International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
IRJET- Experimental Investigation and Optimization of Wear Characteristics of...IRJET Journal
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This document experimentally investigates the wear characteristics of cerium oxide (CeO2) nanoparticle-based nanolubricant under boundary lubrication conditions. Pin-on-disc tests were conducted using diesel engine oil with 0.2-0.4% CeO2 nanoparticles added. Taguchi and Response Surface Methodology (RSM) designs of experiment were used to analyze the effect of nanoparticle concentration, load, and sliding velocity on wear rate. RSM optimization found 0.3111% nanoparticle concentration, 5kg load, and 6m/s sliding velocity gave the minimum wear rate. Cerium oxide nanolubricant showed significantly lower wear than the base oil alone under these optimum conditions.
STUDY OF EFFECT OF SOLID CONTAMINANTS IN GREASE ON PERFORMANCE OF BALL BEARIN...ijiert bestjournal
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Rolling element bearings are common in any rotating machinery. They are subjected to failure under continuous running therefore they have received a great deal of attention in the field of condition monitoring. Machinery vibration monitoring programs are e ffective in reducing overall operating cost of industrial plant. Monitoring vibration levels over time allows the plant engineer to predict the problems before serious damage and avoid the shutdown of plant. When pending problems are discovered early the p lant engineer has the opportunity to schedule maintenance and reduce down time in a cost effective manner. Vibration analysis is used as a tool to determine machine condition and find specific location of machinery problems. This expedites repairs and mini mizes cost. In rolling element bearings,contamination of lubricant grease by solid particles is one of the several reasons for an early bearing failure. In this respect,this project work deals with the effect of contamination of lubricant by solid partic les on the dynamic behavior of rolling bearings. Generally different materials such as Silica,metal - burr,dolomite - powder,and iron - ore,all at three concentration levels and different particle sizes were used to contaminate the lubricant.
The document discusses the influence of solid lubricant emulsions on the surface roughness of hardened steel when machining on a shaper. Three key findings are presented:
1) Surface roughness decreases as the particle size of boric acid solid lubricant increases, from 50ÎĽm to 200ÎĽm.
2) Surface roughness also decreases as the weight percentage of boric acid increases, from 5% to 20%.
3) The use of a composite lubricant containing boric acid and nano graphite results in lower surface roughness than boric acid alone, due to improved cushioning from the nano particles.
IRJET- Automation in Single Flow Bearing MachinesIRJET Journal
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The document discusses automating processes in single flow bearing machines. Currently at a manufacturing company, processes like grease filling, sleeve fitting, and weight measuring are done manually, making production time-consuming. The authors propose automating these processes using a conveyor system to reduce time and human error. This would increase production rate and improve efficiency over the current manual system. The automated system is described as having been implemented and addressing problems with the prior manual system.
This document discusses an experimental analysis of the tribological properties of various lubricating oils without and with extreme pressure additives using a Four Ball Extreme Pressure Oil Testing Machine. The test was conducted according to ASTM and IP standards to determine properties like load wear index, weld point, and last non-seizure load. The test evaluated the load carrying capacity and extreme pressure properties of various lubricating oils. The anti-wear properties of oils like SAE 90 EP and SAE 140 EP gear oil were determined by measuring critical seizure load, weld load, and wear index.
Ferrography is a technique that analyzes debris in lubricants to detect abnormal wear of components. It reveals which component is wearing, to what degree, and the cause of wear, through analyzing particle size, shape, color, and quantity. This allows maintenance programs to transition from reactive breakdown maintenance to proactive maintenance by identifying potential issues before failure occurs. Ferrography testing is available for various industries to monitor equipment and minimize downtime through early problem detection.
The document discusses research on the effect of temperature on distortion during induction surface hardening of gears. Three gears were induction hardened at different temperatures (820°C, 880°C, 920°C) and analyzed. Distortion was measured on tooth thickness and addendum circle diameter. The highest distortion values were 2.404% shrinkage on tooth thickness for the 920°C gear and 0.284% expansion on addendum circle for the same gear. Microstructure analysis found deeper martensite case depths with increasing temperature. Hardness also increased with depth from the surface.
This document discusses lubricant oil analysis and wear debris analysis. It describes how analyzing machine lubricant oils and wear debris particles can help monitor equipment condition, identify abnormal wear or contamination issues, and provide early warnings of potential maintenance needs. Key information extracted from lubricant oil and wear debris analysis includes particle concentrations, types, shapes, sizes, and compositions which can indicate the wear mechanism and likely source of failure occurring within the machine. Together this information helps optimize machine performance, reduce downtime, and increase reliability.
IRJET- Experimental Investigation and Optimization of Wear Characteristics of...IRJET Journal
Â
This document experimentally investigates the wear characteristics of cerium oxide (CeO2) nanoparticle-based nanolubricant under boundary lubrication conditions. Pin-on-disc tests were conducted using diesel engine oil with 0.2-0.4% CeO2 nanoparticles added. Taguchi and Response Surface Methodology (RSM) designs of experiment were used to analyze the effect of nanoparticle concentration, load, and sliding velocity on wear rate. RSM optimization found 0.3111% nanoparticle concentration, 5kg load, and 6m/s sliding velocity gave the minimum wear rate. Cerium oxide nanolubricant showed significantly lower wear than the base oil alone under these optimum conditions.
