The document discusses the major stages of film production: production, distribution, and exhibition. It provides details on what each stage involves, using the 2006 British film Kidulthood as an example. Production refers to the actual filmmaking process. Distribution deals with printing/marketing the film. Exhibition is the retail stage, involving cinema screenings and home video/download releases. Kidulthood had a small budget and limited distribution but found greater success on DVD.

1. There are six majors that operate in Hollywood : Major film studio is a movie production and distribution company that releases a substantial number of films annually and consistently commands a significant share of box-office revenues in a given market. In the North American, Western, and global markets, the major film studios, subsidiaries command approximately 90 percent of the U.S. and Canadian box office Hollywood Film Industry

2. Lesson Aims To understand the requirements of Section A Producers and Audiences.

3. 20% Two questions one will be audience based the other will be industry based. Select one question using the stimulus material as you need to spend 45mins doing the following: Analysing the material and explaining how it highlights some of the issues you have covered. Bringing in your wider knowledge of case studies (in class and your own) Your own experience of film consumption and using all of these points to answer the question set .

4. Production Production refers to the actual process of making a film. This covers everything from buying a script to securing funding to overseeing the film’s ‘shoot.’ This is done by the production company such as Universal, Columbia, Warner Working Title, Warp Films.

5. Production

6. THE FILM PROCESS PRODUCTION DISTRIBUTION EXHIBITION There are three distinct areas of the film industry. Each one of these could be viewed as a type of media institution. What happens at each stage?

7. kidulthood

8. Production involves the creation of the media product and is the responsibility of the PRODUCTION COMPANY This includes all pre-production, production & post-production processes. Before that the writer/director/producer must find finance for a film – which may come from one or many production companies (a co-production) Kidulthood had a production budget of £600,000. This budget was mostly provided by director Menhaj Huda and producer friend George Issac Why would this film have found it difficult to get finance from a production company? Some of this budget was funded by the UK Film Council How much was given to the film for production and distribution? What criteria did the film have to meet to be awarded the funds?

9. Film distributors are responsible for prints and marketing : PRINTS – producing physical copies of a film for cinema/home release and finding the exhibitors/retailers to sell the film MARKETING – raising audience awareness and anticipation of a new release A distributor may: -Be a part of the same parent company as the production company Have a long term arrangement with a production company and provide financial assistance for many of their productions Provide financial assistance for a single film by a production company Acquire a film after it has completed production A film will likely have different distributors for: -Releases in different countries -Cinema Release -Home-Video Release Revolver Entertainment distributed Kidulthood Although heavily promoted there was limited distribution of the film, why?

10. Exhibition is divided into two sections: Cinema – the distributor is paid by the cinema for a copy of the film Home – the distributor is paid by the company who is selling the film for a copy A film’s success is often decided on the amount of money it makes during it’s cinema release. This is known as the Box Office Takings Home Exhibition is becoming an increasing valuable and varied source for distributors to increase profits. WHAT METHODS OF HOME EXHIBITION CAN WE THINK OF? Kidulthood made just £454,000 at the cinema It was far more successful on DVD Why would this film be more successful on DVD than in the cinema?

11. SORTING OUT KEY TERMS Ownership of institution How the way the company is owned effects the type of films it produces. Cross Media Convergence The use of multiple media forms by a media company to increase the awareness of or possible audience for a media product. For example, the BBC show Eastenders on their TV channels, then make them available on the internet through BBC iPlayer for a further seven days. A single company will often own all of the media forms. Synergy When two or more institutions promote their products on one media text. Business deals are created between institutions who stand to benefit from reaching the same audience at the same time. Product placement in films (where for example, James Bond might be denoted wearing an Omega watch) and the promotion of stars and their songs through TV advertisements for other products are good examples. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=R22qigXhFjk New Media Technology The emergence of digital, computerized, or networked information and communication technologies in the later part of the 20th century. Most technologies described as "new media" are digital. This is simply a quicker, smaller, more efficient and compressed form of data-storage when compared with older analogue methods. Proliferation of content An increase in the number of films being made over the last 30 years

