International Journal of Engineering and Science Invention (IJESI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of computer science and electronics. IJESI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Engineering Science and Technology, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
The document provides information on bearings for rotary motion. It discusses different types of bearings including radial bearings, thrust bearings, sliding contact bearings, and rolling contact bearings. It also discusses different classifications of sliding contact bearings based on load carried, lubrication, and lubrication mechanism. Common materials used for sliding contact bearings include babbitt metal, bronze, cast iron, carbon, rubber, wood, and plastic. The document concludes with an example problem demonstrating how to design a journal bearing for a centrifugal pump.
Sliding Contact Bearing Theory Prof. Sagar DhotareSagar Dhotare
In present ppt covers following points:
Introduction of Sliding Contact Bearings
Classification
Applications
Different lubrications systems
Hydrodynamic bearing concept and working
Comparison between sliding and rolling contact bearings
PETROFF’S EQUATION For Hydrodynamic Journal Bearing
Dimensionless Parameters used in SCB
Design procedure for Hydrodynamic Journal Bearing
The document discusses CG-1 hydrodynamic bearings produced by HTB corporation. The bearings can operate continuously at temperatures up to 400°F without external cooling, unlike traditional bearings that require cooling below 200°F. The CG-1 bearings use modern materials like high temperature polymers instead of babbitt metals, can improve strength and efficiency over traditional designs, and reduce costs by eliminating external cooling needs.
This document discusses journal bearings and lubrication. It begins by defining hydrodynamic lubrication and types of journal bearings such as full, partial, and fitted. It then covers lubrication mechanisms like hydrodynamic, hydrostatic, and boundary lubrication. Finally, it discusses lubrication principles, terminology used in journal bearings, common bearing materials and their properties, and types of loads carried by different bearings.
Rolling contact bearings are also known as anti-friction bearing due to its low friction characteristics between ball and inner and outer rings. Rolling contact bearings are used for radial load, thrust load and combination of these both loads. Rolling contact bearings are often used due to its lower price, less maintenance cost and easy to operate.
Pioneer Machinery manufactures a variety of bearing products for industrial customers. It was founded in 1990 and has since expanded its product lines through acquisitions and innovations. Today it focuses on developing high-performance bearings for demanding applications in industries such as oil and gas.
1. The document discusses sliding contact bearings, which use a layer of lubricant like oil or grease to reduce friction and wear between moving machine elements.
2. Applications include concrete mixers, turbines, motors, and engine crankshafts. Advantages are simple design, compact size, low cost, and good shock resistance, while disadvantages include higher friction losses and need for good lubrication.
3. Bearings are classified by the direction of load (radial or thrust) and the type of contact (sliding or rolling). Sliding contact bearings use layers of materials like babbit metal, bronze, cast iron, or non-metallic alternatives between surfaces.
Bearing handbook for electric motor skfducnamtrinh
The document is a handbook for electric motor bearings from SKF that provides specifications and information about various bearing types. It includes speed ratings, dimensions, installation tips, lubrication recommendations, and other technical details for SKF deep groove ball bearings in their 6200 and 6300 series. The handbook aims to help users select, install, and maintain SKF bearings for optimal electric motor performance.
The document provides information on bearings for rotary motion. It discusses different types of bearings including radial bearings, thrust bearings, sliding contact bearings, and rolling contact bearings. It also discusses different classifications of sliding contact bearings based on load carried, lubrication, and lubrication mechanism. Common materials used for sliding contact bearings include babbitt metal, bronze, cast iron, carbon, rubber, wood, and plastic. The document concludes with an example problem demonstrating how to design a journal bearing for a centrifugal pump.
Sliding Contact Bearing Theory Prof. Sagar DhotareSagar Dhotare
In present ppt covers following points:
Introduction of Sliding Contact Bearings
Classification
Applications
Different lubrications systems
Hydrodynamic bearing concept and working
Comparison between sliding and rolling contact bearings
PETROFF’S EQUATION For Hydrodynamic Journal Bearing
Dimensionless Parameters used in SCB
Design procedure for Hydrodynamic Journal Bearing
The document discusses CG-1 hydrodynamic bearings produced by HTB corporation. The bearings can operate continuously at temperatures up to 400°F without external cooling, unlike traditional bearings that require cooling below 200°F. The CG-1 bearings use modern materials like high temperature polymers instead of babbitt metals, can improve strength and efficiency over traditional designs, and reduce costs by eliminating external cooling needs.
This document discusses journal bearings and lubrication. It begins by defining hydrodynamic lubrication and types of journal bearings such as full, partial, and fitted. It then covers lubrication mechanisms like hydrodynamic, hydrostatic, and boundary lubrication. Finally, it discusses lubrication principles, terminology used in journal bearings, common bearing materials and their properties, and types of loads carried by different bearings.
Rolling contact bearings are also known as anti-friction bearing due to its low friction characteristics between ball and inner and outer rings. Rolling contact bearings are used for radial load, thrust load and combination of these both loads. Rolling contact bearings are often used due to its lower price, less maintenance cost and easy to operate.
Pioneer Machinery manufactures a variety of bearing products for industrial customers. It was founded in 1990 and has since expanded its product lines through acquisitions and innovations. Today it focuses on developing high-performance bearings for demanding applications in industries such as oil and gas.
