in 2009 according to the Department of Transportation. This document outlines a final rule by the Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration and Pipeline and Hazardous Materials Safety Administration restricting the use of hand-held mobile phones by commercial drivers. The rule aims to improve safety on roads by reducing distracted driving crashes involving commercial vehicles. It also establishes new licensing sanctions for drivers violating this restriction or state laws limiting mobile phone use while driving.
Driving while using a cell phone is a dangerous distraction that should be illegal. It contributes to a significant number of motor vehicle accidents and deaths each year. Even hands-free use requires dual-task processing that takes attention away from safe driving. While some argue banning cell phone use won't stop all accidents, it could prevent thousands of deaths annually by reducing this major cause of distracted driving. For safety and policy reasons, all states should prohibit any cell phone use behind the wheel.
Join the Frickey Law Firm for Distracted Driving Awareness Month in April as we focus on understanding, preventing, and responding to this reckless behavior.
Progressive is a major car insurance provider in the United States that has experienced high growth over the past 20 years, rising from the 34th largest insurer to the 3rd largest through an average annual growth rate of 17%. Progressive disrupted the industry by providing cheaper insurance quotes through an innovative online tool that considers more detailed risk variables and data. The company also created the iconic character Flo in advertisements to personify the brand and build a connection with customers. Looking ahead, Progressive plans to continue innovating, expanding its data and markets beyond vehicle insurance to sustain its competitive edge.
Driver distraction, including cell phone use, contributes to 20-30% of vehicle collisions. While hands-free phones allow drivers to keep hands on the wheel, studies show driver inattention is the larger issue and hands-free phones pose similar risks. Some states and countries restrict cell phone use while driving, but studies show education may be more effective than penalties alone at changing behavior and improving safety.
This document discusses how fleet managers must address the growing issues of distracted and impaired driving caused by mobile device use and drug/alcohol use among drivers. It provides examples of policies and language to establish clear rules regarding legal and illegal behaviors, and the consequences of violating safety policies. Creating a culture with incentives for safe driving and penalties for unsafe driving can help reduce costs and risks. Fleet managers must balance connectivity needs with safety by restricting certain mobile uses while driving and ensuring drivers are not impaired.
There are three main types of driver distraction: visual, manual, and cognitive. Distracted driving can endanger drivers, passengers, and bystanders. Common distractions include texting, cell phone use, eating, talking to passengers, and adjusting devices. In 2010, nearly 3,000 people were killed and over 400,000 injured in distraction-affected crashes. Teen drivers under 20 and drivers using handheld devices are especially at risk of crashes from distraction. States are passing laws against distracted driving to increase awareness and prevent accidents.
This document discusses using driver state monitoring and feedback systems to enhance traffic safety. It summarizes that driver state factors like distraction, impairment, and drowsiness contribute to a major portion of crashes. Monitoring technologies like eye tracking can assess driver state in real-time by measuring visual distraction, drowsiness, and impairment. Experiments show measures like total eyes-off-road time and reaction times correlate with degraded driving performance when distracted. Driver state monitoring has potential to prevent crashes by modifying risky behavior and integrating with other safety systems.
Nearly 5,000 people died in crashes involving distracted drivers in 2009 according to the Department of Transportation. This document outlines a final rule by the Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration and Pipeline and Hazardous Materials Safety Administration restricting the use of hand-held mobile phones by commercial drivers. The rule aims to improve safety on roads by reducing distracted driving crashes involving commercial vehicles. It also establishes new licensing sanctions for drivers violating this restriction or state laws limiting mobile phone use while driving.
Driving while using a cell phone is a dangerous distraction that should be illegal. It contributes to a significant number of motor vehicle accidents and deaths each year. Even hands-free use requires dual-task processing that takes attention away from safe driving. While some argue banning cell phone use won't stop all accidents, it could prevent thousands of deaths annually by reducing this major cause of distracted driving. For safety and policy reasons, all states should prohibit any cell phone use behind the wheel.
Join the Frickey Law Firm for Distracted Driving Awareness Month in April as we focus on understanding, preventing, and responding to this reckless behavior.
Progressive is a major car insurance provider in the United States that has experienced high growth over the past 20 years, rising from the 34th largest insurer to the 3rd largest through an average annual growth rate of 17%. Progressive disrupted the industry by providing cheaper insurance quotes through an innovative online tool that considers more detailed risk variables and data. The company also created the iconic character Flo in advertisements to personify the brand and build a connection with customers. Looking ahead, Progressive plans to continue innovating, expanding its data and markets beyond vehicle insurance to sustain its competitive edge.
Motor vehicle crashes are the leading cause of death for people ages 5 to 35 in the US. Human error is responsible for the vast majority of crashes, around 93%. Using a cell phone while driving makes a driver four times more likely to crash due to the cognitive distraction it causes. Reaction times of drivers using cell phones are slower than those of drunk drivers with a 0.08% blood alcohol content. Both hands-free and handheld phone use pose dangerous risks, as the brain experiences inattention blindness and a 37% reduction in spatial processing needed for driving. Cell phone use is estimated to be involved in 24% of all motor vehicle crashes. Public opinion polls show strong majority support for bans on cell phone use while driving.
This document provides an executive summary for Emergency Traffic Alert, Inc., a company that has developed technology to reduce accidents involving emergency vehicles through in-vehicle alerts. The technology alerts drivers to approaching emergency vehicles or other hazards when audible or visual warnings are obstructed. The company seeks $2 million in financing to further develop the technology, expand manufacturing, and enter new markets in preparation for a potential acquisition. It has an experienced management team with backgrounds in technology development, automotive industry experience, and corporate growth.
NETWORKVIAL: 13 BASIC TRAFFIC SAFETY RULES FOR DRIVERSNETWORKVIAL
The 13 Basic Traffic Safety Rules for Drivers are the response to the immediate causes which give birth to traffic accidents; performed by drivers, these are called “Unsafe Acts” and are detected in the statistical analysis of the accident in a given time lapse, they show that 20% of unsafe acts which add up with the 80% of all the cases, prioritizing and generating more force in preventive actions.
This document discusses the downing of Malaysia Airlines Flight MH17 and its impact on travel and risk management. It notes failures in automation and technology that did not properly alert consumers about the incident. It also discusses issues with political rhetoric, lack of crisis leadership, and the need for improved travel risk management, information sharing, and preparedness among travelers, businesses, and governments. The document provides advice to travelers and travel/risk managers on learning from this incident to improve understanding and management of risks associated with international travel.
The document discusses many potential solutions to improving road safety. It suggests that effective solutions require action in several areas: driver training and testing, enforcement of traffic laws, vehicle safety standards, road infrastructure design, public awareness campaigns, and emergency response systems. The most comprehensive approaches integrate improvements across all of these factors, with the goal of changing driver behavior, building safer roads and vehicles, and creating a culture with road safety as a priority. Cooperation between government, organizations, and the public is needed to make meaningful progress.
Patel_P_Final Motor-Vehicle-Crash Related Injuries Resourse Guide.pdfParth Patel, MPH
Motor vehicle crashes are a leading cause of death in the United States, especially among young people. In 2014, over 32,000 people were killed in crashes while over 400,000 were injured. West Virginia in particular saw 271 fatalities from distracted driving crashes in 2014. Various interventions like increased seatbelt and helmet use, sobriety checkpoints, and driver education can help reduce crashes, deaths, and injuries.
Road safety and accident prevention in IndiaRohit Sharma
Road accidents are a human tragedy. They involve high human suffering and monetary costs in terms of untimely deaths, injuries and loss of potential income. Although we have undertaken many initiatives and are implementing various road safety improvement program the overall situation as revealed by data is far from satisfactory. During the calendar year 2010, there were close to 5 lakh road accidents in India, which resulted in more than 1.3 lakh persons. These numbers translate intone road accident every minute, and one road accident death every 4 minutes. Unfortunately, more than half the victims are in the economically active age group of 25-65 years. The loss of the main bread winner can be catastrophic.
Road traffic accidents are amenable to remedial action. Many a countries have curbed the menace of road accidents by
adopting a multipronged approach to road safety that encompasses broad range of measures, such as, traffic management, design and quality of road infrastructure, application of intelligent transport system, safer vehicles, law enforcement, effective and quick accident response and care etc. The Government alone cannot tackle road safety problems. There is a need for active involvement of all stake- holders to promote policy reform and implementation of road safety measures.
Addressing road safety is comprehensive manner underscores the need to involve multiple agencies and sectors like health, transport and police. The present study provides the magnitude and various dimensions of road accident in India. The analysis on road accidents in this study will help to create awareness, guidelines and assist in informed decision making on road safety.
This document discusses the dangers of distracted driving. It begins by defining different types of distractions like visual, manual, and cognitive distractions. Common distractions include using phones, eating, grooming, and interacting with passengers. Distracted driving is involved in 80% of accidents according to the NHTSA. Over time, as technology evolved and brought more distractions, driving became more dangerous. The presentation recommends planning trips, focusing only on driving, and avoiding risky behaviors like texting to drive safely.
April is Distracted Driving Awareness Month. In the spirit of bringing clarity to a growing issue, TrueMotion, has put together this deck with statistics from industry leaders.