STUDY OF EFFECT OF SOLID CONTAMINANTS IN GREASE ON PERFORMANCE OF BALL BEARIN...ijiert bestjournal
Â
Rolling element bearings are common in any rotating machinery. They are subjected to failure under continuous running therefore they have received a great deal of attention in the field of condition monitoring. Machinery vibration monitoring programs are e ffective in reducing overall operating cost of industrial plant. Monitoring vibration levels over time allows the plant engineer to predict the problems before serious damage and avoid the shutdown of plant. When pending problems are discovered early the p lant engineer has the opportunity to schedule maintenance and reduce down time in a cost effective manner. Vibration analysis is used as a tool to determine machine condition and find specific location of machinery problems. This expedites repairs and mini mizes cost. In rolling element bearings,contamination of lubricant grease by solid particles is one of the several reasons for an early bearing failure. In this respect,this project work deals with the effect of contamination of lubricant by solid partic les on the dynamic behavior of rolling bearings. Generally different materials such as Silica,metal - burr,dolomite - powder,and iron - ore,all at three concentration levels and different particle sizes were used to contaminate the lubricant.
The document discusses the influence of solid lubricant emulsions on the surface roughness of hardened steel when machining on a shaper. Three key findings are presented:
1) Surface roughness decreases as the particle size of boric acid solid lubricant increases, from 50ÎĽm to 200ÎĽm.
2) Surface roughness also decreases as the weight percentage of boric acid increases, from 5% to 20%.
3) The use of a composite lubricant containing boric acid and nano graphite results in lower surface roughness than boric acid alone, due to improved cushioning from the nano particles.
IRJET- Automation in Single Flow Bearing MachinesIRJET Journal
Â
The document discusses automating processes in single flow bearing machines. Currently at a manufacturing company, processes like grease filling, sleeve fitting, and weight measuring are done manually, making production time-consuming. The authors propose automating these processes using a conveyor system to reduce time and human error. This would increase production rate and improve efficiency over the current manual system. The automated system is described as having been implemented and addressing problems with the prior manual system.
This document discusses an experimental analysis of the tribological properties of various lubricating oils without and with extreme pressure additives using a Four Ball Extreme Pressure Oil Testing Machine. The test was conducted according to ASTM and IP standards to determine properties like load wear index, weld point, and last non-seizure load. The test evaluated the load carrying capacity and extreme pressure properties of various lubricating oils. The anti-wear properties of oils like SAE 90 EP and SAE 140 EP gear oil were determined by measuring critical seizure load, weld load, and wear index.
Ferrography is a technique that analyzes debris in lubricants to detect abnormal wear of components. It reveals which component is wearing, to what degree, and the cause of wear, through analyzing particle size, shape, color, and quantity. This allows maintenance programs to transition from reactive breakdown maintenance to proactive maintenance by identifying potential issues before failure occurs. Ferrography testing is available for various industries to monitor equipment and minimize downtime through early problem detection.
The document discusses research on the effect of temperature on distortion during induction surface hardening of gears. Three gears were induction hardened at different temperatures (820°C, 880°C, 920°C) and analyzed. Distortion was measured on tooth thickness and addendum circle diameter. The highest distortion values were 2.404% shrinkage on tooth thickness for the 920°C gear and 0.284% expansion on addendum circle for the same gear. Microstructure analysis found deeper martensite case depths with increasing temperature. Hardness also increased with depth from the surface.
This document discusses lubricant oil analysis and wear debris analysis. It describes how analyzing machine lubricant oils and wear debris particles can help monitor equipment condition, identify abnormal wear or contamination issues, and provide early warnings of potential maintenance needs. Key information extracted from lubricant oil and wear debris analysis includes particle concentrations, types, shapes, sizes, and compositions which can indicate the wear mechanism and likely source of failure occurring within the machine. Together this information helps optimize machine performance, reduce downtime, and increase reliability.
Compatibility study of slag cement with PCE based admixturesAbdulRazakBH
Â
Abstract - Admixture-Cement interaction in concrete is a complex blend of chemical and physical mechanism that are independent. Every admixture at optimum dosage gives better results when used with cement. The proposed research work is aimed at testing compatibility of slag cement at different dosages with PCE based admixtures. It was found that The Combination 80% Cement With 20% GGBS Are More Compatible Compared To All The Optimum Dosage Combinations.
Key Words: GGBS, PCE based admixture, Compatibility
This document provides information about a specific gravity balance that can directly measure the specific gravity of rubber and other elastomers in under 30 seconds. The balance has a range of 0.010 to 22.000, repeatability error of +/- 0.002, and maximum error of 0.1%. It can measure sample weights between 5-100 grams and has overload protection up to 500 grams.
The failure conditions can determine when and how to conduct an analysis. For example, if the gears are damaged but still able to function, the company may decide to continue their operation and monitor the rate at which damage progresses. In this case,
samples of the lubricant should be collected for analysis,
the reservoir drained and flushed and the lubricant replaced.
If gearbox reliability is crucial to the application, the gears should be examined by magnetic particle inspection to ensure that they have no cracks.
checking the gears for damage by visual inspection and by measuring sound and vibration. Analysis is carried out at different points in the engine.
Design and Fabrication of wear Testing MachineIJMERJOURNAL
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ABSTRACT: Wear is damage to a surface as a result of relative motion with respect to another substance. One key point is that wear is damage and it is not limited to loss of material from the surface. However, loss of material is definitely one way in which a part can experience wear. In the older definitions of wear there used to be a greater stress on the “loss of material” , however now-a-days the newer and more general definitions of wear is very natural to the design or device engineer , who thinks of wear in terms of a change to a part that effects its performance. The focus is on the change which may be translated to damage. The implication of this generalization will be further explored in the discussion of wear measures. A mass measurement does not measure displaced materials. In addition it is sensitive to wear debris and transferred material that becomes attached to the surface and can not be removed. This material does not necessarily have to be from the same surface; it can from the counter face as well.
This document summarizes the failure analysis of a helical gear used in a steel mill reducer gearbox. Visual examination found two broken teeth with pitting on the contact side. Investigation found the gear material was a low alloy steel and fractography showed brittle fracture from excessive contact stress. The failure was caused by replacing the original motor with a more powerful one, increasing stress over 3 times higher than allowable for the gear material and leading to pitting, crack initiation and growth, and final fracture.
report of industrial training done at MAKINO.
