This document outlines the course contents for Engineering Mathematics III, Electromagnetic Theory, Digital Electronics, and Electronic Circuits.
The Engineering Mathematics III course covers complex variables, error approximations, difference operators, interpolation methods, numerical integration and differentiation, ordinary differential equations, probability, and hypothesis testing.
The Electromagnetic Theory course covers vector calculus, static electric and magnetic fields, time-varying fields, Maxwell's equations, plane waves, reflection and refraction, and potentials.
The Digital Electronics course covers number systems, Boolean algebra, logic gates, combination circuits, multivibrators, flip-flops, shift registers, counters, semiconductor memories, and logic families.
The Electronic Circuits course covers
Online course for uphesc assistant professor in physics 2021tesTopper Educare
tesTopper presents one of the most sought course for current assistant professor vacancy in Physics in Uttar Pradesh Degree Colleges including Government Degree College by UPPSC. This course will also hold 10 All UP Mock Tests on the same pattern as prescribed in the Exam Pattern.
Online course for uphesc assistant professor in physics 2021tesTopper Educare
tesTopper presents one of the most sought course for current assistant professor vacancy in Physics in Uttar Pradesh Degree Colleges including Government Degree College by UPPSC. This course will also hold 10 All UP Mock Tests on the same pattern as prescribed in the Exam Pattern.
Observability Concepts EVERY Developer Should Know -- DeveloperWeek Europe.pdfPaige Cruz
Monitoring and observability aren’t traditionally found in software curriculums and many of us cobble this knowledge together from whatever vendor or ecosystem we were first introduced to and whatever is a part of your current company’s observability stack.
While the dev and ops silo continues to crumble….many organizations still relegate monitoring & observability as the purview of ops, infra and SRE teams. This is a mistake - achieving a highly observable system requires collaboration up and down the stack.
I, a former op, would like to extend an invitation to all application developers to join the observability party will share these foundational concepts to build on:
Securing your Kubernetes cluster_ a step-by-step guide to success !KatiaHIMEUR1
Today, after several years of existence, an extremely active community and an ultra-dynamic ecosystem, Kubernetes has established itself as the de facto standard in container orchestration. Thanks to a wide range of managed services, it has never been so easy to set up a ready-to-use Kubernetes cluster.
However, this ease of use means that the subject of security in Kubernetes is often left for later, or even neglected. This exposes companies to significant risks.
In this talk, I'll show you step-by-step how to secure your Kubernetes cluster for greater peace of mind and reliability.
Essentials of Automations: The Art of Triggers and Actions in FMESafe Software
In this second installment of our Essentials of Automations webinar series, we’ll explore the landscape of triggers and actions, guiding you through the nuances of authoring and adapting workspaces for seamless automations. Gain an understanding of the full spectrum of triggers and actions available in FME, empowering you to enhance your workspaces for efficient automation.
We’ll kick things off by showcasing the most commonly used event-based triggers, introducing you to various automation workflows like manual triggers, schedules, directory watchers, and more. Plus, see how these elements play out in real scenarios.
Whether you’re tweaking your current setup or building from the ground up, this session will arm you with the tools and insights needed to transform your FME usage into a powerhouse of productivity. Join us to discover effective strategies that simplify complex processes, enhancing your productivity and transforming your data management practices with FME. Let’s turn complexity into clarity and make your workspaces work wonders!
State of ICS and IoT Cyber Threat Landscape Report 2024 previewPrayukth K V
The IoT and OT threat landscape report has been prepared by the Threat Research Team at Sectrio using data from Sectrio, cyber threat intelligence farming facilities spread across over 85 cities around the world. In addition, Sectrio also runs AI-based advanced threat and payload engagement facilities that serve as sinks to attract and engage sophisticated threat actors, and newer malware including new variants and latent threats that are at an earlier stage of development.
The latest edition of the OT/ICS and IoT security Threat Landscape Report 2024 also covers:
State of global ICS asset and network exposure
Sectoral targets and attacks as well as the cost of ransom
Global APT activity, AI usage, actor and tactic profiles, and implications
Rise in volumes of AI-powered cyberattacks
Major cyber events in 2024
Malware and malicious payload trends
Cyberattack types and targets
Vulnerability exploit attempts on CVEs
Attacks on counties – USA
Expansion of bot farms – how, where, and why
In-depth analysis of the cyber threat landscape across North America, South America, Europe, APAC, and the Middle East
Why are attacks on smart factories rising?