View the INFOGRAPHIC here - http://truemo.me/distractionfacts
This document discusses stakeholders that will be affected by autonomous vehicles, including government regulators, law enforcement, businesses, and the general public. For government stakeholders, key challenges will be determining legal liability, establishing consistent policies across states, and gaining public acceptance. Businesses like insurance companies will also be heavily impacted as autonomous vehicles have the potential to significantly reduce accidents and insurance costs. The document examines issues that various stakeholders will face during the transition to autonomous vehicle technology.
This document summarizes road safety trends and vulnerable groups in South Asia. It finds that road traffic injuries disproportionately impact males aged 20-40 who often use motorcycles. Pedestrians, especially women and children, are also highly vulnerable. Data on road crashes is often scarce and inconsistent across South Asia. Young drivers, pedestrians, public transport users, and the disabled are particularly at risk due to unsafe infrastructure, reckless driving, and lack of road safety measures. Better road design, traffic enforcement, and safety education are needed to reduce crashes and protect vulnerable groups.
IRJET-Road Traffic Accident Analysis and Prediction Model: A Case Study of Va...IRJET Journal
This document discusses road traffic accidents in Vadodara City, India. It analyzes accident data from 2010-2016 collected from local police stations. Key findings include:
- Accident severity, the number of people killed per 100 accidents, increased over this period.
- The highest numbers of accidents occurred in March-April and involved two and four-wheelers.
- Factors contributing to accidents included lack of median barriers, footpaths, traffic signals and signs.
- The study aims to identify causes of accidents, develop an accident prediction model, and propose safety improvements to reduce accidents.
Distracted Driving is a growing problem not only in Maryland but across the country. Today auto drivers are constantly under the threat of being distracted whether by phone calls, text messages or simply by tuning the radio. This slide presentation exhibits the most common dangers associated with distracted driving and the laws in Maryland that attempt to prevent it and further fatalities.
Epidemiology, prevention & control of rtaAbhi Manu
Road traffic accidents (RTAs) are a major public health problem globally and in India. RTAs are projected to become the third leading cause of death worldwide by 2020. In India, over 1.3 lakh people die from RTAs each year. The risk factors for RTAs include speeding, drunken driving, reckless behavior like cell phone use while driving, lack of helmets and seatbelts. Prevention strategies include mandatory helmet and seatbelt laws, setting and enforcing speed limits, banning cell phone use while driving, and road safety infrastructure improvements. Management of RTA victims focuses on providing medical care, especially first aid, within the first hour to reduce mortality and injury severity. A multifaceted, collaborative approach is needed
Some Reasons Why Road Accidents Happen, number of Accident happened. Driver Safety measures to be taken in order to atlest reduce the numbers.
Presented by: www.driversafetycourse-texas.com
This document provides information about distracted driving, with a focus on commercial motor vehicle (CMV) drivers. It discusses:
- The various types of distractions, including phones, passengers, food etc. and their impact on driving ability.
- Statistics that show an increase in fatal crashes related to distracted driving from phone use and fatigue. Drivers using phones have slower reaction times similar to drunk driving.
- Federal and California state laws that prohibit handheld phone use and texting while driving CMVs. Fines and license suspensions increase for repeat offenses.
- Strategies for avoiding distraction, like putting phones out of reach, and pledging to be a distraction-free driver and passenger. The
Kelly Nissan in Easton, PA. The Kelly Nissan facility is one of America's best Nissan Dealerships as measured by sales and service customer satisfaction. The Kelly Nissan dealership is located in Easton, PA and sponsors the unique social network based Kelly Automotive Community website at http://www.KellyCarCommunity.com. You should visit and join this automotive social network to receive special discounts on Nissan new and used vehicles, genuine Nissan accessories, parts and Nissan repair and maintenance service. Kelly Nissan also hosts a more typical dealership eCommerce website located at http://www.KellyCar.com where their entire inventory of new Nissans, including a huge selection of 2010 Nissan Rogues, as well as their large inventory of Certified Pre-Owned Nissan cars, trucks and SUV's is updated daily, providing car buyers with full details including prices and optional equipment descriptions.
Distracted driving information clearinghousefds sdf
The document provides information about various organizations that are conducting activities to reduce distracted driving such as consumer education campaigns, technology solutions, and advocacy efforts. It lists several major companies and nonprofit organizations like AT&T, AAA, Allstate, and Mothers Against Drunk Driving that are working to increase awareness of the dangers of distracted driving and promote laws and policies to address this issue. The FCC maintains this clearinghouse to share information about these different initiatives.
Road traffic accidents a major teen killerCPBansal
To bring awareness about this major cause of teen deaths, RTA have many predisposing factors - like road conditions, poor licencing, poor condition of vehicles apart from speed and distracted driving.
Report telemarketers and annoying callers. Trace any phone number.pleasure16
This document provides a guide to cell phone usage and service plans in New York City. It begins by discussing factors to consider when choosing a provider such as reception quality, which can vary significantly depending on location. It then offers tips on optimizing contracts, including negotiating deals when renewing, and choosing contract types such as individual plans, family plans, or prepaid options. The guide also covers topics like minimum contract lengths, early termination fees, phone replacement options, and laws regarding cell phone use in NYC. Overall, the document aims to help New Yorkers better understand their cell phone service options and get the most value from their plans.
This document describes a system that allows electrical devices to be remotely controlled via text messaging. It works by using an INSTEON controller connected to a computer to communicate with INSTEON switches. Twitter is used as an SMS gateway so that a phone can send commands to Twitter which are then read by a script on the computer controlling the switches. The script checks Twitter for commands and sends the appropriate signals to the switches via the INSTEON controller.
Motor vehicle crashes are the leading cause of death for people ages 5 to 35 in the US. Human error is responsible for the vast majority of crashes, around 93%. Using a cell phone while driving makes a driver four times more likely to crash due to the cognitive distraction it causes. Reaction times of drivers using cell phones are slower than those of drunk drivers with a 0.08% blood alcohol content. Both hands-free and handheld phone use pose dangerous risks, as the brain experiences inattention blindness and a 37% reduction in spatial processing needed for driving. Cell phone use is estimated to be involved in 24% of all motor vehicle crashes. Public opinion polls show strong majority support for bans on cell phone use while driving.
This document provides an executive summary for Emergency Traffic Alert, Inc., a company that has developed technology to reduce accidents involving emergency vehicles through in-vehicle alerts. The technology alerts drivers to approaching emergency vehicles or other hazards when audible or visual warnings are obstructed. The company seeks $2 million in financing to further develop the technology, expand manufacturing, and enter new markets in preparation for a potential acquisition. It has an experienced management team with backgrounds in technology development, automotive industry experience, and corporate growth.
NETWORKVIAL: 13 BASIC TRAFFIC SAFETY RULES FOR DRIVERSNETWORKVIAL
The 13 Basic Traffic Safety Rules for Drivers are the response to the immediate causes which give birth to traffic accidents; performed by drivers, these are called “Unsafe Acts” and are detected in the statistical analysis of the accident in a given time lapse, they show that 20% of unsafe acts which add up with the 80% of all the cases, prioritizing and generating more force in preventive actions.
This document discusses the downing of Malaysia Airlines Flight MH17 and its impact on travel and risk management. It notes failures in automation and technology that did not properly alert consumers about the incident. It also discusses issues with political rhetoric, lack of crisis leadership, and the need for improved travel risk management, information sharing, and preparedness among travelers, businesses, and governments. The document provides advice to travelers and travel/risk managers on learning from this incident to improve understanding and management of risks associated with international travel.
The document discusses many potential solutions to improving road safety. It suggests that effective solutions require action in several areas: driver training and testing, enforcement of traffic laws, vehicle safety standards, road infrastructure design, public awareness campaigns, and emergency response systems. The most comprehensive approaches integrate improvements across all of these factors, with the goal of changing driver behavior, building safer roads and vehicles, and creating a culture with road safety as a priority. Cooperation between government, organizations, and the public is needed to make meaningful progress.
Patel_P_Final Motor-Vehicle-Crash Related Injuries Resourse Guide.pdfParth Patel, MPH
Motor vehicle crashes are a leading cause of death in the United States, especially among young people. In 2014, over 32,000 people were killed in crashes while over 400,000 were injured. West Virginia in particular saw 271 fatalities from distracted driving crashes in 2014. Various interventions like increased seatbelt and helmet use, sobriety checkpoints, and driver education can help reduce crashes, deaths, and injuries.
Road safety and accident prevention in IndiaRohit Sharma
Road accidents are a human tragedy. They involve high human suffering and monetary costs in terms of untimely deaths, injuries and loss of potential income. Although we have undertaken many initiatives and are implementing various road safety improvement program the overall situation as revealed by data is far from satisfactory. During the calendar year 2010, there were close to 5 lakh road accidents in India, which resulted in more than 1.3 lakh persons. These numbers translate intone road accident every minute, and one road accident death every 4 minutes. Unfortunately, more than half the victims are in the economically active age group of 25-65 years. The loss of the main bread winner can be catastrophic.
Road traffic accidents are amenable to remedial action. Many a countries have curbed the menace of road accidents by
adopting a multipronged approach to road safety that encompasses broad range of measures, such as, traffic management, design and quality of road infrastructure, application of intelligent transport system, safer vehicles, law enforcement, effective and quick accident response and care etc. The Government alone cannot tackle road safety problems. There is a need for active involvement of all stake- holders to promote policy reform and implementation of road safety measures.
