This document provides a historical perspective on the rise of orthodontics in India. It discusses early evidence of dentistry from ancient texts and the contributions of Sushruta in the 6th century BC. The first dental college was established in 1920 in Calcutta by Dr. Rafiuddin Ahmed. Other early dental colleges included ones founded in the 1920s-1930s in Karachi, Bombay, and Delhi. The first orthodontics department in India was opened in 1939 at Nair Hospital Dental College in Bombay. The document traces the evolution of dental education and orthodontics in India from ancient times to the modern era.
SUSHRUTA SAMHITAAA CONFERENCE.pptx by SAKSHI ANAND SakshiAnand53
In the history of Ayurveda, Sushruta stands before Caraka. He practically applied Vaidika culture for treatment. His treatise translated into nine foreign languages apart from various Indian languages like Hindi, Bengali, Malayalam, etc., Sushruta is the most celebrated physician and surgeon in India. Though he practiced during the 5th century BC, many of his contributions to medicine and surgery preceded similar discoveries in the western world. Sushruta devotes a complete volume of his experiences to ophthalmologic diseases. In the Uttara Tantram, Sushruta enumerates a sophisticated classification of eye diseases complete with signs, symptoms, prognosis, and medical/surgical interventions. In particular, Sushruta describes what may have been the first extracapsular cataract surgery using a sharply pointed instrument with a handle fashioned into a trough. His ability to manage many common eye conditions of the time with limited diagnostic aids is a testament to his virtuosity.
The document provides a history of dentistry from ancient civilizations like the Indus Valley (7000 BC) and ancient Egypt (3000 BC) to modern times. It traces the evolution of dentistry as a profession from early practices involving tooth extraction to modern practices like dental fillings, root canals, and the use of anesthesia. Key developments include the establishment of the first dental schools in the 19th century and the formation of national dental organizations to regulate the profession.
DR SHAKIR Introduction to pedodontics doctorshakir
This document provides an introduction to pediatric dentistry, including definitions, aims, objectives and a brief history. It defines pediatric dentistry as the practice and teaching of comprehensive, preventive and therapeutic oral healthcare for children from birth through adolescence. The history discusses key developments worldwide and in India, including the first book on child dentistry in 1763, establishment of the American Academy of Pediatric Dentistry in 1947, and the Indian Society of Pedodontics and Preventive Dentistry in 1979. The objectives of pediatric dentistry are to provide comfort, relieve pain, restore function and promote optimal oral health through prevention and education.
Ancient India saw many advancements in fields like medicine, surgery, and dentistry. Skilled Indian physicians like Sushruta and Charaka performed complex surgical procedures and plastic surgery operations without anesthesia between 800 BC to 300 BC. Indian medical texts like the Sushruta Samhita and Charaka Samhita contained detailed knowledge about anatomy, surgery, hygiene and treatments for diseases and continue to be respected today.
Historical development of community health and community.pptxYashiPatel6
Community health refers to the health of a defined group of people and involves both private and public actions to promote health. Community health nursing is the application of nursing and public health practices to promote community health. The history of community health and nursing in India dates back thousands of years to ancient practices in the Vedic period and development of Ayurveda. In the post-independence period, ministries of health were established and India joined the WHO, while committees shaped the development of community health nursing education and infrastructure in India over time.
Plastic surgery has origins in ancient India dating back 2500 years, as described in early medical texts like the Atharva Veda and Sushruta Samhita. Sushruta is considered the father of plastic surgery in India. The Sushruta Samhita, written in 600 BC, describes various reconstructive procedures like rhinoplasty and skin grafts. It provides details of over 300 surgical procedures and 120 medicinal plants. Taxila in ancient India was a major center of medical learning and is where Sushruta and Charaka, contributors to early Indian medicine, may have studied. The techniques described in ancient Indian texts still form the basis of modern plastic and reconstructive surgery practices.
The document provides an overview of the historical development of community health nursing in India from ancient to modern times. It describes how community health approaches developed from ancient Ayurvedic and Siddha systems of holistic care, through the British colonial era which emphasized sanitation and public health, to the post-independence era which saw the establishment of nursing councils, schools, and public health programs in India.
1. The Ecole De Medicine De Pondichery medical school in Pondichery, established in 1823, was the first formal medical school established among the French colonies in India. It trained students and granted them a Médicin Locale diploma to practice medicine.
2. Several major medical colleges were established in India in the 1830s, including Calcutta Medical College in 1835 as the first college to teach Western medicine in Asia, and Madras Medical College in 1835.
3. Other notable early medical colleges included Grant Medical College in Mumbai established in 1845, Goa Medical College established in 1842, and Stanley Medical College in Chennai established in 1930 from its predecessor school founded
SUSHRUTA SAMHITAAA CONFERENCE.pptx by SAKSHI ANAND SakshiAnand53
In the history of Ayurveda, Sushruta stands before Caraka. He practically applied Vaidika culture for treatment. His treatise translated into nine foreign languages apart from various Indian languages like Hindi, Bengali, Malayalam, etc., Sushruta is the most celebrated physician and surgeon in India. Though he practiced during the 5th century BC, many of his contributions to medicine and surgery preceded similar discoveries in the western world. Sushruta devotes a complete volume of his experiences to ophthalmologic diseases. In the Uttara Tantram, Sushruta enumerates a sophisticated classification of eye diseases complete with signs, symptoms, prognosis, and medical/surgical interventions. In particular, Sushruta describes what may have been the first extracapsular cataract surgery using a sharply pointed instrument with a handle fashioned into a trough. His ability to manage many common eye conditions of the time with limited diagnostic aids is a testament to his virtuosity.
The document provides a history of dentistry from ancient civilizations like the Indus Valley (7000 BC) and ancient Egypt (3000 BC) to modern times. It traces the evolution of dentistry as a profession from early practices involving tooth extraction to modern practices like dental fillings, root canals, and the use of anesthesia. Key developments include the establishment of the first dental schools in the 19th century and the formation of national dental organizations to regulate the profession.
DR SHAKIR Introduction to pedodontics doctorshakir
This document provides an introduction to pediatric dentistry, including definitions, aims, objectives and a brief history. It defines pediatric dentistry as the practice and teaching of comprehensive, preventive and therapeutic oral healthcare for children from birth through adolescence. The history discusses key developments worldwide and in India, including the first book on child dentistry in 1763, establishment of the American Academy of Pediatric Dentistry in 1947, and the Indian Society of Pedodontics and Preventive Dentistry in 1979. The objectives of pediatric dentistry are to provide comfort, relieve pain, restore function and promote optimal oral health through prevention and education.
Ancient India saw many advancements in fields like medicine, surgery, and dentistry. Skilled Indian physicians like Sushruta and Charaka performed complex surgical procedures and plastic surgery operations without anesthesia between 800 BC to 300 BC. Indian medical texts like the Sushruta Samhita and Charaka Samhita contained detailed knowledge about anatomy, surgery, hygiene and treatments for diseases and continue to be respected today.
Historical development of community health and community.pptxYashiPatel6
Community health refers to the health of a defined group of people and involves both private and public actions to promote health. Community health nursing is the application of nursing and public health practices to promote community health. The history of community health and nursing in India dates back thousands of years to ancient practices in the Vedic period and development of Ayurveda. In the post-independence period, ministries of health were established and India joined the WHO, while committees shaped the development of community health nursing education and infrastructure in India over time.
Plastic surgery has origins in ancient India dating back 2500 years, as described in early medical texts like the Atharva Veda and Sushruta Samhita. Sushruta is considered the father of plastic surgery in India. The Sushruta Samhita, written in 600 BC, describes various reconstructive procedures like rhinoplasty and skin grafts. It provides details of over 300 surgical procedures and 120 medicinal plants. Taxila in ancient India was a major center of medical learning and is where Sushruta and Charaka, contributors to early Indian medicine, may have studied. The techniques described in ancient Indian texts still form the basis of modern plastic and reconstructive surgery practices.
The document provides an overview of the historical development of community health nursing in India from ancient to modern times. It describes how community health approaches developed from ancient Ayurvedic and Siddha systems of holistic care, through the British colonial era which emphasized sanitation and public health, to the post-independence era which saw the establishment of nursing councils, schools, and public health programs in India.
1. The Ecole De Medicine De Pondichery medical school in Pondichery, established in 1823, was the first formal medical school established among the French colonies in India. It trained students and granted them a Médicin Locale diploma to practice medicine.
2. Several major medical colleges were established in India in the 1830s, including Calcutta Medical College in 1835 as the first college to teach Western medicine in Asia, and Madras Medical College in 1835.