Cyber risk predictions
Axis of attacks – Europe
Systemic attacks in the Middle East
Download the full report from here:
https://sectrio.com/resources/ot-threat-landscape-reports/sectrio-releases-ot-ics-and-iot-security-threat-landscape-report-2024/
UiPath Test Automation using UiPath Test Suite series, part 4DianaGray10
Welcome to UiPath Test Automation using UiPath Test Suite series part 4. In this session, we will cover Test Manager overview along with SAP heatmap.
The UiPath Test Manager overview with SAP heatmap webinar offers a concise yet comprehensive exploration of the role of a Test Manager within SAP environments, coupled with the utilization of heatmaps for effective testing strategies.
Participants will gain insights into the responsibilities, challenges, and best practices associated with test management in SAP projects. Additionally, the webinar delves into the significance of heatmaps as a visual aid for identifying testing priorities, areas of risk, and resource allocation within SAP landscapes. Through this session, attendees can expect to enhance their understanding of test management principles while learning practical approaches to optimize testing processes in SAP environments using heatmap visualization techniques
What will you get from this session?
1. Insights into SAP testing best practices
2. Heatmap utilization for testing
3. Optimization of testing processes
4. Demo
Topics covered:
Execution from the test manager
Orchestrator execution result
Defect reporting
SAP heatmap example with demo
Speaker:
Deepak Rai, Automation Practice Lead, Boundaryless Group and UiPath MVP
GraphSummit Singapore | The Future of Agility: Supercharging Digital Transfor...Neo4j
Leonard Jayamohan, Partner & Generative AI Lead, Deloitte
This keynote will reveal how Deloitte leverages Neo4j’s graph power for groundbreaking digital twin solutions, achieving a staggering 100x performance boost. Discover the essential role knowledge graphs play in successful generative AI implementations. Plus, get an exclusive look at an innovative Neo4j + Generative AI solution Deloitte is developing in-house.
DevOps and Testing slides at DASA ConnectKari Kakkonen
My and Rik Marselis slides at 30.5.2024 DASA Connect conference. We discuss about what is testing, then what is agile testing and finally what is Testing in DevOps. Finally we had lovely workshop with the participants trying to find out different ways to think about quality and testing in different parts of the DevOps infinity loop.
GDG Cloud Southlake #33: Boule & Rebala: Effective AppSec in SDLC using Deplo...James Anderson
Effective Application Security in Software Delivery lifecycle using Deployment Firewall and DBOM
The modern software delivery process (or the CI/CD process) includes many tools, distributed teams, open-source code, and cloud platforms. Constant focus on speed to release software to market, along with the traditional slow and manual security checks has caused gaps in continuous security as an important piece in the software supply chain. Today organizations feel more susceptible to external and internal cyber threats due to the vast attack surface in their applications supply chain and the lack of end-to-end governance and risk management.
The software team must secure its software delivery process to avoid vulnerability and security breaches. This needs to be achieved with existing tool chains and without extensive rework of the delivery processes. This talk will present strategies and techniques for providing visibility into the true risk of the existing vulnerabilities, preventing the introduction of security issues in the software, resolving vulnerabilities in production environments quickly, and capturing the deployment bill of materials (DBOM).
Speakers:
Bob Boule
Robert Boule is a technology enthusiast with PASSION for technology and making things work along with a knack for helping others understand how things work. He comes with around 20 years of solution engineering experience in application security, software continuous delivery, and SaaS platforms. He is known for his dynamic presentations in CI/CD and application security integrated in software delivery lifecycle.
Gopinath Rebala
Gopinath Rebala is the CTO of OpsMx, where he has overall responsibility for the machine learning and data processing architectures for Secure Software Delivery. Gopi also has a strong connection with our customers, leading design and architecture for strategic implementations. Gopi is a frequent speaker and well-known leader in continuous delivery and integrating security into software delivery.