Addressing road safety is comprehensive manner underscores the need to involve multiple agencies and sectors like health, transport and police. The present study provides the magnitude and various dimensions of road accident in India. The analysis on road accidents in this study will help to create awareness, guidelines and assist in informed decision making on road safety.
This document discusses the dangers of distracted driving. It begins by defining different types of distractions like visual, manual, and cognitive distractions. Common distractions include using phones, eating, grooming, and interacting with passengers. Distracted driving is involved in 80% of accidents according to the NHTSA. Over time, as technology evolved and brought more distractions, driving became more dangerous. The presentation recommends planning trips, focusing only on driving, and avoiding risky behaviors like texting to drive safely.
April is Distracted Driving Awareness Month. In the spirit of bringing clarity to a growing issue, TrueMotion, has put together this deck with statistics from industry leaders.
View the INFOGRAPHIC here - http://truemo.me/distractionfacts
This document discusses stakeholders that will be affected by autonomous vehicles, including government regulators, law enforcement, businesses, and the general public. For government stakeholders, key challenges will be determining legal liability, establishing consistent policies across states, and gaining public acceptance. Businesses like insurance companies will also be heavily impacted as autonomous vehicles have the potential to significantly reduce accidents and insurance costs. The document examines issues that various stakeholders will face during the transition to autonomous vehicle technology.
This document summarizes road safety trends and vulnerable groups in South Asia. It finds that road traffic injuries disproportionately impact males aged 20-40 who often use motorcycles. Pedestrians, especially women and children, are also highly vulnerable. Data on road crashes is often scarce and inconsistent across South Asia. Young drivers, pedestrians, public transport users, and the disabled are particularly at risk due to unsafe infrastructure, reckless driving, and lack of road safety measures. Better road design, traffic enforcement, and safety education are needed to reduce crashes and protect vulnerable groups.
IRJET-Road Traffic Accident Analysis and Prediction Model: A Case Study of Va...IRJET Journal
This document discusses road traffic accidents in Vadodara City, India. It analyzes accident data from 2010-2016 collected from local police stations. Key findings include:
- Accident severity, the number of people killed per 100 accidents, increased over this period.
- The highest numbers of accidents occurred in March-April and involved two and four-wheelers.
- Factors contributing to accidents included lack of median barriers, footpaths, traffic signals and signs.
- The study aims to identify causes of accidents, develop an accident prediction model, and propose safety improvements to reduce accidents.
Distracted Driving is a growing problem not only in Maryland but across the country. Today auto drivers are constantly under the threat of being distracted whether by phone calls, text messages or simply by tuning the radio. This slide presentation exhibits the most common dangers associated with distracted driving and the laws in Maryland that attempt to prevent it and further fatalities.
Epidemiology, prevention & control of rtaAbhi Manu
Road traffic accidents (RTAs) are a major public health problem globally and in India. RTAs are projected to become the third leading cause of death worldwide by 2020. In India, over 1.3 lakh people die from RTAs each year. The risk factors for RTAs include speeding, drunken driving, reckless behavior like cell phone use while driving, lack of helmets and seatbelts. Prevention strategies include mandatory helmet and seatbelt laws, setting and enforcing speed limits, banning cell phone use while driving, and road safety infrastructure improvements. Management of RTA victims focuses on providing medical care, especially first aid, within the first hour to reduce mortality and injury severity. A multifaceted, collaborative approach is needed
Some Reasons Why Road Accidents Happen, number of Accident happened. Driver Safety measures to be taken in order to atlest reduce the numbers.
Presented by: www.driversafetycourse-texas.com
This document provides information about distracted driving, with a focus on commercial motor vehicle (CMV) drivers. It discusses:
- The various types of distractions, including phones, passengers, food etc. and their impact on driving ability.
- Statistics that show an increase in fatal crashes related to distracted driving from phone use and fatigue. Drivers using phones have slower reaction times similar to drunk driving.
- Federal and California state laws that prohibit handheld phone use and texting while driving CMVs. Fines and license suspensions increase for repeat offenses.
- Strategies for avoiding distraction, like putting phones out of reach, and pledging to be a distraction-free driver and passenger. The
Kelly Nissan in Easton, PA. The Kelly Nissan facility is one of America's best Nissan Dealerships as measured by sales and service customer satisfaction. The Kelly Nissan dealership is located in Easton, PA and sponsors the unique social network based Kelly Automotive Community website at http://www.KellyCarCommunity.com. You should visit and join this automotive social network to receive special discounts on Nissan new and used vehicles, genuine Nissan accessories, parts and Nissan repair and maintenance service. Kelly Nissan also hosts a more typical dealership eCommerce website located at http://www.KellyCar.com where their entire inventory of new Nissans, including a huge selection of 2010 Nissan Rogues, as well as their large inventory of Certified Pre-Owned Nissan cars, trucks and SUV's is updated daily, providing car buyers with full details including prices and optional equipment descriptions.
Distracted driving information clearinghousefds sdf
The document provides information about various organizations that are conducting activities to reduce distracted driving such as consumer education campaigns, technology solutions, and advocacy efforts. It lists several major companies and nonprofit organizations like AT&T, AAA, Allstate, and Mothers Against Drunk Driving that are working to increase awareness of the dangers of distracted driving and promote laws and policies to address this issue. The FCC maintains this clearinghouse to share information about these different initiatives.
Road traffic accidents a major teen killerCPBansal
To bring awareness about this major cause of teen deaths, RTA have many predisposing factors - like road conditions, poor licencing, poor condition of vehicles apart from speed and distracted driving.
Report telemarketers and annoying callers. Trace any phone number.pleasure16
This document provides a guide to cell phone usage and service plans in New York City. It begins by discussing factors to consider when choosing a provider such as reception quality, which can vary significantly depending on location. It then offers tips on optimizing contracts, including negotiating deals when renewing, and choosing contract types such as individual plans, family plans, or prepaid options. The guide also covers topics like minimum contract lengths, early termination fees, phone replacement options, and laws regarding cell phone use in NYC. Overall, the document aims to help New Yorkers better understand their cell phone service options and get the most value from their plans.
This document describes a system that allows electrical devices to be remotely controlled via text messaging. It works by using an INSTEON controller connected to a computer to communicate with INSTEON switches. Twitter is used as an SMS gateway so that a phone can send commands to Twitter which are then read by a script on the computer controlling the switches. The script checks Twitter for commands and sends the appropriate signals to the switches via the INSTEON controller.
I n t h e Picture This: Smart Cell Phone Camera Networkspleasure16
This document provides a summary of Maine's first annual report on cell phone recycling efforts in the state as required by Maine law. It finds that in 2008, approximately 54,400 cell phones were recycled in Maine, up from an estimated 1% recycling rate in 2003. This establishes a baseline for measuring the effectiveness of collection efforts going forward. Over 900 cell phone collection sites now exist statewide ensuring convenience for residents. Compliance among retailers was around 73% and most major carriers have developed recycling programs, though some small carriers require further follow up. Continued education efforts are needed to increase consumer awareness and motivation to recycle old phones.
This study examined how well calibrated younger and older drivers were to performance decrements caused by distraction from cell phone use. Forty drivers completed driving tasks on a closed test track while performing a mental math task on a handheld or hands-free phone. Drivers' estimates of performance changes due to distraction were compared to actual changes measured across multiple driving performance measures. The results showed that drivers generally were not well calibrated to the magnitude of distraction effects, with some estimates even showing performance changes in the opposite direction of reality. Younger male drivers in particular tended to underestimate distraction impacts. The findings suggest that lack of awareness of distraction effects could influence drivers' decisions to engage in distracting activities.
AngloGold Ashanti has agreed to sell its 33.33% joint venture interest in the Boddington Gold Mine in Western Australia to Newmont Mining Corporation for up to $1.1 billion. The sale is consistent with AngloGold Ashanti's strategy of focusing on its core assets and realizing value from non-core interests. It will strengthen AngloGold Ashanti's balance sheet and provide funding flexibility for growth opportunities. The sale consideration includes $750 million in cash at completion, up to $240 million in later cash or stock, and a potential $100 million royalty on future gold production above certain thresholds. Completion is subject to various regulatory approvals and is expected in 40-50 days. The sale is expected
The document discusses a survey of cell phone recycling programs in New York City. The survey examined compliance with New York state legislation requiring cell phone take-back programs, as well as voluntary programs. Key findings include:
- Only 36% of visited stores had visible take-back signs as required by law. Verizon Wireless stores complied most consistently.
- 28% of stores visited had a visible drop-off box. Boxes were often hidden from view.
- 30% of stores listed on the voluntary RBRC program website did not have drop-off boxes as advertised.
- Employees generally lacked knowledge about their store's recycling program, except at Verizon Wireless stores.
The survey found
A Comparison Of The Cell Phone Driver And The Drunk DriverMartha Brown
This study compared the driving performance of drivers conversing on a cell phone (both handheld and hands-free) to drivers with a blood alcohol concentration at the legal limit of 0.08%. Using a high-fidelity driving simulator, drivers followed a pace car that intermittently braked. When drivers conversed on a cell phone, their braking reactions were delayed and they were more likely to be involved in traffic accidents compared to when not conversing. Drivers who were intoxicated at the legal limit drove more aggressively by following closer and braking harder. The impairments from cell phone use were found to be as profound as those from driving drunk.
