It is required to recognize the conditions that exist in a soil deposit before an earthquake in order to identify
liquefaction. Soil is basically an assemblage of many soil particles which stay in contact with many neighboring
soil. The contact forces produced by the weight of the overlying particles holds individual soil particle in its
place and provide strength. Occurrence of liquefaction is the result of rapid load application and break down of
the loose and saturated sand and the loosely-packed individual soil particles tries to move into a denser
configuration. However, there is not enough time for the pore-water of the soil to be squeezed out in case of
earthquake. Instead, the water is trapped and prevents the soil particles from moving closer together. Thus, there
is an increase in water pressure which reduces the contact forces between the individual soil particles causing
softening and weakening of soil deposit. In extreme conditions, the soil particles may lose contact with each
other due to the increased pore-water pressure. In such cases, the soil will have very little strength, and will
behave more like a liquid than a solid - hence, the name "liquefaction".
Research Inventy : International Journal of Engineering and Scienceresearchinventy
This document summarizes research on the liquefaction of fine-grained soils. It establishes that fine-grained soils like silts and clays can liquefy under certain conditions. The liquefaction potential of silts changes with plasticity index. There are still anomalies in understanding the effect of fines on liquefaction that require further research, such as the impact of neglecting fines below 5% and the effect of void ratio on soils with low plasticity fines. More experimental studies are needed to clarify these issues.
This document discusses soil consistency and various methods used to evaluate it, including rupture resistance, stickiness, plasticity, and Atterberg limits such as liquid limit, plastic limit and shrinkage limit. It describes how to determine these limits through standardized tests and defines relevant terms like plasticity index and liquidity index. The document also discusses factors that influence consistency like moisture content, clay mineralogy and activity. It provides classifications for terms like stickiness, plasticity and evaluates soil consistency through visual and tactile assessments.
The document discusses plasticity characteristics of soils including consistency limits defined by Atterberg. It defines liquid limit as the minimum water content where soil transitions from liquid to plastic state, plastic limit as the minimum content where it transitions from plastic to semi-solid, and shrinkage limit as the maximum water content where volume does not decrease with drying. It also discusses plasticity index, consistency index, liquidity index, sensitivity, thixotropy, and common clay minerals that contribute to plastic behavior in soils like montmorillonite, illite, and kaolinite.
The document describes a study that investigated the influence of swelling on the stress-strain behavior, shear strength, and elasticity modulus of expansive soils under various confining pressures. Laboratory tests were conducted using triaxial apparatus on specimens of expansive clay from Indonesia that were compacted at optimum moisture content and maximum dry density. The tests measured stress-strain behavior, shear strength, and elasticity modulus both before and after allowing specimens to swell under confining pressures of 50, 70, and 90 kPa. The results showed that shear strength and elasticity modulus decreased significantly, by 73-88%, after swelling compared to before swelling.
Experiential Investigation on the Stabilization of Dispersive Soil with Limeijtsrd
The soils that are highly susceptible to erosion and containing high percentage of exchangeable sodium ions are called Dispersive Soils. In appearance, dispersive clays are like normal clays that are stable and somewhat resistant to erosion, but in reality they can be highly erosive and subject to severe damage or failure. Using dispersive clay soils in hydraulic structures, embankment dams, or other structures such as roadway, embankments can cause serious engineering problems if these soils are not stabilized and used appropriately. This problem is worldwide, and structural failures attributed to dispersive soils have occurred in many countries. This paper presents the stabilization of dispersive soil with lime. The soil sample is taken from Mandalay. Grain size distribution, Atterberg's limit test, compaction test, unconfined compressive strength UCS test and triaxial test are carried out to obtain the properties of soil. Type of studied soil classified by unified classification system is lean clay with sand. Crumb test is performed to know the dispersion degree of study soil. According to crumb test, the study soil is highly dispersive clay soil. Lime is used as stabilizing agent. The amount of lime used is 2 , 3 and 4 by dry weight of soil. The studied soil is mixed various contents of lime, and then crumb test is performed. At dispersive soil mixed with 4 of lime, there is no dispersion characteristic in soil. For stabilization of studied soil, 4 of lime is selected to investigate the improvement of strength in treated soil. The treated soil is performed compaction test, unconfined compression strength UCS test and triaxial test. Unconfined compression strength of treated soil at 4 lime is increased as 1.12 times that of natural soil. The shear strength of treated soil increases about 2 times than that of natural soil. The cohesion value of treated soil increases about 1.12 times and the angle of internal friction increases about 1.23 times than that of natural soil. Finally, it is concluded from this study that the lime treated soil is more resistant to erosion and the treated soil is more resistant to shear stress and lateral pressure. Soe Soe War | Nyein Nyein Thant "Experiential Investigation on the Stabilization of Dispersive Soil with Lime" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-3 | Issue-5 , August 2019, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd26658.pdfPaper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/civil-engineering/26658/experiential-investigation-on-the-stabilization-of-dispersive-soil-with-lime/soe-soe-war
Bulk density - Particle density - Definition - Factors affecting bulk density...agriyouthnepal
This document discusses soil density and porosity. It defines particle density as the weight per unit volume of soil solids, and bulk density as the weight per unit volume of the whole soil mass including pores. Particle density is generally higher than bulk density. Factors like texture, organic matter content, and compaction influence bulk density and porosity. Finer textured soils have lower bulk densities and higher porosities than sandy soils due to their structure. Methods to measure bulk density and porosity in soils are also presented.
The document discusses soil compaction, including what it is, its effects on soil structure, reasons for compaction, and factors that affect it. It also describes various laboratory tests and results for soil compaction, types of compaction, field compaction methods, and benefits of compaction. Finally, it presents a case study on assessing the soil bearing capacity of black cotton soil through site investigation and discusses methods to increase its bearing capacity.
Research Inventy : International Journal of Engineering and Scienceresearchinventy
This document summarizes research on the liquefaction of fine-grained soils. It establishes that fine-grained soils like silts and clays can liquefy under certain conditions. The liquefaction potential of silts changes with plasticity index. There are still anomalies in understanding the effect of fines on liquefaction that require further research, such as the impact of neglecting fines below 5% and the effect of void ratio on soils with low plasticity fines. More experimental studies are needed to clarify these issues.
This document discusses soil consistency and various methods used to evaluate it, including rupture resistance, stickiness, plasticity, and Atterberg limits such as liquid limit, plastic limit and shrinkage limit. It describes how to determine these limits through standardized tests and defines relevant terms like plasticity index and liquidity index. The document also discusses factors that influence consistency like moisture content, clay mineralogy and activity. It provides classifications for terms like stickiness, plasticity and evaluates soil consistency through visual and tactile assessments.
The document discusses plasticity characteristics of soils including consistency limits defined by Atterberg. It defines liquid limit as the minimum water content where soil transitions from liquid to plastic state, plastic limit as the minimum content where it transitions from plastic to semi-solid, and shrinkage limit as the maximum water content where volume does not decrease with drying. It also discusses plasticity index, consistency index, liquidity index, sensitivity, thixotropy, and common clay minerals that contribute to plastic behavior in soils like montmorillonite, illite, and kaolinite.
The document describes a study that investigated the influence of swelling on the stress-strain behavior, shear strength, and elasticity modulus of expansive soils under various confining pressures. Laboratory tests were conducted using triaxial apparatus on specimens of expansive clay from Indonesia that were compacted at optimum moisture content and maximum dry density. The tests measured stress-strain behavior, shear strength, and elasticity modulus both before and after allowing specimens to swell under confining pressures of 50, 70, and 90 kPa. The results showed that shear strength and elasticity modulus decreased significantly, by 73-88%, after swelling compared to before swelling.
Experiential Investigation on the Stabilization of Dispersive Soil with Limeijtsrd
The soils that are highly susceptible to erosion and containing high percentage of exchangeable sodium ions are called Dispersive Soils. In appearance, dispersive clays are like normal clays that are stable and somewhat resistant to erosion, but in reality they can be highly erosive and subject to severe damage or failure. Using dispersive clay soils in hydraulic structures, embankment dams, or other structures such as roadway, embankments can cause serious engineering problems if these soils are not stabilized and used appropriately. This problem is worldwide, and structural failures attributed to dispersive soils have occurred in many countries. This paper presents the stabilization of dispersive soil with lime. The soil sample is taken from Mandalay. Grain size distribution, Atterberg's limit test, compaction test, unconfined compressive strength UCS test and triaxial test are carried out to obtain the properties of soil. Type of studied soil classified by unified classification system is lean clay with sand. Crumb test is performed to know the dispersion degree of study soil. According to crumb test, the study soil is highly dispersive clay soil. Lime is used as stabilizing agent. The amount of lime used is 2 , 3 and 4 by dry weight of soil. The studied soil is mixed various contents of lime, and then crumb test is performed. At dispersive soil mixed with 4 of lime, there is no dispersion characteristic in soil. For stabilization of studied soil, 4 of lime is selected to investigate the improvement of strength in treated soil. The treated soil is performed compaction test, unconfined compression strength UCS test and triaxial test. Unconfined compression strength of treated soil at 4 lime is increased as 1.12 times that of natural soil. The shear strength of treated soil increases about 2 times than that of natural soil. The cohesion value of treated soil increases about 1.12 times and the angle of internal friction increases about 1.23 times than that of natural soil. Finally, it is concluded from this study that the lime treated soil is more resistant to erosion and the treated soil is more resistant to shear stress and lateral pressure. Soe Soe War | Nyein Nyein Thant "Experiential Investigation on the Stabilization of Dispersive Soil with Lime" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-3 | Issue-5 , August 2019, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd26658.pdfPaper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/civil-engineering/26658/experiential-investigation-on-the-stabilization-of-dispersive-soil-with-lime/soe-soe-war
Bulk density - Particle density - Definition - Factors affecting bulk density...agriyouthnepal
This document discusses soil density and porosity. It defines particle density as the weight per unit volume of soil solids, and bulk density as the weight per unit volume of the whole soil mass including pores. Particle density is generally higher than bulk density. Factors like texture, organic matter content, and compaction influence bulk density and porosity. Finer textured soils have lower bulk densities and higher porosities than sandy soils due to their structure. Methods to measure bulk density and porosity in soils are also presented.