 For over two decades, Makino Auto Industries Pvt. Ltd. has been the trusted name in the automotive industry. The company's product range of Automotive clutch assemblies, brake assemblies and components are amongst the category leaders in India and discerning markets of the world.
Established in 1990 Makino has 4 plants in India. Started as a Friction Disc manufacturer and now a complete clutch & Brake Solution Provider.
Experts of Automotive Clutches & Brakes (2W, 3W and 4W applications)
Working with major OEM in India for 2 W and 3 W applications
Vision is to provide technologically advanced clutches & brakes for existing and future vehicles.
"MAKINO is committed to consistently provide the Original Equipment Manufacturer and vehicle owner quality products.
Wear In Hydrodynamic Journal Bearings: A ReviewIJMER
Â
The importance of friction and wear control cannot be overemphasized for economic reasons
and long-term reliability. This paper presents the reviews of different works in the area of wear and
friction in hydrodynamic journal bearings and tries to find out latest developments and trends available in
industries and other fields in order to minimize the total equipment cost, minimize damages and maximize
the safety of machines, structures and materials. This paper helps us to find out the parameters on which a
hydrodynamic journal bearing is selected for different conditions i.e. dry as well as lubricated conditions.
Wear Rate Analysis of Hydrodynamic Journal Bearing In Different ConditionsIJMER
Â
Friction and wear always occur at machine parts which run together. This affects the
efficiency of machines negatively. Hydrodynamic journal bearings are widely used in industry because
of their simplicity, efficiency and low cost. Wear due to relative motion between component surfaces is
one of the primary modes of failure for many engineered systems. Unfortunately, it is difficult to
accurately predict component life due to wear as reported wear rates generally exhibit large scatter.
An attempt has been made to study the influence of wear parameters like load, speed, type of lubricant
used, temperature, and viscosity of lubricant. The main objective of the study is to evaluate the wear
rate of different journalbearing materials (brass and white metal) under similar conditions. The
materials are tested in dry and wet lubrication under similar operating conditions. For this purpose we
use Pin-on-disc apparatus. It was found that the wear rate of both materials is more in dry conditions
compared to lubricated conditions (when tested under similar working conditions). We also found that
wear rate of white metal is more as compared to brass and higher frictional force is observed in case
of brass material
In the present study, coatings were deposited on CrC-NiCrFeSiBCoC(80%-20% )a
Fe based SS316 steel substrate to reduce the damage caused by erosion boiler
applications. Erosion studies were conducted on uncoated as well as HVOF coated steels.
The erosion experiments were carried out using an air-jet erosion test rig according to
ASTM G-76 standard at a velocity of 30 m/s and at different impingement angles of 30°,
60° and 90°. The HVOF spraying leads to a high retention of CrC in the coating matrix
accompanied with lower porosity The high velocity oxy-fuel (HVOF) sprayed CrCNiCrFeSiBCoC(
80%-20% )coatings on 316SS boiler tube steal exhibit composite ductile
or brittle modes of erosion under angular alumina sand erodent of size 50 impacted
at 30m/s. The HVOF spraying leads to a high retention of CrC in the coating matrix
accompanied with lower porosity.
International Journal of Engineering and Science Invention (IJESI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of computer science and electronics. IJESI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Engineering Science and Technology, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
Taber abrasion tester mainly through the rotation of the grinding method, use different types of friction wheel for rotating on the sample to detect leather and plastic materials wear resistance performance.
Effect of Dolomitic Marble Dust Powder and Calcitic Marble Dust Powder on C...IRJET Journal
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This document discusses research into using marble dust powder as a partial replacement for cement in concrete. The research tested concrete mixtures with dolomitic marble dust powder from Rajsamand, India and calcitic marble dust powder from Makrana, India replacing cement at various percentages. The concrete mixtures were tested for compressive and tensile strength at 7 and 28 days. Results showed the dolomitic powder increased tensile strength more than compressive strength, while the calcitic powder increased compressive strength more. Both marble dust powders improved the concrete strengths compared to normal concrete, with 10% calcitic and 15% dolomitic powder providing optimum improvements. The research concluded the powders can be effectively used as a sustainable cement replacement in
The document describes the molecular decomposition process (MDP), an electrochemical grinding method. Key points:
- MDP allows for high material removal rates while maintaining low workpiece temperatures. It uses lower mechanical forces and can achieve surface finishes of 1 Ra ÎĽin or less.
- MDP isolates the workpiece and spindle from other equipment. It has power supply and electrolyte management systems to control processes. The electrolyte filtration system removes heavy metals to make the system environmentally friendly.
- MDP uses an anode-cathode relationship between the workpiece and grinding wheel through an electrochemical cell. This allows for defined material removal through a deplating action that softens the material and prevents adhesion to the wheel,
This document provides an overview of abrasive flow machining (AFM). It discusses the need for AFM to machine advanced materials and its ability to achieve high surface finishes and tolerances. The mechanism of AFM involves extruding an abrasive media through workpieces to remove material. Process parameters like pressure, abrasive size, and flow volume affect the material removal rate and surface finish. AFM is used in industries like aerospace, automotive, and die/mold making to improve surfaces and extend component lifetimes. While effective, AFM also has disadvantages like high costs and an inability to process blind holes. Ongoing research is exploring hybrid processes and optimizations to address limitations.
Forging Lubricants For The Hot Forging Of SteelsGustavo Schiuma
Â
Die lubrication is key for quality and productivity in hot forging processes. The right lubricant must reduce friction to allow smooth metal flow while also releasing, cooling, and protecting the die to extend its life. Proper lubricant selection and application parameters are important. Forging lubricants typically contain graphite, which helps lubricate and release the forged part from the die. Maintaining consistent lubricant concentration and application are important for optimizing the forging process.