3. Other notable early medical colleges included Grant Medical College in Mumbai established in 1845, Goa Medical College established in 1842, and Stanley Medical College in Chennai established in 1930 from its predecessor school founded
This document provides information about health systems in India. It notes that India has a population of over 1.2 billion people spread across 35 states with wide disparities in wealth. The ratio of health professionals to population is low at around 2 per 1000 people. It discusses the evolution of health systems from ancient times focusing on Ayurveda and the establishment of modern allopathic medicine by the British. It highlights some pioneering Indian medical innovations and researchers. It also notes the fragmented private healthcare sector in India which spends a lower percentage of GDP on healthcare compared to other countries. It argues that New Zealand and India have a longstanding friendship and opportunities to partner in areas like public health.
Dentistry is important for both oral health and appearance. There are many branches of dentistry including general dentistry, endodontics, oral surgery, orthodontics, pediatric dentistry, periodontics, and prosthodontics. Each branch focuses on different areas of the mouth and teeth. Dentistry has evolved significantly over thousands of years from early practices by monks and barbers to the development of modern procedures, tools, and materials in the 19th-20th centuries.
Dentistry is important for both oral health and appearance. There are many branches of dentistry including general dentistry, endodontics, oral surgery, orthodontics, pediatric dentistry, periodontics, and prosthodontics. Each branch focuses on different areas of the mouth and teeth. Dentistry has evolved significantly over thousands of years from early practices by ancient Egyptians to modern developments like dental x-rays, fillings, and toothpaste.
India has made many contributions to the world in various fields such as science, technology, mathematics, medicine, art, and games. Some key contributions include developing the number system including zero, inventing chess and snakes and ladders games, pioneering surgical techniques and ayurvedic medicine, establishing the first university, and low-cost space exploration through ISRO. Indian culture also influenced neighboring countries in areas like dance, music, and textiles. Overall, India has a long history of advancing knowledge across many disciplines over millennia and sharing innovations with the global community.
1. Dentistry has a long history dating back thousands of years to ancient Egypt, Greece, China, and Rome. Notable figures who contributed to the foundations of dentistry include Hippocrates, who developed early dental practices, and Saint Apollonia, the patron saint of dentistry.
2. During the Renaissance, Leonardo da Vinci made important anatomical studies and was the first to describe differences between tooth types. Ambroise Paré established modern surgical techniques. Pierre Fauchard is considered the father of modern dentistry.
3. The document provides an overview of the history of dentistry and important milestones, focusing on contributions made by early civilizations through the Renaissance period.
The document provides a history of dentistry from ancient times to modern day. It discusses key figures like Hippocrates who was considered the father of medicine and established ethical guidelines. It describes early dental practices in ancient Egypt, Greece, China, and Rome. It then outlines the development of dentistry in Europe during the Renaissance and the contributions of pioneers like Pierre Fauchard who is considered the father of modern dentistry. The summary continues with the history of dentistry in America and important advances like the discovery of x-rays by Roentgen and the first use of anesthesia. It highlights milestones like the first women dentists and the establishment of the first dental assisting and hygiene programs.
The document provides a history of dentistry from ancient times to modern day. It discusses key figures like Hippocrates who was considered the father of medicine and established ethical guidelines. It outlines advancements made by various early civilizations in practices like fillings. The document then focuses on developments in the United States including the founding of the first dental college and contributions of figures like GV Black who helped standardize practices. It notes milestones like the first woman to graduate dental school and the establishment of dental hygiene as a profession.
Development of COMMUNITY HEALTH NURSING in IndiaHarsh Rastogi
Community health nursing in India has evolved significantly over time from ancient practices to modern approaches. Historically, concepts of health, medicine, and nursing have been practiced in India since at least 5000 BC in the Vedic period. Over many centuries, systems like Ayurveda developed and hospitals, medical education, and basic public health practices were established. However, it was not until the early 20th century that formal training programs for community health nurses began in India. Major developments in the 1900s included establishing nursing schools, health programs targeting diseases, and committees to review and advance primary healthcare. The field has progressed to emphasize community-centered, participatory models aimed at promoting health for all.
Neem (azadirachta indica) --prehistory to contemporary medicinal uses to huma...Younis I Munshi
Neem has been used extensively by humankind for medicinal purposes since prehistoric times. It is believed that neem was used in ancient civilizations like Kumari Kandam and Lemuria that existed over 100,000 years ago in what is now the Indian Ocean. Siddha medicine, which originated in ancient Tamil civilization, first mentioned neem as a medicinal plant. Bhogar Siddhar is said to have traveled to China around 400 BC to spread knowledge of Siddha sciences and may have transmigrated as the founder of Taoism, Lao Tzu. Neem continues to be widely used in Siddha medicine today for its diverse therapeutic properties.
DEVELOPMENT OF NURSING EDUCATION IN INDIA: PRE-INDEPENDENCE TO INDEPENDENCE.PRANATI PATRA
DEVELOPMENT OF NURSING EDUCATION IN INDIA: PRE-INDEPENDENCE TO INDEPENDENCE-
INTRODUCTION-The word "nurse" originally came from the Latin word "nutrire", meaning "to nourish", referring to a wet-nurse; only in the late 16th century did it attain its modern meaning of a person who cares for the infirm.
DEFINITION- Nursing had originated independently and existed many centuries without contact with modern medicine. The members of the family at home met the nursing needs of the sick. Evolution of medicine, surgery and public health into complicated technical are requiring many procedures by persons specially trained and having understanding of scientific principles.
1. NURSING IN PRE-HISTORIC TIMES-In primitive times discovered through myths, songs and archaeologist to get rid of 'evil spirit 'unpleasant conditioning like beating, starving, magic rites, nauseous medicines, loud noises sudden fright are used methods. Primitive man had the skill of massaging, fermentation bone setting, amputation, hot and cold bath, heat to control haemorrhages
The document provides a history of ancient Indian medicine, including Ayurveda. It discusses:
1) The origins and early developments of Ayurveda, including key texts like the Charaka Samhita and Sushruta Samhita from around 600 BCE.
2) The eight components of Ayurveda including general medicine, pediatrics, surgery, ENT, spirit possession, toxicology, rejuvenation, and sexuality.
3) Sushruta's contributions to fields like surgery, including over 300 procedures and 125 surgical instruments described, particularly in rhinoplasty and cataract surgery.
1. The document discusses public health policy during British rule in India, including the various committees established by the British government to examine health issues facing the native population.
2. Over several decades, committees like the Bhore Committee (1946), Mudalliar Committee (1962), and Chaddha Committee (1963) were formed to review health status, strengthen services, and make recommendations.
3. Public health efforts under the British focused on protecting British civilians and soldiers initially but failed to adequately plan for or involve native populations, resulting in neglect of public health services for Indians over long periods.
introduction to community health nursingVivek Bhattji
This document discusses the historical development of community health in India before and after independence. It outlines several periods before independence, including the Vedic period where environmental sanitation was practiced, and the British period where organizations like the Lady Reading Health School and All India Institute of Hygiene and Public Health were established. After independence in 1947, India adopted the idea of a welfare state and the government took responsibility for improving health services. Significant developments included establishing health ministries at the central and state levels, joining the WHO, and starting five-year plans through the newly formed Planning Commission.
History and development of cnh 03 130303112246-phpapp01kamaljeetbehera
This document provides a history of the development of community health nursing in India. It discusses how community health nursing aims to meet the health and nursing needs of entire communities, with a focus on primary prevention. The document traces the history from ancient practices in India dating back to 5000 BC that emphasized public health, sanitation and hospitals. It outlines key developments over time, including the establishment of various health programs and organizations in India from the 1900s onward that worked to improve public health and access to healthcare.
Ayurveda originated in India over 2,000 years ago. It developed from an oral tradition with roots possibly dating back to the Vedic civilization from 2800 BC. The earliest known texts are the Charaka Samhita and the Sushruta Samhita, which describe medical treatments and surgeries. Ayurvedic principles view health as a balance between the body, mind and spirit, and aim to prevent illness through healthy habits and treatments like herbs and massage. Ancient Indian physicians performed advanced surgeries and established some of the earliest hospitals. The golden age of Ayurveda spanned from 800 BC to 1000 AD, establishing it as a formalized science.
This document provides information about various achievements and aspects of India. It discusses India's contributions to mathematics including the development of concepts like algebra, calculus, and the use of the zero symbol. It outlines achievements in space science such as Mars Orbiter Mission and the Polar Satellite Launch Vehicle. It also discusses achievements in fields like medicine such as Ayurveda, early developments in surgery, and recent medical innovations. Traditional Indian games, infrastructure projects, cultural aspects like weddings, and martial arts are also summarized.
Ayurveda is an ancient Indian system of medicine that is over 5,000 years old. It flourished during the periods of Charaka and Susruta but then declined when Muslim and European invaders brought their own medical systems to India. In the 19th century, the British East India Company closed Ayurvedic schools and established Western medical colleges instead. Various committees and institutions were established in the 20th century to revive Ayurveda, including the Central Council of Indian Medicine in 1970 and the National Institute of Ayurveda in 1976. Ayurveda remains an important part of India's medical traditions today.