The document discusses soil compaction, including what it is, its effects on soil structure, reasons for compaction, and factors that affect it. It also describes various laboratory tests and results for soil compaction, types of compaction, field compaction methods, and benefits of compaction. Finally, it presents a case study on assessing the soil bearing capacity of black cotton soil through site investigation and discusses methods to increase its bearing capacity.
Soils and rocks have unique and distinct engineering properties.
Engineering properties of soils and rocks are very essential parameters to be analysed for several technical reasons.
Properties of these materials may not only pose problems but also give solutions to solve the problems.
1) The document discusses soil compaction caused by heavy farm machinery. Soil compaction occurs when soil particles are pressed together, reducing pore space.
2) A study was conducted to evaluate the effects of different tillage practices and tractor passes on soil bulk density, maize root growth, and yield under irrigated conditions.
3) The results showed that increased tractor passes led to higher soil bulk density, reduced root growth, and lower maize yields, with the negative impacts being most significant under conventional tillage. Minimum and optimum tillage practices helped to partly mitigate the effects of soil compaction compared to conventional tillage.
Permeability and factors affecting permeability roshan mankhair
Permeability is the property of soil that allows water to flow through it, denoted by 'K'. Factors that affect permeability include grain size, properties of pore water, temperature, void ratio, stratification, entrapped air/organics, adsorbed water, degree of saturation, shape of particles, and structure of the soil mass. Permeability generally increases with larger grain size, higher temperatures, and void ratios, and decreases with stratified layers perpendicular to flow, entrapped air/organics, adsorbed water, partial saturation, angular particles, and dispersed soil structures.
The document discusses the basics of soil mechanics, including the origin of soils, three phase diagrams, important terms like void ratio and specific gravity, phase relationships, and Atterberg limits tests. Key concepts covered include the types and formation of soils, volumetric and weight ratios used in soil mechanics, relationships between physical properties, and methods for solving phase problems and determining density, porosity, and degree of saturation.
Soil compaction handbook_low_res_0212_data_id_59525_version_1Anil Kumar S
This document provides an overview of soil compaction. It discusses the importance of compacting soil to increase load bearing capacity and prevent issues like settlement. There are different types of compaction including vibration, impact, kneading and pressure. Proper soil compaction is important for construction projects. The document outlines factors that influence compaction like soil type, moisture content, and compaction effort used. It provides details on evaluating and testing soil compaction.
Study on Physical and Mechanical Properties of Dispersive Soilijtsrd
This paper deals with determination of physical and mechanical properties of dispersive soil. Soil is the foundation material which supports loads from the overlaying structure. Soil dispersivity is mainly due to the presence of exchangeable sodium present in the structure. Dispersive soils are identified by an unstable structure, easily flocculated in water, and very erodible. Using dispersive clay soils in hydraulic structures, embankment dams, or other structures such as roadway embankments can cause serious engineering problems if these soils are not identified and used appropriately. Some important parameters of dispersive soil obtained from laboratory testing are investigated in this paper. Soil sample is taken from Mandalay at about 3ft depth. To determine physical properties of soil, water content determination, specific gravity test, grain size analysis, Atterberg limits test, crumb test. Standard Proctor compaction test, Unconfined Compression Strength UCS test are carried out to determine mechanical properties of soil. According to Unified Soil Classification System, the studied soil is in CH group and group name is lean clay with sand. From crumb test, sample has grade 4. Therefore, the studied soil is highly dispersive. Soe Soe War | Nyein Nyein Thant "Study on Physical and Mechanical Properties of Dispersive Soil" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-3 | Issue-5 , August 2019, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd26627.pdfPaper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/civil-engineering/26627/study-on-physical-and-mechanical-properties-of-dispersive-soil/soe-soe-war
Permeability is a measure of how easily fluids can flow through the pore spaces in a rock. It depends on properties like pore size, shape, and connectivity. Porosity refers to the total pore space in a rock, while permeability reflects how readily fluids can move through that space. Factors like grain size, clay content, and compaction influence a rock's permeability. Larger, well-sorted grains generally yield higher permeability, as do rocks with fewer obstructions to fluid flow in their pore networks. Permeability is quantified using units like square meters or millidarcies.
SOIL COMPACTION AND ITS EFFECT ON PROPERTIESGeorgeThampy
soil compaction occurs when soil particles are pressed together so that reduction in pore space between them.soil compaction increases the shear strength of the soil.And soil compaction is much effective in earth dams.
Class 3 (a) Soil Plasticity (Atterberg Limits) ( Geotechenical Engineering )Hossam Shafiq I
This document discusses the Atterberg limits test procedure for classifying fine-grained soils. It defines the liquid limit as the moisture content at which a soil begins to behave as a liquid, and the plastic limit as the moisture content at which it begins to behave plastically. The plasticity index is the difference between the liquid and plastic limits. The document outlines how to determine these limits in the lab and use them to classify soils on a plasticity chart according to the Unified Soil Classification System.
This document discusses the index properties of soil, which can be divided into soil grain properties and soil aggregate properties. Soil grain properties depend on individual grains and are independent of formation, including mineral composition, specific gravity, grain size and shape. Soil aggregate properties depend on the soil mass as a whole and represent collective behavior, influenced by stress history, formation and structure. Common index properties discussed include grain size distribution, Atterberg limits which classify soil consistency, and plasticity index. Engineering applications of index properties include soil classification, permeability estimation, and criteria for materials selection.
Class notes of Geotechnical Engineering course I used to teach at UET Lahore. Feel free to download the slide show.
Anyone looking to modify these files and use them for their own teaching purposes can contact me directly to get hold of editable version.
Porosity is a key property of reservoir rocks that represents the pore volume as a fraction of bulk volume. It can be measured through laboratory analysis of rock samples or estimated from well logs. Several factors influence porosity, including grain size, sorting, cementation, and compaction. Common techniques to determine porosity include measuring pore volume directly through fluid extraction or injection methods, or calculating it by finding the grain volume and subtracting it from bulk volume. Understanding porosity distribution is important for reservoir characterization and fluid flow modeling.
Compaction characteristics of fine grained soilavirup naskar
The document discusses compaction of soils. It defines compaction as artificially rearranging and packing soil particles into a closer state through mechanical means to decrease porosity and increase dry density. Compaction is done for purposes like increasing density, strength, load bearing capacity, and stability while decreasing compressibility, permeability, and erosion damage. It reviews literature on field permeability tests being more accurate than lab tests, correlating compaction characteristics like optimum moisture content with thermal behavior, and stabilizing compacted clay through admixtures or compactive effort. The conclusion discusses the importance of field tests, avoiding thin clay liners, compacting wet of optimum, relationships between density, moisture content and thermal properties, not rejecting high saturation tests,
Engineering properties of soil comprises of physical properties, index properties, strength parameters (shear strength parameters), permeability characteristics, consolidation properties, modulus parameters, dynamic behavior etc. This module highlights most of the engineering properties of soils.
Juscélia testing soil encasing materials for measuring hydraulic conductivit...Juscélia Ferreira
This document discusses different materials that can be used to encase soil samples for measuring hydraulic conductivity using the cube method. It tests the suitability of molten wax and expandable polyurethane foam for encasing soil cubes of a sandy-loam soil, compared to untreated soil cores. Wax was found to obstruct pores and yield conductivity results up to 3.7 times lower than untreated samples. Expandable polyurethane foam showed promise as an encasing material if used to fill the gap around a soil cube 60% full, as it minimally compacted the soil, allowed removal of intruded foam, and yielded conductivity results in the expected range for the soil type. The document concludes wax should not be used
Fundamentals of Soil Mechanics and ConcreteDenis Koval
Training Fundamentals on Soil Mechanics & Concrete by GLobal Construction
including:
- Soil Types
- Types of Soil Compaction
- Compact Soils
- Soil Gradation
- Soil Moisture Content
- Atterberg Limits Test
- Laboratory & Field Compaction Tests
- Types of Compaction Equipment
This document discusses soil consistence and consistency, which are physical properties used to describe a soil's resistance to deformation under various stresses and moisture conditions. Consistence refers to resistance to rupture and is assessed by feel, while consistency refers to resistance to penetration. Categories of consistence include hard, friable, sticky, and plastic. Consistency is determined based on factors like plasticity, liquid limit, and plastic limit. Understanding consistence and consistency is important for soil classification, agricultural operations, and construction projects.