Peristaltic liquid dispenser FR800 for instant dry low viscosity liquidEddie Lee
Â
FR800 peristaltic Dispenser
Application for dispensing the liquid in lowness viscosity (Such as: Cyanoacrylate glue, Electrolyte, Printing ink, Solvents, Instant dry liquid etc.). No compressed air required. Easily be integrated to automation line.
Lubricant analysis is a key component of condition monitoring programs. It involves analyzing lubricant samples to monitor both lubricant condition and the condition of equipment. Key tests include particle counting to detect wear debris, spectroscopy to identify contaminants and wear metals, and ferrography to determine wear particle sizes, shapes, and causes of wear. Together, these tests provide early detection of equipment issues before failure occurs.
This document provides the Indian Standard methods for testing the jointing of autoclaved cellular concrete flexural members. It outlines the test specimens, jointing procedures, curing processes, testing procedures, and safety considerations. Specimens consist of 5 joined 0.5m concrete elements tested in series of 3. Elements are joined according to manufacturer instructions and cured as directed before testing under centered linear loading to determine joint strength.
This document summarizes the properties and usage of 3M Scotchcast Electrical Resin 9, which is a two-part, room-curing epoxy resin. It has a 1:1 mix ratio by weight, low viscosity, and good handling properties. It provides excellent thermal and mechanical shock resistance. The resin has a low exothermic reaction and long pot life, allowing for mixing of large batches. It adheres well while inducing low stress. The document provides details on mixing, degassing, curing, storage, and safety of the resin.
Development and Testing of Friction and Wear Test Rigijtsrd
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This research paper presents a friction and wear test rig, developed from locally available materials. Sizing of the various components of the rig was done as specified by Society of Automobile Engineers. The required materials for the test rig were sourced locally, constructed and assembled. The input shaft was sized to fit in the speed range of available lathe machines. The test rig was tested using Soy oil, groundnut oil and SAE 40 oil lubricant. Samples generated from the test rig were analyzed using Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy to obtain wear metal count in the oil samples. Results for three wear elements showed that at 40 rpm, copper in oil samples ranged from 6.2 10.2 concentration whereas at higher speeds, a distinct reduction in wear metal concentration was obtained. Other wear elements followed similar profile. The test rig is capable of predicting performance of oil lubricants in storage and operating conditions. The test rig is recommended in industries to increase mean time between machine failures of production equipment thereby improving productivity and profitability. Kingsley N. Nwankwo | Gbashi M. Samuel | Yanshio T. Emmauel "Development and Testing of Friction and Wear Test Rig" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-3 | Issue-6 , October 2019, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd28046.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/mechanical-engineering/28046/development-and-testing-of-friction-and-wear-test-rig/kingsley-n-nwankwo
Investigation of Tribological Properties of Cotton Seed Oil By Adding MoS2 an...IRJET Journal
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This document summarizes a study investigating the tribological properties of cotton seed oil with the addition of MoS2 and SiO2 nanoparticles. The study used a four-ball tester to measure the coefficient of friction and wear scar diameter of cotton seed oil samples with varying concentrations of MoS2 and SiO2 additives. The results showed that adding 1% SiO2 nanoparticles reduced the coefficient of friction and wear scar diameter the most compared to other additive concentrations. Therefore, SiO2 nanoparticles show potential for improving the lubricating and anti-wear properties of cotton seed oil.
Compatibility study of slag cement with PCE based admixturesAbdulRazakBH
Â
Abstract - Admixture-Cement interaction in concrete is a complex blend of chemical and physical mechanism that are independent. Every admixture at optimum dosage gives better results when used with cement. The proposed research work is aimed at testing compatibility of slag cement at different dosages with PCE based admixtures. It was found that The Combination 80% Cement With 20% GGBS Are More Compatible Compared To All The Optimum Dosage Combinations.
Key Words: GGBS, PCE based admixture, Compatibility
This document provides information about a specific gravity balance that can directly measure the specific gravity of rubber and other elastomers in under 30 seconds. The balance has a range of 0.010 to 22.000, repeatability error of +/- 0.002, and maximum error of 0.1%. It can measure sample weights between 5-100 grams and has overload protection up to 500 grams.
The failure conditions can determine when and how to conduct an analysis. For example, if the gears are damaged but still able to function, the company may decide to continue their operation and monitor the rate at which damage progresses. In this case,
samples of the lubricant should be collected for analysis,
the reservoir drained and flushed and the lubricant replaced.
If gearbox reliability is crucial to the application, the gears should be examined by magnetic particle inspection to ensure that they have no cracks.
checking the gears for damage by visual inspection and by measuring sound and vibration. Analysis is carried out at different points in the engine.
Design and Fabrication of wear Testing MachineIJMERJOURNAL
Â
ABSTRACT: Wear is damage to a surface as a result of relative motion with respect to another substance. One key point is that wear is damage and it is not limited to loss of material from the surface. However, loss of material is definitely one way in which a part can experience wear. In the older definitions of wear there used to be a greater stress on the “loss of material” , however now-a-days the newer and more general definitions of wear is very natural to the design or device engineer , who thinks of wear in terms of a change to a part that effects its performance. The focus is on the change which may be translated to damage. The implication of this generalization will be further explored in the discussion of wear measures. A mass measurement does not measure displaced materials. In addition it is sensitive to wear debris and transferred material that becomes attached to the surface and can not be removed. This material does not necessarily have to be from the same surface; it can from the counter face as well.