Mobile phone use - a growing problem of driver distraction - UNEasySonho
This document discusses driver distraction, focusing on mobile phone use. It defines distraction as the diversion of a driver's attention away from safe driving to a competing activity. Distractions can be visual, cognitive, physical, or auditory. Mobile phone use is a growing source of in-vehicle distraction that can impair driving performance by taking a driver's eyes, hands, and mind off the road. Studies suggest drivers using mobile phones are approximately four times more likely to be in a crash. While legislation and public awareness campaigns aim to address this issue, more research is still needed on effective interventions.
IRJET- Examine the Safety of Driver from Driving IntrusionIRJET Journal
This document discusses a study examining driver safety from distracted driving. The study involved observing driver behaviors to collect data on distracted driving. The researchers analyzed crash reports to determine which keywords indicated distraction was a factor. They found that activities like texting involve all three types of distraction (visual, manual, cognitive) and impair driving. Common distractions included cell phone use and route guidance systems. The goal was to expand understanding of distracted driving behaviors and their role in crashes to help improve road safety. Tests were performed on cement samples with rice husk ash additions to evaluate properties like strength and consistency.
Using mobile phones while driving effects & solutionsAhmad Bamasak
Using mobile phones while driving has become a major concern due to increased distraction and impairment of driving performance. The document discusses the effects of mobile phone use while driving, including increased crash risk which some studies estimate is up to 4 times higher than normal driving. It also examines potential solutions such as legislation banning handheld or all mobile phone use, public education campaigns, and technological solutions. Overall, the document analyzes the problem of driver distraction caused by mobile phones and suggests continued efforts are needed through enforcement, education, and technology to improve road safety.
The document discusses the dangers of using a cell phone while driving. It notes that cell phone use reduces drivers' attention and concentration levels, which increases the risk of accidents. Studies show drivers who use cell phones have slower reaction times and are four times more likely to crash than non-distracted drivers. The impairment level is equivalent to driving drunk. The document also compares cell phone use to other distractions like smoking, eating, and radio use, but finds cell phone use poses a greater risk to safety due to the cognitive demand of holding conversations.
The document discusses the dangers of using a cell phone while driving. It notes that cell phone use reduces drivers' attention and concentration levels, which increases the risk of accidents. Studies show drivers who use cell phones have slower reaction times and are four times more likely to crash than non-distracted drivers. The impairment level is equivalent to driving drunk. The document also compares cell phone use to other distractions like smoking, eating, and radio use, finding no significant differences, but all impair concentration and control while driving.
IOSR Journal of Electronics and Communication Engineering(IOSR-JECE) is an open access international journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of electronics and communication engineering and its applications. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications in electronics and communication engineering. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
In this Index, AAA investigates the public’s traffic-safety-related knowledge, attitudes, behaviors, and experiences, creates a baseline measure of traffic safety culture in the U.S., provides continuous monitoring of America’s traffic safety culture over time through surveys, guides traffic safety research and education, fosters dialogue about traffic safety and how to improve it.
Brought to you by MHFordCommunity.com
The document discusses cell phone use while driving and laws banning such use. It provides details on states that have banned handheld or all cell phone use while driving. Texting bans are also discussed. Data is presented showing that at least 28% of crashes are estimated to be caused by drivers using cell phones or texting. A study was conducted via surveys to examine attitudes towards cell phone use while driving and whether laws banning it could reduce accidents. Hypothesis tests found that over half of accidents are caused by cell phones and that over half of people agree laws would reduce accidents. A regression showed a relationship between these views and the laws' predicted effectiveness. The study concluded laws would help reduce cell phone-related accidents.
The document discusses cell phone use while driving and laws banning such use. It provides details on states that have banned handheld or all cell phone use while driving. Texting bans are also discussed. Data is presented showing that at least 28% of crashes are estimated to be caused by drivers using cell phones or texting. A study was conducted through surveys to examine attitudes towards cell phone use while driving and whether laws banning it could reduce accidents. Hypothesis tests found that over half of accidents are caused by cell phones and that over half of people agree laws would reduce accidents. A regression analysis showed a relationship between supporting the laws and how effective they may be. The study concluded laws banning cell phone use while driving could help reduce related
BattlefieldFord.org_2009 AAA Traffic Safety IndexBattlefield Ford
The document summarizes the results of the 2009 Traffic Safety Culture Index survey conducted by the AAA Foundation. Some key findings include:
- 35% of drivers felt less safe driving than 5 years ago, with distracted driving being the top cited reason.
- Texting/emailing and talking on a cell phone while driving were seen as very serious threats to safety by most respondents.
- While most saw texting while driving as unacceptable, 18% admitted to doing it in the past month.
The document discusses cell phone use while driving and laws banning such use. It provides details on states that have banned handheld or all cell phone use while driving. Survey data is also presented that was collected from employees on their cell phone use habits and opinions on whether such use contributes to accidents and whether stricter laws would help reduce accidents. Statistical tests were performed on the survey data, finding that over half of accidents are caused by cell phones and that most people agree stricter laws would reduce accidents.
Ga discussion,1. The concept in the study is positioning the natDustiBuckner14
Ga discussion,
1. The concept in the study is positioning the nation’s largest auto insurer, State Farm, as the most safety-conscious insurer by providing funds for communities to further research their dangerous intersections and initiate improvement based on the research. The constructs in the study are:
· Granting $20,000 to every city with a dangerous intersection on the overall list to defray the cost of a comprehensive traffic engineering study of the intersection.
· Granting $100,000 to each city named to the national top 10 dangerous intersection list to defray some of the cost of making improvements.
Sabirov states, “… a concept is a complex of views on something phenomena related to each other and forming an interconnected system; it is a certain way of understanding, interpreting any phenomena in some field” (2021, p. 7).
2. A hypothesis that might drive the research of one of the cities on the top 10 dangerous intersection list is the number of fatal incidents that have occurred at the intersection. “The formulation of a hypothesis provides a study with focus. It tells what specific aspects of a research problem to investigate, what data to be collected, and what not are to be collected, thereby providing focus are to be the study. As it provides a focus, the construction of a hypothesis enhances objectivity in a study” (Pawar, 2019, p. 3).
3. State Farm’s research uses a multiple-methodology design. Data is collected from State Farm’s databases and internal incident reports, and information is gathered from the industry market share. Čančer explains that a multi-methodology, “… uses more than one quantitative and/or qualitative method or methodology in tackling some real-world problem” (2017, p. 3).
4. If I were representing State Farm and was given the task of reviewing feedback from the transportation engineers, I would listen to what is being said without any prejudgments. Their concerns would be acknowledged and given a chance to be considered. “… feedback is defined as “perspectives, feelings, and opinions individuals have about their experiences with an organization, product, or service that are used to inform and improve the practice and decision-making of that organization” (Nolan, 2019, p. 2). The first concern of the transportation engineers is the demand for immediate solutions. It would be addressed by stating that the purpose of this study is to improve dangerous intersections. It is a process that cannot be rushed, and an immediate solution would be given when research is finished. The transportation engineers’ second concern of accidents with injuries and deaths to be given more attention is understandable and would be considered for research. “It is the glory of God to conceal a thing: but the honour of kings is to search out a matter” (King James Bible, 2017, Proverbs 25:2).
5. Traffic volume counts would be part of the 2003 study. Some jurisdictions were upset that it wasn’t initially included in the study. An e ...
Generating a Policy ProposalAlthough some states and cities .docxfathwaitewalter
Generating a Policy Proposal
Although some states and cities have passed laws to ban texting and using handheld phones while driving, there is no current law to ban all cell phone use while driving. However, according to the National Safety Council (2009), 28 percent of all crashes—1.6 million per year—are caused by cell phone use and texting by drivers. The mission of a new national nonprofit organization called FocusDriven, patterned after Mothers Against Drunk Driving, is to make phone use while driving as illegal and socially unacceptable as drunk driving. US Transportation Secretary Ray LaHood supports FocusDriven and its efforts: According to the
Pittsburgh Post-Gazette,
LaHood said this movement will become "an army of people traveling the countryside" to push for bans on cell phone use and tough enforcement (Schmit, 2010).
As a political advocate interested in this issue, you will be writing a policy proposal that utilizes the current research to propose a solution to the issue and submit it in this assignment.
Please note that your proposal is
not
an opinion/position paper, and your conclusions need to be based on the scientific research you reviewed earlier. Please follow the typical steps in proper academic writing (planning, outlining, drafting, revising, proofing, and editing) to generate the following proposal structure:
Introduction
In the introduction, you should set up the purpose for the proposal, provide a bit of background on the topic, and present your thesis.
Policy
Now that you have researched a variety of studies (in
M4: Assignment 2
), compile that information together to create a recommendation for policy makers regarding cell phone use while driving.
1: In a one-page summary, compare and contrast the results of the various studies regarding the cognitive abilities that are affected during cell phone use while driving.
2: Using that research, develop and explain particular recommendations for policy makers. For instance, restrict texting, or regulate the use of hand-held phones. All your recommendations must be supported by your research findings.