This document provides a history of the development of community health nursing in India from ancient to modern times. It describes how systems of Ayurvedic and Siddha medicine originated in ancient India. During the British colonial period in the late 19th century, nursing training schools were established in response to poor sanitation and soldiers' deaths. After independence, the government took responsibility for public health through committees' recommendations and established various national health programs to address issues like tuberculosis, malaria, and family planning. Community health nursing continued to develop through the establishment of nursing councils and degrees, as well as expanded primary healthcare services.
This document discusses education, science, and technology in ancient India from 2000 BC until Islamic invaders arrived. It summarizes that India was dotted with learning centers called Gurukuls and universities that attracted students from all over the ancient world. Some of the most renowned universities during this period were Takshashila in modern-day Pakistan and Nalanda in Bihar. Formal education was supported by donations from kings and temples, while informal education was driven by communities and guilds. This culture of education led to phenomenal civilizational growth and spread of Indian language, ideas, and culture across the ancient world. It also resulted in innovations and discoveries that provided comforts to people worldwide.
Nepalese history is divided into three eras: Ancient (1st century to 879 AD), Medieval (879 AD to 1768 AD), and Modern (1769 AD onwards). During the Ancient era, references were made to healthcare facilities. The Medieval era saw the establishment of traditional medicine dispensaries. Modern allopathic medicine was introduced by Christian missionaries in the 1600s but discontinued after their expulsion. The modern era saw the appointment of British resident physicians and establishment of hospitals under the Ranas and post-democracy. Healthcare has expanded from isolated efforts to a nationalized system through various historical periods.
The document discusses the biomechanics of space closure during orthodontic treatment. It covers topics such as determinants of space closure including axial inclination and midline discrepancies. It also discusses fundamentals of anchorage control including extraoral forces, intermaxillary elastics, and tipping movements. Additionally, it describes strategies for differential space closure such as applying different moment-to-force ratios to anterior vs. posterior teeth. The center of resistance during anterior retraction is also examined.
The document discusses occlusion and temporomandibular disorders. It begins with an introduction to the temporomandibular joint (TMJ) and its classification as a compound joint. The presentation then covers the anatomy of the TMJ including ligaments, muscles, the articular disc, movements, and examination. Common TMJ disorders are outlined such as hyperplasia and hypoplasia of the condyle. Treatment options for different disorders are mentioned. The document provides an overview of the structure, function and clinical aspects of the temporomandibular joint and disorders.
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This document provides information about health systems in India. It notes that India has a population of over 1.2 billion people spread across 35 states with wide disparities in wealth. The ratio of health professionals to population is low at around 2 per 1000 people. It discusses the evolution of health systems from ancient times focusing on Ayurveda and the establishment of modern allopathic medicine by the British. It highlights some pioneering Indian medical innovations and researchers. It also notes the fragmented private healthcare sector in India which spends a lower percentage of GDP on healthcare compared to other countries. It argues that New Zealand and India have a longstanding friendship and opportunities to partner in areas like public health.
Dentistry is important for both oral health and appearance. There are many branches of dentistry including general dentistry, endodontics, oral surgery, orthodontics, pediatric dentistry, periodontics, and prosthodontics. Each branch focuses on different areas of the mouth and teeth. Dentistry has evolved significantly over thousands of years from early practices by monks and barbers to the development of modern procedures, tools, and materials in the 19th-20th centuries.
Dentistry is important for both oral health and appearance. There are many branches of dentistry including general dentistry, endodontics, oral surgery, orthodontics, pediatric dentistry, periodontics, and prosthodontics. Each branch focuses on different areas of the mouth and teeth. Dentistry has evolved significantly over thousands of years from early practices by ancient Egyptians to modern developments like dental x-rays, fillings, and toothpaste.
India has made many contributions to the world in various fields such as science, technology, mathematics, medicine, art, and games. Some key contributions include developing the number system including zero, inventing chess and snakes and ladders games, pioneering surgical techniques and ayurvedic medicine, establishing the first university, and low-cost space exploration through ISRO. Indian culture also influenced neighboring countries in areas like dance, music, and textiles. Overall, India has a long history of advancing knowledge across many disciplines over millennia and sharing innovations with the global community.
1. Dentistry has a long history dating back thousands of years to ancient Egypt, Greece, China, and Rome. Notable figures who contributed to the foundations of dentistry include Hippocrates, who developed early dental practices, and Saint Apollonia, the patron saint of dentistry.
2. During the Renaissance, Leonardo da Vinci made important anatomical studies and was the first to describe differences between tooth types. Ambroise Paré established modern surgical techniques. Pierre Fauchard is considered the father of modern dentistry.
3. The document provides an overview of the history of dentistry and important milestones, focusing on contributions made by early civilizations through the Renaissance period.
The document provides a history of dentistry from ancient times to modern day. It discusses key figures like Hippocrates who was considered the father of medicine and established ethical guidelines. It describes early dental practices in ancient Egypt, Greece, China, and Rome. It then outlines the development of dentistry in Europe during the Renaissance and the contributions of pioneers like Pierre Fauchard who is considered the father of modern dentistry. The summary continues with the history of dentistry in America and important advances like the discovery of x-rays by Roentgen and the first use of anesthesia. It highlights milestones like the first women dentists and the establishment of the first dental assisting and hygiene programs.
The document provides a history of dentistry from ancient times to modern day. It discusses key figures like Hippocrates who was considered the father of medicine and established ethical guidelines. It outlines advancements made by various early civilizations in practices like fillings. The document then focuses on developments in the United States including the founding of the first dental college and contributions of figures like GV Black who helped standardize practices. It notes milestones like the first woman to graduate dental school and the establishment of dental hygiene as a profession.
Development of COMMUNITY HEALTH NURSING in IndiaHarsh Rastogi
Community health nursing in India has evolved significantly over time from ancient practices to modern approaches. Historically, concepts of health, medicine, and nursing have been practiced in India since at least 5000 BC in the Vedic period. Over many centuries, systems like Ayurveda developed and hospitals, medical education, and basic public health practices were established. However, it was not until the early 20th century that formal training programs for community health nurses began in India. Major developments in the 1900s included establishing nursing schools, health programs targeting diseases, and committees to review and advance primary healthcare. The field has progressed to emphasize community-centered, participatory models aimed at promoting health for all.
Neem (azadirachta indica) --prehistory to contemporary medicinal uses to huma...Younis I Munshi
Neem has been used extensively by humankind for medicinal purposes since prehistoric times. It is believed that neem was used in ancient civilizations like Kumari Kandam and Lemuria that existed over 100,000 years ago in what is now the Indian Ocean. Siddha medicine, which originated in ancient Tamil civilization, first mentioned neem as a medicinal plant. Bhogar Siddhar is said to have traveled to China around 400 BC to spread knowledge of Siddha sciences and may have transmigrated as the founder of Taoism, Lao Tzu. Neem continues to be widely used in Siddha medicine today for its diverse therapeutic properties.
DEVELOPMENT OF NURSING EDUCATION IN INDIA: PRE-INDEPENDENCE TO INDEPENDENCE.PRANATI PATRA
DEVELOPMENT OF NURSING EDUCATION IN INDIA: PRE-INDEPENDENCE TO INDEPENDENCE-
INTRODUCTION-The word "nurse" originally came from the Latin word "nutrire", meaning "to nourish", referring to a wet-nurse; only in the late 16th century did it attain its modern meaning of a person who cares for the infirm.
DEFINITION- Nursing had originated independently and existed many centuries without contact with modern medicine. The members of the family at home met the nursing needs of the sick. Evolution of medicine, surgery and public health into complicated technical are requiring many procedures by persons specially trained and having understanding of scientific principles.
1. NURSING IN PRE-HISTORIC TIMES-In primitive times discovered through myths, songs and archaeologist to get rid of 'evil spirit 'unpleasant conditioning like beating, starving, magic rites, nauseous medicines, loud noises sudden fright are used methods. Primitive man had the skill of massaging, fermentation bone setting, amputation, hot and cold bath, heat to control haemorrhages
The document provides a history of ancient Indian medicine, including Ayurveda. It discusses:
1) The origins and early developments of Ayurveda, including key texts like the Charaka Samhita and Sushruta Samhita from around 600 BCE.
2) The eight components of Ayurveda including general medicine, pediatrics, surgery, ENT, spirit possession, toxicology, rejuvenation, and sexuality.
3) Sushruta's contributions to fields like surgery, including over 300 procedures and 125 surgical instruments described, particularly in rhinoplasty and cataract surgery.
1. The document discusses public health policy during British rule in India, including the various committees established by the British government to examine health issues facing the native population.
2. Over several decades, committees like the Bhore Committee (1946), Mudalliar Committee (1962), and Chaddha Committee (1963) were formed to review health status, strengthen services, and make recommendations.