1. The document discusses sliding contact bearings, which use a layer of lubricant like oil or grease to reduce friction and wear between moving machine elements.
2. Applications include concrete mixers, turbines, motors, and engine crankshafts. Advantages are simple design, compact size, low cost, and good shock resistance, while disadvantages include higher friction losses and need for good lubrication.
3. Bearings are classified by the direction of load (radial or thrust) and the type of contact (sliding or rolling). Sliding contact bearings use layers of materials like babbit metal, bronze, cast iron, or non-metallic alternatives between surfaces.
Bearing handbook for electric motor skfducnamtrinh
The document is a handbook for electric motor bearings from SKF that provides specifications and information about various bearing types. It includes speed ratings, dimensions, installation tips, lubrication recommendations, and other technical details for SKF deep groove ball bearings in their 6200 and 6300 series. The handbook aims to help users select, install, and maintain SKF bearings for optimal electric motor performance.
IRJET- Automation in Single Flow Bearing MachinesIRJET Journal
The document discusses automating processes in single flow bearing machines. Currently at a manufacturing company, processes like grease filling, sleeve fitting, and weight measuring are done manually, making production time-consuming. The authors propose automating these processes using a conveyor system to reduce time and human error. This would increase production rate and improve efficiency over the current manual system. The automated system is described as having been implemented and addressing problems with the prior manual system.
The document discusses belt drives and their components. Belt drives transmit power from one shaft to another using pulleys. Key factors that determine the amount of power transmitted include belt velocity, tension, pulley contact arc, and operating conditions. Proper shaft alignment and pulley spacing are important for uniform belt tension. Belts come in different types for various applications, from light drives transmitting small power at low speeds to heavy drives for large power transmission at high speeds. Common belt types mentioned are flat belts and V-belts.
A bearing is a machine element that supports another moving element, known as a journal, and allows relative motion between their surfaces while carrying loads. There are two main types of bearings: sliding contact bearings and rolling contact bearings. Sliding contact bearings include journal or sleeve bearings, which support radial loads and come in full or partial designs. Rolling contact bearings use balls or rollers between surfaces to reduce friction. Key considerations in bearing design include load capacity, friction, lubrication, and heat dissipation.
Investigation on flexural behaviour of glass beams incorporating stainless st...eSAT Journals
Abstract Glass has been used only as a non structural element in the past centuries. Nowadays, its use has been changed from non-structural use to structural use which brings up light into the building due to its transparency and saves energy to the eco-friendly world and gives aesthetic view. The glass beams are used as a supporting member of the glass panels in the roof structures. Glass is a brittle material and has high compressive strength compared to that of concrete and has low tensile strength similar to concrete. To develop its tensile strength, different types of reinforcement can be provided in the tensile zone of glass beams. The reinforcement for these type of composite glass beams are made of materials like steel, wood, etc. in the form of hollow tube section or solid section. This study presents the experimental work of eight glass beams of size 550 mm X 21.5 mm X 70 mm of two glass type (annealed glass and toughened glass) with varying reinforcement percentage. The stainless steel plates are provided at the bottom of the glass beams in the form of a channel as reinforcement. Load deflection response of glass beams is studied. Keywords: Laminated glass, PVB ,Strength ,Reinforcement
This document discusses bearing selection for pumps. It explains that pump bearings often fail for reasons other than fatigue, such as improper loading. The key factors in selecting a bearing are the operating loads, temperatures, shaft fits, and speed. Bearings require a minimum thrust load to maintain proper ball tracking. Angular contact bearings with a higher contact angle require more thrust. A preload or clearance is used to ensure the minimum thrust load is met. The document provides guidance on selecting the appropriate bearing type for different pump applications and conditions.
This document provides an introduction to bearings and bearing design. It defines bearings and their purpose of supporting moving machine elements while allowing relative motion. Bearings are classified based on the direction of load and type of contact. Rolling contact bearings like ball and roller bearings are introduced, which have lower friction than sliding contact bearings. The document outlines the main parts of a ball bearing and provides steps for selecting an appropriate bearing for an application involving a 40mm shaft with 5000N of radial load and 3000N of thrust load operating at 400rpm. Through calculations, ball bearing SKF No. 6308 is determined to meet the load requirements.
This is the basic information about bearing, this includes bearing type, selection of bearing depending on exerting loads by the machine on bearings and lubrication method of bearing.
IRJET- Experimental Investigation & Strength of Concrete by using Fiber GlassIRJET Journal
1. The document investigates the effect of adding glass fiber on the compressive strength, split tensile strength, flexural strength, and workability of concrete.
2. It was found that the compressive strength, split tensile strength, and flexural strength increased with the addition of glass fiber up to 0.3% by weight of cement. However, workability decreased with fiber contents above 0.1%.
3. The document presents the results of experiments conducted to test the compressive strength, split tensile strength, and flexural strength of concrete mixtures containing different percentages of glass fiber. The strengths were found to generally increase with the addition of fiber up to 0.3%, with decreasing strengths
Need of Lapping Machine for Valve Component: A Case StudyIJMER
ABSTRACT: Lapping process is characterized by its low speed, low pressure, and low material removal rate. This process
is used in achieving finer surfaces and closer fits, correction of minor imperfections, and maintaining close tolerances.