Epistemic Interaction - tuning interfaces to provide information for AI supportAlan Dix
Paper presented at SYNERGY workshop at AVI 2024, Genoa, Italy. 3rd June 2024
https://alandix.com/academic/papers/synergy2024-epistemic/
As machine learning integrates deeper into human-computer interactions, the concept of epistemic interaction emerges, aiming to refine these interactions to enhance system adaptability. This approach encourages minor, intentional adjustments in user behaviour to enrich the data available for system learning. This paper introduces epistemic interaction within the context of human-system communication, illustrating how deliberate interaction design can improve system understanding and adaptation. Through concrete examples, we demonstrate the potential of epistemic interaction to significantly advance human-computer interaction by leveraging intuitive human communication strategies to inform system design and functionality, offering a novel pathway for enriching user-system engagements.
GraphRAG is All You need? LLM & Knowledge GraphGuy Korland
Guy Korland, CEO and Co-founder of FalkorDB, will review two articles on the integration of language models with knowledge graphs.
1. Unifying Large Language Models and Knowledge Graphs: A Roadmap.
https://arxiv.org/abs/2306.08302
2. Microsoft Research's GraphRAG paper and a review paper on various uses of knowledge graphs:
https://www.microsoft.com/en-us/research/blog/graphrag-unlocking-llm-discovery-on-narrative-private-data/
Threats to mobile devices are more prevalent and increasing in scope and complexity. Users of mobile devices desire to take full advantage of the features
available on those devices, but many of the features provide convenience and capability but sacrifice security. This best practices guide outlines steps the users can take to better protect personal devices and information.
PHP Frameworks: I want to break free (IPC Berlin 2024)Ralf Eggert
In this presentation, we examine the challenges and limitations of relying too heavily on PHP frameworks in web development. We discuss the history of PHP and its frameworks to understand how this dependence has evolved. The focus will be on providing concrete tips and strategies to reduce reliance on these frameworks, based on real-world examples and practical considerations. The goal is to equip developers with the skills and knowledge to create more flexible and future-proof web applications. We'll explore the importance of maintaining autonomy in a rapidly changing tech landscape and how to make informed decisions in PHP development.
This talk is aimed at encouraging a more independent approach to using PHP frameworks, moving towards a more flexible and future-proof approach to PHP development.
GraphSummit Singapore | The Art of the Possible with Graph - Q2 2024Neo4j
Neha Bajwa, Vice President of Product Marketing, Neo4j
Join us as we explore breakthrough innovations enabled by interconnected data and AI. Discover firsthand how organizations use relationships in data to uncover contextual insights and solve our most pressing challenges – from optimizing supply chains, detecting fraud, and improving customer experiences to accelerating drug discoveries.
UiPath Test Automation using UiPath Test Suite series, part 5DianaGray10
Welcome to UiPath Test Automation using UiPath Test Suite series part 5. In this session, we will cover CI/CD with devops.
Topics covered:
CI/CD with in UiPath
End-to-end overview of CI/CD pipeline with Azure devops
Speaker:
Lyndsey Byblow, Test Suite Sales Engineer @ UiPath, Inc.
Removing Uninteresting Bytes in Software FuzzingAftab Hussain
Imagine a world where software fuzzing, the process of mutating bytes in test seeds to uncover hidden and erroneous program behaviors, becomes faster and more effective. A lot depends on the initial seeds, which can significantly dictate the trajectory of a fuzzing campaign, particularly in terms of how long it takes to uncover interesting behaviour in your code. We introduce DIAR, a technique designed to speedup fuzzing campaigns by pinpointing and eliminating those uninteresting bytes in the seeds. Picture this: instead of wasting valuable resources on meaningless mutations in large, bloated seeds, DIAR removes the unnecessary bytes, streamlining the entire process.
In this work, we equipped AFL, a popular fuzzer, with DIAR and examined two critical Linux libraries -- Libxml's xmllint, a tool for parsing xml documents, and Binutil's readelf, an essential debugging and security analysis command-line tool used to display detailed information about ELF (Executable and Linkable Format). Our preliminary results show that AFL+DIAR does not only discover new paths more quickly but also achieves higher coverage overall. This work thus showcases how starting with lean and optimized seeds can lead to faster, more comprehensive fuzzing campaigns -- and DIAR helps you find such seeds.
- These are slides of the talk given at IEEE International Conference on Software Testing Verification and Validation Workshop, ICSTW 2022.