3. Public health efforts under the British focused on protecting British civilians and soldiers initially but failed to adequately plan for or involve native populations, resulting in neglect of public health services for Indians over long periods.
introduction to community health nursingVivek Bhattji
This document discusses the historical development of community health in India before and after independence. It outlines several periods before independence, including the Vedic period where environmental sanitation was practiced, and the British period where organizations like the Lady Reading Health School and All India Institute of Hygiene and Public Health were established. After independence in 1947, India adopted the idea of a welfare state and the government took responsibility for improving health services. Significant developments included establishing health ministries at the central and state levels, joining the WHO, and starting five-year plans through the newly formed Planning Commission.
History and development of cnh 03 130303112246-phpapp01kamaljeetbehera
This document provides a history of the development of community health nursing in India. It discusses how community health nursing aims to meet the health and nursing needs of entire communities, with a focus on primary prevention. The document traces the history from ancient practices in India dating back to 5000 BC that emphasized public health, sanitation and hospitals. It outlines key developments over time, including the establishment of various health programs and organizations in India from the 1900s onward that worked to improve public health and access to healthcare.
Ayurveda originated in India over 2,000 years ago. It developed from an oral tradition with roots possibly dating back to the Vedic civilization from 2800 BC. The earliest known texts are the Charaka Samhita and the Sushruta Samhita, which describe medical treatments and surgeries. Ayurvedic principles view health as a balance between the body, mind and spirit, and aim to prevent illness through healthy habits and treatments like herbs and massage. Ancient Indian physicians performed advanced surgeries and established some of the earliest hospitals. The golden age of Ayurveda spanned from 800 BC to 1000 AD, establishing it as a formalized science.
This document provides information about various achievements and aspects of India. It discusses India's contributions to mathematics including the development of concepts like algebra, calculus, and the use of the zero symbol. It outlines achievements in space science such as Mars Orbiter Mission and the Polar Satellite Launch Vehicle. It also discusses achievements in fields like medicine such as Ayurveda, early developments in surgery, and recent medical innovations. Traditional Indian games, infrastructure projects, cultural aspects like weddings, and martial arts are also summarized.
Ayurveda is an ancient Indian system of medicine that is over 5,000 years old. It flourished during the periods of Charaka and Susruta but then declined when Muslim and European invaders brought their own medical systems to India. In the 19th century, the British East India Company closed Ayurvedic schools and established Western medical colleges instead. Various committees and institutions were established in the 20th century to revive Ayurveda, including the Central Council of Indian Medicine in 1970 and the National Institute of Ayurveda in 1976. Ayurveda remains an important part of India's medical traditions today.
This document provides a history of the development of community health nursing in India from ancient to modern times. It describes how systems of Ayurvedic and Siddha medicine originated in ancient India. During the British colonial period in the late 19th century, nursing training schools were established in response to poor sanitation and soldiers' deaths. After independence, the government took responsibility for public health through committees' recommendations and established various national health programs to address issues like tuberculosis, malaria, and family planning. Community health nursing continued to develop through the establishment of nursing councils and degrees, as well as expanded primary healthcare services.
This document discusses education, science, and technology in ancient India from 2000 BC until Islamic invaders arrived. It summarizes that India was dotted with learning centers called Gurukuls and universities that attracted students from all over the ancient world. Some of the most renowned universities during this period were Takshashila in modern-day Pakistan and Nalanda in Bihar. Formal education was supported by donations from kings and temples, while informal education was driven by communities and guilds. This culture of education led to phenomenal civilizational growth and spread of Indian language, ideas, and culture across the ancient world. It also resulted in innovations and discoveries that provided comforts to people worldwide.
Nepalese history is divided into three eras: Ancient (1st century to 879 AD), Medieval (879 AD to 1768 AD), and Modern (1769 AD onwards). During the Ancient era, references were made to healthcare facilities. The Medieval era saw the establishment of traditional medicine dispensaries. Modern allopathic medicine was introduced by Christian missionaries in the 1600s but discontinued after their expulsion. The modern era saw the appointment of British resident physicians and establishment of hospitals under the Ranas and post-democracy. Healthcare has expanded from isolated efforts to a nationalized system through various historical periods.
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The document discusses the biomechanics of space closure during orthodontic treatment. It covers topics such as determinants of space closure including axial inclination and midline discrepancies. It also discusses fundamentals of anchorage control including extraoral forces, intermaxillary elastics, and tipping movements. Additionally, it describes strategies for differential space closure such as applying different moment-to-force ratios to anterior vs. posterior teeth. The center of resistance during anterior retraction is also examined.
The document discusses occlusion and temporomandibular disorders. It begins with an introduction to the temporomandibular joint (TMJ) and its classification as a compound joint. The presentation then covers the anatomy of the TMJ including ligaments, muscles, the articular disc, movements, and examination. Common TMJ disorders are outlined such as hyperplasia and hypoplasia of the condyle. Treatment options for different disorders are mentioned. The document provides an overview of the structure, function and clinical aspects of the temporomandibular joint and disorders.
role of harmones and vitamins in craniofacial growth and developmentDeeksha Bhanotia
Growth and development of the craniofacial structures is influenced by hormones and vitamins. The pituitary gland secretes growth hormone which acts directly and indirectly to stimulate growth of the maxilla, mandible, and other bones. Studies have shown increased craniofacial growth in patients receiving long-term growth hormone therapy. Deficiencies or excess of growth hormone can result in conditions like dwarfism or gigantism with characteristic dental and skeletal features.
Removable appliances have several advantages including improved oral hygiene, less chair time, ability to do tipping movements and bite reduction, less strain on teeth. They require patient cooperation and have a greater risk of being misplaced. They work by applying single forces to tip teeth around their center of resistance. Key components are retentive elements like clasps to aid retention, active elements like springs and elastics to induce tooth movement, and a base plate for support. Patients must be instructed to wear appliances full-time and maintain oral hygiene.
This document discusses the management of open bite and crossbite under the guidance of Dr. Mridula Trehan. It defines open bite and classifies it based on location and tissues involved. Anterior open bite can be skeletal or dental in nature. Crossbite is classified based on location as anterior or posterior, and based on nature as skeletal, dental, or functional. Treatment depends on the type and includes appliances, elastics, expansion, and in severe skeletal cases, surgery. The goal is to address the underlying cause and intrude or prevent eruption of posterior teeth to correct the bite.
This document discusses the management of deep bites. It defines deep bite, classifies it as skeletal or dental, and outlines factors to consider in treatment. Skeletal deep bites are due to genetic or growth factors, while dental deep bites result from overerupted incisors or infraoccluded molars. Diagnosis involves clinical exams, models, and lateral cephs. Treatment may involve bite planes, myofunctional appliances, or fixed appliances to intrude incisors or extrude molars depending on the individual case. The goal is to achieve functional and aesthetic occlusion.
This document discusses preventive orthodontics and space maintainers. It begins by defining preventive orthodontics and distinguishing it from interceptive orthodontics. It then lists the advantages and disadvantages of preventive orthodontics. The document goes on to describe various preventive orthodontic procedures and space maintainer types, materials, indications, and factors to consider when planning space maintainers. The overall goal is to educate students on the principles and procedures of preventive orthodontics and space maintenance.
The document discusses retention and relapse after orthodontic treatment. It defines relapse as teeth returning to their original position after treatment. Relapse can be caused by bone adaptation, ligament traction, growth changes, muscular forces, failure to address the original cause, third molars, and occlusion issues. Retention aims to hold teeth in their corrected positions and allow tissues to remodel. It discusses different retention philosophies and types of retainers including removable retainers like Hawley, Begg, and Invisalign retainers as well as fixed retainers. The goal of retention is to stabilize teeth after active treatment.
This document discusses prostaglandins and their role in orthodontic tooth movement. It begins with an introduction to orthodontic tooth movement and the various chemical mediators involved, including prostaglandins. It then discusses how drugs can alter the rate of tooth movement, with prostaglandins and other substances like vitamin D and PTH increasing the rate, while NSAIDs and bisphosphonates decrease it. The document concludes by focusing on prostaglandins and their mechanism of action in accelerating orthodontic tooth movement.
This document discusses various orthodontic appliances used under the guidance of Dr. Mridula Trehan. It provides details on commonly used appliances like headgear, face mask, and chin cup. For headgear, it describes the components of the face bow assembly and different types of headgears based on the site of anchorage. Face mask is discussed in terms of its indications, parts, biomechanics and different types. Chin cup is summarized focusing on its principle, parts, types and fabrication process. Force magnitude and duration of wear for various appliances is also highlighted.
This document provides an overview of orthodontic appliances, including their classification, advantages, and disadvantages. It discusses removable appliances, fixed appliances, and the ideal requirements of an orthodontic appliance. Removable appliances are convenient but require patient cooperation, while fixed appliances do not rely on patient compliance but are more difficult for oral hygiene. The ideal appliance should cause desired tooth movement safely, apply controlled forces, and be esthetically acceptable.
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This document discusses the evolution of smile visualization and quantification in orthodontics. It describes how orthodontics has shifted away from solely focusing on the profile and incorporating an analysis of the smile in three dimensions and over time. Dynamic video recordings are highlighted as an important record for understanding smile types and performing measurements of smile characteristics. Direct measurements of smile features are presented as an objective, biometric tool for smile analysis and treatment planning.