Assessment of Performance Characteristic of Solar Air Heater with Assorted Ge...IJERA Editor
Artificial roughness is an efficient way for increasing the heat transfer rate in solar air heater with the
corresponding improvement in its thermal performance. A viscous sub-layer is responsible for the low heat
transfer coefficient between absorber plate and flowing air. Repeated ribs in form of artificial roughness are an
effective way to increase the heat transfer rate and improving the performance of solar air heater. Artificial
roughness of the absorber plate is much economical and effective way to improve the thermal performance of
solar air heater. Several investigators have done various investigations to improve heat transfer coefficient with
little penalty of friction factor. They have also developed different correlation for heat transfer coefficient and
friction factor. The correlations developed for heat transfer and friction factor by various investigators have been
reviewed and presented.
Tuning the Ionic and Dielectric Properties of Electrospun Nanocomposite Fiber...IJERA Editor
This study reports the fabrication and characterization of electrospun polyvinylidene fluoride (PVdF)and
polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) nanofiber separators embedded with carbon black nanoparticles. Different weight
percentages (0, 0.25, 0.5, 1, 2, and 4wt%) of carbon black nanoparticles were dispersed in N, Ndimethylacetamide
(DMAC) and ethanol using sonication and high-speed agitations, and then PVdF and PVP
polymers were added to the dispersions prior to the mixing and electrospinning processes. The morphological,
dielectric constant, ionic conductivity, and surface hydrophobic properties of the PVdF/PVP nanofiber
separators were analyzed using various techniques. SEM micrograms showed that the fiber diameter was
around 100-200 nm. The ionic conductivity test clearly revealed a significant increase in conductivity valueof
4.28 x 10-4
S/cm for 4 wt. % carbon black loading. However, the contact angle values were decreased with
increasing weight percent of carbon black particles. The dielectric constant was increased with the carbon black
loading. As can be seen, overall physical properties of the nanocomposite separators were significantly
enhanced as a function of carbon black inclusions, which may be useful for supercapacitor separators and other
energy storage devices
Improved Reliability Memory’s Module Structure for Critical Application Systems IJERA Editor
For critical application systems, which control nuclear power plants and other energy facilities, air, sea and
ground vehicles, the needs to ensure their operability are increased. To fulfill this requirement, it is necessary to
increase the technical readiness coefficient, the value of which increases with decreasing recovery time control
system in case of fault of its constituent units. The main control system components critical applications are
memory devices, which store programs and used for performing algorithms control. Semiconductor memory
modules with automatic recovery functionality at multiple faults can be used in systems of critical applications
protection and management where the use of fault-tolerant digital devices is a necessity due to the inability of
traditional methods of repair by replacing the failed elements.
Soils and rocks have unique and distinct engineering properties.
Engineering properties of soils and rocks are very essential parameters to be analysed for several technical reasons.
Properties of these materials may not only pose problems but also give solutions to solve the problems.
1) The document discusses soil compaction caused by heavy farm machinery. Soil compaction occurs when soil particles are pressed together, reducing pore space.
2) A study was conducted to evaluate the effects of different tillage practices and tractor passes on soil bulk density, maize root growth, and yield under irrigated conditions.
3) The results showed that increased tractor passes led to higher soil bulk density, reduced root growth, and lower maize yields, with the negative impacts being most significant under conventional tillage. Minimum and optimum tillage practices helped to partly mitigate the effects of soil compaction compared to conventional tillage.
Permeability and factors affecting permeability roshan mankhair
Permeability is the property of soil that allows water to flow through it, denoted by 'K'. Factors that affect permeability include grain size, properties of pore water, temperature, void ratio, stratification, entrapped air/organics, adsorbed water, degree of saturation, shape of particles, and structure of the soil mass. Permeability generally increases with larger grain size, higher temperatures, and void ratios, and decreases with stratified layers perpendicular to flow, entrapped air/organics, adsorbed water, partial saturation, angular particles, and dispersed soil structures.
The document discusses the basics of soil mechanics, including the origin of soils, three phase diagrams, important terms like void ratio and specific gravity, phase relationships, and Atterberg limits tests. Key concepts covered include the types and formation of soils, volumetric and weight ratios used in soil mechanics, relationships between physical properties, and methods for solving phase problems and determining density, porosity, and degree of saturation.
Soil compaction handbook_low_res_0212_data_id_59525_version_1Anil Kumar S
This document provides an overview of soil compaction. It discusses the importance of compacting soil to increase load bearing capacity and prevent issues like settlement. There are different types of compaction including vibration, impact, kneading and pressure. Proper soil compaction is important for construction projects. The document outlines factors that influence compaction like soil type, moisture content, and compaction effort used. It provides details on evaluating and testing soil compaction.
Study on Physical and Mechanical Properties of Dispersive Soilijtsrd
This paper deals with determination of physical and mechanical properties of dispersive soil. Soil is the foundation material which supports loads from the overlaying structure. Soil dispersivity is mainly due to the presence of exchangeable sodium present in the structure. Dispersive soils are identified by an unstable structure, easily flocculated in water, and very erodible. Using dispersive clay soils in hydraulic structures, embankment dams, or other structures such as roadway embankments can cause serious engineering problems if these soils are not identified and used appropriately. Some important parameters of dispersive soil obtained from laboratory testing are investigated in this paper. Soil sample is taken from Mandalay at about 3ft depth. To determine physical properties of soil, water content determination, specific gravity test, grain size analysis, Atterberg limits test, crumb test. Standard Proctor compaction test, Unconfined Compression Strength UCS test are carried out to determine mechanical properties of soil. According to Unified Soil Classification System, the studied soil is in CH group and group name is lean clay with sand. From crumb test, sample has grade 4. Therefore, the studied soil is highly dispersive. Soe Soe War | Nyein Nyein Thant "Study on Physical and Mechanical Properties of Dispersive Soil" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-3 | Issue-5 , August 2019, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd26627.pdfPaper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/civil-engineering/26627/study-on-physical-and-mechanical-properties-of-dispersive-soil/soe-soe-war
Permeability is a measure of how easily fluids can flow through the pore spaces in a rock. It depends on properties like pore size, shape, and connectivity. Porosity refers to the total pore space in a rock, while permeability reflects how readily fluids can move through that space. Factors like grain size, clay content, and compaction influence a rock's permeability. Larger, well-sorted grains generally yield higher permeability, as do rocks with fewer obstructions to fluid flow in their pore networks. Permeability is quantified using units like square meters or millidarcies.
SOIL COMPACTION AND ITS EFFECT ON PROPERTIESGeorgeThampy
soil compaction occurs when soil particles are pressed together so that reduction in pore space between them.soil compaction increases the shear strength of the soil.And soil compaction is much effective in earth dams.
Class 3 (a) Soil Plasticity (Atterberg Limits) ( Geotechenical Engineering )Hossam Shafiq I
This document discusses the Atterberg limits test procedure for classifying fine-grained soils. It defines the liquid limit as the moisture content at which a soil begins to behave as a liquid, and the plastic limit as the moisture content at which it begins to behave plastically. The plasticity index is the difference between the liquid and plastic limits. The document outlines how to determine these limits in the lab and use them to classify soils on a plasticity chart according to the Unified Soil Classification System.
This document discusses the index properties of soil, which can be divided into soil grain properties and soil aggregate properties. Soil grain properties depend on individual grains and are independent of formation, including mineral composition, specific gravity, grain size and shape. Soil aggregate properties depend on the soil mass as a whole and represent collective behavior, influenced by stress history, formation and structure. Common index properties discussed include grain size distribution, Atterberg limits which classify soil consistency, and plasticity index. Engineering applications of index properties include soil classification, permeability estimation, and criteria for materials selection.
Class notes of Geotechnical Engineering course I used to teach at UET Lahore. Feel free to download the slide show.
Anyone looking to modify these files and use them for their own teaching purposes can contact me directly to get hold of editable version.
Porosity is a key property of reservoir rocks that represents the pore volume as a fraction of bulk volume. It can be measured through laboratory analysis of rock samples or estimated from well logs. Several factors influence porosity, including grain size, sorting, cementation, and compaction. Common techniques to determine porosity include measuring pore volume directly through fluid extraction or injection methods, or calculating it by finding the grain volume and subtracting it from bulk volume. Understanding porosity distribution is important for reservoir characterization and fluid flow modeling.
Compaction characteristics of fine grained soilavirup naskar
The document discusses compaction of soils. It defines compaction as artificially rearranging and packing soil particles into a closer state through mechanical means to decrease porosity and increase dry density. Compaction is done for purposes like increasing density, strength, load bearing capacity, and stability while decreasing compressibility, permeability, and erosion damage. It reviews literature on field permeability tests being more accurate than lab tests, correlating compaction characteristics like optimum moisture content with thermal behavior, and stabilizing compacted clay through admixtures or compactive effort. The conclusion discusses the importance of field tests, avoiding thin clay liners, compacting wet of optimum, relationships between density, moisture content and thermal properties, not rejecting high saturation tests,
Engineering properties of soil comprises of physical properties, index properties, strength parameters (shear strength parameters), permeability characteristics, consolidation properties, modulus parameters, dynamic behavior etc. This module highlights most of the engineering properties of soils.