During the process of lapping, the mechanisms of surface formation and removal rate are decisively influenced by
the movement type of the individual grains within the lapping abrasive. A gate valve is used to start and stop the flow of
fluid. So the wedge and seat ring of a valve are in continuous pressure of fluid flow and due to opening and closing of valve
these component get wear and they need lapping during reconditioning. This paper will share the need, requirement and
application of lapping during the reconditioning of valve.
This paper will explore the current working condition of lapping machine in valve industry. It will elaborate the
effect of abrasive particals, working speed, surface roughness and other related parameters. What are the difficulties they
are facing during the valve reconditioning related to lapping, will be disscussed.Current set up and the changes required in
this model are suggested with the proposed model.
Key words: Lapping process, wedge, seat ring, abrasive particles.
BHEL is India's largest engineering and manufacturing company in the energy and infrastructure sector. It was established over 40 years ago with its first plant in Bhopal, kickstarting India's indigenous heavy electrical equipment industry. BHEL caters to key sectors like power, transportation, and telecommunications. It has 14 manufacturing divisions, regional centers, and offices across India and abroad. Bearings are crucial components that support rotating shafts in machines. They experience friction which generates heat, so proper lubrication and cooling is required. BHEL manufactures various types of bearings used in products like turbines, compressors, and generators. Careful consideration is given to bearing design factors such as load capacity, clearances, and lubrication flow
Rolling contact bearings and design procedureJashavant singh
this slide will give you idea about the rolling contact bearing , its types application areas and also you will learn how to design rolling contact bearing ,
comparison between the rolling contact and sliding contact bearing , advantage and disadvantages.
Nylon bearings offer excellent load bearing capacity, corrosion resistance, and are lightweight compared to steel. Proper bearing design requires considering the operating environment including temperature and moisture, as well as calculating the necessary press fit, running clearance by accounting for shaft allowance, temperature and moisture factors, and ensuring the bearing size can withstand the load and surface speed. Questions about the bearing design process are welcome.
This document discusses rolling contact bearings. It begins with an introduction and overview of topics to be covered, including broad classification into sliding contact bearings and roller contact bearings. Roller contact bearings have advantages over sliding contact bearings such as lower starting friction, ease of lubrication, ability to support both radial and thrust loads, and act as early failure indicators. However, they also have disadvantages including needing more diametrical space, higher initial cost, being noisier, and having a finite life. The document goes on to discuss terminology used for roller contact bearings and classifications including ball bearings and roller bearings for both radial and thrust loads.
This document summarizes key concepts related to mechanical transmission systems including gears, gear boxes, belts, chains, and bearings. It covers topics such as the purpose of gear boxes in providing different speed ratios according to requirements, applications of gear boxes in automobiles and machine tools, types of gears including spur gears, helical gears, bevel gears, and worm gears. It also discusses components of gear boxes, types of belt drives, chain drives, and bearings as well as materials used and failures that can occur in these mechanical systems.
This document discusses the design and classification of bearings. It begins by defining a bearing as a machine element that supports another moving element, allowing relative motion while carrying a load. Bearings are classified based on the direction of load (radial or thrust) and the type of contact (sliding or rolling). Sliding contact bearings are further classified based on the thickness of the lubricating film between surfaces. Common types of sliding contact bearings include journal, footstep, and thrust bearings. Properties of bearing materials and types of lubricants are also outlined.
Design of clutch theory Prof. Sagar a DhotareSagar Dhotare
This covers following points,
Introduction to clutch
Classification
Requirement of good friction clutch
Requirements of material used for friction clutch
Material used for friction clutch
Considerations in Designing a Friction Clutch
Design of Single Disc or Plate Clutch
Design of Multi Disc or Plate Clutch
Design of Cone Clutch
Comparison between Single and Multi Plate Clutch
Comparison between Plate and Cone Clutch
Rolling contact bearings are called antifriction bearings because they have lower friction than sliding contact bearings. The document discusses the advantages and types of rolling contact bearings, including ball bearings and different types of roller bearings. It also covers standard dimensions, load ratings, reliability, materials used, and lubrication of ball and roller bearings.
An investigation and rectification on failure of bearings of casting shakeout...eSAT Journals
Abstract This project deals with investigation and rectification on failure of bearing of casting shakeout, required in foundry industries to separate solidified casting and sand from mould box. The failure of bearings is mainly due to brinelling tends to create cavities on the bearing raceway. This result in roller and inner races surface of spherical bearing get damage. The rectification of existing system uses four bearings as modified setup of existing system to distribute the load acting on shakeout aims at reducing this frequent breakdown, increases life of bearings and increases the productivity of plant. The software Pro-E wildfire 4 is used for modeling. Keywords: Brinelling, Casting shakeout, Spherical Roller bearing, and Bearing life
Conditioning Monitoring of Ball Bearing Using Vibrational AnalysisIRJET Journal
This document provides an overview of condition monitoring of ball bearings using vibrational analysis. It discusses how ball bearings work and common failure modes. Vibration analysis is explored as a way to identify bearing defects by analyzing vibration signatures from sensors. Signal processing techniques like Fourier analysis are used to extract information from vibration signals and identify distinctive frequencies associated with different defect types. Continuous vibration monitoring allows early identification of defects, enabling prompt maintenance and increasing bearing lifespan.