This document summarizes the failure analysis of a helical gear used in a steel mill reducer gearbox. Visual examination found two broken teeth with pitting on the contact side. Investigation found the gear material was a low alloy steel and fractography showed brittle fracture from excessive contact stress. The failure was caused by replacing the original motor with a more powerful one, increasing stress over 3 times higher than allowable for the gear material and leading to pitting, crack initiation and growth, and final fracture.
report of industrial training done at MAKINO.
 For over two decades, Makino Auto Industries Pvt. Ltd. has been the trusted name in the automotive industry. The company's product range of Automotive clutch assemblies, brake assemblies and components are amongst the category leaders in India and discerning markets of the world.
Established in 1990 Makino has 4 plants in India. Started as a Friction Disc manufacturer and now a complete clutch & Brake Solution Provider.
Experts of Automotive Clutches & Brakes (2W, 3W and 4W applications)
Working with major OEM in India for 2 W and 3 W applications
Vision is to provide technologically advanced clutches & brakes for existing and future vehicles.
"MAKINO is committed to consistently provide the Original Equipment Manufacturer and vehicle owner quality products.
Wear In Hydrodynamic Journal Bearings: A ReviewIJMER
Â
The importance of friction and wear control cannot be overemphasized for economic reasons
and long-term reliability. This paper presents the reviews of different works in the area of wear and
friction in hydrodynamic journal bearings and tries to find out latest developments and trends available in
industries and other fields in order to minimize the total equipment cost, minimize damages and maximize
the safety of machines, structures and materials. This paper helps us to find out the parameters on which a
hydrodynamic journal bearing is selected for different conditions i.e. dry as well as lubricated conditions.
Wear Rate Analysis of Hydrodynamic Journal Bearing In Different ConditionsIJMER
Â
Friction and wear always occur at machine parts which run together. This affects the
efficiency of machines negatively. Hydrodynamic journal bearings are widely used in industry because
of their simplicity, efficiency and low cost. Wear due to relative motion between component surfaces is
one of the primary modes of failure for many engineered systems. Unfortunately, it is difficult to
accurately predict component life due to wear as reported wear rates generally exhibit large scatter.
An attempt has been made to study the influence of wear parameters like load, speed, type of lubricant
used, temperature, and viscosity of lubricant. The main objective of the study is to evaluate the wear
rate of different journalbearing materials (brass and white metal) under similar conditions. The
materials are tested in dry and wet lubrication under similar operating conditions. For this purpose we
use Pin-on-disc apparatus. It was found that the wear rate of both materials is more in dry conditions
compared to lubricated conditions (when tested under similar working conditions). We also found that
wear rate of white metal is more as compared to brass and higher frictional force is observed in case
of brass material
In the present study, coatings were deposited on CrC-NiCrFeSiBCoC(80%-20% )a
Fe based SS316 steel substrate to reduce the damage caused by erosion boiler
applications. Erosion studies were conducted on uncoated as well as HVOF coated steels.
The erosion experiments were carried out using an air-jet erosion test rig according to
ASTM G-76 standard at a velocity of 30 m/s and at different impingement angles of 30°,
60° and 90°. The HVOF spraying leads to a high retention of CrC in the coating matrix
accompanied with lower porosity The high velocity oxy-fuel (HVOF) sprayed CrCNiCrFeSiBCoC(
80%-20% )coatings on 316SS boiler tube steal exhibit composite ductile
or brittle modes of erosion under angular alumina sand erodent of size 50 impacted
at 30m/s. The HVOF spraying leads to a high retention of CrC in the coating matrix
accompanied with lower porosity.
International Journal of Engineering and Science Invention (IJESI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of computer science and electronics. IJESI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Engineering Science and Technology, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
Taber abrasion tester mainly through the rotation of the grinding method, use different types of friction wheel for rotating on the sample to detect leather and plastic materials wear resistance performance.
Effect of Dolomitic Marble Dust Powder and Calcitic Marble Dust Powder on C...IRJET Journal
Â
This document discusses research into using marble dust powder as a partial replacement for cement in concrete. The research tested concrete mixtures with dolomitic marble dust powder from Rajsamand, India and calcitic marble dust powder from Makrana, India replacing cement at various percentages. The concrete mixtures were tested for compressive and tensile strength at 7 and 28 days. Results showed the dolomitic powder increased tensile strength more than compressive strength, while the calcitic powder increased compressive strength more. Both marble dust powders improved the concrete strengths compared to normal concrete, with 10% calcitic and 15% dolomitic powder providing optimum improvements. The research concluded the powders can be effectively used as a sustainable cement replacement in
The document describes the molecular decomposition process (MDP), an electrochemical grinding method. Key points:
- MDP allows for high material removal rates while maintaining low workpiece temperatures. It uses lower mechanical forces and can achieve surface finishes of 1 Ra ÎĽin or less.
- MDP isolates the workpiece and spindle from other equipment. It has power supply and electrolyte management systems to control processes. The electrolyte filtration system removes heavy metals to make the system environmentally friendly.
- MDP uses an anode-cathode relationship between the workpiece and grinding wheel through an electrochemical cell. This allows for defined material removal through a deplating action that softens the material and prevents adhesion to the wheel,
This document provides an overview of abrasive flow machining (AFM). It discusses the need for AFM to machine advanced materials and its ability to achieve high surface finishes and tolerances. The mechanism of AFM involves extruding an abrasive media through workpieces to remove material. Process parameters like pressure, abrasive size, and flow volume affect the material removal rate and surface finish. AFM is used in industries like aerospace, automotive, and die/mold making to improve surfaces and extend component lifetimes. While effective, AFM also has disadvantages like high costs and an inability to process blind holes. Ongoing research is exploring hybrid processes and optimizations to address limitations.