Juscélia testing soil encasing materials for measuring hydraulic conductivit...Juscélia Ferreira
This document discusses different materials that can be used to encase soil samples for measuring hydraulic conductivity using the cube method. It tests the suitability of molten wax and expandable polyurethane foam for encasing soil cubes of a sandy-loam soil, compared to untreated soil cores. Wax was found to obstruct pores and yield conductivity results up to 3.7 times lower than untreated samples. Expandable polyurethane foam showed promise as an encasing material if used to fill the gap around a soil cube 60% full, as it minimally compacted the soil, allowed removal of intruded foam, and yielded conductivity results in the expected range for the soil type. The document concludes wax should not be used
Fundamentals of Soil Mechanics and ConcreteDenis Koval
Training Fundamentals on Soil Mechanics & Concrete by GLobal Construction
including:
- Soil Types
- Types of Soil Compaction
- Compact Soils
- Soil Gradation
- Soil Moisture Content
- Atterberg Limits Test
- Laboratory & Field Compaction Tests
- Types of Compaction Equipment
This document discusses soil consistence and consistency, which are physical properties used to describe a soil's resistance to deformation under various stresses and moisture conditions. Consistence refers to resistance to rupture and is assessed by feel, while consistency refers to resistance to penetration. Categories of consistence include hard, friable, sticky, and plastic. Consistency is determined based on factors like plasticity, liquid limit, and plastic limit. Understanding consistence and consistency is important for soil classification, agricultural operations, and construction projects.
Assessment of Performance Characteristic of Solar Air Heater with Assorted Ge...IJERA Editor
Artificial roughness is an efficient way for increasing the heat transfer rate in solar air heater with the
corresponding improvement in its thermal performance. A viscous sub-layer is responsible for the low heat
transfer coefficient between absorber plate and flowing air. Repeated ribs in form of artificial roughness are an
effective way to increase the heat transfer rate and improving the performance of solar air heater. Artificial
roughness of the absorber plate is much economical and effective way to improve the thermal performance of
solar air heater. Several investigators have done various investigations to improve heat transfer coefficient with
little penalty of friction factor. They have also developed different correlation for heat transfer coefficient and
friction factor. The correlations developed for heat transfer and friction factor by various investigators have been
reviewed and presented.
Tuning the Ionic and Dielectric Properties of Electrospun Nanocomposite Fiber...IJERA Editor
This study reports the fabrication and characterization of electrospun polyvinylidene fluoride (PVdF)and
polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) nanofiber separators embedded with carbon black nanoparticles. Different weight
percentages (0, 0.25, 0.5, 1, 2, and 4wt%) of carbon black nanoparticles were dispersed in N, Ndimethylacetamide
(DMAC) and ethanol using sonication and high-speed agitations, and then PVdF and PVP
polymers were added to the dispersions prior to the mixing and electrospinning processes. The morphological,
dielectric constant, ionic conductivity, and surface hydrophobic properties of the PVdF/PVP nanofiber
separators were analyzed using various techniques. SEM micrograms showed that the fiber diameter was
around 100-200 nm. The ionic conductivity test clearly revealed a significant increase in conductivity valueof
4.28 x 10-4
S/cm for 4 wt. % carbon black loading. However, the contact angle values were decreased with
increasing weight percent of carbon black particles. The dielectric constant was increased with the carbon black
loading. As can be seen, overall physical properties of the nanocomposite separators were significantly
enhanced as a function of carbon black inclusions, which may be useful for supercapacitor separators and other
energy storage devices
Improved Reliability Memory’s Module Structure for Critical Application Systems IJERA Editor
For critical application systems, which control nuclear power plants and other energy facilities, air, sea and
ground vehicles, the needs to ensure their operability are increased. To fulfill this requirement, it is necessary to
increase the technical readiness coefficient, the value of which increases with decreasing recovery time control
system in case of fault of its constituent units. The main control system components critical applications are
memory devices, which store programs and used for performing algorithms control. Semiconductor memory
modules with automatic recovery functionality at multiple faults can be used in systems of critical applications
protection and management where the use of fault-tolerant digital devices is a necessity due to the inability of
traditional methods of repair by replacing the failed elements.
Evaluation the Impact of Human Interaction/Debate on Online News to Improve U...IJERA Editor
The average of many people trust online comments for any news as much as personal recommendations [1], [2].
In this paper, we analyzed the impact of the online news’s comments to evaluating the threading models of
electronic debates by using online surveys. In this paper, based on the results of our online survey of 500
participants, we evaluated whether forums with comments concerning online news are appropriate for the study
of debates. In particular, we have to verify whether the nature of discussions around news is argumentative and
whether the participating people expect to engage in multiple rounds of arguments. We presented
DirectDemocracyP2P application as a user interface for decentralized debates. In this paper, we evaluated and
analyzed the comments that were collected from online surveys to improve the DirectDemocracyP2P
applications. Also we have to verify whether the actual comments commonly submitted around news do go
beyond the simple advertisement of one own’s merchandise and attacks of competitors, into fair reviews of
news features and quality.
Analysis of Stress and Deflection of Cantilever Beam and its Validation Using...IJERA Editor
This document analyzes the stress and deflection of a cantilever beam under different loading conditions using analytical calculations and finite element analysis in ANSYS. Analytical calculations are performed for three cases: a point load at the free end, uniform distributed load, and uniform varying load. Computational analysis using 8-node brick and 10-node tetrahedral elements in ANSYS is conducted for the same cases. Results show that the 10-node tetrahedral element more accurately calculates deflection while the 8-node brick element better calculates stresses when compared to analytical solutions.
Performance Analysis of Enhanced Opportunistic Minimum Cost Routingin Mobile ...IJERA Editor
Mobile Ad-Hoc Network (MANET) is a collection of wireless mobile nodes forming a temporary network with
infrastructure less environment to establish a data transmission between nodes within the network. A routing
protocol is used to discover routes between nodes. In this paper, we study the three existing routing protocols
namely AODV, DSDV and DSR to analyze theirperformance based on set of parameters.AODV and DSR
deliver almost all the packets compared to DSDV. Hence we try to modify the AODVprotocol and use in the
cooperative transmission.
In this paper, we study the cooperative transmission at the network layer and cooperative diversity at the
physical layer as a joint optimization of the transmission power in a Mobile Ad-Hoc Network (MANET) with
static channel. However due to variable wireless channels static routing is suboptimal. Proposed protocol
proactively selects forwarding nodes that work cooperatively forwarding the packet towards the destination.
Cooperative transmission side diversity helps in reducing interference. Diversity can be achieved at the physical
layer by coordinating the multiple nodes. Nodes are equipped with Omni-directional antenna and take the
advantages of transmission side diversity to achieve energy saving, under the assumption that channel gains are
available at the transmitters.
The proposed Opportunistic Minimum Cost Cooperative Transmission Shortest Path (OMCTSP) algorithms
select the best optimum route with minimum cost in terms of energy, number of hops, available bandwidth, link
quality (SNR) and outage probability. As the network becomes larger, finding optimal routes becomes
computationally intractable as the complexity of the dynamic programming (DP) approach increases as o (2
2n)
where n is the number of nodes in the networks. Hence we develop two suboptimal algorithms have complexity
of o (n2) perform as same as optimal algorithm. Also developthe Opportunistic Cooperative Routing in MANET
(O_CORMAN), which is a network layer opportunistic routing scheme for mobile ad hoc networks. Nodes in
the network use the components proactive routing protocol, forwarder list update and local re-transmission. We
evaluate the performance using NS 2.32 simulator there is significant performance improvement with respect to
energy, throughput packet delivery, and delay compared with Modified AODV (OMCTSP).
The Effect of Chitosan, Sorbitol, and Heating Temperature Bioplastic Solution...IJERA Editor
Nowadays, bioplastics is often researched to substitute the conventional plastics because bioplastics come from
raw materials that is very enviromentally friendly and bioplastics is degradable. The purposes of this research are
to know the characteristics of starch from durian seed and to know the effect of additional chitosan as filler,
sorbitol as plasticizer, and variation of heating temperature bioplastic solution on mechanical properties of
bioplastics. In process, the ratio between durian-seed starch and chitosan are 7:3, 8:2 and 9:1 gram, while the
concentration of sorbitol are 20%, 30%, and 40%. The heating temperature of bioplastic solution is varied at 70
oC, 80 oC and 90 oC. Result of bioplastic FTIR shows there is increation of wave number N-H from 1570.06 cm-
1
to 1589.34 cm-1 and O-H from 3352.28 cm-1
to 3653.18 cm-1
. The characteristic of durian seed starch has water
content 12.73%, ash content 0,51%, starch content 76,65%, amylose content 22.34%, amylopectin content
54.32%, protein content 11.61%, and fat content 0.61%. Optimum mechanical properties of bioplastic from
durian seed starch occurs in heating temperature 70 oC with composition between durian-seed starch and
chitosan is 7:3 grams and sorbitol 20.0 grams.