IRJET- Automation in Single Flow Bearing MachinesIRJET Journal
The document discusses automating processes in single flow bearing machines. Currently at a manufacturing company, processes like grease filling, sleeve fitting, and weight measuring are done manually, making production time-consuming. The authors propose automating these processes using a conveyor system to reduce time and human error. This would increase production rate and improve efficiency over the current manual system. The automated system is described as having been implemented and addressing problems with the prior manual system.
The document discusses belt drives and their components. Belt drives transmit power from one shaft to another using pulleys. Key factors that determine the amount of power transmitted include belt velocity, tension, pulley contact arc, and operating conditions. Proper shaft alignment and pulley spacing are important for uniform belt tension. Belts come in different types for various applications, from light drives transmitting small power at low speeds to heavy drives for large power transmission at high speeds. Common belt types mentioned are flat belts and V-belts.
A bearing is a machine element that supports another moving element, known as a journal, and allows relative motion between their surfaces while carrying loads. There are two main types of bearings: sliding contact bearings and rolling contact bearings. Sliding contact bearings include journal or sleeve bearings, which support radial loads and come in full or partial designs. Rolling contact bearings use balls or rollers between surfaces to reduce friction. Key considerations in bearing design include load capacity, friction, lubrication, and heat dissipation.
Investigation on flexural behaviour of glass beams incorporating stainless st...eSAT Journals
Abstract Glass has been used only as a non structural element in the past centuries. Nowadays, its use has been changed from non-structural use to structural use which brings up light into the building due to its transparency and saves energy to the eco-friendly world and gives aesthetic view. The glass beams are used as a supporting member of the glass panels in the roof structures. Glass is a brittle material and has high compressive strength compared to that of concrete and has low tensile strength similar to concrete. To develop its tensile strength, different types of reinforcement can be provided in the tensile zone of glass beams. The reinforcement for these type of composite glass beams are made of materials like steel, wood, etc. in the form of hollow tube section or solid section. This study presents the experimental work of eight glass beams of size 550 mm X 21.5 mm X 70 mm of two glass type (annealed glass and toughened glass) with varying reinforcement percentage. The stainless steel plates are provided at the bottom of the glass beams in the form of a channel as reinforcement. Load deflection response of glass beams is studied. Keywords: Laminated glass, PVB ,Strength ,Reinforcement
This document discusses bearing selection for pumps. It explains that pump bearings often fail for reasons other than fatigue, such as improper loading. The key factors in selecting a bearing are the operating loads, temperatures, shaft fits, and speed. Bearings require a minimum thrust load to maintain proper ball tracking. Angular contact bearings with a higher contact angle require more thrust. A preload or clearance is used to ensure the minimum thrust load is met. The document provides guidance on selecting the appropriate bearing type for different pump applications and conditions.
This document provides an introduction to bearings and bearing design. It defines bearings and their purpose of supporting moving machine elements while allowing relative motion. Bearings are classified based on the direction of load and type of contact. Rolling contact bearings like ball and roller bearings are introduced, which have lower friction than sliding contact bearings. The document outlines the main parts of a ball bearing and provides steps for selecting an appropriate bearing for an application involving a 40mm shaft with 5000N of radial load and 3000N of thrust load operating at 400rpm. Through calculations, ball bearing SKF No. 6308 is determined to meet the load requirements.
This is the basic information about bearing, this includes bearing type, selection of bearing depending on exerting loads by the machine on bearings and lubrication method of bearing.
IRJET- Experimental Investigation & Strength of Concrete by using Fiber GlassIRJET Journal
1. The document investigates the effect of adding glass fiber on the compressive strength, split tensile strength, flexural strength, and workability of concrete.
2. It was found that the compressive strength, split tensile strength, and flexural strength increased with the addition of glass fiber up to 0.3% by weight of cement. However, workability decreased with fiber contents above 0.1%.
3. The document presents the results of experiments conducted to test the compressive strength, split tensile strength, and flexural strength of concrete mixtures containing different percentages of glass fiber. The strengths were found to generally increase with the addition of fiber up to 0.3%, with decreasing strengths
Need of Lapping Machine for Valve Component: A Case StudyIJMER
ABSTRACT: Lapping process is characterized by its low speed, low pressure, and low material removal rate. This process
is used in achieving finer surfaces and closer fits, correction of minor imperfections, and maintaining close tolerances.
During the process of lapping, the mechanisms of surface formation and removal rate are decisively influenced by
the movement type of the individual grains within the lapping abrasive. A gate valve is used to start and stop the flow of
fluid. So the wedge and seat ring of a valve are in continuous pressure of fluid flow and due to opening and closing of valve
these component get wear and they need lapping during reconditioning. This paper will share the need, requirement and
application of lapping during the reconditioning of valve.
This paper will explore the current working condition of lapping machine in valve industry. It will elaborate the
effect of abrasive particals, working speed, surface roughness and other related parameters. What are the difficulties they
are facing during the valve reconditioning related to lapping, will be disscussed.Current set up and the changes required in
this model are suggested with the proposed model.
Key words: Lapping process, wedge, seat ring, abrasive particles.