Forging Lubricants For The Hot Forging Of SteelsGustavo Schiuma
Â
Die lubrication is key for quality and productivity in hot forging processes. The right lubricant must reduce friction to allow smooth metal flow while also releasing, cooling, and protecting the die to extend its life. Proper lubricant selection and application parameters are important. Forging lubricants typically contain graphite, which helps lubricate and release the forged part from the die. Maintaining consistent lubricant concentration and application are important for optimizing the forging process.
Peristaltic liquid dispenser FR800 for instant dry low viscosity liquidEddie Lee
Â
FR800 peristaltic Dispenser
Application for dispensing the liquid in lowness viscosity (Such as: Cyanoacrylate glue, Electrolyte, Printing ink, Solvents, Instant dry liquid etc.). No compressed air required. Easily be integrated to automation line.
Lubricant analysis is a key component of condition monitoring programs. It involves analyzing lubricant samples to monitor both lubricant condition and the condition of equipment. Key tests include particle counting to detect wear debris, spectroscopy to identify contaminants and wear metals, and ferrography to determine wear particle sizes, shapes, and causes of wear. Together, these tests provide early detection of equipment issues before failure occurs.
This document provides the Indian Standard methods for testing the jointing of autoclaved cellular concrete flexural members. It outlines the test specimens, jointing procedures, curing processes, testing procedures, and safety considerations. Specimens consist of 5 joined 0.5m concrete elements tested in series of 3. Elements are joined according to manufacturer instructions and cured as directed before testing under centered linear loading to determine joint strength.
This document summarizes the properties and usage of 3M Scotchcast Electrical Resin 9, which is a two-part, room-curing epoxy resin. It has a 1:1 mix ratio by weight, low viscosity, and good handling properties. It provides excellent thermal and mechanical shock resistance. The resin has a low exothermic reaction and long pot life, allowing for mixing of large batches. It adheres well while inducing low stress. The document provides details on mixing, degassing, curing, storage, and safety of the resin.
Development and Testing of Friction and Wear Test Rigijtsrd
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This research paper presents a friction and wear test rig, developed from locally available materials. Sizing of the various components of the rig was done as specified by Society of Automobile Engineers. The required materials for the test rig were sourced locally, constructed and assembled. The input shaft was sized to fit in the speed range of available lathe machines. The test rig was tested using Soy oil, groundnut oil and SAE 40 oil lubricant. Samples generated from the test rig were analyzed using Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy to obtain wear metal count in the oil samples. Results for three wear elements showed that at 40 rpm, copper in oil samples ranged from 6.2 10.2 concentration whereas at higher speeds, a distinct reduction in wear metal concentration was obtained. Other wear elements followed similar profile. The test rig is capable of predicting performance of oil lubricants in storage and operating conditions. The test rig is recommended in industries to increase mean time between machine failures of production equipment thereby improving productivity and profitability. Kingsley N. Nwankwo | Gbashi M. Samuel | Yanshio T. Emmauel "Development and Testing of Friction and Wear Test Rig" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-3 | Issue-6 , October 2019, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd28046.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/mechanical-engineering/28046/development-and-testing-of-friction-and-wear-test-rig/kingsley-n-nwankwo
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Assessment of Lubricant Properties of J.Curcas Seed Oil And 10w-30 Arrow Prem...inventionjournals
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This study compared the lubricating properties of unrefined Jatropha curcas seed oil to a conventional 10W-30 synthetic blend oil using a four-ball tester. The results showed that the Jatropha oil had better friction reduction and wear protection capabilities than the conventional oil in its unformulated state. When formulated with suitable anti-wear additives like ZDDP, the Jatropha oil showed potential to compete with or exceed the performance of conventional oils, particularly for applications like wire drawing. The study concluded that Jatropha oil could be a good alternative base oil that is beneficial from tribological, environmental, and non-food competitive perspectives.
SELF-ALIGNED BEARING FAULT DETECTION USING VIBRATION SIGNALS ANALYZED BY SPEC...Journal For Research
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Over the past decades there have been many major advances in the development of fault diagnosis of deep grove ball bearing and roller bearing had taken placed. in this paper an effort is made to study the performance of Self aligned ball bearings. Self-aligned ball bearings are widely used in industry from home appliances to aerospace industry. Proper functioning of these machine elements is extremely important in order to prevent catastrophic damages. It is therefore, important to monitor the condition of the bearings and to know the severity of the defects before they cause serious catastrophic damages. Hence, the study of vibrations generated by these defects plays an important role in quality inspection as well as for condition monitoring of the self-aligned ball bearing/machine element. This paper describes the vibration analysis technique to detect the defects in the self-aligned ball bearing. The Fast Fourier Transform (FFT) detected the frequencies of damage present during the vibration analysis of a ball bearing. This faults and their related frequency is simulated with MATLAB software.