Study on hardening mechanisms in aluminium alloysIJERA Editor
The Al-Zn-Mg alloys are most commonly used age-hardenable aluminium alloys. The hardening mechanism is
further enhanced in addition of Sc. Sc additions to aluminium alloys are more promising. Due to the
heterogeneous distribution of nano-sized Al3Sc precipitates hardening effect can be accelerated. Mainly,
highlight on hardening mechanism in Al-Zn-Mg alloys with Sc effect is to study. In addition, several
characterisations have been done to age-hardening measurements at elevated temperatures from 120oC to 180
oC. The ageing kinetics has also been calculated from Arrhenius equation. Furthermore, friction stir processing
(FSP) can be introduced to surface modification process and hardened the cast aluminium alloys. In this study,
hardening mechanism can be evaluated by Vicker’s hardness measurement and mechanical testing is present
task.
Analysis and Design of One Dimensional Periodic Foundations for Seismic Base ...IJERA Editor
This document presents research on the analysis and design of one-dimensional (1D) periodic foundations for seismic base isolation of structures. It begins with an introduction to periodic materials and their unique property of frequency band gaps that can block incoming waves of certain frequencies. It then provides the basic theory and analytical framework for studying 1D periodic materials, including the concept of dispersion curves derived from Bloch-Floquet theory. The document presents parametric studies investigating the effects of material properties and geometric parameters on frequency band gaps. It finds that increasing the rubber modulus or concrete density widens band gaps, while increasing unit cell thickness reduces band gaps. Considering finite structures, it models different plane sizes and finds band gaps are maintained for structures up to 3
Identifying Structures in Social Conversations in NSCLC Patients through the ...IJERA Editor
The exploration of social conversations for addressing patient’s needs is an important analytical task in which
many scholarly publications are contributing to fill the knowledge gap in this area. The main difficulty remains
the inability to turn such contributions into pragmatic processes the pharmaceutical industry can leverage in
order to generate insight from social media data, which can be considered as one of the most challenging source
of information available today due to its sheer volume and noise. This study is based on the work by Scott
Spangler and Jeffrey Kreulen and applies it to identify structure in social media through the extraction of a
topical taxonomy able to capture the latent knowledge in social conversations in health-related sites. The
mechanism for automatically identifying and generating a taxonomy from social conversations is developed and
pressured tested using public data from media sites focused on the needs of cancer patients and their families.
Moreover, a novel method for generating the category’s label and the determination of an optimal number of
categories is presented which extends Scott and Jeffrey’s research in a meaningful way. We assume the reader is
familiar with taxonomies, what they are and how they are used.
A Survey on Hidden Markov Model (HMM) Based Intention Prediction Techniques IJERA Editor
The extensive use of virtualization in implementing cloud infrastructure brings unrivaled security concerns for
cloud tenants or customers and introduces an additional layer that itself must be completely configured and
secured. Intruders can exploit the large amount of cloud resources for their attacks.
This paper discusses two approaches In the first three features namely ongoing attacks, autonomic prevention
actions, and risk measure are Integrated to our Autonomic Cloud Intrusion Detection Framework (ACIDF) as
most of the current security technologies do not provide the essential security features for cloud systems such as
early warnings about future ongoing attacks, autonomic prevention actions, and risk measure. The early
warnings are signaled through a new finite State Hidden Markov prediction model that captures the interaction
between the attackers and cloud assets. The risk assessment model measures the potential impact of a threat on
assets given its occurrence probability. The estimated risk of each security alert is updated dynamically as the
alert is correlated to prior ones. This enables the adaptive risk metric to evaluate the cloud’s overall security
state. The prediction system raises early warnings about potential attacks to the autonomic component,
controller. Thus, the controller can take proactive corrective actions before the attacks pose a serious security
risk to the system.
In another Attack Sequence Detection (ASD) approach as Tasks from different users may be performed on the
same machine. Therefore, one primary security concern is whether user data is secure in cloud. On the other
hand, hacker may facilitate cloud computing to launch larger range of attack, such as a request of port scan in
cloud with multiple virtual machines executing such malicious action. In addition, hacker may perform a
sequence of attacks in order to compromise his target system in cloud, for example, evading an easy-to-exploit
machine in a cloud and then using the previous compromised to attack the target. Such attack plan may be
stealthy or inside the computing environment, so intrusion detection system or firewall has difficulty to identify
it.
A Framework for Curved Videotext Detection and ExtractionIJERA Editor
Proposed approach explores a new framework for curved video text detection and extraction. The algorithm first
utilizes a Gaussian filter based Color Edge Enhancement followed by a Gray level Co-occurrence matrix feature
extraction method for text detection. Secondly, a Connected Component filtering method is utilized to generate
clear localization result and at last, a Round Scan method is performed to extract curved text and generate binary
result for recognition by OCR. Experiments on various curved video data and Hua’s horizontal video text
dataset shows the effectiveness and robustness of the proposed method.
Absorption Reduction Capacity with Chromium (Cr) and Cadmium (Cd) Contaminant...IJERA Editor
This study aims to analyze the large of reduction capacity of chromium metals and cadmium in the soil compost
media and absorption capacity of chrome and cadmium in phytoremediation process of vetiver; to compare the
reduction-absorption capacities of chromium and cadmium metals in phytoremediation process of vetiver
(Vetivera zizanioides). The study was carried out for 2 months with a range of sampling every 7 days, and then
analyzed by using Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer (AAS). Contaminants used as artificial contaminants
containing heavy metals chromium (Cr) and cadmium (Cd). This study is an experimental research includes two
variables. First, the variations of Cr concentrations used were 400 ppm, 600 ppm and 800 ppm and Cd
concentrations used were 40 ppm, 60 ppm, 800 ppm. Secondly, the variations of total plant are 3, 6, and 9 plant.
The period of observation is made every week. Planting media used is compost soil with compost and clay
composition of 20%, 30% and 40%. The results of study showed that there are a significant relationship between
the reduction capacity of Cr and Cd of compost soil and the absorption capacity of Cr and Cd for vetiver
(Vetiveria zizanioides). The higher of Cr and Cd decreases in soil followed by increased levels of Cr and Cd in
vetiver (Vetiveria zizanioides). The capacity of Cr reduction varies between 57% - 86% and Cd 36% - 64%
where as the absorption capacity of vetiver on Cr between 38% - 75% and Cd between 34%-74%. The capacity
of reduction-absorption of Cr is relatively higher than Cd in phytoremediation process of vetiver.
Online Votes and Fund analysis for political parties with Data SecurityIJERA Editor
With the traditional fund management and vote bank analysis, it was difficult to manage and analyze the details
of fund collection and vote bank where all the records and relevant details were maintained at manual level,
which is always a troublesome process. To overcome these problems, an online web application is being
developed which provide the means of maintaining the funds gathered, Analyzing vote bank generated, Analysis
of area wise grievances and providing data security using encryption algorithms like Advanced Encryption
standard enabling two step verification mechanisms such as legitimate user authentication and secured access to
data. Also various reports will be generated depicting graphical assessment of information gathered.
Ergonomic Evaluation of the Angle of Abduction in Laptops EnvironmentIJERA Editor
Laptops in 21st century are an integral part of every professional in vivid fields. Off late there has been
emergence of several ergonomic injuries such as repetitive strain injuries (RSIs) due to extensive usage of
laptops, which can be closely linked with applied force and postures. This study investigated the effect of
various angles of keyboard on the applied force and motor action plus response time while performing five
distinct tasks. On the basis of literature two different laptops were selected for performing different tasks. For
each case the three levels of platform angle were considered as 0°, 5°, and 10°. Male subjects were selected to
perform five distinct tasks for each platform angle for both laptops. The force applied (in milli-volts) and the
motor action plus response time (milli-seconds) were recorded using an oscilloscope. The data collected were
analyzed through ANOVA using MINITAB software. The abduction angle with the least mean response time
and applied force were considered as the best from ergonomics viewpoint. The ANOVA results showed that the
angle of abduction for both laptops (small and large) do have significant effect on applied force but not on motor
action plus response time. The analysis of results indicate that 10° angle of abduction in case of small laptops
should be applied to minimize musculoskeletal disorder and repetitive strain injuries.
Research relevance: This work suggests that those responsible for the function and operation of laptops would
have to redesign the system to reduce injuries, as far as musculoskeletal disorder, repetitive strain injuries and
other related problems are concerned. The present work can be quite useful for the system designers of
tomorrow.
Nanofluid Flow past an Unsteady Permeable Shrinking Sheet with Heat Source or...IJERA Editor
The consideration of nanofluids has been paid a good attention on the forced convection; the analysis focusing
nanofluids in porous media are limited in literature. Thus, the use of nanofluids in porous media would be very
much helpful in heat and mass transfer enhancement. In this paper, the influence of variable suction, Newtonian
heating and heat source or sink heat and mass transfer over a permeable shrinking sheet embedded in a porous
medium filled with a nanofluid is discussed in detail. The solutions of the nonlinear equations governing the
velocɨty, temperature and concentration profiles are solved numerically using Runge-Kutta Gill procedure
together with shooting method and graphical results for the resulting parameters are displayed and discussed.
The influence of the physical parameters on skin-friction coefficient, local Nusselt number and local Sherwood
number are shown in a tabulated form.