3: Based on the gaps in current research, describe the variables, populations, and situations which you would like to see future research address.
Conclusion
Review the important current research, your conclusions from that research, and how the future could look in both policy and research. Keep your goal in mind: To convince the reader to support your current policy proposal and future research to examine this issue more closely.
Your proposal should be written in APA style (which includes a title page with running header and a reference page), and free of typographical and grammatical errors. The body of your proposal should be 4–5 pages long.
The last assignment done!
Preparation for Generating a Policy Proposal
Professor:
PSY363 | Cognitive Psychology
Fitch, G. M., Soccolich, S. A., Guo, F., McClafferty, J., Fang, Y., Olson, R. L., ... & ...
In this Index, AAA investigates the public’s traffic-safety-related knowledge, attitudes, behaviors, and experiences, creates a baseline measure of traffic safety culture in the U.S., provides continuous monitoring of America’s traffic safety culture over time through surveys, guides traffic safety research and education, fosters dialogue about traffic safety and how to improve it.
Brought to you by MossBrosCommunity.com
In this Index, AAA investigates the public’s traffic-safety-related knowledge, attitudes, behaviors, and experiences, creates a baseline measure of traffic safety culture in the U.S., provides continuous monitoring of America’s traffic safety culture over time through surveys, guides traffic safety research and education, fosters dialogue about traffic safety and how to improve it.
Brought to you by CapitalAutoCommunity.com
This document outlines a distracted driving program aimed at 18-20 year olds. It begins by defining distracted driving and identifying it as a leading cause of crashes among young drivers. Specific contributing factors are identified, including cell phone use, passengers, and lack of experience. The program goals are to reduce distracted driving-related crashes through educational campaigns targeting students and increasing awareness of risks. A strategy team is proposed made up of program coordinators, university representatives, and community leaders to implement interventions like posters, screen savers, and speakers. A SWOT analysis evaluates strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats in addressing this important issue.
In this Index, AAA investigates the public’s traffic-safety-related knowledge, attitudes, behaviors, and experiences, creates a baseline measure of traffic safety culture in the U.S., provides continuous monitoring of America’s traffic safety culture over time through surveys, guides traffic safety research and education, fosters dialogue about traffic safety and how to improve it.
Brought to you by RiverheadAutomall.org
The document provides information about parking at Metrorail stations, paying fares, accessibility features, and transferring between Metrorail, Metromover, Metrobus, and the South Miami-Dade Busway. Key details include: parking at stations costs $4 daily; fares are $2 with reduced fares of $1; stations have elevators, escalators and stairs for accessibility; and many transfer options exist between rail and bus services.
Recycling of Cellular Telephones in Mainepleasure16
This document is a memorandum opinion from a United States District Court regarding the government's application for an order authorizing the installation and use of a pen register and caller identification system on two telephone numbers and the production of real-time cell site information. The court initially denied the application, finding the government needed to show probable cause to obtain real-time cell site information. The government then submitted a letter arguing existing statutes allow such information upon less than probable cause. The court examines these statutes and determines they do not authorize access to real-time cell site information without a showing of probable cause.
C O N T RO L L I N G E L E C T RO N I C S V I A S M Spleasure16
1) Fort Bragg FCU is collecting school supplies from April 1 to June 30 to send to troops in Afghanistan to help build trust with local communities. Needed supplies include notebooks, pens, pencils, pencil sharpeners, small toys, and healthy treats in ziplock bags.
2) Donations can be dropped off at any FBFCU branch location. Cash donations are also accepted.
3) Interest rates are low, so now is a good time for members to purchase a home and take advantage of a new government tax credit of up to $8,000 for qualified first-time homebuyers.
Job-Hunt FREE 15-Minute Guide to Layoff Self-Defensepleasure16
This document summarizes the results of a survey conducted by the Wisconsin Department of Transportation (WDOT) on cell phone use and motor vehicle crashes from May to October 2002. The survey found that cell phone use by drivers was reported in 1.5% of crashes surveyed. It provides background on bills proposed in the Wisconsin legislature regarding cell phone use and limitations. The report is intended to help legislators and safety officials better understand the issue but notes the limited scope of the study.
AWARENESS OF PERFORMANCE DECREMENTS DUE TO DISTRACTION IN YOUNGER ...pleasure16
This document provides 6 steps to protect yourself if you are at risk of being laid off from your job.
The steps are: 1) Establish private contact channels like a personal email and phone number. 2) Increase external networking through alumni groups and professional organizations. 3) Update your resume privately and collect recommendations. 4) Expand your online presence by registering a domain name. 5) Leave your current job before layoffs start to avoid credibility issues. 6) Take the steps before an actual layoff to prepare without tipping off your employer.
Address Book IntegrAtIon wIth Jd edwArds enterprIseone And Jd ...pleasure16
The document provides instructions for installing, configuring, and using Guardian mobile security software. It allows users to enable invisible SMS notifications if an unauthorized SIM is inserted, protect access to apps and data with a password, and purchase upgraded editions for additional features like remote tracking and wiping of a lost phone. Configuration involves setting the notification recipient, secret code, and selecting which apps to password protect. The software comes in Free, Gold, and Platinum editions that can be upgraded by purchasing a registration code.
Cell Phone–Based System Could Improve HIV/AIDS Drug Trackingpleasure16
Address book integration with JD Edwards and other systems can seem simple but is actually quite complex due to various data formats, proliferation of contact information types, and inconsistencies. Magic Software's iBolt is a code-free integration tool that can model the necessary business rules and processes through visual design to facilitate real-time or batch address book integration and information sharing between systems.
2008 DEER HUNTING INFORMATION AND ON-LINE/TOLL FREE TELEPHONE ...pleasure16
1) Researchers at NYU are developing a cell phone-based system called SmartTrack to improve HIV/AIDS drug distribution and patient treatment in Africa.
2) SmartTrack will use cell phone technology to more easily track drug shipments and monitor patient medication adherence and health outcomes.
3) The system aims to address key issues with drug supply chains in Africa like theft and counterfeiting, and help ensure patients follow drug regimens correctly.
This document provides information on deer hunting regulations in Illinois for 2008, including seasons, licenses required, legal firearms, tagging and reporting requirements, and other rules. Key details include:
- Deer hunting seasons include archery, youth firearm, two firearm seasons, muzzleloader, and late-winter antlerless.
- Hunters must report deer harvested within 10 hours via the online or phone check-in system and attach the confirmation number to the tag.
- Legal firearms are shotguns, muzzleloaders, and handguns .30 caliber or larger. Only expanding bullets may be used.
- Hunters must have the proper licenses, permits, and FOID card and follow regulations on tagging, transporting,
The document provides information about recognizing and reporting telephone fraud. It advises consumers to be wary of telemarketing calls and asks questions to determine if a call is legitimate or a scam. Consumers can report fraudulent calls to the FTC and state attorneys general to help law enforcement investigate scams and stop telemarketers. The national Do Not Call registry allows consumers to limit unwanted telemarketing calls by registering their phone numbers.
phone records could track rapist, expert sayspleasure16
Pre-paid phone cards allow users to pay for calling time in advance. However, some cards do not deliver the advertised number of minutes due to hidden fees or charges. Consumers should carefully check rates, expiration dates, and terms and conditions for any additional charges to ensure they get full value for the card. The FTC advises consumers to report any issues with non-working cards.
Bus left you waiting in the cold? Use your cell phone to track it downpleasure16
This article summarizes an expert's opinion that cell phone records could help identify the Northwest Serial Rapist in Columbus, Ohio. The expert, Ben Levitan, believes that by analyzing the cell phone towers that picked up signals from the victims' phones during each attack, police could generate a list of phone numbers near each crime scene and likely identify one phone number common to all the lists, pointing to the rapist. The Columbus police are skeptical but say they will consider any potential leads. They continue to encourage women to take safety precautions.
The Talk-N-Trace is a point-to-point communication and tracing set that allows up to 4 units to communicate hands-free over wired connections. It has a built-in ringer, volume control, and low battery indicator. To use it, the user connects one Talk-N-Trace to each end of the wire pair and presses the on button to power it on and allow conversation or signal the other end by holding the button to ring the other unit.
PRLog.Org - Free Web Service Lets You Locate, Track, Sync, Protect ...pleasure16
This free audio tour provides an overview and descriptions of modern outdoor sculptures located at the Getty Center. It includes commentary from sculptors and curators about 27 sculptures by artists such as Henry Moore, Isamu Noguchi, Joan Miró, and others. Visitors can dial a phone number and enter stop codes to listen to details about individual sculptures or get an overall description of the Sculpture Garden.
TechStone Soft announces the release of MobiWee, a cloud-based service that allows users to remotely access, backup, sync and secure their mobile devices. MobiWee offers features like contact and file management, SMS messaging from a computer, email setup, call forwarding, locating lost devices, and locking or wiping devices from a web browser on any computer. The service works across different phones, operating systems, and computers using 3G or WiFi connections. TechStone Soft created MobiWee to give users control over their information by storing it in the cloud rather than on the device manufacturer's servers.