This document discusses various procedures and techniques for interceptive orthodontics, which aims to recognize and address developing malocclusions and irregularities in young patients. It describes serial extraction, which involves extracting teeth in a planned sequence to address crowding. It also covers topics like developing anterior crossbites, habits like thumb sucking, space regaining when teeth are extracted, muscle exercises, and intercepting skeletal issues like Class II or III malocclusions. The goal of interceptive orthodontics is to address orthodontic issues early before they worsen.
A 9-year-old female presented with an impacted maxillary right central incisor and canine. The crowns were surgically exposed and Multi-Purpose Attachments (MPAs) with hooks were bonded to apply light eruptive forces and align the teeth over 20 months. MPAs helped avoid soft tissue laceration during incisor eruption and prevented occlusal interference during canine retraction. At the 43-month follow-up, lingual retainers bonded to MPAs had successfully aligned and retained the impacted teeth.
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This document summarizes a presentation on facial asymmetry given by Dr. Deeksha Bhanotia. It discusses the etiology, classification, diagnosis, and management of facial asymmetry. Facial asymmetry can be caused by genetic factors like clefts or environmental factors like trauma. It is classified as dental, skeletal, muscular, or functional asymmetry. Diagnosis involves medical history, dental and facial evaluation, and radiographs. Management depends on the underlying cause and may involve orthodontic treatment and/or orthognathic surgery.
This document discusses cleft lip and palate, including its embryology, historical background, theories of formation, classification systems, etiology, and management. It notes that cleft lip and palate can be caused by hereditary factors, infections, drugs, radiation, or diets during pregnancy. The epidemiology section provides statistics on its prevalence among different racial groups and discusses associated factors like parental age and seasonal variations. Treatment involves a multidisciplinary approach depending on the type and severity of the cleft.
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Explore the groundbreaking work of Dr. David Greene, a pioneer in regenerative medicine, who is revolutionizing the field of cardiology through stem cell therapy in Arizona. This ppt delves into how Dr. Greene's innovative approach is providing non-surgical, effective treatments for heart disease, using the body's own cells to repair heart damage and improve patient outcomes. Learn about the science behind stem cell therapy, its benefits over traditional cardiac surgeries, and the promising future it holds for modern medicine. Join us as we uncover how Dr. Greene's commitment to stem cell research and therapy is setting new standards in healthcare and offering new hope to cardiac patients.
TEST BANK For Accounting Information Systems, 3rd Edition by Vernon Richardso...rightmanforbloodline
TEST BANK For Accounting Information Systems, 3rd Edition by Vernon Richardson, Verified Chapters 1 - 18, Complete Newest Version
TEST BANK For Accounting Information Systems, 3rd Edition by Vernon Richardson, Verified Chapters 1 - 18, Complete Newest Version
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At Apollo Hospital, Lucknow, U.P., we provide specialized care for children experiencing dehydration and other symptoms. We also offer NICU & PICU Ambulance Facility Services. Consult our expert today for the best pediatric emergency care.
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Encourages consistency, variety in exercises, setting realistic goals, and finding enjoyable activities to maintain motivation.
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This particular slides consist of- what is Pneumothorax,what are it's causes and it's effect on body, risk factors, symptoms,complications, diagnosis and role of physiotherapy in it.
This slide is very helpful for physiotherapy students and also for other medical and healthcare students.
Here is a summary of Pneumothorax:
Pneumothorax, also known as a collapsed lung, is a condition that occurs when air leaks into the space between the lung and chest wall. This air buildup puts pressure on the lung, preventing it from expanding fully when you breathe. A pneumothorax can cause a complete or partial collapse of the lung.
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The rise of Indian Orthodontics: A historical perspective
1. PRESENTED BY-
DR. DEEKSHA BHANOTIA
(PG-1ST YEAR)
Department of Orthodontics &
Dentofacial Orthopaedics
UNDER THE GUIDANCE OF –
DR. MRIDULA TREHAN
(PROFESSOR & HEAD)
The Rise of Indian Orthodontics:
A Historical Perspective
Teja MV, Teja TS, Shetty S, Kashyap R. The Rise of Indian Orthodontics: A
Historical Perspective. J Ind Orthod Soc 2013;47(3):113-120
2. INTRODUCTION
‘Heritages of the past are the seeds that bring forth the
harvest of the future.’
The great Roman Orator Cicero was well aware of this
saying when he quoted:
‘Not to know what has been transacted in former times is
to continue always as a child.
3. If no use is made of the labors of past ages, the
world must remain in the infancy of knowledge’.
Dentistry – Ancient Art Modern Science.
4. MYTHOLOGICAL ASPECT TO
DENTISTRY
Lord Dhanvantari is known as the father of Ayurveda
(Indian system of medicine), since he was the first divine
incarnation to impart its wisdom among humans.
He first appeared during the great churning of the cosmic
ocean of milk (Samudra manthan) to deliver amrit
(ambrosia, or Divine nectar) to the demigods.
5. Outstanding authorities on Ayurveda, were also honoured
in ancient and medieval India with the honorific
Dhanvantari.
Thus, Dhanvantari refers not only to the progenitor of
Ayurveda but is also associated with a rich medical
tradition and a hierarchy in the history of medicine in
India.
6. Another aspect to the origin of dentistry is also taken in
consideration at Dantewada, a small town in
Chhattisgarh, which has a statue of Danteshwari Devi
(Goddess Parvati).
It is believed that this place is called Dantewada as
Goddess Parvati’s tooth broke off and fell here.
7. Dentistry as potrayed in the epic of Mahabharata:
Krishna in Mahabharata wanted to test the
‘danaveerata’ of dying Karan in the battle field of
Kurukshetra disguised as Brahmin, Krishna asks for
gold in donation and Karan proves his worth by
donating his gold-filled tooth (Fig. 1).
8.
9. SUSHRUTA: THE ANCIENT CLINICIAN AND
TEACHER PAR EXCELLENCE-600 BC
Mehrgarh represents a highly developed civilization that
existed in India (now in Pakistan) until around 9,000 years
ago (Fig. 2).
Much older than the sumer civilization. Mehrgarh is now
seen as a precursor to Indus Valley Civilization.
10.
11. In what could be the earliest example of dentistry in
the history of mankind, researchers at the University
of Missouri—Columbia have discovered that 8,000 to
9,000 years ago dentists in ancient India had
developed technology to drill teeth and remove decay.
This was found on the biting surface of male molars.
12. Ancient Indian Ayurvedic literature contains many
interesting observations on dental diseases and their
treatment.
Sushruta, the ancient Indian sage is universally
acknowledged as the first dental anatomist of the
world.
Dentistry was held to be of divine origin in India, as it
was in much of the ancient world.
13. Tradition dating from as early as 5,000 BC, has it
that the Ashvins, twin sons of the Sun, imparted
their holy knowledge to Indra, and Indra handed
down the science of life to Dhanvantari, diety of
medicine, who further imparted them light of truth
to Sushruta.
Sushruta, taught dentistry scientifically at Kashi,
at around 600 AD.
14. During that period, dentistry flourished scientifically
all over.
He also wrote the famous book ‘Sushruta Samhita’.
Ancient medical literatures, such as the Ayurveda,
Sushruta Samhita described treatments of diseases of
the oral cavity and emphasized the importance of
tongue hygiene (Fig. 3).
15.
16. EVEN DISLOCATION OF THE JAWS
WERE TREATED AT THAT TIME (FIG. 4)
The diet of the upper class was rich in fermentable
carbohydrates including honey and sticky fruits,
such as figs and dates.
Consequently this group suffered a high incidence
of caries (Fig. 5).
17.
18.
19. There are numerous remedies for caries in Indian
literature, Vagbhata, a surgeon active at around
650 AD, advocated extraction of carious tooth
with specially designed instruments, beaks of
which were shaped like heads of animals (Fig. 6).
More than two millennium ago Greek doctors
were aware of Indian way of cleaning teeth and
mouthwashes.
20.
21. Hippocrates in his treaties ‘on diseases of women’
has prescribed a recipe of an Indian mouthwash.
Unani (Greek) system developed in Middle East out
of Arabs contacts with Greeco-Roman civilization
and entered South Asia with successive waves of
Muslim invasions-Unani system was popular by
Mughal Emperors, particularly Akbar, (1556-1605).
22. All such systems were also healer of dental problems,
e.g. clove oil was used for pain in cavity and other herbs
were used for reducing mouth swelling.
However, thereafter; for ages dentistry remained in
darkness.
Even in the Mughal period there was stagnation
regarding dental awareness.
23. Scientific dentistry was reintroduced in India in the
19th century by the Britishers.
Biomedica or modern medicine was initially
started in India for East India Company’s
employee, and later on for officials of various
British administrations.
24. Medical officers were trained and mostly British
doctors were invited from United Kingdom.
