Synthesis, characterization of certain new heterocyclic hybrids of pyrazoles ...SriramNagarajan15
The work presented in this article consists of synthesis, characterization and biological evaluation of substituted pyrazole derivatives. Pyrazole derivatives have been shown to have wide variety of pharmacological activities like anti-inflammatory, antidepressant and anticonvulsant. As combination of biologically active moieties into one molecule and synthesis of totally newer moieties have been the methods of research, the present study is an attempt to synthesize some novel pyrazole derivatives, incorporating various biologically active aryl / aryloxy acid derivatives, such as ibuprofen, diclofenac, aceclofenac as well as potent antibacterial quinolones, norfloxacin and ciprofloxacin. All the compounds synthesized were evaluated for their anti-inflammatory (Carrageenan induced paw oedema method) activity. The results obtained were found to be compatible with standard literature and standard drug employed. Hence, the obtained derivatives can be subjected to further clinical studies to optimize their clinical efficacy.
EFSA report on Low Atmoshere Pressure System to stun poultryHarm Kiezebrink
There are two different approaches utilize Nitrogen to stun and kill animals: 1) rendering poultry unconscious - causing Anoxia - by placing poultry in foam filled with >98% Nitrogen (the Anoxia method), and 2) rendering poultry unconscious by gradually reducing oxygen tension in the atmosphere leading to progressive hypoxia in the birds (the LAPS method).
The Anoxia method, using a high concentration of Nitrogen under atmospheric circumstances is permitted under EU 1099/2009. The LAPS method is not permitted in the EU. In order to be allowed in the EU, new stunning methods must ensure a level of welfare at least equivalent to that of the methods already provided in Council Regulation 1099/2009.
The EFSA‟s Panel on Animal Health and Welfare (AHAW Panel) was asked to deliver a scientific opinion on the use of a low atmosphere pressure system (LAPS) for stunning poultry.
Four documents were provided by the European Commission (EC) as the basis for an assessment of the extent to which the LAPS is able to provide a level of animal welfare at least equivalent to that ensured by the current allowed methods for stunning poultry.
The LAPS is described as rendering poultry unconscious by gradually reducing oxygen tension in the atmosphere leading to progressive hypoxia in the birds. In order to be allowed in the EU, new stunning methods must ensure 1) absence of pain, distress and suffering until the onset of unconsciousness, and 2) that the animal remains unconscious until death.
The submitted studies were peer-reviewed by the AHAW Panel as outlined in its “Guidance on the assessment criteria for studies evaluating the effectiveness of stunning intervention regarding animal protection at the time of killing”.
It is unclear from the submitted documents whether the rate of decompression used in LAPS induces unconsciousness and death without causing avoidable pain and suffering in poultry. The assessed studies did not pass the eligibility assessment and, therefore, no further assessment was undertaken.
Jibachha Textbook of Introduction to Animal production and Management Part-I is especially for diploma level I Sc Ag animal science students based on new syllabus of CTEVT.
Animal Testing: Rationale for conducting studies, CPCSEA Guidelines
The use of animals in research is currently an essential component of the drug discovery process.
Animals help us advance our scientific understanding, serve as models to study disease, help us develop and test potential new medicines and therapies.
Animal testing has benefited researchers in understanding how to treat and prevent various conditions such as high blood pressure, diabetes, tuberculosis, polio, muscular dystrophy, and Parkinson's disease.
Education:
Undergraduate teaching to demonstrate effects of various drugs although this has been phased out in most institutes.
Postgraduate teaching to demonstrate the effects of various drugs, to determine the nature of an unknown drug for bioassay, screening methods and to learn skills e.g. administering drugs.
Research:
A larger number and a greater variety of animals are used in pure research than in applied research. This usually involves studies on embryogenesis, developmental biology, behaviour and breeding in Fruit flies, nematodes, mice and rats.
INTRODUCTION
The motto of Prevention of Cruelty to Animals (PCA) Act 1960 as amended in 1982 is to prevent infliction of unnecessary pain or suffering on animals.
