Jefferson & the Louisiana Purchase
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The document summarizes key events in the early 1800s involving Napoleon, the Louisiana Purchase, westward expansion led by Lewis and Clark, tensions with Britain over trade and impressment that led to the War of 1812, conflicts with Native American tribes as American settlers moved west, and calls for war by expansionists like Henry Clay and John C. Calhoun. Key events included Napoleon selling the Louisiana Territory to the United States in 1803, the Lewis and Clark Expedition from 1804-1806, the Embargo Act of 1807 in response to British actions, Tecumseh's efforts to unite tribes against American settlers, and the War of 1812 being declared in 1812 with expansionists like Clay and Cal
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The document discusses the various motivations and factors that drove United States expansion westward in the 19th century. Key reasons included the spread of American beliefs and civilization through missionary work; the need for access to ports on the Pacific Ocean and Gulf of Mexico for trade; the beginnings of the Industrial Revolution creating demand for resources and farmland; and a belief in "Manifest Destiny" that America was destined to expand across the continent. Critics argued that this expansion displaced Native Americans and was often justified through racist ideologies.
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Westward expansion occurred as thousands of pioneers moved west for opportunities like mining for gold during the California Gold Rush, free land offered by the Homestead Act, adventure, and escaping undesirable situations. Pioneers faced many dangers on their journeys in covered wagons like lack of resources, harsh weather, and conflicts with Native Americans and other settlers. Life was difficult for settlers on the prairie as they built homes in isolated areas with little protection or infrastructure. While the pioneer spirit drove many west, the expansion had negative impacts as well through displacement of Native Americans.
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Louisiana purchase
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Thomas Jefferson sent Meriwether Lewis and William Clark on an expedition in 1803 to explore the western United States and find a water route to the Pacific Ocean. Lewis and Clark discovered over 300 new plant and animal species, encountered many Native American tribes, and found the Rocky Mountains. They achieved their goal of finding a route to the Pacific when they reached the ocean in 1805. Upon their return in 1806, Lewis and Clark were hailed as heroes and their expedition provided valuable information that encouraged further western expansion.
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2) Jefferson reluctantly engaged in the First Barbary War after pirates began attacking American shipping. Though initially skeptical of a strong military, the war succeeded in securing peace.
3) Jefferson orchestrated the massive Louisiana Purchase in 1803, doubling the size of the US but also raising constitutional questions about presidential power.
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The document is an act of Congress from 1807 that established the Embargo Act during the Jefferson administration. The act placed an embargo on all American ships and vessels in US ports in response to interference with American shipping by Britain and France during the Napoleonic Wars. Key provisions included:
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- In the 1800 election, Jefferson and Aaron Burr tied in the electoral college vote, which had to be decided by the Federalist-controlled House of Representatives, where they finally chose Jefferson.
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- Jefferson imposed an embargo on foreign trade from 1807-1809 to remain neutral in the Napoleonic Wars, but it mainly hurt New England and failed to change British and French policy.
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2. The Lewis and Clark Expedition explored the new western territory from 1804-1806.
3. Continued tensions with Britain led to the Embargo Act of 1807, banning foreign trade, which hurt the American economy and was unpopular.
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The document discusses how the Americas changed in the 19th century through mass migration and economic development. Millions of migrants from Europe and Asia arrived in the Americas, increasing ethnic diversity and stimulating growth. This included Chinese migrants like FattHing Chin who came during the California Gold Rush of 1849. The Little Ice Age from the 14th to 19th centuries caused significant hardship through colder temperatures and more extreme weather. France sold the Louisiana Territory to the United States in 1803 in the Louisiana Purchase, doubling the size of the country. The American Civil War from 1861-1865 was fought over the issues of slavery and states' rights and ultimately led to the end of the Confederacy and preservation of the United States.
Notes ch 6 (2)
The document provides an overview of key political events in early American history from 1789-1820, including the origins and views of the Federalist and Democratic-Republican parties, the Whiskey Rebellion, the Jay Treaty, the XYZ Affair and Alien and Sedition Acts. It also summarizes major territorial acquisitions and explorations such as the Louisiana Purchase and Lewis and Clark Expedition, as well as military conflicts like the Battle of Tippecanoe, all of which contributed to rising tensions that led the U.S. to declare war on Britain in 1812.