1. B.E. 401 - ENGINEERING MATHEMATICS III
Unit I
Functions of complex variables : Analytic functions, Harmonic Conjugate, Cauchy-Riemann Equations,
Line Integral, Cauchy’s Theorem, Cauchy’s Integral Formula, Singular Points, Poles & Residues, Residue
Theorem , Application of Residues theorem for evaluation of real integrals
Unit II
Errors & Approximations, Solution of Algebraic & Trancedental Equations (Regula Falsi , Newton-
Raphson, Iterative, Secant Method), Solution of simultaneous linear equatins by Gauss Elimination,
Gauss Jordan, Crout’s methods , Jacobi’s and Gauss-Siedel Iterative methods
Unit III
Difference Operators, Interpolation ( Newton Forward & Backward Formulae, Central Interpolation
Formulae, Lagrange’s and divided difference formulae ), Numerical Differentiation and Numerical
Integration.
Unit IV
Solution of Ordinary Differential Equations(Taylor’s Series, Picard’s Method, Modified Euler’s Method,
Runge-Kutta Method, Milne’s Predictor & Corrector method ), Correlation and Regression, Curve Fitting
(Method of Least Square).
Unit V
Concept of Probability : Probability Mass function, Probability density function. Discrete Distribution:
Binomial, Poisson’s, Continuous Distribution: Normal Distribution, Exponential Distribution ,Gamma
Distribution ,Beta Distribution ,Testing of Hypothesis |:Students t-test, Fisher’s z-test, Chi-Square Method
Reference:
(i) Numerical Methods using Matlab by J.H.Mathews and K.D.Fink, P.H.I.
(ii) Numerical Methods for Scientific and Engg. Computation by MKJain, Iyengar and RK Jain,
New Age International Publication
(iii) Mathematical Methods by KV Suryanarayan Rao, SCITECH Publuication
(iv) Numerical Methods using Matlab by Yang,Wiley India
(v) Pobability and Statistics by Ravichandran ,Wiley India
(vi) Mathematical Statistics by George R., Springer
Grading IVth Semester w.e.f. 2011-12
2. RAJIV GANDHI PROUDYOGIKI VISHWAVIDYALAYA, BHOPAL
PROGRAMME: Electronics and Communication Engineering
COURSE: EC-402 Electromagnetic Theory
Course Contents
Unit I
Review of vector calculus: orthogonal coordinate systems, gradient, divergence and curl. Laplacian operator for
scalar and vectors. Vector integral and differential identities and theorems. Phasor representation of harmonic
variation of scalar and vectors
Static electric fields, Columb’s law, electric flux density and electric field intensity, permittivity, dielectric constant,
field of distributed charges in free space, potential function, Laplace’s and Poisson’s equations, electric dipole, stored
electric energy density. Boundary conditions at abrupt discontinuities between two media including conducting
boundaries, surface charge distribution capacitance between two isolated conductors
Unit II
Solution of Laplace’s equations in systems of dielectric and conducting boundaries, uniqueness theorem, two
dimensional boundary condition problems, solution by symmetry, conformal transformation of functions, image
theory etc. fields in parallel wire, parallel plane and coaxial systems.
Static currents and magnetic fields- flow of charge in conductive media, lossy conductive medium, current density,
specific conductivity, mobility, explanation of Ohm’s law employing mobility.
Magnetic effects of current flow, Biot-Savart’s law in vector form magnetic field intensity, magnetic flux, and
permeability, closed loop currents, Ampere’s circuital law in integral and differential vector form, magnetic vector
potential and related equations. Problems related to straight wire toroidal and cylindrical solenoids, inductance.
Boundary conditions on magnetic field, equivalent surface currents for abrupt discontinuity of magnetic field.
Unit III
Time varying fields – Faraday’s law in integral and differential forms, displacement current concept, Maxwell’s
equations in differential and integral forms, wave equations in source free region electric and magnetic stored energy
density, continuity equation, Poynting vector theorem.
Time harmonic fields, r.m.s. phasor representation of field vectors, Maxwell’s equations for TH field, average energy
density, complex Poynting vector, duality concept.
Helmholtz wave equation, general solution in free space in various coordinates, plane polarized wave in free space,
properties of plane waves, wave front, power flow, stored energy density.
Unit IV
Circular and elliptic polarization, resolution in terms of linear polarized waves and vice- versa.
Plane waves in lossy medium, low loss dielectric, good conducting and ionized media, complex permittivity, loss
tangent, skin depth, transmission line analogy, boundary conditions at perfect conductor surface, surface current
density Interference of two plane waves traveling at oblique directions.