The Central Government has constituted a Committee for the Purpose of Control and Supervision of Experiments on Animals (CPCSEA), which is duty bound to take all such measures as may be necessary to ensure that animals are not subjected to unnecessary pain or suffering before, during or after the performance of experiments on them.
The goal of these guidelines is to promote the human care of animal used in biomedical and behavioural research and testing.
To avoid/minimize pain and suffering inflicted on experimental animals
Inspection of animal house facilities
It provides guidelines for -
Proper care, housing, breeding, maintenance, handling and use of experimental animals.
Source of experimental animals
Acceptable experimental procedures for anaesthesia and euthanasia.
Registration of establishments conducting animal experimentation or breeding of animals for this purpose.
Selection and assignment of nominees for the Institutional Animal Ethics Committees (IAEC) of the registered establishments.
Approval of Animal House Facilities on the basis of reports of inspections conducted by CPCSEA.
Permission for conducting experiments involving use of animals.
Recommendation for import of animals for use in experiments.
Action against establishments in case of established violation of any legal norm/stipulation.
Conduct of Training Programmes for the Nominees of CPCSEA.
Conduct/Support of Conference/Workshop on Animal Ethics.
To assure quality maintenance and safety of animals used in laboratory studies while conducting biomedical and behavioural research and testing of products.
Quarantine
2. Personal hygiene
3. Environment
4. Physical facility
5. Animal husbandry
6. Animal disposal
7. Documentation
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IOSR Journal of Dental and Medical Sciences is one of the speciality Journal in Dental Science and Medical Science published by International Organization of Scientific Research (IOSR). The Journal publishes papers of the highest scientific merit and widest possible scope work in all areas related to medical and dental science. The Journal welcome review articles, leading medical and clinical research articles, technical notes, case reports and others.
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A brief presentation about what you'll read in the complete bachelor degree of animal husbandry and veterinary science. Here are the list of subjects -
1. Veterinary physiology,
2.Veterinary anatomy and histology,
3. Livestock production management,
4.Veterinary Biochemistry,
5.Veterinary Pharmacology and Toxicology,
6.Veterinary Parasitology,
7. Veterinary Microbiology,
8. Veterinary Pathology,
9. Veterinary Public Health and Epidemiology,
10. Animal Nutrition,
11.Animal Genetics and Breeding,
12.Livestock Products Technology,
13.Veterinary Gynaecology and Obstetrics,
14.Veterinary Surgery and Radiology,
15.Veterinary Medicine,
16. Veterinary and Animal Husbandry Extension Education,
17. Veterinary Clinical Practices,
18. Livestock Farm Practices.
Dr. Matt Anderson - Antibiotic use and future records necessary to keep the g...John Blue
Antibiotic use and future records necessary to keep the government and our customers happy - Dr. Matt Anderson, from the 2012 Allen D. Leman Swine Conference, September 15-18, St. Paul, Minnesota, USA.
More presentations at http://www.swinecast.com/2012-leman-swine-conference-material
Systematic Review on Phalatrikadi KashayaYogeshIJTSRD
Many scholars consider Ayurveda to be the oldest healing science. Ayurveda means Science of Creation in Sanskrit. Ayurvedic awareness dates back over 5000 years in India and is sometimes referred to as the mother of all healing systems. Phalathrikan Kashaya was included in many authentic Ayurvedic texts. It is indicated for all forms of Prameha, according to the shloka. In Ayurveda, there are 20 different forms of Prameha. Despite the fact that many pharmacological and clinical studies of Phalatrikaadi kwata on various diseases have been performed, there is no systematic review available, so the current study was conducted. Published research papers on Phalatrikadi kwata were found in various databases of research journals, and their abstracts were collected. Then, based on the Kashayas indication, all of the abstracts were checked. However, there are few studies that have been published on diabetes mellitus or any of the Prameha conditions that are listed in Ayurveda. So, according to Ayurveda, further clinical trials should be conducted to test the effectiveness of Phalatrikadi kwata against Prameha Rogas. T. K. G. Punchihewa | P. P. Uyanege | D. H. G. A. N. Keerthirathne "Systematic Review on Phalatrikadi Kashaya" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-4 , June 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.compapers/ijtsrd41097.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.combiological-science/other/41097/systematic-review-on-phalatrikadi-kashaya/t-k-g-punchihewa
Synthesis, characterization of certain new heterocyclic hybrids of pyrazoles ...SriramNagarajan15
The work presented in this article consists of synthesis, characterization and biological evaluation of substituted pyrazole derivatives. Pyrazole derivatives have been shown to have wide variety of pharmacological activities like anti-inflammatory, antidepressant and anticonvulsant. As combination of biologically active moieties into one molecule and synthesis of totally newer moieties have been the methods of research, the present study is an attempt to synthesize some novel pyrazole derivatives, incorporating various biologically active aryl / aryloxy acid derivatives, such as ibuprofen, diclofenac, aceclofenac as well as potent antibacterial quinolones, norfloxacin and ciprofloxacin. All the compounds synthesized were evaluated for their anti-inflammatory (Carrageenan induced paw oedema method) activity. The results obtained were found to be compatible with standard literature and standard drug employed. Hence, the obtained derivatives can be subjected to further clinical studies to optimize their clinical efficacy.