BHEL is India's largest engineering and manufacturing company in the energy and infrastructure sector. It was established over 40 years ago with its first plant in Bhopal, kickstarting India's indigenous heavy electrical equipment industry. BHEL caters to key sectors like power, transportation, and telecommunications. It has 14 manufacturing divisions, regional centers, and offices across India and abroad. Bearings are crucial components that support rotating shafts in machines. They experience friction which generates heat, so proper lubrication and cooling is required. BHEL manufactures various types of bearings used in products like turbines, compressors, and generators. Careful consideration is given to bearing design factors such as load capacity, clearances, and lubrication flow
Rolling contact bearings and design procedureJashavant singh
this slide will give you idea about the rolling contact bearing , its types application areas and also you will learn how to design rolling contact bearing ,
comparison between the rolling contact and sliding contact bearing , advantage and disadvantages.
Nylon bearings offer excellent load bearing capacity, corrosion resistance, and are lightweight compared to steel. Proper bearing design requires considering the operating environment including temperature and moisture, as well as calculating the necessary press fit, running clearance by accounting for shaft allowance, temperature and moisture factors, and ensuring the bearing size can withstand the load and surface speed. Questions about the bearing design process are welcome.
This document discusses rolling contact bearings. It begins with an introduction and overview of topics to be covered, including broad classification into sliding contact bearings and roller contact bearings. Roller contact bearings have advantages over sliding contact bearings such as lower starting friction, ease of lubrication, ability to support both radial and thrust loads, and act as early failure indicators. However, they also have disadvantages including needing more diametrical space, higher initial cost, being noisier, and having a finite life. The document goes on to discuss terminology used for roller contact bearings and classifications including ball bearings and roller bearings for both radial and thrust loads.
This document summarizes key concepts related to mechanical transmission systems including gears, gear boxes, belts, chains, and bearings. It covers topics such as the purpose of gear boxes in providing different speed ratios according to requirements, applications of gear boxes in automobiles and machine tools, types of gears including spur gears, helical gears, bevel gears, and worm gears. It also discusses components of gear boxes, types of belt drives, chain drives, and bearings as well as materials used and failures that can occur in these mechanical systems.
This document discusses the design and classification of bearings. It begins by defining a bearing as a machine element that supports another moving element, allowing relative motion while carrying a load. Bearings are classified based on the direction of load (radial or thrust) and the type of contact (sliding or rolling). Sliding contact bearings are further classified based on the thickness of the lubricating film between surfaces. Common types of sliding contact bearings include journal, footstep, and thrust bearings. Properties of bearing materials and types of lubricants are also outlined.
Design of clutch theory Prof. Sagar a DhotareSagar Dhotare
This covers following points,
Introduction to clutch
Classification
Requirement of good friction clutch
Requirements of material used for friction clutch
Material used for friction clutch
Considerations in Designing a Friction Clutch
Design of Single Disc or Plate Clutch
Design of Multi Disc or Plate Clutch
Design of Cone Clutch
Comparison between Single and Multi Plate Clutch
Comparison between Plate and Cone Clutch
Rolling contact bearings are called antifriction bearings because they have lower friction than sliding contact bearings. The document discusses the advantages and types of rolling contact bearings, including ball bearings and different types of roller bearings. It also covers standard dimensions, load ratings, reliability, materials used, and lubrication of ball and roller bearings.
An investigation and rectification on failure of bearings of casting shakeout...eSAT Journals
Abstract This project deals with investigation and rectification on failure of bearing of casting shakeout, required in foundry industries to separate solidified casting and sand from mould box. The failure of bearings is mainly due to brinelling tends to create cavities on the bearing raceway. This result in roller and inner races surface of spherical bearing get damage. The rectification of existing system uses four bearings as modified setup of existing system to distribute the load acting on shakeout aims at reducing this frequent breakdown, increases life of bearings and increases the productivity of plant. The software Pro-E wildfire 4 is used for modeling. Keywords: Brinelling, Casting shakeout, Spherical Roller bearing, and Bearing life
Conditioning Monitoring of Ball Bearing Using Vibrational AnalysisIRJET Journal
This document provides an overview of condition monitoring of ball bearings using vibrational analysis. It discusses how ball bearings work and common failure modes. Vibration analysis is explored as a way to identify bearing defects by analyzing vibration signatures from sensors. Signal processing techniques like Fourier analysis are used to extract information from vibration signals and identify distinctive frequencies associated with different defect types. Continuous vibration monitoring allows early identification of defects, enabling prompt maintenance and increasing bearing lifespan.
Review of Fault Detection in Rolling Element BearingAM Publications
Defective bearings are the source of vibrations in machines. Due to constructional features of bearing, they generate
vibrations. As the condition of bearings changes during use, the nature of vibrations also changes and it has a definite
characteristics depending upon the cause. This characteristic feature of bearing makes them suitable for vibration
monitoring. This is a review paper for fault detection technique in rolling element bearing, it covers rolling element
bearing components and its geometry, bearing failure modes, bearing condition monitoring techniques, time domain
and frequency domain techniques.
Bearing Life Optimization of Taper Roller Bearingijsrd.com
The life of the Taper Roller Bearing is most important factor with the optimum dimension, life and the geometry both of these are important to stay in the market. These parameters are determined the cost and quality of the bearing. To increase the life of bearings, the dimension of the bearing should be optimum to get the reliability and function of the bearing. In this project the geometry of the bearing component is trying to optimize with the desired life. By optimize the dimension of the Pocket corner radious of bearing component, the total mass of the bearing component. By reducing the weight of the bearing component ultimately total efficiency as well as total cost of the bearing is also reduced. The mass of bearing is reduced by changing the geometry of the dimension of the bearing component. The optimization has been carried out by keeping the results of the existing bearing constant.