The medical doctors expanded their private practice
to public and in middle of 19th century the British
Government established medical colleges in India to
train South Asian doctors, who could supplement
the practice of British physicians.
25. Hospitals and dispensaries (clinics) were built at
district level and in towns. The expansion process
was slow till 1930.
Dental care was available up to extraction of teeth
at such Hospitals by medical men/doctor and
assistant.
In spite of this for long, dentistry predominantly
remained in the hands of the unqualified.
26. Hospitals and dispensaries (clinics) were built at
district level and in towns.
The expansion process was slow till 1930.
Dental care was available up to extraction of teeth at
such Hospitals by medical men/doctor and assistant.
In spite of this for long, dentistry predominantly
remained in the hands of the unqualified.
27. ‘If there is no dental education there is no
orthodontics. The beginning of orthodontics cannot
be considered unless we know the beginning of
dental education in India’ as said by Dr HD
Merchant.
Therefore, we must look into the foundation and
formation of dental education through the start of
various dental institutes in India.
28. During the 1930s there was no dentists act, no All
India Dental Association and the number of dentists
could be counted on the finger tips, most of them
educated in England or America.
The first private dental college was formed in
Calcutta by Dr. Rafiuddin Ahmed in 1920 by his own
personal resources, followed by opening of other
colleges.
29. THE BEGINNING OF AN ERA
Evolution and Formation of Renowned Dental
Colleges
Dr Rafiuddin Ahmed (1890-1965)—Father of Indian
Dentistry (Fig. 7).
Dr Rafiuddin Ahmed was born on December 24, 1890,
in Bardhanpara, East Bengal, India. He graduated from
Aligarh University in 1908. By the next year, he left for
the United States.
30.
31. He enrolled in the University of Iowa School of
Dentistry, earning his dental degree in 1915.
In 1920, Dr Ahmed founded the first Dental College of
India as well as of Asia, which was financed by starting
the New York Soda Fountain in Calcutta.
32. In 1925, Dr Ahmed established the Bengal Dental
Association, which became the forerunner for the
Indian Dental Association (organized in 1928).
He served three terms as President of the Indian
Dental Association from 1945 to 1948.
He also established the Indian Dental Journal in 1925
and was its Editor until 1946.
33. Dr Ahmed helped to form the Bengal Dentists Act in 1939.
This was the first dental governmental regulation in India
and it became the model for the Indian Dental Act passed in
1948.
Dr R Ahmed was the first elected President of the Indian
Dental Council, serving from 1954 to 1958.
34. Dr Ahmed was awarded a Fellowship in the International
College of Dentists in 1947 and Fellowships in the Royal
College of Surgeons of England and the Pierre Fauchard
Academy in 1949.
The second dental college was started by late Dr MK
Patel in 1927 in Karachi.
35. The third dental college was started in Bombay as
Nair Hospital Dental College in the year 1933, by
the founders of Nair Hospital through the efforts of
Dr VM Desai (Fig. 8).
It is run by the MCGM (Municipal Corporation of
Greater Mumbai) and is the only dental college in
the world to be run by a municipal authority.
36.
37. At the time of non-cooperation movement started
by Mahatma Gandhi in 1921, Maulana Shaukat Ali
and Dhawan Chamanlal were motivating the
students to join the exodus that was going on all
over India to boycott government aided institution.
They appealed to the students of the Grant
Medical College to get out and start a new medical
college on national lines.
38. Within few months, this idea took a shape with opening of
National Medical College at 2nd Victoria Cross Lane,
Mazgaon.
Later when Dr Nair donated two acres of land near Tardeo
Bridge; then the college shifted to its present location and
was named as BYL Nair Charitable Hospital and Topiwala
National Medical College.
In the year 1927, Dr AL Nair established a single chair
dental clinic.
39. Thus, a modest beginning was made for the dental
college.
One more chair was added in 1930.
When this process was going on, Nair Hospital Dental
College was taking shape in the mind of Dr VM Desai
and finally it came into existence on the land earlier
used as ‘horse stable’ in 1933.
40. Year 1939, saw the establishment of first Department
of Orthodontics of India, under the guidance of Dr HD
Merchant.
In the 1940s because of financial difficulties, it was
decided to hand over the college to Municipal
Corporation of Mumbai.
Finally in 1946, the corporation took over the charge
of the college.
41. In 1954, the college got affiliated to Bombay University
for BDS course.
In 1959, the college started Postgraduate course in
Orthodontia.
This was another milestone in the history of the college,
as Nair Hospital Dental College was the first institute in
India to start with MDS courses.
42. In 1998, the college got affiliated to Maharashtra
University of Health Sciences, a centralized
university for all medical and dental colleges of
Maharashtra.
The first Government Dental College was started in
1934 at Lahore called de Montmorency Dental
College. Initially the college provided only medical
degree but later BDS course was also started.
43. This course was based on syllabus laid down by the
Royal College of England. In 1941 first ever MDS
course started in this college.
Government Dental College and Hospital, Mumbai is
one of the oldest, pioneering institutes in the country
known for its comprehensive dental education and
care.
44. It was established in 1942 and was then known as Sir
CEM Dental College. Sir Currimbhoy Ibrahim (CEM)
gave donation for the building and it was ready in
1928, however, it was only in 1942 that the college
finally started.
It was housed on the first floor of Grant medical
college, Sir JJ group of hospitals, Byculla, Mumbai
with just 6 dental chair units and gave the degree as
Licence in Dental Science (LDSc).
45. After partition students of the college and some of the
staff members fanned out all over the country bearing
the torch of dental education with them.
Some of those respected doctors who contributed were
as follows: Dr CD Marshal Day who shifted to United
States to become the Dean of Rochester Dental School.
46. Dr US Malik Principal of R Ahmed Dental
College, Calcutta.
Dr KL Shourie, Principal of Government Dental
College, Sir CEM Dental College, Bombay.
Major General SN Bhaskar, Director of Army
Dental Corps US Army.
A delegation from the Royal College of Surgeons.
47. UK, under the chairmanship of Sir Bradlow and
along with members of ministry of health UK
visited India in 1949 and conveyed the recognition
of Royal College of Surgeons UK to the three
dental colleges left after the partition.
The King’s George Medical College (KGMC) was
formally opened in October 1911, the year when
His Majesty King George V and Queen Mary
visited India.
48. The Dental Wing of KGMC started as a part of the
ENT Department in 1949 with Dr B Sampat in
charge. Dental education at the King George’s
Medical College started initially as a Dentistry Wing
of the Department of Surgery in 1949.
In 1951, it became a separate Department of
Dentistry in a new Dental Hospital with Professor
TN Chawla as Head of Department who succeeded
Dr B Sampat.
49. The MDS course in orthodontics was introduced in
January 1965.
Professor Ram Nanda established the Postgraduate
Department in 1965 and continued till 1972 and later
on joined as Chairman, Department of Orthodontics
at Dental Health Sciences Center at Oklahoma, USA
in 1972.
In 1980, the Department was upgraded to a separate
Faculty of Dental Sciences with seven departments.
50. Presently, KGMC is known as Chhatrapati Shahuji
Maharaj Medical University.
The dental university is the only one of its kind in
India and one of only four dental universities in the
world.
It is worth mentioning that this Department is the only
Orthodontic Center in India, which has exclusively
rendered orthodontic treatment with edgewise
technique for the last 45 years.
51. In 1935, Dr H Venkata Rao, started the first dental
college in Madras called the ‘Madras Dental College and
Hospital’ but it folded up in 1942.
A few years later during the early 40s, Dr HM Rao, a
medical practitioner obtained the DDS qualification from
the USA and started ‘The American Dental College’ at
Madras.
The institution was well-equipped and the course
methodically organized.
52. This institution was the only scientifically standardized
school at that time and produced many successful and
knowledgeful practitioners.
This college unfortunately was shut down due to the
untimely demise of its Principal, Dr HM Rao.
53. In December 1949, the government by an order
sanctioned the opening of a separate dental wing
attached to Madras Medical College and
Government General Hospital, Madras, for
training candidates for the BDS course and
recommended an intake of 15 students per year in
the year 1953.
54. While celebrating the silver jubilee of dental wing in
1978 a proposal was submitted which was examined
by the government and an order was passed stating the
separation of Dental Wing from the Madras Medical
College to form an independent dental college, with
independent budget from 3rd October 1979.
Dr BP Rajan was appointed as the principal.
55. It was affiliated to Madras University. Postgraduation
course in Orthodontia was started by Dr JG Kannappan
in 1977, followed by Dr S Rangachari.
The Government Dental College (GDC) in Bangalore
was started in the year 1958, in a small corner room of
Victoria hospital.
56. Initially the lectures were conducted at the Bangalore
Medical College and the clinical facilities were made
available at the Outpatient Department of Victoria
Hospital with Dr VR Naidu as the Principal.
Later Dr S Ramachandra, a Medical Officer at
Krishnarajendra Hospital Mysore was deputed to
Tufts University Dental School, USA to obtain DMD
who took over as the full time principal of the college.