EFSA report on Low Atmoshere Pressure System to stun poultryHarm Kiezebrink
There are two different approaches utilize Nitrogen to stun and kill animals: 1) rendering poultry unconscious - causing Anoxia - by placing poultry in foam filled with >98% Nitrogen (the Anoxia method), and 2) rendering poultry unconscious by gradually reducing oxygen tension in the atmosphere leading to progressive hypoxia in the birds (the LAPS method).
The Anoxia method, using a high concentration of Nitrogen under atmospheric circumstances is permitted under EU 1099/2009. The LAPS method is not permitted in the EU. In order to be allowed in the EU, new stunning methods must ensure a level of welfare at least equivalent to that of the methods already provided in Council Regulation 1099/2009.
The EFSA‟s Panel on Animal Health and Welfare (AHAW Panel) was asked to deliver a scientific opinion on the use of a low atmosphere pressure system (LAPS) for stunning poultry.
Four documents were provided by the European Commission (EC) as the basis for an assessment of the extent to which the LAPS is able to provide a level of animal welfare at least equivalent to that ensured by the current allowed methods for stunning poultry.
The LAPS is described as rendering poultry unconscious by gradually reducing oxygen tension in the atmosphere leading to progressive hypoxia in the birds. In order to be allowed in the EU, new stunning methods must ensure 1) absence of pain, distress and suffering until the onset of unconsciousness, and 2) that the animal remains unconscious until death.
The submitted studies were peer-reviewed by the AHAW Panel as outlined in its “Guidance on the assessment criteria for studies evaluating the effectiveness of stunning intervention regarding animal protection at the time of killing”.
It is unclear from the submitted documents whether the rate of decompression used in LAPS induces unconsciousness and death without causing avoidable pain and suffering in poultry. The assessed studies did not pass the eligibility assessment and, therefore, no further assessment was undertaken.
Jibachha Textbook of Introduction to Animal production and Management Part-I is especially for diploma level I Sc Ag animal science students based on new syllabus of CTEVT.
Animal Testing: Rationale for conducting studies, CPCSEA Guidelines
The use of animals in research is currently an essential component of the drug discovery process.
Animals help us advance our scientific understanding, serve as models to study disease, help us develop and test potential new medicines and therapies.
Animal testing has benefited researchers in understanding how to treat and prevent various conditions such as high blood pressure, diabetes, tuberculosis, polio, muscular dystrophy, and Parkinson's disease.
Education:
Undergraduate teaching to demonstrate effects of various drugs although this has been phased out in most institutes.
Postgraduate teaching to demonstrate the effects of various drugs, to determine the nature of an unknown drug for bioassay, screening methods and to learn skills e.g. administering drugs.
Research:
A larger number and a greater variety of animals are used in pure research than in applied research. This usually involves studies on embryogenesis, developmental biology, behaviour and breeding in Fruit flies, nematodes, mice and rats.
INTRODUCTION
The motto of Prevention of Cruelty to Animals (PCA) Act 1960 as amended in 1982 is to prevent infliction of unnecessary pain or suffering on animals.