The document describes techniques for conducting metabolizable energy assays in ducks, including feeding and excreta collection methods. Surgical attachment of a plastic retainer ring to the vent allowed excreta to be collected in plastic bags attached to the ring over 102 hours. Test ingredients were administered by orogastric tube in two doses. Excreta was collected by replacing bags at regular intervals. The techniques allowed accurate determination of apparent and true metabolizable energy values for various feed ingredients in ducks.
City of San Antonio Code: Regulating the Care and Control of Animalspleasure16
The document provides an introduction and overview of a teacher's guide called "Just Hatched" created by the British Columbia Waterfowl Society. The guide includes lesson plans, activities, and materials to teach young children about bird life cycles, different types of nests, and what baby birds need. It covers topics like camouflage, nest types, egg facts, hatching, and the needs of growing baby birds. The guide is intended to support classes visiting a bird sanctuary in the spring to see ducklings, goslings, and young cranes.
The City of San Antonio Code outlines regulations for animal care and control. Key points include:
1) All dogs must be leashed or confined to property and animal officers can impound unrestrained animals. Pets must also be vaccinated for rabies, licensed with the city annually, and limits are placed on the number of animals per residence.
2) Reports of animal bites or attacks must be made within 24 hours and biting animals quarantined for 10 days. Certain prohibited species like monkeys may not be kept as pets.
3) Permits are required for activities like breeding litters, owning excess animals, keeping livestock, and operating businesses like pet shops, grooming shops or commercial kenn
The document is a newsletter from Animal Nation, a non-profit organization dedicated to building awareness about wildlife and rescuing injured animals. It discusses the organization's wildlife hotline that directs callers to licensed rehabilitators. It also encourages supporting Animal Nation through donations, becoming a rehabilitator, or volunteering with their rescue team. The newsletter provides tips for helping wildlife through having bird feeders and baths, planting berries, and not disturbing trees or babies in the spring. It shares stories about rescuing a pig named Ivy Rose and asks readers to make a difference.
You may be stressed about revealing your cancer diagnosis to your child or children.
Children love stories and these often provide parents with a means of broaching tricky subjects and so the ‘The Secret Warrior’ book was especially written for CANSA TLC, by creative writer and social worker, Sally Ann Carter.
Find out more:
https://cansa.org.za/resources-to-help-share-a-parent-or-loved-ones-cancer-diagnosis-with-a-child/
Inspire: Igniting the Spark of Human Potentialgauravingole9
Inspire: Igniting the Spark of Human Potential
Inspiration is the force that propels individuals from ordinary to extraordinary. It transforms ideas into innovations, dreams into realities, and individuals into icons. This article delves into the multifaceted nature of inspiration, exploring its sources such as nature, art, personal experiences, and the achievements of others, and its profound impact on personal growth, societal progress, and cultural evolution. Through the lens of historical figures and timeless quotes, we uncover how inspiration fuels creativity, drives societal change, and ignites the spark of human potential.
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As we navigate through the ebbs and flows of life, it is natural to experience moments of low motivation and dwindling passion for our goals.
However, it is important to remember that this is a common hurdle that can be overcome with the right strategies in place.
In this guide, we will explore ways to rekindle the fire within you and stay motivated towards your aspirations.
Procrastination is a common challenge that many individuals face when it comes to completing tasks and achieving goals. It can hinder productivity and lead to feelings of stress and frustration.
However, with the right strategies and mindset, it is possible to overcome procrastination and increase productivity.
In this article, we will explore the causes of procrastination, how to recognize the signs of procrastination in oneself, and effective strategies for overcoming procrastination and boosting productivity.
Best Way to Overcome Procrastination and Increase Productivity.pdf
Free Cell Phone Audio Tour
1. Comparative Accident Study
Cell Phone Usage and Inattention
RESULTS
A-1 Limousine
LMN
Helping People Live Safer and More Secure Lives
2. Cell Phone Use and Inattention: Accident Causal Relationships
A-1 Limousine
TABLE CONTENTS
OF
Discussion
Executive Summary
Survey Results
Best Practices
Specific Distraction/Detraction Areas
Summary
Appendices
This Report was Prepared by;
Dennis Dougherty
Consultant
Liberty Mutual Loss Prevention
Our loss prevention service is advisory only. We assume no responsibility for management or control of customer safety
activities nor for implementation of recommended corrective measures. This report is based on information supplied by the
customer and observations of conditions and practices at the time of the visit. We have not tried to identify all hazards. We do
not warrant that requirements of any federal, state, or local law, regulation or ordinance have or have not been met.
Liberty Mutual Insurance Group i
3. Cell Phone Use and Inattention: Accident Causal Relationships
A-1 Limousine
DISCUSSION
History of Study
In the Fall of 1999, while attending a round table discussion at the NJ Highway Safety Council the
subject matter of cell phones and their causal relationship to auto accidents was introduced. It became
evident during this discussion of the lack of statistical information available. A-1 Limousine informed the
NJ Highway Safety Council they had recently incorporated cell phones into their business. Liberty
Mutual agreed to conduct an accident study to provide some statistical insight into this perceived
problem of cell phone usage as part of their ongoing Loss Prevention efforts in reducing frequency and
cost of accidents and share the findings with the NJ Highway Safety Council. This study was also an
attempt to identify Best Practices and compare safety program elements employed by A-1 Limousine as
they addressed accident costs and frequency as part of on going Loss Prevention service.
This study included a behavioral questionnaire completed by chauffeurs, an analysis of two years of loss
information, which consisted of one year without cell phone usage and one year with cell phone usage.
.
Cell Phone Use Study Profile
The chauffeur’s survey addressed elements of distraction and driver dexterity. It also allowed for input
as to perceived positive uses and negative drawbacks of cell phone usage. Over 100 surveys were
distributed to the chauffeurs, with an overall response rate of 33%.
Of those returned surveys, we used only those that had been driving/employed over the period of the
study (two years). We did not use surveys that provided incomplete answers.
By looking at those practices and procedures, which appear to address the exposures of mental
distraction and physical detraction, we refined the Best Practices cited in this report.
The accidents used for statistical purposes in this report covered calendar years 1998 and 1999. A
further breakdown by accident type to gauge Hit Other in Rear and Sideswipe Accidents was
conducted to evaluate the elements of distraction and detraction.
Further more this was a study that deals with drivers who drive as the essential component of their
employment. Taking this into consideration these drivers historically will have received additional training
than the average driver on the road, and also have a vested interest in accident prevention in the course
of their employment.
Liberty Mutual Insurance Group
4. Cell Phone Use and Inattention: Accident Causal Relationships
A-1 Limousine
DISCUSSION
The difficulty in conducting the study centered on the lack of available statistical information relating to
cell phone use and causal factors in accidents. We were unable to determine the time of phone calls
either outgoing or incoming in relation to the accident time. This concurs with the current obstacle
throughout the nation for data compilation in trending and analyses. As of this report only two states
(Oklahoma & Minnesota) note cell phone presence and/or use on their accident reports.
It is estimated cellular phone use is growing at a rate of 40-50% per year. Whereas in the early 1990’s
majority of cellular phone use was in the business sector, current estimates are that within a few years
there will be over 80 million cell phone users in the United States. At the time of this report only two
states include specific quot;check boxesquot; on their accident investigation forms to identify mobile phone use
as a factor in crashes. Thus data collection on a national scale should be a primary focus to accurately
evaluate the risk associated with cell phone use. In the interim, States can change their accident forms,
and business can track cell phone use and accident data internally in their own investigations.
In assessing the need for any legislative regulations on usage it is imperative that cell phone presence
and use data start to be collected in accident reports and safety education/information be disseminated
so that Best Practices can be formulated and awareness raised on this issue. Cell phone use will
continue to increase in the future as it is perceived to be beneficial in the event of emergencies,
convenience etc, and thus the safety of driving while using a cell phone will become a very visible and
political safety issue. It is essential to begin to collect better data on the risks associated with using a cell
phone while driving. This can be accomplished through further studies, simulations and increased data
compilation that will help in a more accurate measurement or benchmark of this risk in determining the
need for legislation.
Various studies were read to provide a foundation for comparison of the accident data and correlation
to chauffeur's knowledge and awareness of the potential hazard of cell phone use. A bibliography of
various reference sources and studies is included in the Appendix of this report as well as the salient
points of the studies that are included in the next section.
Liberty Mutual Insurance Group
5. Cell Phone Use and Inattention: Accident Causal Relationships
A-1 Limousine
EXECUTIVE SU M M A R Y
In comparing A-1 Limousine’s accident experience with the information and projected accident rate
increases purported by the studies, two types of accidents were utilized for statistical analysis. Hit Other
in Rear and Sideswipe types of accidents were chosen in the benchmarking analyses as they best
illustrate the type of accidents that can be attributed to distraction and detraction.
Individuals and other companies with different approaches and behavioral traits can obtain similar results
to those illustrated in this report. The practices detailed in the Best Practices section of the report are
those that have been incorporated by A-1 Limousine through enhancement of their fleet safety program
from formalizing procedures and completing recommendations of Liberty Mutual.