57. The building construction completed in 1964
was inaugurated by the Union Health Minister
Dr Sushila Nayar.
The first Postgraduate course in Orthodontia
was started in the year 1965. The Government
Dental College, Trivandrum was started in the
year 1959 as a wing of the medical college.
58. Col NN Berry was the President of Dental Council
at that time.
The BDS degree was recognized by the DCI
during 1962.
In the same year dental hygienists course was
started which was first of its kind in India.
Two years later dental technicians course was also
started.
59. Postgraduate education was started in 1966.
Department of Orthodontics in Government
Dental College, Trivandrum was approved by the
Royal College of Surgeons of Edinburgh,
Scotland, as the examination center for M Orth
RCS, MOS RCS Ed and Dip NB examination in
the year 2000 under Dr Jyotinder Kumar.
60. All India Institute of Medical Sciences (AIIMS) is a
premier medical college and teaching hospital based in
New Delhi.
The institute operates autonomously under the
Ministry of Health and Family Welfare India.
It was established in 1956 by the Indian Parliament.
61. This was in pursuance to the recommendations made
by the Bhore Comittee in 1946,17 and was built with
a grant from the government of New Zealand.
It was established in New Delhi after former Indian
Prime Minister Jawaharlal Nehru’s initial proposal to
set up the institute in West Bengal was turned down
by the Chief Minister of West Bengal Dr Bidhan
Chandra Roy.
62. It was the vision of Rajkumari Amrit Kaur, the first
Health Minister of India, to establish an institute of
such nature in India. The Department of Dental
Surgery was established in the year 1960.
The first Postgraduate Program was started at AIIMS
in the year 1986, in the Orthodontics Department of
Dentistry, with Dr SS Sidhu as the Head of the
Department.
63. The Department of Dental Surgery was upgraded
to the Center for Dental Education and Research
(CDER) in 2003 which is now headed by Dr OP
Kharbanda.
Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and
Research (PGIMER) is one of the most prestigious
medical and research institution of Asia.
64. Located in Chandigarh, the PGIMER owes its
inception to the vision of late Sardar Pratap Singh
Kairon, the Chief Minister of Punjab and a
distinguished medical educationist of the combined
state of Punjab, alongside the support of the first
Prime Minister of India, Pt Jawahar Lal Nehru.
The institute started in 1962 and became an
autonomous body under the Act of the Parliament of
India in 1967 functioning under the Ministry of Health
and Family Welfare, Government of India.
65. Orthodontic unit started in 1974 and Postgraduation
course in Orthodontics started in 1989 with Dr Ashok
Utreja as the head of the department.
The Manipal College of Dental Sciences (MCODS),
Manipal, formerly known as the College of Dental
Surgery, is the first self-financing dental college in the
private sector of India. It was established in the year
1965.
66. Dr Sunder J Vazirani nurtured the college during its
teething stages. Academically, the College of Dental
Surgery, Manipal was affiliated to the Mysore
University (1965-1980) and then to the Mangalore
University (1980-1993) before becoming a part of
the Manipal University.
67. Postgraduation course in Orthodontics started in
1990 with Dr Ashima Valiathan as the head of the
department.
Evolution of Dental Council of India: In the 1930,
the Calcutta Dental Asssociation and the Bombay
presidency dental association was formed. Both
these associations drafted Dentists Act for their
own provinces but they were put away in the files
by the respective governments and forgotten.
68. In 1945, Dr SK Mazumdar traveled all over India
with a missionary Zeal for forming one dental
association for whole of India.
His aspirations were fulfilled as the popular
ministry was formed in 1946.
The same year All India Dental Association was
also formed.
69. It drafted the Dentists Act which was passed by the
Parliament and became a law in 1948.
With the passing of the Act, the Dental Council of
India came into being and the practice of dentistry
was regulated. It also drafted syllabus for BDS and
MDS.
With continuous efforts, new dental colleges were
started.
70. BEGINNING OF ORTHODONTICS AS A
SPECIALITY IN INDIA
Beginning of Orthodontics as a Speciality in India
The beginning of orthodontics in India was made in 1935, as
Dr HD Merchant gave the first series of lectures in
Orthodontics at the Nair Hospital Dental College, Bombay.
He is considered to be the ‘The Father of Indian Orthodontics’.
The first Department of Orthodontics was properly established
in 1939 in Nair Hospital Dental College under Dr HD
Merchant.
71. Nair Dental College was the only institute in India,
where Orthodontics was taught as an independent
subject from 1939, consisting of practicals, lectures and
clinical work.
In 1958, Dr Berry got the Government of India to give
a grant to start PG courses in 5 to 6 subjects.
72. Orthodontics was still in its infancy at that time, wixth
emphasis mainly on removable appliances like active
plates, expansion screws, oral screens and the inclined
planes. Functional appliances like ‘Activator’ was also
used.
Fixed appliances used at that time was the ‘Edgewise
appliance’ and ‘Tweed Philosophy’.
73. The Indian Orthodontic Society started as a Study
Group in Bombay, now Mumbai, way back in the
year 1961.
There were no office bearers, no fees, no constitution.
Dr NH Parikh called regular scientific meetings and
there used to be lectures.
74. The IOS was formally established as the Indian
Orthodontic Society on Friday the 15th October 1965.
The late Dr HD Merchant was the Founder President
for 3 years and Dr Naishadh Parikh the Founder
Secretary and Treasurer for 8 years.
The other Founder Members were Late Dr AB Modi,
Dr Keki Mistry, Dr Mohandas Bhat, Late Dr Prem
Prakash and Late Dr HS Shaikh.
75. The Indian Orthodontic Society held its first conference
in the year 1967 at New Delhi with a scientific session.
The Journal of the Indian Orthodontic Society was
started by Dr HD Merchant as the first Editor in 1968.
IOS office was inaugurated at Vellore on 12/4/1998 by
Dr BP Rajan under the presidentship of Dr Asha Verma.
76. At its headquarters in Vellore, the IOS established a
library and the first dental museum in India in 1998.
This is the first museum on Dentistry to be
established in India. The library holds various books
and journals donated by our eminent doctors.
The IOS also established the IOS-Free Dental
Specialty Centre on August 7, 1999, in Vellore.
77. This center includes a free dental clinic and health
education hall, which was inaugurated by Dr T Samraj,
Secretary IOS.
Colgate Palmolive Ltd donated a new dental chair and
unit with necessary equipment.
The Indian Orthodontic Society has its own web site,
www.iosonline.org, which was again inaugurated by Dr
T Samraj.
78. The Indian Board of Orthodontics, first dental specialty
to establish a professional certifying board in India, was
formed and the first speciality board examination was
conducted on 29th September 1999 at Bangalore,
inaugurated by Dr T Samraj.
79. The first certification and convocation was held at
Bangalore on October 2, 1999. Dr Vijay P Jayade was
elected as the Founder Chairman of the Board and Dr K
Jyothindra Kumar as the Founder Secretary-Treasurer,
late Dr Prem Prakash, was the board’s first examiner.
IBO is the first such board in the field of Dentistry in
India and the third in the world. Dr T Samraj received
Honorary Fellowship from the Indian Board of
Orthodontics.
80. EVOLUTION OF CLEFT SURGERY IN INDIA
The year 1955 is considered as the birth of plastic surgery
in India. Sir Benjamin Rank, Professor of Plastic Surgery,
University of Melbourne, was invited.
He brought with him Dr John Tucker as his anesthetist.
Some Indian plastic surgeons had some exposure in UK
they were—Dr C Balakrishnan, Dr RN Sinha and Major
Sukh.
81. Dr Balakrishnan from Nagpur then went on to
establish a major plastic surgical department at the
Postgraduate Institute at Chandigarh and is credited
with a new classification and a new technique of
repairing a cleft lip.
Dr C Balakrishnan was trained under Sir Benjamin
Rank.
82. The Jerbai Wadia Hospital in Bombay is called the
cradle of cleft surgery in Maharashtra, where Dr Arthur
De Sa, Rustom Irani and Charles Pinto, all general-cum-
pediatric surgeons were engaged in cleft surgery in a
major way in the 1960s.
In 1962, in the South, Dr Raman Nair, trained by
Keisewetter in Philadelphia, pioneered the first pediatric
surgical department in Trivandrum.
83. In the 1970s Dr HS Adenwalla established the Charles
Pinto Center for Cleft Lip and Palate at the Jubilee
Mission Medical College and Research Institute,
Trichur with 40 beds entirely devoted to cleft care.
Major funding comes from Smile Train. Oral health
science center was inaugurated in PGIMER Chandigarh
in 1995 by Dr Manmohan Singh.
84. It provides an interdisciplinary cleft palate clinic
(listed in American Cleft Palate Association
Directory). Ashok Utreja is presently Professor and
Chairman, Unit of Orthodontics, and Head, Oral
Health Sciences Center, PGIMER, Chandigarh.