The Central Government has constituted a Committee for the Purpose of Control and Supervision of Experiments on Animals (CPCSEA), which is duty bound to take all such measures as may be necessary to ensure that animals are not subjected to unnecessary pain or suffering before, during or after the performance of experiments on them.
The goal of these guidelines is to promote the human care of animal used in biomedical and behavioural research and testing.
To avoid/minimize pain and suffering inflicted on experimental animals
Inspection of animal house facilities
It provides guidelines for -
Proper care, housing, breeding, maintenance, handling and use of experimental animals.
Source of experimental animals
Acceptable experimental procedures for anaesthesia and euthanasia.
Registration of establishments conducting animal experimentation or breeding of animals for this purpose.
Selection and assignment of nominees for the Institutional Animal Ethics Committees (IAEC) of the registered establishments.
Approval of Animal House Facilities on the basis of reports of inspections conducted by CPCSEA.
Permission for conducting experiments involving use of animals.
Recommendation for import of animals for use in experiments.
Action against establishments in case of established violation of any legal norm/stipulation.
Conduct of Training Programmes for the Nominees of CPCSEA.
Conduct/Support of Conference/Workshop on Animal Ethics.
To assure quality maintenance and safety of animals used in laboratory studies while conducting biomedical and behavioural research and testing of products.
Quarantine
2. Personal hygiene
3. Environment
4. Physical facility
5. Animal husbandry
6. Animal disposal
7. Documentation
Yagyapathy: A Holistic Approach for Treatment of Severe Disease by Indian Sys...iosrjce
IOSR Journal of Dental and Medical Sciences is one of the speciality Journal in Dental Science and Medical Science published by International Organization of Scientific Research (IOSR). The Journal publishes papers of the highest scientific merit and widest possible scope work in all areas related to medical and dental science. The Journal welcome review articles, leading medical and clinical research articles, technical notes, case reports and others.
Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Science RAHUL KATARIA
A brief presentation about what you'll read in the complete bachelor degree of animal husbandry and veterinary science. Here are the list of subjects -
1. Veterinary physiology,
2.Veterinary anatomy and histology,
3. Livestock production management,
4.Veterinary Biochemistry,
5.Veterinary Pharmacology and Toxicology,
6.Veterinary Parasitology,
7. Veterinary Microbiology,
8. Veterinary Pathology,
9. Veterinary Public Health and Epidemiology,
10. Animal Nutrition,
11.Animal Genetics and Breeding,
12.Livestock Products Technology,
13.Veterinary Gynaecology and Obstetrics,
14.Veterinary Surgery and Radiology,
15.Veterinary Medicine,
16. Veterinary and Animal Husbandry Extension Education,
17. Veterinary Clinical Practices,
18. Livestock Farm Practices.
Dr. Matt Anderson - Antibiotic use and future records necessary to keep the g...John Blue
Antibiotic use and future records necessary to keep the government and our customers happy - Dr. Matt Anderson, from the 2012 Allen D. Leman Swine Conference, September 15-18, St. Paul, Minnesota, USA.
More presentations at http://www.swinecast.com/2012-leman-swine-conference-material
Systematic Review on Phalatrikadi KashayaYogeshIJTSRD
Many scholars consider Ayurveda to be the oldest healing science. Ayurveda means Science of Creation in Sanskrit. Ayurvedic awareness dates back over 5000 years in India and is sometimes referred to as the mother of all healing systems. Phalathrikan Kashaya was included in many authentic Ayurvedic texts. It is indicated for all forms of Prameha, according to the shloka. In Ayurveda, there are 20 different forms of Prameha. Despite the fact that many pharmacological and clinical studies of Phalatrikaadi kwata on various diseases have been performed, there is no systematic review available, so the current study was conducted. Published research papers on Phalatrikadi kwata were found in various databases of research journals, and their abstracts were collected. Then, based on the Kashayas indication, all of the abstracts were checked. However, there are few studies that have been published on diabetes mellitus or any of the Prameha conditions that are listed in Ayurveda. So, according to Ayurveda, further clinical trials should be conducted to test the effectiveness of Phalatrikadi kwata against Prameha Rogas. T. K. G. Punchihewa | P. P. Uyanege | D. H. G. A. N. Keerthirathne "Systematic Review on Phalatrikadi Kashaya" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-4 , June 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.compapers/ijtsrd41097.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.combiological-science/other/41097/systematic-review-on-phalatrikadi-kashaya/t-k-g-punchihewa
Ayurvedic system
Branches of Ayurvedic
Theories of Ayurveda
Source. Internal medicine
2. Surgery
3. Ears, eyes, nose and throat
4. Pediatrics
5. Toxicology
6. Purification of the genetic organs
7. Health and Longevity
8. Spiritual Healing/Psychiatry
Standardization
G.M.P.