Unit V
Reflection and refraction of plane waves at dielectric media and conducting Surfaces, Brewster’s angle, total
internal reflection, resultant fields and power flow in both media. Frequency dispersive propagation, phase velocity
and group velocity. Magnetic vector potential for sources in free space, retarded potential, radiation principles,
boundary condition at infinity
References:
1. Mathew N.O Sadiku: Elements of Electromagnetic, Oxford University Press
2. William H. Hayt: Engineering Electromagnetic, TMH.
3. John D. Kraus: Electromagnetics, Mc. Graw Hill.
4. Jordan Balmian: Electromagnetic wave and Radiating System, PHI.
5. David K. Cheng: Electromagnetic Fields and Wave, Addison Wesley.
6. Ramo, Whinnerry and VanDuzzer “ Fields and waves in communication electronics “, Wiley 1984
7. Harrington RF, “Electromagnetic fields” Mc Graw Hill
Grading IVth Semester w.e.f. 2011-12
3. RAJIV GANDHI PROUDYOGIKI VISHWAVIDYALAYA, BHOPAL
PROGRAMME: Electronics and Communication Engineering
COURSE: EC-403 Digital Electronics
Course Contents
Unit-I
Review of Number systems and Binary codes, Binary arithmetic – addition, subtraction, multiplication and division
algorithms. Boolean algebra: theorems and functions, Simplification of Boolean functions, minimization techniques,
Karnaugh's map method, Quine and McCluskey's method, realization of various binary functions using AND ,OR ,
NOT,XOR logic gates.
Unit-II
Universal gates: NAND, NOR, realization of boolean function using universal gates. Half and full adder, half and full
subtractor, Series and parallel adder, BCD adders, lookahead carry generator. Decoders, Encoders, multiplexers and
de-multiplexers. Analysis and design of combination circuits, realization of various Boolean functions using NAND,
NOR gates and multiplexers.
Unit-III
Multivibrators: Astable, Monostable and bistable multivibrators, 555 timer chip and its application in multivibrators.
Flip-Flops: R-S, Clocked R-S, T, D, J-K, race around problem, Master-slave J-K., State and Excitation Tables.
Shift registers and counters :synchronous and asynchronous counters, Binary ripple counter, up-down counter,
Johnson and ring counter. Analysis and Design of Sequential Circuits.
Unit-IV
Semiconductor memories: Organization and construction of RAM, SRAM, DRAM, RAMBUS ROM, PROM,
EPROM, EEPROM, PAL and PLAs etc
Unit-V
Logic families: RTL, DTL, TTL, ECL, IIL, PMOS, NMOS and CMOS logic etc. Interfacing between TTL and MOS,
vice-versa.
References:
1. M. Mano : Digital Logic and Computer Design, Pearson Education
2. W.H. Gothman : Digital Electronics, PHI.
3. Millman and Taub : Pulse, Digital and Switching Waveforms, MGH
4. Salivahanan and Ari Vahagan : Digital Circuits and Design, Vikas Publishing House
5. Leach and Malvino : Digital Principles and Applications, TMH
List of Experiments (Expandable):
All experiments (wherever applicable) should be performed through the following steps.
Step 1: Circuit should be designed/drafted on paper.
Step 2: The designed/drafted circuit should be tested on the bread board.
Step 3: The bread board circuit should be fabricated on PCB by one batch using PCB machine.
1. To test and study of operation of all logic Gates for various IC's.
2. Implementation of AND, OR, NOT, NOR, X-OR and X-NOR Gates by NAND and NOR Universal gates.
3. Binary Addition by Half Adder and Full Adder circuit.
4. Binary Subtraction by Half Subtractor and Full Subtractor circuit.
5. Design a BCD to excess-3 code converter.
6. Verification of the Demorgan's Theorem.
7. Study of RS, JK, T & D flip-flops.
8. Multiplexer/Demultiplexer based boolean function realization.
9. Study and Application of 555 timer (Astable, Monostable, Schmitt trigger, VCO
Grading IVth Semester w.e.f. 2011-12
4. RAJIV GANDHI PROUDYOGIKI VISHWAVIDYALAYA, BHOPAL
PROGRAMME: Electronics and Communication Engineering
COURSE: EC-404 Electronic Circuits
Course Contents
Unit-I
Amplifier Basics, Transistor as an amplifier, load line, Q-point and its selection criteria, designing of fixed bias and
self-bias, stability of biasing circuits, calculation of stability factor.