This document discusses the applications of industrial tribology. It begins by defining tribology and the main causes of friction and wear between surfaces. It then discusses several industrial applications where tribology is important, including bearings, gears, cams, and automobile engines. For each application, the document discusses common failure mechanisms and how tribological principles can be applied to improve performance and reduce wear through methods like surface coatings, lubricants, and material selection. The document concludes by noting that understanding tribology can help conserve energy and that developing eco-friendly materials and lubricants can promote sustainability and reduce emissions.
This document discusses different types of bearings and their failure modes. It describes rolling contact bearings and their parts. Common failures for rolling contact bearings include wear damage, smearing, false brinelling, and corrosion. Cage failures include wear from contamination, tilting, and fractures. Sliding contact bearings are also discussed. Journal bearing failures like seizure, wear, oil whirl, and oil whip instabilities are explained. The document concludes by discussing research on air foil bearings which don't require external lubrication systems and their potential advantages and challenges.
The document describes a proposed combination of a single helical gear with a flat belt system for a ball mill machine. Helical gears arranged vertically would allow the system to attain higher gear ratios and speeds. A flat belt made of polyamide rubber was chosen because it does not require grooves, preventing energy loss and longer wear time. Calculations using specifications of the proposed pulleys, flat belt, and C45 steel helical gear showed the system could meet the ball mill's torque and speed requirements. The combination was proposed to address issues like scoring and tooth breaking in conventional ball mill gear systems.
1) The document discusses a study on delaying fracture of abrasive grains used in grinding wheels through bulk surface coatings.
2) Testing showed that grinding wheels made with abrasive grains coated via a bulk surface modification process performed better - exhibiting around 25% improvement - than wheels with untreated grains.
3) Analysis indicated the surface coating increased grain toughness, delaying fracture under grinding stresses. Scanning electron microscopy of worn wheel grains supported this, showing coated grains remained intact while untreated grains fractured into smaller pieces.
This document discusses bearing failures and their causes. It begins by defining bearing life and explaining how fatigue leads to flaking over time under load. It then examines different types of bearing damage like wear, indentations, smearing, corrosion, and flaking. The document analyzes path patterns that can be observed on bearings' raceways to help interpret abnormal operating conditions and diagnose the root cause of failures.
IRJET- Design of High Strength Anti-Roll Bar using Centrifugal Casting Proces...IRJET Journal
This document discusses the design of an anti-roll bar using centrifugal casting to improve mechanical properties. An anti-roll bar is a component of a vehicle's suspension system that helps prevent excessive vehicle roll during cornering. Conventionally, anti-roll bars are manufactured through extrusion and bending, but this process can result in defects that compromise performance. The document proposes using centrifugal casting instead to produce more consistent geometry and enhance properties. Centrifugal casting is analyzed through simulations and calculations to verify its ability to strengthen the anti-roll bar against high dynamic loads. The summary concludes that centrifugal casting improves manufacturing and functionality by minimizing porosity and increasing strength of the component.
Tribology is the science of interacting surfaces in relative motion. It studies friction, wear and lubrication. Tribology is important for reducing friction and wear in machines to improve efficiency and save energy. It also aims to increase friction where needed, like in brakes. Proper tribological design can provide significant economic benefits and improve performance of components like bearings, gears, seals and more. Understanding tribological concepts helps prevent failures from issues like abrasive wear, pitting, cracking and other surface damage.
Design Optimisation and Static Analysis of Non-Pneumatic TyresIRJET Journal
This document summarizes a study that analyzed the structural performance of four different non-pneumatic tire (NPT) spoke designs (honeycomb, diamond, triangular, and curved) using finite element analysis software. CAD models of the different spoke structures were created and meshed before applying loads and boundary conditions representing a vertical load on the bottom of the tire. The equivalent stress, total deformation, principal strain, and shear stress were analyzed and compared between the designs. The honeycomb structure showed the lowest deformation and stress, suggesting it provides the highest load-carrying capacity. The curved structure showed the highest deformation but may provide more cushioning for lighter vehicles. In general, the study aims to evaluate NPT designs for performance
Development of Process for Replacement of Mill RollerIRJET Journal
1) The document describes a numerical analysis conducted using ANSYS software to study the separation conditions for shrink fitting of an existing mill roller.
2) A 3D model of the mill roller shaft and shell was created in ANSYS based on technical drawings. Mesh refinement was performed to improve mesh quality metrics like skewness and orthogonal quality.
3) The analysis involves cooling the shaft to -10°C and heating the shell to 400°C, then determining the temperatures at which the shrink fitting is released to separate the assembly. Results will be validated using analytical methods.
IRJET- Analysis of Static Load Bearing Capacity of the Ball Bearing – A ReviewIRJET Journal
The document summarizes research analyzing the static load bearing capacity of ball bearings. It discusses using finite element analysis to determine capacity without destructive testing. The research found a linear relationship between the deviation of capacity results from finite element vs practical testing and the bearing size. A linear interpolation equation was developed relating deviation to bearing size. Laboratory testing on bearings of different sizes validated the relationship and showed deformation increasing with load. The research concludes the equation can be used to determine static capacity from bearing size.