The first National Congress on cleft lip, cleft palate
and orofacial anomalies was held on 24th September
1988 at Chennai.
85. Dr JG Kannappan was the congress secretary.
The first ever cleft lip and palate symposium was held at
Manipal in 1998.
In the year 2000, Smile Train came into the picture
creating tremendous enthusiasm for comprehensive cleft
care.
Sixty Smile Train partner Centers cropped up all over
India.
86. Smile Train is responsible for the repair of over 40,000
cleft children in this country.
A center of cleft excellence now stands at the Sri
Ramachandra Medical Center in Madras, an infant
department of 4 years’ standing which has achieved
remarkable maturity mainly due to the dynamic
administrative qualities of Dr Jyotsna Murthy.
87. The next landmark was the establishment of the Indian
Society of cleft lip, palate and craniofacial anomalies by
Dr Suresh Tambwekar in Mumbai in March 2002.
Dr Ashok Utreja is the first orthodontist to be elected
President of the Indian Society of cleft lip, palate and
craniofacial anomalies for the year 2004 to 2005.
88. Other centers for cleft lip and palate are at AIIMS,
headed by Dr OP Kharbanda, Guwahati
comprehensive cleft center.
Meenakshi Cleft Center at Meenakshi Ammal
Dental College, Chennai, to name a few.
89. FIRST GENERATION
ORTHODONTISTS—OUR VISIONARIES
Dr Hari Krishan D Merchant, Father of Indian
Orthodontics, IOS President (1965 to 1967)
We are indeed indepted to Dr HD Merchant, for
being the first to show us the path on which we all
walk (Fig. 9).
90.
91. He received his degree in dentistry (DMD) from
Germany.
Dr Korkhaus was his teacher and mentor. He
returned to India and gave the first series of
lectures in Orthodontics in 1935 at Nair Dental
College.
92. Dr HD Merchant was one of the most prominent figures
of Nair Hospital Dental College and was the Founder of
the Department of Orthodontics and stayed as the
Professor and Head of Orthodontics Department at Nair
Hospital Dental College from 1937 until his retirement
in 1963.
He was not only the Founder Member of Indian Dental
Association but also was appointed as the President for
three tenures.
93. He was Convenor of Dental Gold Panel (1962-
1963).
He was the Founder Member and first President of
the Indian Orthodontic Society (1965-1968) and
stayed as the Editor of the Journal of Indian
Orthodontics Society for a long time and also the
first editor of JIOS from 1968 to 1974.
94. He was honored by Pierre Fauchard Academy as
‘Dentist of the year 1976’ for outstanding
contribution to dental education in India, awarded
for the first time in India.
His main area of expertize was removable
mechanotherapy.
95. Dr Prem Prakash, IOS President (1967 to
1969)
Dr Prem Prakash received his BDS degree from De
Montmorency Dental College, Lahore, Punjab
University in 1947 (Fig. 10).
He developed interest in orthodontics because of his
instructor Dr Balraj Vacher at Lahore and Dr AS
Ghosh from Calcutta.
96.
97. After earning a scholarship from Government of
India, he was sent to Tuft’s University for further
studies.
He attained his MS in Orthodontics from Tuft’s
University, USA, in 1950 under Dr Margolis, Dr
GreenStein and Dr Oren Oliver, he taught at Tuft’s
for 3 years before returning to India, with a vision in
1953.
98. He started his private practice at Lotus House, Marine
Lines, Mumbai.
He was the first orthodontist to start exclusive
orthodontic practice in India.
Dr Prem Prakash attended the first course of Begg
Technique given by Dr Begg in 1953.
99. In 1954, he joined the CEM Dental College as a staff
member.
He ushered in Begg’s Era in India in the 1960s.
He had converted his earlier edgewise practice to
Begg practice.
Dr Prakash was the second President of the IOS.
He was the first examiner of IBO.
100. Dr Ashok Balwant Rai Modi, IOS President
(1969 to 1971)
Dr AB Modi was another stalwart in orthodontic
profession (Fig. 11).
Dr AB Modi did his BDS in 1955 from Nair Hospital
Dental College, Mumbai, and DMD in Orthodontics
in Bonn University, Germany under Dr Korkhaus in
1959.
101.
102. He returned to Bombay and joined Nair Dental
College as a part time lecturer.
He became a prominent figure in establishment of
orthodontics in India.
He followed Dr HD Merchant in establishing the
Orthodontics Department of Nair Dental College and
Hospital from 1960 to 1988, for 28 years.
103. He was the founder member and the third President of
IOS.
He was considered an authority in functional
appliances.
He was appointed by many dental companies as their
advisor because of his thorough knowledge about
functioning of dental equipments.
104. Dr HS Shaikh, IOS President (1971 to 1973)
Dr HS Shaikh did his BDS from Sir CEM Dental
College in 1954 and MDS in Orthodontics in 1961 both
from GDC Bombay (Fig. 12).
Dr Shaikh was trained under Dr Prem Prakash, Dr AC
Henriques and Dr V Iyer. He became a professor in
GDC and H, Bombay.
105.
106. Dr Shaikh took voluntary retirement and went to Libya
and taught there as Professor and Head of Ortho
Department for a period of 31/2 years.
Later he joined the King Saud University as Professor
of Ortho.
He was an eminent teacher and one of the founders of
IOS. He popularized Begg technique in India.
107. Dr Naishad Parikh, IOS President (1973 to 1975)
Dr Naishad Parikh received his BDS degree from Nair
Dental College 1955 (Fig. 13).
He was chosen as the first student to do his internship at
Boston University US by the Indian Dental Association
(IDA) in 1957.
108.
109. He went on to the Loyala University to pursue his Masters
degree in Orthodontia, under Dr Richard Jaraback in 1958.
He returned to India in 1961 and voluntarily taught
students at Nair Dental College and that was the year when
he started his own practice in Bombay.
In 1962, an honorary post was created for Dr Parikh at Nair
Dental College and he joined as a staff of the Orthodontics
Department.
110. He went on to the Loyala University to pursue his
Masters degree in Orthodontia, under Dr Richard
Jaraback in 1958.
He was the one of the founder secretary and treasurer
of IOS.
He introduced Jaraback technique in India in 1961, he
retired in 1989.
111. Dr Keki Mistry, IOS President (1975 to
1978)
Dr Keki Mistry, one of the first dental specialists
who introduced orthodontics and specialty dentistry
to India, continues to actively practice his vital
vocation (Fig. 14).
112.
113. A dentistry alumnus of Bombay University and the
University of Illinois, USA, Dr Mistry also boasts of a
Masters in public health from London University and a
Doctorate from the International Open University in
Copenhagen, Denmark.
Oral Health Day, celebrated by WHO on April 7 every
year, was conceptualized by him.
114. Dr Mohandas Bhat
Dr Mohandas Bhat (Fig. 15) received his dental degree
from GDC Bangalore in 1960 and then he migrated to
Massachusetts, USA.
He received his orthodontic training in US.
He also holds a masters degree in public health.
115.
116. He was an eminent teacher who introduced
orthodontics in India and was one of the founding
members of IOS.
He was also honored by IAPHD for introducing the
discipline of dental public health in India, by starting
the first ever Department of Preventive and Social
Dentistry at the Government Dental College (GDC),
Bangalore, in 1968.
117. Dr Bhat served with Project HOPE in Natal,
Brazil from 1975 to 1979.
118. CONCLUSION
The author would like to take this opportunity to
thank one and all who have helped her to write the
article, which she is sure will benefit the valued
doctors, postgraduates as well as graduates.
119. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
This article would not have been possible without
the help of the eminent teachers and leading
orthodontists of India.
120. Dr K Sadashiva Shetty–Principal, Professor and
Head, Department of Orthodontics, Bapuji Dental
College and Hospital, Davangere and Dr OP
Kharbanda–Head of Department of Orthodontics,
AIIMS, Delhi.
The author is indebted to them for providing her
with vital information and photographs regarding
this article, without which she would not have had
the zeal to write this article.
121. She has thanked Dr Naishad Parikh, Founder Secretary
and Treasurer IOS, Dr Keki Mistry—Founder Member
IOS, leading practictioner, Mumbai, Dr MK Prakash—
Academician, Honorary Consultant Orthodontist, Bombay
Hospital (Medical Research Center), Mumbai, Dr Vinod
Verma—Leading Practitioner, Delhi, Visiting Professor at
SDM College of Dental Sciences, Dharwad.
122. To be able to communicate with the above teachers
and legends of our profession itself was enough to
inspire her to indulge in this presentation.
123. Heartfelt thanks to Dr Navroze S Kotwal, Practitioner,
Mumbai, Dr Sonali Mahadevia HOD, Orthodontics
Department, Ahmedabad Dental College, Daughter of Dr
AB Modi, Dr Suja Ani, Head of Orthodontics Department,
GDC Trivandrum, Dr Ashok Jena–Assistant Professor,
Oral Health Center, PGIMER, Chandigarh.