A difficult past
The document discusses several topics related to the history of the Americas in the 19th century in three sections:
1) It describes the independence movements in the United States, Canada, and Latin America after the late 18th century and the challenges they faced in establishing stable governments and economies.
2) It discusses the expansion of the United States westward and the issues that arose with indigenous peoples and Mexico. It also outlines Canada's gradual independence and Latin America's instability.
3) It covers several major historical events that shaped the development of North and South America, including the Louisiana Purchase, the Mexican Revolution, and key battles in the American Civil War.
Early us foreign policy
Early US foreign policy centered around neutrality during the French Revolution and wars between France and Britain. The US signed trade treaties like Jay's Treaty despite opposition. The XYZ Affair damaged relations with France and nearly caused war. Political divisions grew between Federalists and Democratic-Republicans. The War of 1812 was declared against Britain due to trade issues but ended without major territory changes. The Monroe Doctrine established the US stance of non-interference in the Western Hemisphere.
Thmas Jefferson: A time of conflict
Thomas Jefferson faced several challenges during his presidency from 1804 to 1808. These included tensions with Britain and France over neutral trade rights during the Napoleonic Wars, conflicts with the Barbary States over pirate attacks on American ships, and disputes with Native American tribes as settlers moved west. Jefferson attempted policies like embargos to address these issues, but they had unintended economic consequences and did not fully resolve the underlying problems. He chose not to seek a third term, leaving office amid continuing tensions abroad and unrest at home over trade and expansion.
History141
This document provides a summary of how the Americas changed over time from the early 18th century through the mid-19th century. It discusses key events like early Chinese immigration during the Gold Rush, westward expansion bringing the U.S. into conflict with indigenous peoples, the Louisiana Purchase doubling the size of the U.S., and the American Civil War being a crossroads where the Emancipation Proclamation was issued and Confederate military momentum was slowed. Overall it outlines the transformation of the Americas through immigration, independence from Europe, territorial growth, and internal conflicts.
Madison And The War Of 1812
The document summarizes key events and outcomes of the War of 1812 between the United States and Britain. It describes the political tensions and military engagements that led to the war, including British interference on America's western frontier and attacks on American shipping. It then outlines several major battles on land and sea, as well as campaigns led by figures like Andrew Jackson. The document concludes with an overview of the Treaty of Ghent that ended the war in 1814 and some post-war diplomatic agreements.
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The Vietnam War began in 1954 after France lost control of Vietnam to Ho Chi Minh's Viet Minh forces. Vietnam was divided at the 17th parallel, with Ho Chi Minh controlling North Vietnam and Ngo Dinh Diem controlling South Vietnam. The US initially provided aid to Diem's repressive government in South Vietnam and gradually increased military involvement over the following decades. Despite massive US bombing campaigns and increasing troop deployments, the Tet Offensive in 1968 showed that the US was not winning the war. Growing anti-war sentiment led Nixon to begin withdrawing troops in 1973, and South Vietnam fell to Communist rule in 1975. The human and financial costs of the war were immense.
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Jefferson & the Louisiana Purchase
- 1. pp. 200-211
- 2. Napoleon named “first consul” of France in 1799 Empirical ambitions France claimed Louisiana from Spain in 1800 Hoped to est. French empire in America
- 3. French empire in West Indies Guadeloupe, Martinique, Santo Domingo (Haiti today) Sugar plantations brought wealth Slaves revolted in Santo Domingo & created a republic Led by Toussaint L’Ouverture
- 4. The Adams administration/Federalist party had typically been pro-British Jefferson administration/Republican Party=pro-French French & British were at war nearly non-stop from 1792-1815 Jefferson finds out in 1802 that New Orleans/lower Mississippi River is off limits to Americans Westerners are unhappy/limits their trade Jefferson instructs Robert Livingston (ambassador to France) to negotiate for the purchase of New Orleans…
- 5. While waiting for Livingston’s response Jefferson prepares for war Napoleon offers not only New Orleans, but all of Louisiana Napoleon had given up hopes of a French empire in America Yellow fever wiped out forces Ships frozen in place through winter of 1802-1803
- 6. Agreement signed on April 30, 1803 $15 million/3 cents per acre Boundaries were not clearly defined
- 7. Jefferson was happy w/ agreement & its terms But…why was he concerned with the acquisition of Louisiana?