Quality control
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4. iJibachha's Textbook of Animal Health Volume-I |
Dr. Jibachha Sah
B.V.Sc & A.H., M.V.Sc (T.U.)
Laboratory Training, NDDB, Gujarat, India
Dr. Prabhakar Kumar Shah
B.V.Sc & A.H. (P.U.), M.V.Sc (Medicine, AFU)
Research Co-ordinator
JibachhaVeterinaryHospitalResearch&TrainingCenter(P.)Ltd.
Bharatpur-4, Narayangarh, Chitwan, Nepal
E-mail: vhrtc@yahoo.com, Tel: +977-56-570726
www.facebook.com/vhrtc
Copyright material
Animal Health
Volume-I
Jibachha's Textbook of
Jibachha Publishing
(Veterinary Publisher and Distributors)
Bharatpur-4, Narayangarh, Chitwan, Nepal
E-mail: jibachhashah@gmail.com, Tel: +977-56-570726
(Based On SEE & CTEVT Diploma Animal Health Syllabus)
Jibachha's Textbook of Animal Health Volume-I
5. ii | Jibachha's Textbook of Animal Health Volume-I
Jibachha's Textbook of
Animal Health
Volume-I
Edited by: Dr. Jibachha Sah and Dr. Prabhakar Kumar Shah
Copyright @ 15 February, 2019, Jibachha Publishing
All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced,
stored in retrieval system or transmitted in any form or by any means,
electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, with-
out the prior written permission of the publisher.
Published by Jibachha Publishing
Bharatpur-4, Lankupul, Narayangarh, Chitwan, Nepal.
E-mail: jibachhashah@gmail.com, vhrtc@yahoo.com
ISBN:
Price: Rs. 1,150/-
Bharatpur-9, Buspark, Chitwan, Nepal
Tel: 056-526701
E-mail: qualitypress14@gmail.com
QualityPress
A quality printing house
Copyright material
Printed at:
Jibachha's Textbook of Animal Health Volume-I
6. iiiJibachha's Textbook of Animal Health Volume-I |
Preface
"Jibachha's Textbook of Animal Health Volume-I" is designed
for the SEE and CTEVT diploma level student of veterinary medicine.
The contents of the book is based on CTEVT & SEE syllabus on
animal health volume-I. The first section includes all the theory
topics; anatomy and physiology of domestic animal, microbiology,
parasitology, pharmacology, pathology, internal medicine, surgical
affection and reproductive problems.
The second section of this book focus on Animal Health-I
practical session which includes dissection and study of entire body
system in livestock and poultry, blood collection and preparation of
smears, glassware sterilization, preparation of common laboratory
media, study of bacteria, parasites, clinical examination, veterinary
pharmacy and palpation of genital organs.
In the series of our 35 books on veterinary clinical field
"Jibachha's Textbook of Animal Health Volume-I" is purely a syllabus
based book which is written with authentic text and references. This
book is especially designed for the students of technical education to
easy, concise, understandable manner and quick reference. In the time
of preparation, past examinations paper were highly considered, which
will enable students to achieve excellent score in the examination.
The experience gathered by the authors in the course of their
long number of years in publishing veterinary books for the students
and coordinating animal health courses, was strongly brought to bear
on the preparation of this course book; a serious student shall therefore
find the book user friendly and easy to read and understand. We strongly
believe that "Jibachha's Textbook of Animal Health Volume–I" shall
adequately meet the needs of veterinary students and teachers.