The following is a summary of the various articles and references used in this report:
• Car telephone use increases the variation of lateral position and increases driving errors,
especially when the keypad is held in the hand or is placed on the middle console. Performance tends to
deteriorate also during the phone conversation, shown primarily by increased reaction time and reduced
headways. (Source quot;Car Telephone Use, Driver Behavior and Accident Riskquot;, Nordic Road &
Research Transport Research, No. 1, 1996)
• The risk of a collision when using a cellular telephone was four times higher than the risk when a
cellular telephone was not being used. The relative risk was similar for drivers who differed in personal
characteristics such as age and driving experience; calls close to the time of the collision were
particularly hazardous and units that allowed the hands to be free offered no safety advantage over
hand-held units. (Source: “Association between Cellular-Telephone Calls and Motor Vehicle
Collisions” by Donald A. Redelmeier, Robert J. Tibshirani, New England Journal of Medicine 1997)
• Part of the Motorola Cellular Impact Survey indicates that there is a broad range of perceived
safety benefits available to cell phone users, as many in the survey have used their cell phone for several
safety purposes. (i.e. called for help in another’s or one’s own disabled vehicle, called for help in one’s
own or another’s medical emergency, called police to warn of dangerous weather or traffic situations).
It indicates that a large proportion of the population have purchased and used their phones for some of
the above reasons. It is most likely that these benefits are a major reason for the growth in non-business
usage.
Liberty Mutual Insurance Group
6. Cell Phone Use and Inattention: Accident Causal Relationships
A-1 Limousine
• On-Road Studies showed:
1) Talking on a mobile phone decreased the standard deviation of lateral
position or quot;swerving,quot; particularly while driving on a quiet roadway. Talking on the
mobile phone delayed adaptation to speed variation of the followed car by 600msec.
Steering wheel standard deviation was considerably greater when using a mobile
phone during city driving, particularly when placing and receiving calls on the hand-
held phones. Drivers’ mental workload increased while undertaking the telephone
task; no measurable difference was detected for the alternative driving conditions of
phone types. (quot;The Effects of Mobile Telephoning on Driving Performancequot; , Brookhuis, et
al., 1991)
2) Speaking while driving exerts a higher mental workload than driving
alone and induced increased task effort and frustration. Time taken to complete the
route was around 10 percent longer under speaking conditions. Heart rate was
significantly higher in the car phone condition than either the passenger or control
conditions. This could either have been caused by the inexperience of using a car
phone or could indicate that a car phone conversation is fundamentally more
demanding than a passenger conversation. Other studies have found that these two
types of conversation are different in the complete absence of quot;social cuesquot; in car
phone conversations, and also that the presence of a passenger increases the driver’s
awareness of their own driving standards. (quot;Effects of Handsfree Telephone Use on
Driving Behaviorquot; , Fairclough, et al., 1991)
3) The three tasks involved in mobile phone use - placing calls, simple
conversations and complex conversations - all increased the time required to respond
to highway traffic conditions, by between 0.3 and 0.85 seconds. Complex
conversations induced the largest reaction time increases, which were equivalent to
tuning a radio. Placing a call and undertaking a simple conversation were found to be
less distracting than tuning a radio. Age was found to have an influential effect on the
amount of distraction incurred. (quot;The Effect of Cellular Phone Use Upon Driver Attentionquot; ,
McKnight, 1991)
4) Drivers reported to be using a phone at the time of collision had a
nine-fold risk of a fatality over those without a phone. Drivers reported to have a
phone present in their vehicle were at twice the risk for a fatality as drivers without
phones. Drivers with phones were more likely to incur a collision due to quot;wanderingquot;
from their lane. Results suggest that phone use is associated with driver
inattentiveness to speed and lane position. (quot;Cellular Phones and Fatal Traffic Collisionsquot; ,
Violanti, 1998 )
Liberty Mutual Insurance Group
7. Cell Phone Use and Inattention: Accident Causal Relationships
A-1 Limousine
• General Studies showed:
Using a mobile phone does increase the risk of a crash but the
1)
amount of increased risk was hard to quantify and may depend on other driver-related
variables besides mobile phone usage. The national magnitude of the problem was
found to be unquantifiable due to the absence of mobile phone use in police crash data
reports. The report predicted that the number of crashes due to mobile phone usage
would increase in the future as the number of mobile phone users increased. There is
a large scope for improving the safety of mobile phone usage, both through driver
education to increase awareness of the dangers involved and through technological
advances to create ergonomically sound mobile phones. (quot;An Investigation of the Safety
Implications of Wireless Communications in Vehicles”, NHTSA, 1997)
Analyzing Accident Rate Data
As one can see from the various researches described above, analyzing the effects of cell phone use on
driving and subsequent accident involvement or risk of crash is a very complex task. The accuracy of
these predictions/projections of driver behavior, accident involvement depends on the quality of the
data. However, due to the limited amount of police crash reports detailing cell phone usage, these above
studies are for the most part what is currently available for any crash risk or accident analysis. The
studies all find that there is a significant risk, with the swing in accident involvement to be from the
Redelmeier study (1997) which states a quadrupling of the risk, to the study by Violanti (1996) which
finds a 34 percent increase in risk.
All the studies mentioned above are useful in pointing out how cell phone usage affects general driving
behavior. Repeatedly these findings most often include the adverse effects on driver reaction time,
mental stress, vehicle lane drifting, etc., all which point to the distracting nature of cell phone use. In
comparing cell phone use with other in car activities, Violanti (1996) found that mobile phone use was
most distracting if used for more than fifty minutes per month. In contrast, McKnight (1991) found cell
phone use to be no more dangerous than tuning a radio. Considering both the physical and mental
activity required by cell phones, it appears that this activity may be one of the most distracting in vehicle
activities. Even if one considers it to be only as distracting as tuning a radio; the actual exposure to
accident risk is significantly higher. This can be attributed to the fact that one spends a considerable
more amount of time on the phone as compared to tuning a radio, inserting a cassette or compact disk.
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8. Cell Phone Use and Inattention: Accident Causal Relationships
A-1 Limousine
Going with the assumption that cell phone use is associated with an increased accident or crash risk, it
can be hypothesized some types of behavior appear to be more at risk than other types of behavior.
The current research suggests that hands-free use is less dangerous than hand-held use due to the
removal of quot;physical distractionquot; while placing and receiving calls. However, research comparisons of
hand-held and hands-free phones in these studies shows that there is little difference in the actual risk
during the act of conversation due to the continued presence of a mental distraction.
Current research purports that the type of conversation is significant in determining crash or accident
risk. Violanti (1996) found that cell phone users engaging in intense or business conversations were
more likely to have a crash, while McKnight (1991) found that complex conversations were the most
dangerous phone-related activity. The general resultant finding in most of the studies seems to be that
engaging in a simple conversation is relatively risk-free compared to engaging in an intense conversation.
In Alm’s study (1990), a possible explanation is given for this, where it is stated that cell phone use and
driving are parallel tasks competing for the driver’s attention. If the driving task or phone task is simple,
the driver can easily accommodate one or the other but not both if they are difficult. Thus the increased
accident involvement rate with city driving.
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9. Cell Phone Use and Inattention: Accident Causal Relationships
A-1 Limousine
SURVEY R ESULTS
A survey by the Insurance Research Council in 1997 found that an overwhelming number of cell phone
owners (84%) believe that using a phone while driving is a distraction and increases the likelihood of an
accident. This corresponds to the A-1 Limousine survey (88%) responses. Additionally, drivers noted on
the survey the physical detractions incurred (one hand driving, inability to signal lane changes, having to
reach for a phone, sight migration) to the overall distraction of talking and listening to information being
relayed leads to inattention. Many had comments written on the survey form (50%) that illustrated their
knowledge of cell phone distraction and detraction while driving with the causal relationship leading to
accidents.
The following table exhibits the calculated accident rates comparing year of no cell phone versus year of
cell phone use along with projected accident rate expectations from two studies on the probability of
accident involvement increase from use of cell phone.
Accident Rates Accident Accident Rate Sideswipe Sideswipe Hit Other in Hit Other in
Rate per per Million Miles 1998 1999 Rear 1998 Rear 1999
1998-no cell phone
Million Miles 1999
1999-cell phone 1998
A-1 Limousine 2.73 2.36 (-14%) .4 .36 (-10%) .6 .55 (-8%)
Violanti Study 3.16 .54 .8
(1996)
34% increase in risk
Redelmeier, 9.44 1.6 2.4
Tibshirani Study
(1997)
(quadruple increase
in risk)
Accident Rate Comparison with Cell Phone Usage
10
9
8
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
0
A-1 1998 A-1 1999 Violanti Redelmeier
Projections Projections
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10. Cell Phone Use and Inattention: Accident Causal Relationships
A-1 Limousine
BEST PRACTICES
The Cellular Telecommunications Industry Association (CTIA) is using a campaign quot;Safety: Your Most
Important Callquot; (CTIA, 1998). This campaign’s central message is that it is a driver’s first responsibility
to drive safely and includes 10 points to consider when using a cell phone while driving. These are:
1. Get to know your phone and its features such as speed dial and redial.
2. When available, use a hands-free device.
3. Position your phone within easy reach.
4. Let the person you are speaking with know you are driving; if necessary, suspend the call in
heavy traffic or hazardous weather conditions.
5. Do not take notes or look up phone numbers while driving.
6. Dial sensibly and assess the traffic situation; if possible, place calls when you are not moving
or before pulling into traffic.
7. Do not engage in stressful or emotional conversations that may divert your attention from the
road.