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A review on effect of addition of nano particles on tribological properties o...IAEME Publication
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study results showed that, the use of crumb rubber has a noticeable effect on the characteristics of
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The document presents an experimental study on the effect of various parameters on the tribological performance of a nano lubricant containing multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNT). Design of experiments was used to study the effect of four factors - MWCNT quantity, surfactant quantity, load, and speed. Experiments were conducted using a block-on-disk tribometer with four levels of each factor. The results showed that speed and MWCNT quantity had the greatest effect on wear, followed by surfactant quantity and load. The interaction between load and surfactant quantity and between load and MWCNT quantity were also significant. The minimum wear was achieved with 0.05% MWCNT in the nano lubric
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Ocean lotus Threat actors project by John Sitima 2024 (1).pptxSitimaJohn
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TrustArc Webinar - 2024 Global Privacy SurveyTrustArc
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Jd3515761580
1. Christy V. Vazhappilly et al Int. Journal of Engineering Research and Application
ISSN : 2248-9622, Vol. 3, Issue 5, Sep-Oct 2013, pp.1576-1580
RESEARCH ARTICLE
www.ijera.com
OPEN ACCESS
Experimental Analysis of Vibration of Ball Bearing Considering
Solid Contaminants in Lubricants
Christy V.Vazhappilly1, Manoj Kumar V.K2, Praveen Raj C.R3, P.Kamalesan4
1
(Department of Mechanical Engg, Jyothi Engineering College, Kerala, India)
(Department of Mechanical Engg, Jyothi Engineering College, Kerala, India)
3
(Department of Mechanical Engg, Jyothi Engineering College, Kerala, India)
4
(Department of Mechanical Engg, Tamilnadu College of Engineering, Tamil Nadu, India)
2
Abstract
Rolling element bearings are common in any rotating machinery. The rolling element bearings subjected to
failure under continuous running. Therefore they have received great attention in the field of condition
monitoring. Different methods are detection and diagnosis of the bearing defects. Among them the commonly
used technique is vibration signature analysis. The information obtained from the system vibration can be used
for identifying its response subjected to various conditions. In rolling element bearing, contamination of
lubricant grease by solid particles is one among the several reasons for early bearing failure. The main objective
of this project is to investigate the effect of lubricant contamination by solid particles on rolling element bearing.
This work is carried out to determine the vibrations on good and defective bearing in healthy grease and
contaminant grease conditions. Obtained the vibration characteristics of healthy grease tested ball bearings are
compared with those of contaminant grease tested ball bearings. Vibration signals are acquired from the ball
bearings assembled in an experimental rig. The radial load was applied to the outer ring of the test bearing. An
accelerometer placed on bearing housing measures radial vibration both in vertical and horizontal. The SKFLGWA type of lubricants is used in this test, and also different types of solid particles are used as contaminants.
The effect of contaminant concentration and particle size on vibration is to be studied. A way of monitoring
machinery performance during operation is through mechanical vibration measurement. In rolling bearings, a
sudden increase in vibration can be indicative of failure occurrence. In other techniques such as grease analyses
and temperature monitoring can also provide warning of faults. But here, vibration monitoring is more versatile
since it can reveal a wider range of faults.
Keywords – Condition monitoring, Contaminants, Grease, Particle size, Ball bearing.
I.
INTRODUCTION
In the lubrication systems occurring in rolling
bearings, very high contact pressures elastically deform
the surfaces, giving origin to small elliptical contact
areas. The cyclic formation of the elastically deformed
contacts eventually leads to surface fatigue. Spalling is
known as the typical failure mechanism happening in
rolling bearings lubricated by grease. The elastic
deformation is subject to the existence of material
defects near the subsurface region, as well as to the
presence of solid particles in the contact interface. The
surface initiated damage due to grease contamination
has become one of the main causes of bearing failure.
II.
CONTAMINANTS
The term contaminant is another name for
pollution. Contaminants are any potentially undesirable
substance. It usually refers to the introduction of
harmful human-made substances. However, some
substances that may have harmful effects at high levels
occur naturally in ecosystems and may also be
introduced through human activities. They can produce
direct effect on lubrication for instance, in plain
bearings; an increase in contaminant concentration can
www.ijera.com
make the grease film thickness to decrease.
Concerning wear mechanisms in rolling contacts,
when hard particles go into the interface, surface
damage by mechanisms such as denting is inevitable.
A way of monitoring machinery performance
during operation is through mechanical vibration
measurement. In rolling bearings, a sudden increase in
vibration can be indicative of failure occurrence. In
other techniques such as grease analyses and
temperature monitoring can also provide warning of
faults. But here, vibration monitoring is more versatile
since it can reveal a wider range of faults. Defects in
bearings can excite vibration frequencies in both lowand high-frequency bands. Several works on ranges of
vibration frequencies affected by rubbing phenomena
occurring in lubricated contacts can be found in the
literature.
The authors found out that vibration analysis
through the root mean square (rms) value was able to
show that particle size and the concentration affect the
dynamical response of the bearing in the 600–10,000
Hz frequency range, in distinct trends:
ď‚· The vibration increases with concentration; and
1576 | P a g e
2. Christy V. Vazhappilly et al Int. Journal of Engineering Research and Application
ISSN : 2248-9622, Vol. 3, Issue 5, Sep-Oct 2013, pp.1576-1580
www.ijera.com
ď‚·
The vibration first increases and after decreases
with particle size.
In these tests, surface damage was noticed in
the bearings
after they had been run in contaminated grease.
By means of the same basic procedures
previously adopted for vibration analysis, the present
study investigates both the dependence of the
dynamical response of ball bearings on oil
contamination
characteristics
(contaminant
concentration and particle size) and its correlation to
wear. Wear was characterized through surface
roughness measurements and oil analyses. This study
aimed at:
ď‚· determining the vibration amount specifically
related to worn bearings;
ď‚· determine the vibration specifically related to the
presence of solid particles in the interface;
ď‚· finding out to what extent the vibration due to the
presence of contaminant was correlated to the
vibration of the worn bearing;
ď‚· finding out to what extent the vibration of worn
bearings can be correlated to wear damage.
III.
Figure 2 Experimental Set Up
EXPERIMENTAL METHOD
Vibration signals are acquired from ball
bearings, grease lubricated assembled in an
experimental set up.
Figure 3 Geometry of the Ball Bearing
Figure 1 Experimental Lay Out
The radial load was applied to the outer ring of
the test bearing. An accelerometer placed on bearing
housing measured radial vibration both in vertical and
horizontal. The ball bearing geometry is shown in Fig.
LGWA 2 is premium quality mineral oil
viscosity (40oC) based lithium complex grease. LGWA
2 has such properties that it can be recommended for a
wide range of industrial and automotive applications.