This paper introduces air bearings. High-speed air bearings offer very specific advantages over other, more conventional bearing technologies. The reason use of air bearing air bearings as it avoid the traditional bearing-related problems of friction, wear, and lubricant handling, and offer distinct advantages in precision positioning and high speed applications. The use of air bearings means tool life can be greatly extended. Air bearings provide extreme radial and axial rotational precision. The factors affecting the performance of the air bearing like friction, wear, stiffness, load capacity. This paper also introduces with the types of air bearing. New air bearing products like flat bearing, air bushing, vacuum preloaded bearings, air bearing slides, radial bearing and its applications in various fields. It also discuss about the advantages and disadvantages of air bearings.
1. The document describes an experimental study that aims to determine the effect of varying load, sliding velocity, and number of cycles on the depth of wear of CuPb24Sn4 metal-lined bush bearings used in automobile engines.
2. Tests were conducted using a single cylinder engine mounted on a dynamometer test bed, with bush samples subjected to varying load and speed cycles over time periods ranging from 300-1000 minutes.
3. Preliminary results found that depth of wear in the bush lining increases with time, followed by effects from velocity and load. Further analysis of test data aimed to establish relationships between depth of wear and changing operational parameters.
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E0352028032
1. International Journal of Engineering Science Invention
ISSN (Online): 2319 – 6734, ISSN (Print): 2319 – 6726
www.ijesi.org Volume 3 Issue 5ǁ May 2014 ǁ PP.28-32
www.ijesi.org 28 | Page
A Case Study - Failure of Roller Spherical Bearing of Shakeout
Used In Foundry Industry
1,
Mr. Nilesh D. Dhote , 2,
Prof. S.N. Aloni , 3,
Dr. S.P. Untawale,
4
Mr. Vishal Ramteke
1,
M-Tech Student, Dmietr Wardha,
2,
Asst. Prof., Dmietr Wardha
3
,Principal, Dmietr Wardha,
4
Asst. Manager, Jayaswal Neco Ind. Ltd. Butibori,
ABSTRACT: Bearings are amongst the frequently encountered components to be found in rotating and
vibratory machinery used in many applications. Though inexpensive, their failure can interrupt the production
in a plant causing unscheduled downtime and production losses.This paper deals with study of different
bearings failures of shakeout used in foundry and remedies improve the performance of shakeout. It discussed
factors affecting bearing life and recommendation towards enhancement of bearing life is also suggested.
KEY WORDS : Bearing Failure, Radial Load, Bearing life, Shakeout
I. INTRODUCTION
The Bearings are one of the important machine elements used in many applications, which include
rotating and vibrating component. This supports another moving machine element permitting the relative motion
between the rolling-element. Bearings consist of balls or rollers positioned between raceways [1]. This paper
consists of application of bearings in foundry shakeout. In foundry, shakeout is important process [5], which
starts after solidification of metal poured into the mould. It separate sand and casting from mould box placed
over the vibrating deck of shakeout. Separated sand is fall down on belt conveyor placed below the vibrating
tray and send to reutilization. The shakeout uses principle of two-mass natural frequency spring system between
the drive and the shakeout body, two-masses are mounted on shaft each on one side as shown in figure1and
supported by bearings fixed in shakeout frame. The motor of 30 Hp is coupled to a shaft with universal joint and
rotate the shaft with masses. It creates the centrifugal force results in vertical vibration of shakeout. Machine
stroke is easily adjustable on two-mass shakeouts, which makes them adaptable to any shakeout situation [2].
Figure1 shows cad model of component of shakeout used in Jayaswals NECO Industries Ltd. ,Foundry, 1-
Couter mass of two numbers having mass of 63 kg, 2-Shakeout tray, 3-Bottom frame, 4-Longer shaft subjected
to rotation of 960 rpm, 5-Double row spherical roller bearing of two numbers of 22322 type, 6-Springs.
Figure1. Shakeout used in foundry
II. FAILURE, CAUSES AND POSSIBLE REMEDIES
The bearings used in foundry industries are rolling element bearings having inner races, outer races,
rolling element roller or ball, cage. Failure of these causes failure of bearings.
Flaking, Pitting
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In Flaking the bearing surface turns scaly and peels off due to contact load repeatedly received on the
raceway and rolling surface during rotation. Occurrence of flaking indicates that the end of a bearing's service
life is near. In Pitting small holes 0.1 mm in depth are generated on the raceway surface by rolling fatigue
[7].
Causes
Flaking and pitting occur early in a bearing's service life under the following conditions:
[1] During operation, bearing internal clearance becomes narrower than specified.
[2] Bearing ring is mounted at an inclination by mistake.
[3] Flaw is created during mounting, or brinelling, nicks, rust, etc. occur on the raceway surface or rolling
surface.
[4] Inaccurate shape of shaft or housing
Remedies
Flaking
[1] Use a bearing with heavier rated load.
[2] Check if abnormal load is being generated.
[3] Improve lubrication method to ensure better formation of lubricant film, by increasing the viscosity.
a. Pitting
[4] Increase viscosity of lubricant to ensure better formation of lubricant film.