Dr. Prabhakar Kumar Shah
B.V.Sc & A.H. (P.U.), M.V.Sc (Medicine, AFU)
Dr. Jibachha Sah
B.V.Sc & A.H., M.V.Sc (T.U.)
Laboratory Training, NDDB, Gujarat, India
15 February, 2019
Preface
7. iv | Jibachha's Textbook of Animal Health Volume-I
Abbreviation
ABPPE = Acute bovine pulmonary edema and emphysema
AOM = Acute otitis media
BVD = Bovine viral diarrhoea
CBC = Complete blood count
CMT = California mastitis test
CRT = Capillary refill time
CSF = Cerebro spinal fluid
CTEVT = Council for Technical Education and Vocational
Training
DIC = Disseminated intravascular coagulation
DD = Digital dermatitis
DMI = Dry matter intake
EDTA = Ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid
FMD = Foot and mouth disease
HS = Haemorrhagic septicaemia
IBR = Infectious bovine rhinotracheitis
IM = Intramuscular
IPA = Isopropyl alcohol
IU = International unit
IV = Intravenous
KOH = Potassium hydroxide
KI = Potassium iodide
LAD = Left displacement of abomasum
RDA = Right displacement of abomasum
RFM = Retention of foetal membrane
RP = Rinderpest
SC = Subcutaneous
SEE = Secondary Education Examination
Sp. Gr. = Specific gravity
VA = Volvulus abomasum
VWD = Von willebrand disease
Abbreviation
8. vJibachha's Textbook of Animal Health Volume-I |
Index
Preface iii
Abbreviation iv
UNIT 1
Anatomy of Domestic Animals 1-54
1.1 Different tissues of animal body 1
1.2 Gross anatomy of skeletal, digestive, respira-
tory, circulatory, reproductive, urinary, nervous,
endocrine and sensory system
10
1.2.1 Skeletal system 10
1.2.2 Types of bones 13
1.2.3 Digestive system 28
1.2.4 Respiratory system 35
1.2.5 Circulatory (Cardiovascular) system 39
1.2.6 Reproductive system 42
1.2.7 Urinary system 44
1.2.8 Nervous system 47
1.2.9 Endocrine system 48
1.2.10 Sensory system 49
UNIT 2
Physiology of Domestic Animals 55-62
2.1 Animal cell: structure and functions 55
Index
9. vi | Jibachha's Textbook of Animal Health Volume-I
2.2 Functions of different systems of livestock and
poultry
58
2.3 Reproductive hormones and their functions 59
UNIT 3
Microbiology 63-72
3.1 Organisms causing infectious diseases: bacte-
ria, virus and fungus
63
3.2 Difference between bacteria and virus 67
3.3 Immunity and immunization (vaccination) 68
3.4 Definition and terminology 69
UNIT 4
Parasitology 73-90
4.1 Helminths: trematodes, nematodes and cestodes 73
4.2 Common internal parasites and their characteristics 74
4.2.1 Nematodes 75
4.2.2 Trematoda 76
4.2.3 Cestoda 81
4.3 Common external parasites and their characteristics 82
4.3.1 General Characters of Ticks 83
4.3.2 General Characters of Mites 84
4.3.3 General characters of louse (lice) 85
4.3.4 General characters of mosquito 85
4.3.5 External Parasites of cattle 86
Index
10. viiJibachha's Textbook of Animal Health Volume-I |
4.4 Common protozoa and their characteristics 88
4.4.1 General characteristic of the coccidia 88
UNIT 5
Pharmacology 91-118
5.1 Introduction of pharmacology & classification of
drugs
91
5.2 Route of drugs/medicines administration 94
5.3 Antibiotics, anthelmintic, purgatives, antihista-
minic, analgesics and anaesthetic drugs
98
5.3.1 Antibiotics 98