So LGWA 2 grease was used as lubricant. Different
types of particles is used the project. In first step of the
project Mild Steel (MS) particles were to be used.
Particles of 90µm (T1), 150 µm (T2), 300 µm (T3)
average sizes were used as grease contaminants. The
sizes were obtained through screens of 600 and 300,
150 and 90 meshes, respectively.
www.ijera.com
Grease quantity is based on the ball bearing
geometry values .In the first step, the test bearings
were filled with a particular contaminated grease
mixture. The amount of grease added
G = 0.005DB
Where,
G = Grease quantity, gm
D = Bearing outside diameter, mm
B = Bearing width, mm.
Defective bearing
Healthy grease
Shaft speed
S1=740 rpm
Ball bearing(6206)
SKF-LGWA
S2=1150 rpm
S3=1600 rpm
Table 1 Healthy Grease Condition
Three concentration levels were selected,
Grease quantity is 5 gm (grease quantity amount is
based on ball bearing geometry).0.5gm (10% of grease
quantity), 1gm (20 % of grease quantity), 1.5gm (30%
of grease quantity). The concentration level is based
on the amount of grease quantity.
Every test followed a sequence of three steps.
In the first step, the bearing was running in healthy
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3. Christy V. Vazhappilly et al Int. Journal of Engineering Research and Application
ISSN : 2248-9622, Vol. 3, Issue 5, Sep-Oct 2013, pp.1576-1580
grease condition in order to stabilize the oil bath
temperature. In second step the test continued to run in
healthy grease condition in order to collect the vibration
data in different combination of load and speed values.
In the third step the powder contaminant is poured into
the grease at a specified contamination condition.
Vibration signals with contaminated grease are acquired
from bearing housing in different combination of load
and speed values. Vibration results of the worn bearings
in healthy grease were compared to vibration results of
the bearings in contaminated grease, in order to find out
differences in the vibration trends due to the presence
of contaminants alone and due to the bearing wear.
Data were record and analysis with respect to the values
of RMS (root mean square) related to some specific
spectral frequency bands.
Shaft
speed
S1=740
S2=1150
S3=1600
S1=740
S2=1150
S3=1600
S1=740
S2=1150
S3=1600
Grease
Concentration of Particl
Quantity
contamination
e size
(gm)
level (% wt)
(µm)
5
10%=0.5gm
90
5
20%=1gm
90
5
30%=1.5gm
90
5
10%=0.5gm
150
5
20%=1gm
150
5
30%=1.5gm
150
5
10%=0.5gm
300
5
20%=1gm
300
5
30%=1.5gm
300
Table 1 Contamination Grease Table
IV.
RESULTS
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Figure 5 rms values related to vibration in frequency
bands as a function of speed of 1150 rpm and healthy
grease (horizontal) condition.
Figure 6 rms values related to vibration in frequency
bands as a function of speed of 1600 rpm and healthy
grease vertical condition.
Bearing vibration in healthy grease tests,
According to some previous results, the LF band is
more sensitive to the operating condition, not being
significantly affected by oil contamination. The
difference in vibration for the analyzed frequency bands
in all the studied operating conditions of different speed
condition from the tests performed in healthy grease.
The values were arranged according to growing rms
level. Vibration signals based on frequency domain and
time domain analysis.
Bearing vibration in contaminated grease
tests, In this test defective bearing is used to analyze
the vibration signals. Different types of contaminants
were used to analyze the test under contaminant
condition level.
In this test various sizes of particles is used.
The particle size differentiates with the help of sieve
shaker analyzer.
Figure 4 rms values related to vibration in frequency
bands as a function of speed of 740 rpm and healthy
grease vertical condition.
Figure 7 rms values related to vibration in frequency
bands as a function of speed of 1600 rpm and healthy
grease vertical condition.
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4. Christy V. Vazhappilly et al Int. Journal of Engineering Research and Application
ISSN : 2248-9622, Vol. 3, Issue 5, Sep-Oct 2013, pp.1576-1580
(Particle size=300µm and 10% of grease amount)
V.
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CONCLUSION
In the present work, ball bearings were tested
in order to study the effect of grease contamination on
vibration level.
The effect of contaminant
concentration on vibration was distinct from that of the
particle size. The vibration level increased with
contaminant concentration level, tending to stabilize in
a limit. On the other hand, as the particle size
increased, the vibration level first increased and then
decreased.
For defective bearing conditions,
significant peaks at the bearing fault frequencies are
observed.
Larger sized contamination particles increase
surface waviness considerably. As a result, the
vibration level increased considerably at larger particle
sizes.
Figure 8 rms values related to vibration in frequency
bands as a function of speed of 740 rpm and
contaminant grease vertical condition.
(Particle size=300µm and 20% of grease amount)
VI.
ACKNOWLEDGMENT
The
authors
would
like
thank
Dr.V.Hariharan,
Kongu Engineering College,
Tamil Nadu Dr.P.Navaneethakrishnan, Kongu
Engineering College, Tamil Nadu, India and R&D
Engineers, for their technical support and valuable
suggestions.
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Figure 9 rms values related to vibration in frequency
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Figure 10 rms values related to vibration in frequency
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www.ijera.com
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AUTHORS
First Author – Christy V Vazhappilly,
Assistant Professor, Department of Mechanical Engg,
Jyothi Engineering College, Kerala, India.,
Second Author – Manoj Kumar V.K,
Assistant Professor, Department of Mechanical Engg,
Jyothi Engineering College, Kerala, India.,
Thrid Author – Praveen Raj,
Assistant Professor, Department of Mechanical Engg,
Jyothi Engineering College, Kerala, India.,
Fourth Author – P.Kamalesan,
Assistant Professor, Department of Mechanical Engg,
Tamilnadu College of Engineering, Tamil Nadu, India
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