Nanofluid Flow past an Unsteady Permeable Shrinking Sheet with Heat Source or...IJERA Editor
The consideration of nanofluids has been paid a good attention on the forced convection; the analysis focusing
nanofluids in porous media are limited in literature. Thus, the use of nanofluids in porous media would be very
much helpful in heat and mass transfer enhancement. In this paper, the influence of variable suction, Newtonian
heating and heat source or sink heat and mass transfer over a permeable shrinking sheet embedded in a porous
medium filled with a nanofluid is discussed in detail. The solutions of the nonlinear equations governing the
velocɨty, temperature and concentration profiles are solved numerically using Runge-Kutta Gill procedure
together with shooting method and graphical results for the resulting parameters are displayed and discussed.
The influence of the physical parameters on skin-friction coefficient, local Nusselt number and local Sherwood
number are shown in a tabulated form.
Optimization of Ultrasound-Assisted Extraction of Arbutin from Leaves of Pyru...IJERA Editor
Pyrus elaeagnifolia Pallas. ssp. elaeagnifolia is a medicinal plant used in traditional medicine for the treatment
of various diseases in Turkey. The leaves of Pyrus elaeagnifolia ssp. elaeagnifolia are a rich source of arbutin,
which is a naturally occurring derivative of hydroquinone. It is found in various plant species belonging to
diverse families, such as Lamiaceae, Ericaceae, Saxifragaceae and Rosaceae. It inhibits tyrosinase and has
been employed as a cosmetic skin whitening agent. In this study, Response Surface Methodology (RSM) using a
Box Behnken Design (BBD) was employed to optimize the condition for extraction of arbutin from the leaves of
Pyrus elaeagnifolia ssp. elaeagnifolia. Three influencing factors; methanol concentration, period of ultrasoundassisted
extraction and extraction temperature were investigated in the ultrasonic aqueous extraction. The
Response Surface Methodology was applied to optimize the extraction process focused on arbutin content with
respect to the above influencing factors. The best combination of each significant factor was determined by
RSM design and optimum pretreatment conditions for maximum arbutin content were established to be
methanol concentration of 48.54 %, extraction time of 39.32 min. And extraction temperature of 43.71 0C.
Under these conditions 5.37 % of arbutin content was observed experimentally, similar to the theoretical
prediction of 5.30 %.
Research Inventy : International Journal of Engineering and Scienceresearchinventy
Research Inventy : International Journal of Engineering and Science is published by the group of young academic and industrial researchers with 12 Issues per year. It is an online as well as print version open access journal that provides rapid publication (monthly) of articles in all areas of the subject such as: civil, mechanical, chemical, electronic and computer engineering as well as production and information technology. The Journal welcomes the submission of manuscripts that meet the general criteria of significance and scientific excellence. Papers will be published by rapid process within 20 days after acceptance and peer review process takes only 7 days. All articles published in Research Inventy will be peer-reviewed.
Effects of Soil and Air Drying Methods on Soil Plasticity of Different Cities...IJERA Editor
Atterberg Limits were initially defined in 1911, by Albert Atterberg, a Swedish scientist. Their purposes are to classifying cohesive soils and determine engineering properties of soils. According to ASTM, all the soils tested by Atterberg limits should be oven dried, it is because drying the soils in different degree will alter their properties significantly. Some of the physical properties of soils will undergo changes that appear to be permanent. Therefore, the soil samples should be in natural or air-dried form. However, in reality, due to time constraint and other factors, many will run the tests by using soil samples that are prepared by oven drying method. They assumed that there is no difference between the results of two types of drying method. However, in reality, the properties of soil will be affected and thus give a misleading result. The objective of this study is to determine the effect of two drying methods, air-drying method and oven drying method, on the soil plasticity. Six soil samples from different cities were tested. These tests include sieve analysis, specific gravity test, hydrometer analysis, Plastic limit and liquid limit test. Conclusively, the oven drying method could not replace the air-drying method in soil preparation for both Atterberg limits tests.
This document provides an overview of soil liquefaction. It defines liquefaction as when saturated, cohesionless soils lose strength and stiffness during dynamic loading such as earthquakes, causing the soil to behave like a liquid. Liquefaction occurs in loose, saturated sands and silts below the water table. When liquefaction initiates, pore water pressure increases until grains can float freely in water, losing strength. This can damage structures and cause ground failures. The document discusses factors influencing liquefaction, consequences, and related phenomena like quicksand and quick clay.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
Strength Behaviour of Expansive Soil Treated with Tile WasteIJERD Editor
This study investigated the effects of tile waste on the engineering properties of expansive soil. Expansive soil samples were mixed with 0-30% tile waste by weight. Index property tests found that liquid limit, plastic limit, and plasticity index decreased with increased tile waste content. Compaction tests showed that maximum dry density increased up to 20% tile waste while optimum moisture content decreased. California Bearing Ratio tests indicated soaked CBR increased by 105% with 20% tile waste. Swelling pressure tests showed a 48% reduction in swelling pressure at 20% tile waste. The study concluded that tile waste up to 20% can effectively improve the strength properties of expansive soil for use in flexible pavement subgrades.
Effect of Compaction Moisture Content on Strength Parameters of Unsaturated C...ijtsrd
This document summarizes a study that investigated the effect of compaction moisture content on the shear strength parameters of unsaturated clay soils using triaxial and direct shear tests. Six different clay soil samples from various locations in India were tested at moisture contents of 0.95, 1.00, and 1.05 times the optimum moisture content as determined from standard Proctor tests. Both triaxial and direct shear tests were performed under unconsolidated undrained conditions at strain rates of 0.625 mm/min and 1.25 mm/min. The results showed that cohesion decreases with increasing moisture content while the angle of internal friction is higher at lower strain rates and from triaxial tests compared to direct shear tests. Among the soil samples
22. The effect of plastic fines on the pore pressure generation characteristi...PinakRay2
The document summarizes previous research on the effect of plastic fines on pore pressure generation in saturated sands during earthquakes. Key findings from the summarized studies include:
1) Tests with up to 20% plastic fines content generally generated higher pore pressures than clean sand, but fines contents over 30% decreased pore pressures below clean sand levels.
2) The threshold strain for initiating pore pressure generation was similar at 0-20% fines (0.006-0.008%) but increased to 0.025% at 30% fines.
3) Post-cyclic volume compressibility was similar for all tested mixtures, regardless of fines content.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
This document discusses a study on stabilizing red soil in the Tirupur district of Tamil Nadu, India using fly ash. Laboratory tests were conducted on soil samples with varying percentages of fly ash addition (0-9%). Test results showed that 6% fly ash addition produced the highest improvements in engineering properties like CBR, UCS and bearing capacity. Specifically, CBR increased from 3.1 to 4.82 and bearing capacity increased from 10 kg/mm2 to 35 kg/mm2 with 6% fly ash. This allows for a reduction in required pavement thickness from 12 inches to 8.5 inches for an 'A' type traffic classification, saving on construction costs. The study concludes that fly ash is effective
C Sachpazis: Soil liquefaction potential assessment for a ccgt power plant in...Dr.Costas Sachpazis
Clayey silty up to silty sandy and sandy soils are generally recognized to have a significant liquefaction potential when extended submerged below water table. This phenomenon raises a major concern to the foundation and structural engineer. Low plasticity silts, silty clays and silty sands occur extensively as recent alluvial deposits in the southern coastal region of Elefsina Municipality in Attica Prefecture, Greece.
In this area, a Combined Cycle Gas Turbine (CCGT) Power Plant is planned to be constructed and its foundation stability and durability reassurance is of utmost importance to structural engineers. In the study of the geotechnical ground investigation for the foundation design of the CCGT project, a number of field and laboratory tests were carried out.
For evaluating its foundation soil liquefaction potential and risk during an earthquake, some internationally accepted guidelines are available based on soil density, void ratio, plasticity index, standard penetration test values, and other simple soil properties.
The liquefaction behavior and potential of this kind of foundation soils stratified in the alluvial deposits has been studied thoroughly based on both Seed’s and Idriss’s procedure / relationships as well as Prakash’s limit state methodology, using S.P.T. results and an algorithm program / software code, that was developed and published by the author. The S.P.T. tests were executed inside the twenty investigation - sampling boreholes of a depth range from 10 up to 50 meters each one, in an 100.000 s.m. plot, where a Combined Cycle Gas Turbine (CCGT) Power Plant is planned to be constructed.
According to the results of these analyses and assessments the well documented and argued necessity is deduced either for transferring the project foundation loads to underlying deeper and more competent bearing strata and layers, or for strengthening, geotechnically upgrading (ground improvement), stabilizing and cement grouting the foundation ground of the CCGT Power Plant using jet grouting piles techniques.
Finally, the exact depth range under the CCGT Power Plant foundation site that is prone and dangerous to be liquefied in the event of a strong seismic shock and vibration was determined and diagrammatically presented and the remedial measures to be taken were suggested. Hence, in this way the liquefaction risk can be mitigated or even deterred from the incompetent upper natural soil layers of the project foundation ground.
Welcome to International Journal of Engineering Research and Development (IJERD)IJERD Editor
This study measured soil penetration resistance (PR) and soil moisture in 10 citrus orchards in Vietnam with different ages over one year. The results showed that PR increased with the age of the raised beds and varied seasonally with changes in soil moisture. PR was more strongly correlated with volumetric water content than water potential (pF values). Bulk density of the subsoil layers increased significantly with the age of the raised beds, indicating greater compaction over time. The PR and soil moisture data provided insights into soil structure and compaction that could help minimize degradation in the orchards.