5.3.2 Anthelmintics 99
5.3.3 Laxatives, purgatives 99
5.3.4 Antihistamines 100
5.3.5 Analgesic 101
5.3.6 Anaesthetic drugs 102
5.3.6.1 Difference between analgesic
and anaesthetic
102
5.4 Factors affecting dosage of drugs 103
5.5 Calculating dosage of drugs 104
5.6 Prescription writing 105
5.7 Poisoning: cyanide, nitrate, organophosphate,
snake bite
110
5.7.1 Cyanide poisoning 110
5.7.2 Nitrate poisoning 111
5.7.3 Organophosphate poisoning 112
Index
11. viii | Jibachha's Textbook of Animal Health Volume-I
5.7.4 Snake bite 112
5.8 Preparation of tincture, lotion, ointment and
mixtures
113
5.8.1 Tincture 113
5.8.2 Lotion 114
5.8.3 Ointment 115
5.8.4 Mixtures 115
5.8.4.1 Difference between lotion and
paste
116
UNIT 6
Pathology 119-156
6.1 Inflammatory status of stomach, intestine, liver,
kidney, lung, heart and mammary gland
119
6.1.1 Calf scours 126
6.1.2 Diarrhoea and dysentery 129
6.1.3 Left-sidedisplacementofabomasum(LDA) 131
6.1.4 Necrotic enteritis 135
6.1.5 Rumen acidosis 136
6.1.6 Abomasal ulceration 140
6.1.7 Acetonaemia (Ketosis) 142
6.1.8 Bovine fatty liver syndrome 146
6.1.9 Chylothroax 148
6.1.10 Mastitis 150
6.1.11 Fog Fever 153
6.1.12 Inflammation 155
Index
12. ixJibachha's Textbook of Animal Health Volume-I |
UNIT 7
Internal Medicine 157-201
7.1 Definition of health & disease 157
7.2 Terminology related to veterinary science 157
7.3 Sign of health and disease 159
7.4 Classification of disease 160
7.5 History taking and clinical examination 162
7.5.1 Physical examination 164
7.5.2 Clinical examination 170
7.6 Tympany 174
7.7 Ruminal impaction 177
7.8 Epistaxis 179
7.9 Pneumonia 180
7.10 Anaemia 183
7.11 Nephritis 184
7.12 Retention of urine (Urolithiasis) 186
7.13 Encephalitis 189
7.14 Gid 192
7.15 Conjunctivitis 193
7.16 Otitis 195
7.16.1 Difference between otitis and con-
junctivitis
197
7.17 Dermatitis 197
7.18 Ring worm (Dermatophytosis) 199
Index
13. x | Jibachha's Textbook of Animal Health Volume-I
UNIT 8
Surgical affections 202-207
8.1 Wounds/injuries 202
8.2 Burns 203
8.2.1 Difference between cyst and abscess 204
8.3 Dislocation and fracture 205
8.3.1 Difference between fracture and
dislocation
207
8.3.2 Difference between burn and scald 207
UNIT 9
Reproductive problems 208-220
9.1 Infertility in cattle 208
9.1.1 Difference between infertility and
sterility
210
9.2 Anoestrus in cattle 210
9.3 Metritis in cattle 211
9.4 Retention of placenta 213
9.5 Prolapse 215
9.6 Dystocia 216
9.6.1 Difference between dystocia and
prolapse
219
9.7 Euthanasia 220
Index
14. xiJibachha's Textbook of Animal Health Volume-I |
Animal Health-I Practicals
PRACTICAL 1:
Dissection and study of entire body system
in livestock and poultry
222
1.1 Male and female animals and birds 222
1.2 Gross study of bone, muscle and joints 226
1.3 Gross study of joints 227
1.4 Visceral organs 227
PRACTICAL 2:
Blood collection and preparation of smear 229
PRACTICAL 3:
Appropriate Sterilization 238
3.1 Glassware such as petridishes, flasks, measur-
ing cylinder, test tubes etc.
240
PRACTICAL 4:
Preparation of common laboratory medias 242
4.1 Culture Medias – Nutrient agar, Mac Conky
agar etc.