Figure2. Flaking Figure 3. Wear on roller face
Wear and fretting
Wear is caused mainly by sliding abrasion on parts including the roller end face and rib, cage pocket
surface, cage, and the guide surface of the bearing ring. Wear due to contamination by foreign matter and
corrosion occurs not only to the sliding surface but also to the rolling surface. Fretting occurs when slight sliding
is repeatedly caused on the contact surface. On the fitting surface, fretting corrosion occurs, generating rust like
powder [7].
Causes
[1] Improper lubricant or shortage of lubricant.
[2] Contamination by foreign matter.
[3] Vibration load.
[4] Slight vibration on fitting surface caused by load.
Remedies
Wear
[1] Review and improvement of lubricant and lubrication method.
[2] Filtering of oil.
[3] Improvement of sealing.
[4]
Fretting
[1] Investigation and countermeasures for the source of vibration.
[2] Investigation and increase of interference.
Cracks
Cracks include slight cracks, splitting and fracture.
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Causes
[1] Heavy load.
[2] Excessively heavy internal load caused by improper installation.
[3] Abnormal heat is generated due to shortage of lubricant.
Remedies
[1] Investigation followed for excessively heavy load.
[2] Removal of thermal impact.
Figure4. Cracks in rollers Figure5. Brinelling on races
Brinelling
Brinelling is depressions created on the part of the raceway Surface which comes into contact with the
rolling element and is due to plastic deformation. Brinelling is also small depressions on the rolling surface
caused by contamination by solid foreign matters [7].
Causes
[1] Extremely heavy load (static load, impact load) applied to bearing.
[2] Solid foreign matter caught in bearing parts.
Remedies
[1] Investigation followed by countermeasures for excessively heavy load or impact.
[2] Enhancement of sealing capability.
[3] Careful washing of shaft and housing to remove foreign matter.
[4] Filtering of oil.
[5] Investigation of flaking in target bearing together with other bearings.
Creep
Creep is the displacement during operation of a bearing ring,
relative to the shaft or housing.
Causes
Creep occurs when interference is too small in relation to the
heat or load generated during operation [7].
Remedies
Review of interference between inner ring and shaft and
between outer ring and housing.(Increase of interference.)
Figure6. Creep on races Figure7. Failure of cage
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Failure of Cage
If rust or corrosion is found on cages, it can be assumed
that it is also occurring on the bearing ring and rolling
element.
Causes
[1] Careless handling.
[2] Abnormal load, Vibration impact.
Remedies
[1] Improvement of sealing capability. Periodic inspection of lubricant.
[2] Provision of adequate rust prevention during storage of bearings.
III. BEARING LIFE
A Bearing is fail due to lubrication related problem, wrong mounting and vibration, fatigue. The life of
individual bearing cannot be predicted. Therefore the term life refers to group of bearings. According to standard
given by Anti-Friction Bearing Manufacturers Association (AFBMA),USA. For single bearing L10 also refers to
life associated with 90% reliability. It is found that life which 50% of the group will complete or exceed is
approximately five times of the above rating life and is sometimes referred as average life [8].
Where, L10 = Life in million cycles
C = Dynamic load capacity (kN)
P = Equivalent Bearing Load (kN)
n = 3.33 for roller bearing
k_ret = Reliability factor select from table
Life of Bearing (in hours)
Where, N= Rotational speed in rpm
Equivalent bearing load P (kN) is calculated as:
Where, Fr = Radial Load (kN)
Fa = Axial Load (kN)
x,y = Constant for bearing from table
Ks = Service Factor
Ko = Oscillation Factor
Kp = Preloading Factor
Kr = Rotational Factor
(All values of factors selected from table)
Radial Load Fr (kN)
Where, f = Application factor
G = mass of body (kg)
G1 = Mass of counter weight (kg)
S = Number of bearings
R = Distance of C.G. of counter
Weight from axis of Bearing
Recommendation
In this paper all possible failure which occurs in bearings during performance of shakeout are studied
and suggested possible remedies. Also it discussed bearing life and factors affecting bearing life, life can be
improved by using bearing of higher dynamic load capacity in shakeout.
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IV. CONCLUSION
From the above case study regarding bearing failure of shakeout, it is revealed that failure of bearing
mainly occurs due to brinelling. This type of shakeout bearing failure is avoided by using bearing of higher
dynamic load capacity
V. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
The author would also like to thank Jayaswal NECO Industries Ltd. Foundry, Butibori for their
contributions to the data and case studies in this paper.
REFERENCES
[1] R.K.Upadhyay , L.A. Kumaraswamidhas, Md.Sikandar Azam, Rolling element bearing failure analysis: A case study, 14
December 2012
[2] Mcconway & Torley L.L.C.,Article for Safer Shakeout
[3] Koyo, Ball & Roller Bearings:Failures, Causes and Countermeasure
[4] N.S. Jammu, P.K. Kankar, A Review on Prognosis of Rolling Element Bearings (IJEST)
[5] Aleksandr Treyger, Overview of Foundry Processes and Technologies:Manufacturing Metal Castings
[6] Jyoti K. Sinha, FREQUENT AND PREMATURE FAILURE OF ANTI-FRICTION BEARINGS: DIAGNOSIS APPROACH? 20-24
July 2009
[7] Dr. H. Hirani, Failure of Rolling Bearings: An Overview
[8] Dr. Rajendra Karwa, A Textbook of Machine Design (Second edition:2010)