Soils are characterised by several physical properties. The important ones are: (1) Soil separates and texture,
(2) Structure of soil, (3) Weight and soil density, (4) Porosity of soil, (5) Permeability of soil, (6) Soil colour, (7) Temperature of soil, and (8) Soil Plasticity, Compressibility and Erodibility. Some of these are discussed in this module.
Properties of Soil Agricultural and Water Availability Impa.docxwoodruffeloisa
Properties of Soil: Agricultural
and Water Availability Impacts
Investigation
Manual
ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE
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PROPERTIES OF SOIL: AGRICULTURAL AND WATER
AVAILABILITY IMPACTS
Overview
Earth’s soil plays a major role in the world’s agriculture and has a
substantial effect on water availability in a given area. In this inves-
tigation, students will analyze the natural porosity and particle size
of soil samples along with the chemical composition and profile of
different soil types.
Outcomes
• Examine the properties of soil and their effects on agriculture
and water availability.
• Describe and identify soil horizons based on their chemical and
physical composition.
• Distinguish between the particle sizes of three different types of
soil: sand, silt, and clay.
• Determine the porosity of different soil types.
• Analyze soil samples for a variety of nutrients to determine soil
fertility.
Time Requirements
Preparation ....................................................................... 5 minutes
Activity 1: Particle Size Distribution and Determination of Soil
Texture
Day 1 ...................... 20 minutes, then let sit for 24 hours
Day 2 ............................................................. 30 minutes
Activity 2: Porosity of Different Soil Types ...................... 60 minutes
Activity 3: pH Test Comparison of Soil Samples ............ 30 minutes
Activity 4: Nitrogen, Phosphorus, and Potash Test Comparisons of
Soil Samples
Day 1 ...................... 20 minutes, then let sit for 24 hours
Day 2 ............................................................. 60 minutes
2 Carolina Distance Learning
Table of Contents
2 Overview
2 Outcomes
2 Time Requirements
3 Background
10 Materials
11 Safety
11 Preparation
12 Activity 1
13 Activity 2
14 Activity 3
16 Submission
16 Disposal and Cleanup
17 Lab Worksheet
Background
Soil Horizons and Chemical Composition
The type of dirt that makes up the dry
surfaces of the earth has numerous effects on
humans and the environment, and vice versa.
Humans can modify the suitability of some
areas for agriculture based on prior land use.
The properties of soil also determine water
availability in a given area. Areas that contain the
most suitable soil for farming are often limited.
Certain properties of soil determine whether
an area is suitable for human activity. When
considering the properties of soil, its texture,
shape, particle aggregation, and suitability for
growth come to mind. These properties all play
a major role in determining the capability of an
area to retain water and air, which are necessary
f ...
This document provides an overview of a geotechnical engineering course. The course covers topics such as soil formation, identification and composition; index properties of soils including plasticity characteristics; principles of total and effective stresses; permeability; shear strength; compressibility; consolidation; and compaction. Key concepts are defined, such as consistency limits, plasticity index, liquidity index, and shrinkage limit. Methods for determining particle size distribution and index properties like the liquid limit and plastic limit are also described. The intended learning outcomes are for students to gain an appreciation of geotechnical engineering and understand various soil behaviors and properties.
This document discusses a study that aimed to determine the percentage of fly ash that should be added to sandy soil to maximize its stability when used in construction. Sieve analysis, compaction testing, and unconfined compressive strength testing were performed on sandy soil samples with varying percentages of fly ash additive. The tests found that adding 40% fly ash produced the highest compressive strength increase in the sandy soil, making it the most suitable proportion for soil stabilization. The study recommends using a 40% fly ash mixture for sandy soil in construction projects to achieve maximum stability.
This document investigates using tincal ore waste (TOW) as a material to improve the properties of lateritic soil barriers for containing municipal solid waste. Tests were conducted on lateritic soil alone and mixtures replacing 5-20% of the soil with TOW. All mixtures met the strength requirement for stability. Hydraulic conductivity decreased with TOW content and was lower when tested with leachate rather than water. Specimens with 20% TOW compacted at high energy gave the lowest conductivity of 10-10 to 10-12 m/s when tested with leachate, meeting regulatory standards. On an economic basis, 15% TOW compacted at a moderate energy level could provide adequate containment.
Feasibility of Using Tincal Ore Waste as Barrier Material for Solid Waste Con...IOSR Journals
This document investigates using tincal ore waste (TOW) as a material to improve the properties of lateritic soil barriers for containing municipal solid waste. Tests were conducted on lateritic soil alone and mixtures replacing 5-20% of the soil with TOW. All mixtures met the required unconfined compressive strength for stability. Hydraulic conductivity was lowest for mixtures with 20% TOW compacted at high energy, ranging from 2.1x10-10 to 3.2x10-12 m/s when permeated with leachate. For economic purposes, lateritic soil could meet conductivity standards compacted at 15% moisture using standard light compaction. TOW contains silica and other compounds making
Feasibility of Using Tincal Ore Waste as Barrier Material for Solid Waste Con...IOSR Journals
1) The study investigates using tincal ore waste (TOW) as a material to improve the properties of lateritic soil barriers used for containing municipal solid waste.
2) Hydraulic conductivity and unconfined compressive strength tests were performed on lateritic soil alone and mixed with 5-20% TOW, compacted using different methods.
3) Specimens with 20% TOW compacted at high energy yielded the lowest hydraulic conductivities of 10-10 to 10-12 m/s, meeting regulatory standards when permeated with leachate.
Performance evaluation of locally available soil mixed with Fly ash and rando...IOSR Journals
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Effect of Fines on Liquefaction Resistance in Fine Sand and Silty Sand
1. Meraj Ahmad Khan et al. Int. Journal of Engineering Research and Applications www.ijera.com
ISSN: 2248-9622, Vol. 6, Issue 1, (Part - 5) January 2016, pp.102-106
www.ijera.com 102 | P a g e
Effect of Fines on Liquefaction Resistance in Fine Sand and Silty
Sand
Meraj Ahmad Khan1
, Dr M. Z. Khan2
Mohd Bilal Khan3
1
Research Scholar, Civil Engg Department, integral University Lucknow, UP, India)
2
Professor, Head, Civil Engg Department, IET Lucknow, UP, India)
3
M.Tech Student, Civil Engg Department, integral University Lucknow, UP, India)
ABSTRACT
It is required to recognize the conditions that exist in a soil deposit before an earthquake in order to identify
liquefaction. Soil is basically an assemblage of many soil particles which stay in contact with many neighboring
soil. The contact forces produced by the weight of the overlying particles holds individual soil particle in its
place and provide strength. Occurrence of liquefaction is the result of rapid load application and break down of
the loose and saturated sand and the loosely-packed individual soil particles tries to move into a denser
configuration. However, there is not enough time for the pore-water of the soil to be squeezed out in case of
earthquake. Instead, the water is trapped and prevents the soil particles from moving closer together. Thus, there
is an increase in water pressure which reduces the contact forces between the individual soil particles causing
softening and weakening of soil deposit. In extreme conditions, the soil particles may lose contact with each
other due to the increased pore-water pressure. In such cases, the soil will have very little strength, and will
behave more like a liquid than a solid - hence, the name "liquefaction".
Keywords - Liquefaction, Plasticity, Liquefaction Resistance, and Plastic fines etc
I. INTRODUCTION
In general, fine uniform sands are found to be
most susceptible for liquefaction in term of grain
size. It can be stated that soils containing less
than10% fines(silt and clay sizes), D60 between
0.2mm to 1.0mm,uniformity coefficient Uc between
2 to5 are most susceptible to liquefaction for given
relative density of soil and intensity of earthquake.
Thus uniformly graded materials are more
susceptible to liquefaction than well graded materials.
Also fine sands are more susceptible than gravely
soils, silty sands, silts or clays. In general the size of
soil grain and its looseness in primarily considered to
be main reason for liquefaction thus all coarse
grained non cohesive soil are very prone to
liquefaction while cohesive soils are not seriously
affected on this accounts. Several studies have been
conducted for establishing the liquefaction potential
of coarse grained soil/ fine sand soils. These studies
as on date indicate that sandy soil is more sensitive
and prone to liquefaction then that of silty sand.
Further the researches carried out also established
that the presence of larger void ratio in loose fined
sand is responsible for developing higher water
pressure and hence easily liquefy. On the other hand
as percentage of fines increases in the given volume
of soil, the fine sand changes to silty sand in which
voids are filled with there fines resulting in decreased
void ratio and soil becomes less prone to liquefaction.
Thus it is understood that decrease in void ratio by
the fines in directly responsible for safeguard against
liquefaction. The SPT value and the class of the soil
have been used for prediction of probable
liquefaction. The present study is directed to
investigate the liquefaction potential of fine sand,
silty sand in different proportion of fined content and
with variable compactness of the soil for assessment
of liquefaction and to proposed a relation in terms of
grain size void ratio and percentage of fine content to
expressing liquefaction. Stress history is also crucial
in determining the liquefaction resistance of a soil.