12. Technological convergence The combination of a variety of different digital technologies into one piece of hardware e.g. a PC which can show DVDs, digitally edit, using a camera take video footage and using the internet, download films Production How films are made in terms of appeal to audience, effect of ownership and technologies used Distribution In the film business, the term "distribution" refers to the marketing and circulation of movies in theatres, and for home viewing (DVD, Video-On-Demand, Download, Television etc). This will usually be through a cinema first and then onto DVD and download, although some films are released straight to DVD. Marketing The process of creating and raising audience awareness of a new film. It is part of the responsibility of the distributor, along with circulation, after they have acquired a film. The objective of film marketing is to stand out in an environment that is competing very fiercely for the audience’s money. This does not simply mean against other film campaigns, but the marketing of any other product too. Split into three sections – advertising, publicity and promotion. Exhibition Exhibition is the retail branch of the film industry. It could relate to public cinema exhibition or private home exhibition through DVD or downloads. SORTING OUT KEY TERMS

13. Lesson Aims To understand the requirements of Section A Producers and Audiences.

14. 20% Two questions one will be audience based the other will be industry based. Select one question using the stimulus material as you need to spend 45mins doing the following: Analysing the material and explaining how it highlights some of the issues you have covered. Bringing in your wider knowledge of case studies (in class and your own) Your own experience of film consumption and using all of these points to answer the question set .

15. 20% Key information I must know about to answer this question. Industry Audience How the US Film Industry operates in particular Hollywood and the impact of this on UK Audiences How UK and US Films finance, distribute, market and exhibit films using specific case studies How the British Film Industry operates and maintains independence, and profitability Film demand and supply in the UK today Film consumption by audiences, cinema going, home cinema and the internet, digital technology The importance of genre and stars for audiences

16. INSTITUTION Film AUDIENCE How do audiences ‘read’ films? Attraction of stars and genres? How does the industry perceive audiences? How do they reach their target audiences

17. Key information I must know about to answer this question. Industry Audience The relationship between the two and who is more powerful in driving the industry. The impact of new technologies in the industry The effect of other industries and the availability of Bollywood, Independent and Low Budget films

18. Re-Cap…......... How much do you remember???????? Who are the six major film companies in Hollywood? What is a tent-pole film and give an example? What is a mainstream film? What is an independent film? What is a niche audience? How are independent and specialised films releases different to tent-pole or mainstream?

19. The Hollywood Film Industry Are all conglomerates Produce the most films very year Make the most money every year Use synergy/cross promotion/ horizontal and vertical integration Spend more money making films than promoting them True or False? True True True False False

20. There are six majors that operate in Hollywood : Major film studio is a movie production and distribution company that releases a substantial number of films annually and consistently commands a significant share of box-office revenues in a given market. In the North American, Western, and global markets, the major film studios, subsidiaries command approximately 90 percent of the U.S. and Canadian box office Hollywood Film Industry

22. The UK box office top ten in full: 1. (-) Sherlock Holmes: A Game of Shadows - £3,827,697 2. (-) Alvin and the Chipmunks: Chip-Wrecked - £2,361,867 3. (2) Arthur Christmas - £1,345,238 4. (1) Puss in Boots - £1,297,998 5. (3) New Year's Eve - £846,761 6. (4) Hugo - £387,208 7. (5) Happy Feet Two - £343,563 8. (6) The Twilight Saga: Breaking Dawn - Part 1 - £327,253 9. (8) A Very Harold & Kumar 3D Christmas - £109,063 10. (7) My Week with Marilyn - £89,207

23. Task- 25mins Task: Look at your two Items of stimulus material and answer the following questions: What do the two items suggest about Hollywood's dominance over UK audiences? Consider the following in your response: Group these together in terms of genre are their similar genres? Who are the audiences for these films? Select three of these and explain why they may be sold on the back of stars alone? How many of these have you seen and in what format? How many of these are you aware of even if you have not seen them? Select three films and explain why you think they have been so successful.

24. Why is Hollywood Film so dominant? Genre models Stars Power and Heavy marketing and cross promotion strategies Targeting audiences

25. Case Study Materials Next Monday we will look at specific case studies of how Hollywood and Independent Films have been: Produced Distributed Marketed Exhibited HOMEWORK- Ready to present next Monday-Choose a Hollywood Film to investigate the following Genre/Target Audience/Stars Company - financed and distributed Box Office takings Outline the marketing Campaign – (release strategy, trailers, cross promotion, synergy, horizontal integration, merchandise, viral campiagn)

26. Wall E Cloverfield