- 8. “the good sense of our country will correct the evil of loose construction when it shall produce ill effects.” Government organized Louisiana like it had the NW territory Louisiana becomes 18th state in 1812
- 9. Louisiana Territory was relatively unknown Few Americans had ventured west of the Mississippi Before Purchase Jefferson was planning a westward expedition Hand-picked Meriwether Lewis as its guide Had been Jefferson’s personal secretary
- 10. Lewis chose William Clark as his co-pilot Experienced frontiersman
- 11. Left St. Louis, MO in April of 1804 4 dozen men Traveled up Missouri River, against the current Stayed at Ft. Mandan in present-day ND during winter of 1804-1805 Met Sacajawea, she led expedition from there Reached Pacific in October of 1805 Back to St. Louis in by September of 1806
- 14. William Clark Fought & was captured during War of 1812 Governor of Missouri Territory, 1813-1820 Never freed his slave, York Meriwether Lewis Governor of Louisiana Territory, 1807-1809 Mysterious death in 1809 Sacajawea Died in 1812, only 24 y.o.
- 15. No Northwest Passage Provided valuable info: Missouri River, topography, climate, land, tribes, animals, plants Established trade w/ Native tribes; shifted trade from competitors Move towards Manifest Destiny Devastating for Natives
- 17. Made it as far west as Colorado Pike’s Peak Left Americans of the East believing that Plains & West were uninhabitable & not farmable
- 18. “Not a stick of timber” “These vast plains of the western hemisphere, may become in time equally celebrated as the sandy deserts of Africa” 1823—Major Stephen Long labels the area the “Great American Desert” Pike’s Peak, CO
- 19. What was Essex Junto? Why the threat of secession?
- 20. MA, extreme Federalists Threatened secession Didn’t get support from Hamilton Turned to Aaron Burr Supposedly Burr did support secession…
- 21. Asked to be Federalist candidate for governor of NY Rumors he supported Federalist secession Hamilton accused Burr of treason & said he had “despicable” character Burr lost & blamed it on Hamilton
- 22. Burr challenged Hamilton to a duel July 11, 1804 near Weehawken, NJ Burr wounds Hamilton, Hamilton dies the next day Burr was charged with multiple crimes, but never tried in court Finish VP term, but political career was over
- 24. Before duel, Burr had plotted to capture Mexico Also, rumors that he hoped to rule a western empire Little evidence Burr arrested as a traitor, but eventually acquitted What did the Burr Conspiracy say about the nation in the early 1800s?
- 25. American merchant marine grew rapidly Controlled much of the trans-Atlantic trade By 1805 Napoleon controls almost entire European continent Napoleon bans British trade to Europe British responds by requiring all good going to Europe to be on British vessels or checked at a British port America=Rock & Hard Place
- 26. British navy was capturing American sailors & forcing them into service=impressment British navy was losing manpower & needed replacements Chesapeake-Leopard incident in 1807 British Leopard opened fire, Americans surrendered Americans wanted revenge
- 27. Jefferson & Madison (Sec. of State) tried to keep the peace Asked Brits to end impressment, but refused to do so
- 28. The Embargo (Act)—Ended American exports to all foreign countries Hurt merchants, esp. in New England Led to economic downturn Jefferson replaced Embargo w/ Non- Intercourse Act Only banned trade w/ France & Britain Ban lifted in 1810
- 29. Jefferson’s plan: Natives could assimilate into settled farmers or move West of the Mississippi W. H. Harrison, governor of Indiana Territory from 1801 to 1812, strictly enforced Jefferson’s plan Rising American population west of Appalachians
- 30. Tribes were losing lands quickly, see maps on p. 208, until… 1. British attempted to ally with Native tribes, expecting American invasion of Canada 2. Rise of the Prophet & his efforts to unite tribes Harrison
- 31. The Prophet sparked a religious revival & a renunciation of white ways, back to roots The Prophet’s brother, Tecumseh, hoped to unite all tribes of the Mississippi Valley While Tecumseh was absent, Harrison fought the tribal forces Battle of Tippecanoe (1811) Weakened Native forces By 1812 Tecumseh’s warriors were attacking white settlements British helped supply Natives
- 32. Push to acquire Spanish Florida Threat to Georgia & other southern states Slaves escaped Indian attacks Americans captured western part of Florida Territory in 1810 & made plans to take the rest Spain was Britain’s ally
- 33. Calls for war increased Territorial expansion War Hawks led by: 1. Henry Clay—KY 2. John C. Calhoun—SC President Madison approved war on June 18, 1812