For example, soil deposits with an initial static shear
stress i.e. anisotropic consolidation conditions are
generally. Liquefaction resistance of a soil deposit
increases with depth as overburden pressure
increases. That is why soil deposits deeper than about
15m are rarely found to have liquefied (Krinitzky et
al.1993)[2]. Characteristics of the soil grains like
distribution of shapes, sizes, shape, composition etc
influence the susceptibility of a soil to liquefy (Seed
1979) [1]. While sands or silts are most commonly
observed to liquefy, gravelly soils have also been
known to have liquefied. Rounded soil particles of
uniform size are mostly susceptible to liquefaction
(Poulus et al.1985) [3]. Well graded soils, due to their
stable inter-locking configuration, are less prone to
liquefaction. Natural silty sands tend to be deposited
in a looser state, and hence are more likely to display
contractive shear behavior, than clean sands.
RESEARCH ARTICLE OPEN ACCESS
2. Meraj Ahmad Khan et al. Int. Journal of Engineering Research and Applications www.ijera.com
ISSN: 2248-9622, Vol. 6, Issue 1, (Part - 5) January 2016, pp.102-106
www.ijera.com 103 | P a g e
1.1 Effects of Fine Content and Plasticity on
Liquefaction Resistance:
Both clean sands and sands containing fines have
been shown to be liquefiable in the field (Mogami
and Kubo (1953[4]); Robertson and Campenella
(1985) [5]; and Holzer et al.(1989) [6] and in the
laboratory (Lee and Seed (1967a) [7]; Chang et al.
(1982) [8]; and Koester(1994) [9]. Additionally, non-
plastic silts, most notably mine tailings, have also
been found to be susceptible to liquefaction (Dobry
and Alvarez (1967) [10]; Okusa et al. (1980) [11];
and Garga and McKay (1984) [12]. A review of the
literature, however, shows conflicting evidence as to
the effect which fines have on the liquefaction
resistance or cyclic strength of a sand. The main
factors that are reviewed here are the effects of non-
plastic fines content and the effects of plastic fines
content and plasticity.
1.2 Field Studies:
Field studies following major earthquakes have
produced conflicting evidence as to the effects of silt
on the liquefaction resistance of sands. Based upon
case histories of actual soil behavior during
earthquakes, there is evidence that soils with greater
fines contents are less likely to liquefy in a seismic
event. Okashi (1970) [13] observed that during the
1964 Nigata earthquake in Japan, sands were more
likely to liquefy if they had fines content of less than
10 percent. Additionally, Fei (1991) [14] reports that
for the 1976 Tangshan earthquake in China the
liquefaction resistance of silty soils increased with
increasing fines content. Finally, Tokimatsu and
Yoshimi (1983) [15] found in a study of 17
worldwide earthquakes that 50 percent of the
liquefied soil had fines contents of less than 5
percent. They also found that sands with fines
contents greater than 10 percent had a greater
liquefaction resistance than clean sands at the same
SPT blow count. While some research has shown that
an increase in fines content results in an increase in
liquefaction resistance, other research has shown the
opposite effect. Tronsco and Verdugo (1985) [16]
report that mine tailings dams constructed of soils
with higher silt contents are more likely to liquefy
than similar dams constructed of sands with lower silt
contents. Chang, Yeh, and Kaufman (1982) [17] note
that case studies reveal that most liquefaction
resulting from earthquakes has occurred in silty sands
and sandy silts. Dobry and Alverez (1967) [18],
Okusa, Anma, and Maikuma (1980) [19], and Garga
and McKay (1984) [20] each report cases of mine
tailings dams constructed with up to one hundred
percent silt-sized particle liquefying during
earthquakes in Chile and Japan. All of the fines
involved were either silts of low plasticity or non-
plastic silts. Field based methods for determining
liquefaction susceptibility, such as methods based on
SPT blow counts or CPT measurements, must
account for the presence of fines in the soil (Tatsuoka
et al, 1980) [21]. Seed et al (1985) [22] modified the
cyclic stress ratio (CSR) versus normalized SPT blow
count curves originally proposed by Seed and Idriss
(1971) [23] to account for the increase in liquefaction
resistance provided by an increased fines content.
The revised chart provides a series of curves for 5
percent, 15 percent, and 35 percent fines. These
curves indicate that, for a given blow count, a larger
CSR it required to liquefy a soil with a higher fines
content.
1.3 Effects of Plastic Fines Content and Plasticity
And Plasticity Based Liquefaction Criteria:
There is general agreement in the literature as to
the effect which the quantity and plasticity of the
fine-grained material has on the liquefaction
resistance of a sandy soil. There is agreement that
whether the fine grained material is silt or clay, or
more importantly, whether it behaves plastically or
non-plastically, tends to make an important,
consistent difference in the cyclic strength of the soil.
The majority of studies have shown that the presence
of plastic fines tend to increase the liquefaction
resistance of a soil. Jennings (1980) [23] presents a
listing of the “thresholds to liquefaction” used by
engineer’s in the People’s Republic of China to
separate soils which are considered liquefiable from
those considered non-liquefiable. Soils meeting these
criteria are considered to be non liquefiable and
include those with plasticity indexes greater than 10,
clay contents greater than 10 percent, relative
densities greater than 75 percent, and void ratios less
than 0.80. Other criteria presented are related to
epicentral distance, intensity, grain size and
gradation, the depth of the sand layer, and the depth
of the water table. Seed et al. (1973) [24] in their
review of the slides that occurred in the Lower San
Fernando Dam during the February 1971 San
Fernando earthquake presented a modified form of
the Chinese criteria. As reported by Marcuson et al.
(1990) [25], soils with greater than 15 percent
material finer than 0.005 mm, liquid limits greater
than 35 percent, and water contents less than 90
percent of the liquid limit should be safe from
liquefaction. Finn, Ledbetter, and Wu (1994) [26]
recommended that changes to be made to the Chinese
criteria to account for uncertainty and differences in
the liquid limit determination between the ASTM and
the Chinese standard. They recommended decreasing
the fines content by 5 percent, the liquid limit by 1
percent and the water content by 2 percent.14 Koester
(1994) [27] recommend that a further change be
made to the criteria proposed by Finn, Ledbetter, and
Wu (1994) [26] to better account for differences in
the liquid limit determination between the ASTM and
3. Meraj Ahmad Khan et al. Int. Journal of Engineering Research and Applications www.ijera.com
ISSN: 2248-9622, Vol. 6, Issue 1, (Part - 5) January 2016, pp.102-106
www.ijera.com 104 | P a g e
the Chinese standard. He suggested increasing the
liquid limit criteria to a value of 36 percent.
II. The Effects of Non-Plastic Fines:
Liquefaction resistance until some limiting fines
content is reached, and then increases its resistance.
There is no clear consensus in the literature as to the
effect which increasing non-plastic fines content has
upon the liquefaction resistance of sand. Both field
and laboratory studies have been performed, and the
results of these studies indicate that increasing the
non-plastic fines content in a sand will either increase
the liquefaction resistance of the sand, decrease the
liquefaction resistance of the sand, or decreases the
liquefaction resistance until some limiting fines
content is reached, and then increases its resistance.
During the past 40 years the liquefaction of clean
sands under seismic loads has been studied and a
sound understanding of its mechanisms and the
parameters which affect it has been developed.
Unfortunately, the understanding of the liquefaction
of sands containing fine-grained material is less
complete. A review of the literature shows that there
is no clear consensus as to what effect an increase in
non-plastic silt content has upon the liquefaction
resistance of a sand. Both clean sands and sands
containing silt have been shown to be liquefiable in
the field (Mogami and Kubo, 1953[4]; Seed and Lee,
1966[28]; Youd and Bennett, 1983[29] and in the
laboratory Lee and Seed, 1967a[7]; Casagrande,
1975[30]; Koester, 1994[35]. Non-plastic silts, most
notably mine tailings, have also been found to be
susceptible to liquefaction (Dobry and Alvarez,
1967[18]; Okusa et al., 1980[19]; Garga and McKay;
1984[20]). Numerous laboratory studies have been
performed, and have produced what appear to be
conflicting results. These studies report that
increasing silt content in a sand will either increase
the liquefaction resistance of the sand (Chang et al.,
1982[17]; Dezfulian, 1982[31]), decrease the
liquefaction resistance of the sand (Shen et al.,
1977[32]; Tronsco and Verdugo, 1985[16]; Finn et
al., 1994[26]; and Vaid, 1994[33]), or decrease the
liquefaction resistance until some limiting. Silt
content is reached, and then increase its resistance
(Law and Ling, 1992[34]; Koester,1994[35],).
Additionally, several studies (Shen et al., 1977[32],;
Tronsco and Verdugo, 1985[16],; Kuerbis et al.,
1988[36],; and Vaid, 1994[33],) have shown that the
liquefaction resistance of a silty sand is more closely
related to its sand skeleton void ratio than to its silt
content.
III. CONCLUSIONS
From the above details and the discussion it is
clearly comes to the surface that the fines associated
with plasticity do exhibits liquefaction of the soils.
The fines with plasticity index greater than 10 and the
clay contents above 10 percent possessing the relative
densities beyond 75 percent shows the liquefaction of
these soils. Besides, the presence of non plastic fines
also greatly influences the liquefaction phenomenon
in a way that as the percentage of fines increase the
resistance to liquefaction also increases. And under
the condition when all the voids are fully packed by
fine the resistance to liquefaction gets maximized for
the given condition of the sandy soil.
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