242
Index
15. xii | Jibachha's Textbook of Animal Health Volume-I
PRACTICAL 5:
Study of bacteria 245
5.1 Principle of Gram staining 245
5.2 Material required 245
5.3 Reagents 246
5.4 Procedure 246
PRACTICAL 6:
Study of parasitic eggs 251
PRACTICAL 7:
Preparation of ointments and lotions 257
PRACTICAL 8:
Route of administration of drugs 259
8.1 Principles of Drug Administration 259
PRACTICAL 9:
Route of administration of vaccines 264
9.1 Practice of vaccination in livestock & poultry 264
9.2 Common vaccines 273
Index
16. xiiiJibachha's Textbook of Animal Health Volume-I |
PRACTICAL 10:
History taking and clinical examination of
patient
274
PRACTICAL 11:
Physical examination 279
PRACTICAL 12:
Examination of wounds and its treatment 283
PRACTICAL 13:
Identification of female animal genital organs 286
PRACTICAL 14:
Rectal palpation of animal 290
PRACTICAL 15:
Perform disinfections of shade and building 292
PRACTICAL 16:
Perform suturing different types of wound 294
Index
17. 1Jibachha's Textbook of Animal Health Volume-I |
1 | Anatomy of Domestic Animals
1
Unit
Anatomy of
Domestic Animals
The term anatomy refers to the science that deals with the form
and structure of animals.
1.1 Different tissues of animal body
Definition: Tissues are groups of cells that have a similar
structure and act together to perform a specific function. For
example, muscle tissue is a group of muscle cells; blood is
classified as connective tissue.
Difference between cell and tissue
Cell Tissue
Cells are the smallest, structural
and functional unit of an organism,
which is characteristically
microscopic.
Tissues are the distinct types
of material consisting of
specialized cells and their
products.
Found in both unicellular and
multicellular organisms.
Found only in multicellular
organisms.
Are microscopic. Are macroscopic.
Comprise of different cellular
organelles, including the nucleus,
mitochondria, lysosomes, Golgi
apparatus, etc.
Comprise of similar types of
cells, specialized for a unique
function.
Two types of cells – Eukaryotic
cells and prokaryotic cells.
Four main types of tissue-
Epithelial tissue, Connective
tissue, Muscular tissue, and
Nervous tissue.
18. 2 | Jibachha's Textbook of Animal Health Volume-I
1 | Anatomy of Domestic Animals
Developed from mitosis and
meiosis cell divisions.
Repair through regeneration
and fibrosis.
Functions include growth,
metabolism, and reproduction.
Has its own unique function.
A group of similar cells
combines together to perform
a similar function and to form
organs.
There are four types of tissues found in animals: Epithelial
tissue, Connective tissue, Muscle tissue and Nervous tissue.
Types of
tissue
Location Function
Epithelial
tissue
Body covering, Body
lining and glandular
tissue
ƒƒ Protection
ƒƒ Absorption
ƒƒ Filtration
ƒƒ Secretion
Connective
tissue
Throughout body (bone,
blood, cartilage)
ƒƒ Attachment
ƒƒ Support
ƒƒ Storage
Muscle
tissue
Attached to bones, wall
of hollow internal organ
(Examples : stomach,
intestine, bladder,
uterus & blood vessels),
involuntary organs (wall
of heart)
ƒƒ Movement
ƒƒ Maintenance of
posture
ƒƒ Joint stabilization
ƒƒ Heat generation
Nervous
tissue
Brain, spinal cord
and nervous system
throughout the body
ƒƒ Transmit signals
(nerve impulse) across
body
ƒƒ Coordinate, regulate,
integrate bodily
function
19. 3Jibachha's Textbook of Animal Health Volume-I |
1 | Anatomy of Domestic Animals
Epithelial Tissue
Type Structure Location Function
Cuboidal
Epithelium
Cube like cells
with nucleus at
the centre
ƒƒ Lining of
kidney
ƒƒ Tubules
ƒƒ Salivary, sweat
& pancreatic
ducts
ƒƒ Sectretion
ƒƒ Excretion &
absorption
Ciliated
epithelium
Certain
cuboidal &
columnar have
cilia at their
free end
Oviducts, trachea,
bronchioles &
in nephrons of
kidney
Movement
of cilia
brings about
movement of
substances in
one direction
Glandular
epithelium
Cuboidal &
columnar
epithelium are
modified into
glands
Salivary, gastric,
intestinal, sweat
glands, adrenal
and thyroid glands
Secrete
enzymes,
mucous or
homones
Surface
layer
Basal
layer
Basement
membrane
Connective
tissue
Epithelial tissue