8. Use your phone to call for help.
9. Use your phone to help others in emergencies.
10. Call roadside assistance or a special non-emergency wireless number when necessary.
A number of the above practices are incorporated into the policies and procedures in A-1 Limousines
Operations and thus correlated with their positive results in this study.
Some of these practices are:
1) Human Resources, includes training on use of cell phone and its features with the chauffeurs
2) Dispatch is required to ask chauffeur if they are ready to copy information, i.e. is the vehicle pulled
over.
3) Company procedures are to pull over and not be driving when calling Dispatch for information or
if chauffeur has to write down information from Dispatch.
4) General Practice as evidenced by the Chauffeur’s Survey is the practice of limiting time and
number of calls while client is in vehicle. This leads to contact with Dispatch when the chauffeurs
have reached their destination and are pulled over rather than while they are driving.
5) Company has sent memos out outlining procedures and the effect of emotional and lengthy
conversations can have on the chauffeurs’ overall attentiveness while driving.
6) A-1 Limousine is constantly analyzing and trending the types of accidents and disseminating this
information and prevention techniques to their chauffeurs.
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11. Cell Phone Use and Inattention: Accident Causal Relationships
A-1 Limousine
BEST PRACTICES
CTIA A-1 Limousine
√
Get to know your phone and its features Yes
such as speed dial and redial.
√
Do not take notes or look up phone Yes
numbers while driving.
√
Dial sensibly and assess the traffic Yes
situation; if possible, place calls
when you are not moving or before
pulling into traffic.
√
Do not engage in stressful or Yes
emotional conversations that may
divert your attention from the road.
√
Use your phone to call for help. Yes
√
Use your phone to help others in No
emergencies.
√
Call roadside assistance or a special Yes
non-emergency wireless number
when necessary.
√
When available, use a hands-free device. No
√
Position your phone within easy reach. Yes
Best Practice Summary
The above items are incorporated into the overall safety program of A-1 Limousine as summarized on
previous page. They typically also have a significant number of other safety activities in addressing auto
accidents. During the compilation of the information for this report A-1 Limousine began adopting and
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12. Cell Phone Use and Inattention: Accident Causal Relationships
A-1 Limousine
moving towards formalizing these Best Practices as part of their overall strategy to improve the accident
experience in their operations.
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13. Cell Phone Use and Inattention: Accident Causal Relationships
A-1 Limousine
SP E C I F I C DISTRACTION/DETRACTION A REAS
Following Distances
Since the studies related to increased reaction times, loss of headway or following distances, analysis of
Hit Other in Rear type accidents was benchmarked to gauge the effect cell phone usage would have on
this type of accident.
The following table portrays the projected accident rate increases purported by Violanti and Redelmeier
against the accident rate of the year without cell phone usage. The following table and graph illustrate the
effect the Best Practices A-1 Limousine incorporates into their fleet program and its overall positive
impact on the frequency of these type accidents. It should also be noted that A-1 noticed a trending in
these type of accidents last summer and contacted Liberty Mutual for information to disseminate to its
drivers. A-1 Limousine also utilizes the concept of a Timed Interval in its Driver Training Program to
ensure adequate following distances
Number of Hit Other in Rear Accidents Per Million Miles
Studies Projections Mean
A-1 Limousine 1998 Hit Other in Rear Rate .6
Redelmeier 2.4
Violanti .8
A-1 Limousine 1999 Hit Other in Rear Rate .55
As can be seen from the above exhibit, the studies expected an increase in the accident rate and A-1
decreased their accident rate.
Hit Other in Rear Accident Rate Projected Comparisons
3
2
1
0
A-1 1998 A-1 1999 Violanti Redelmeier
Projections Projections
Establishing the Timed Interval Rule and creating an expectation appeared to produce results. Even though
the expectation is communicated during orientation, it still is necessary to relate and refresh chauffeurs’
memory to increase awareness and attentiveness to address this type of accident.
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14. Cell Phone Use and Inattention: Accident Causal Relationships
A-1 Limousine
SP E C I F I C DISTRACTION/DETRACTION A REAS
Lane Drifting, Swerving: Distraction and Driver Deviation
Physical distraction and/or movement as well as mental distraction has a resultant effect in a greater
lateral deviation from path of travel which has been observed in on road studies of cell phone use while
driving.
Since the studies related this increased lateral deviation from path of travel, analysis of Sideswipe type
accidents was benchmarked to gauge the effect cell phone usage would have on this type of accident.
The following table portrays the projected accident rate increases purported by Violanti and Redelmeier
against the accident rate of the year without cell phone usage. The following table and graph illustrate the
effect the Best Practices A-1 Limousine incorporates into their fleet program and its overall positive
impact on the frequency of these type accidents. It should be noted that A-1 maintains a practice of pulling
over and not driving during cell phone usage and this practice may have the greatest impact on this type of
accident.
Number of Sideswipe Accidents Per Million Miles
Studies Projections Mean
A-1 Limousine 1998 Sideswipe Rate .4
Redelmeier 1.6
Violanti .54
A-1 Limousine 1999 Sideswipe Rate .36
As can be seen from the above exhibit, the studies expected an increase in the accident rate and A-1
decreased their accident rate.
Projected Sideswipe Accident Rate Comparisons
2
1.5
1
0.5
0
A-1 1998 A-1 1999 Violanti Redelmeier
Projections Projections
Establishing a set practice of pulling over when using cell phone to gather or relate information and
creating an expectation appeared to produce results.
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15. Cell Phone Use and Inattention: Accident Causal Relationships
A-1 Limousine
SU M M A R Y
The essential elements outlined in this report were to help A-1 Limousine manage and address
fleet accidents and overall driver and highway safety. In general, one can draw the following
conclusions from this report:
Cell Phone Users Should -
♦ Know reaction time will increase and thus there will be a need for
increased following distances.
♦ Know there will be lateral deviation from their path of travel if using
phone while driving and should pull over to a safe area when there
is a need for any extended phone conversation.
♦ Be included in Driver Awareness Programs through their
businesses, cell phone industry literature and insurance companies.
Education about the safety hazards need to be disseminated.
FUTURE PLANS
Specific programs and practices may be used by different companies and individuals and also
may vary slightly. Some companies and individuals may have good results with different
program and practices, so the exact mix of safety program elements, and training is likely to
vary from one company or one individual to the next. It is essential though that a company
establishes an overall plan to educate their drivers on the exposures and hazards on driving
while using a cell phone.
It is easier in the business environment to enforce practices and procedures as a condition of
one’s employment. To enforce safe habits and practices on an individual may encounter the
same resistance we have seen with seat belt legislation. There is no easy solution but I think all
will agree there is a great exposure and hazard and any pro-active approach is better than
waiting on mandates from the political sector.
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16. Cell Phone Use and Inattention: Accident Causal Relationships
A-1 Limousine
APPENDICES
REFERENCES
Alm, H; and Nilsson, L, quot;Changes in Driver Behaviour as a Function of Handsfree Mobile Telephones: A
Simulator Study,quot; Report No 47, DRIVE Project V1017 (BERTIE), October 1990.
Brookhuis, KA, de Vries, G, and de Ward, D, quot;The Effects of Mobile Telephoning on Driving Performance,quot;
Accident Analysis and Prevention, Vol. 23, No 4, 1991.
quot;Building the Wireless Future,quot; Cellular Telecommunications Industry Association, Public Information
Document, 1998.
Cellular Telecommunications Industry Association, quot;An Investigation of the Safety Implications of Wireless
Communications in Vehicles,quot; National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, DOT HS 808-635,
November 1997.
Fairclough, SH, Ashby, MC, Ross, T, and Parkes, AM, quot;Effects of Handsfree Telephone Use on Driving
Behaviour,quot; Proceedings of the ISATA Conference, Florence, Italy, 1991.
Goodman, M, Bents, FD, Tijerina, L, Weirwille, W, Lerner, N, and Benel, D, quot;An Investigation of the Safety
Implications of Wireless Communications in Vehicles,quot; National Highway Traffic Safety Administration,
DOT HS 808-635, 1997.
McKnight, AJ, and McKnight, AS, quot;The Effect of Cellular Phone Use Upon Driver Attention,quot; AAA
Foundation for Traffic Safety, January 1991.
The Motorola Cellular Impact survey, quot;Evaluating 10 Years of Cellular Ownership in America,quot; The Gallup
Organization, Inc. Princeton, New Jersey, 1993.
Redelmeier DA; Tibshirani RJ, quot;Association Between Cellular-Telephone Calls and Motor-Vehicle
Collisions,quot; The New England Journal of Medicine, Vol 336, No 7, February 1997.
Stevens, A, and Paolo, DAO, TRL Report 318, quot;The Use of Mobile Phones while Driving: A Reviewquot;,
Transport Research Laboratory, United Kingdom, 1997.
Violanti JM, quot;Cellular Phones and Fatal Traffic Collisionsquot;, Accident Analysis and Prevention, Vol. 30, No 4
1998.
Violanti, JM, and Marshall, JR, quot;Cellular Phones and Traffic Accidents: An Epidemiological Approachquot;,
Accident Analysis and Prevention, Vol. 28, No 2, 1996.
Liberty Mutual Loss Prevention Reference Note LP 281R2, “Mobile Phone Use” 1996
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