Transistor at low frequency: frequency response, bandwidth, h-parameter analysis of CC, CB and CE
configuration, simplified model, gain and impedance calculation of single stage amplifier.
Transistor at high frequency, high frequency model (hybrid-π), Parameters and their definition, Miller capacitance
and its effect on voltage gain,
Unit-II
Feedback amplifier: positive and negative feedback loop gain, effect of negative feedback on gain stability,
distortion, bandwidth, input and output impedance of amplifier, types of feedback (voltage, current, series and shunt)
and their analysis.
Oscillators: condition of sustained oscillation, RC phase shift, LC (Hartley and Collpit) Oscillators, Wein Bridge,
Negative resistance (Tunnel diode and UJT) oscillators, crystal oscillators.
Unit III
Power amplifier, classification, operation, analysis and design of Class A, Class B, Class-AB, Class C, transformer
coupled, push pull and complementary symmetry amplifiers, power dissipation in transistors (Pdmax rating) and
efficiency calculations.
Tuned amplifier and its applications, Q factor, selectivity and bandwidth, effect of loading, double tuning
(synchronous and stagger)
Unit IV
Cascade amplifiers, Calculation of gain, Input and output impedance, Effect of Cascading on bandwidth,
Transformer, RC and direct-coupled amplifier and their performance.
Darlington connection, equivalent circuit and Calculation of gain and impedances, Cascade amplifier: advantage,
circuit diagram and analysis, feedback pair and applications of BIFET, Bootstrapping technique.
Differential amplifier - configuration, transfer characteristics, DC analysis, h-parameter analysis, differential and
common mode gain, CMRR, constant current source and current mirror, level shift.
Unit-V
Operational amplifier (IC741), specifications, ideal and practical characteristics, frequency response, unity gain
bandwidth, limitations, slew rate and its effect on full power bandwidth, input offset voltage, bias and offset currents,
compensation.
Applications of Op-Amp: Inverting and non-inverting amplifier Analog computation, summer (inverting and non-
inverting), averager, integrator, differentiator, scalar, sign changer, phase changer, multiplier, buffer, Differential
amplifier, instrumentation amplifier, comparator, Schmitt trigger, precision rectifier, log and antilog amplifier,
voltage-to-current and current-to-voltage converter.
References:
1. Millman and Halkias : Integrated electronics, TMH
2. Gayakwad ; OPAMP and Linear Integrated Circuits, Pearson Education
3. Boylestad and Nashelsky : Electronic Devices and Circuit Theory, PHI
4. Sendra and Smith : Microelectronics, Oxford Press
5. Graham Bell : Electronic Devices and Circuits , PHI
6. Donald A Neamen : Electronic Circuits Analysis and Design, TMH
Grading IVth Semester w.e.f. 2011-12
5. List of Experiments (Expandable):
All experiments (wherever applicable) should be performed through the following steps.
Step 1: Circuit should be designed/drafted on paper.
Step 2: The designed/drafted circuit should be tested on the bread board
Step 3: The bread board circuit should be fabricated on PCB by one batch using PCB machine.
1. Characteristics of Op-Amp (input offset voltage, slew rate, CMRR, BW, input bias current.
2. Linear application of Op-Amp (voltage follower, inverting and non-inverting amplifier and their frequency response,
adder, substractor, differential amplifier, integrator and differential frequency response)
3. To design and construct a shunt and series regulator and find line and load regulation.
4. Design and performance evaluation of transistor amplifiers in CE, CB and CC configuration
5. Design and performance evaluation of FET amplifiers.
Grading IVth Semester w.e.f. 2011-12
6. RAJIV GANDHI PROUDYOGIKI VISHWAVIDYALAYA, BHOPAL
PROGRAMME: Electronics and Communication Engineering
COURSE: EC-405 Analog Communication
Course Contents
Unit-I
Signal Analysis: Vectors and signals, orthogonal functions, Fourier series, Complex Fourier spectrum, Fourier
Transform, Time domain and frequency domain representation of a signal, Existence of the FT, FT of some useful
functions like exponential signal single sided & double sided, Gate function, singularity functions, FT of various
functions, Properties of FT, Convolution, Convolution with Impulse Function.
Signal Energy and Power: Spectral Density of various types of signals, Spectra (Parseval’s Theorem), Density
Spectra of Periodic Gate and Impulse train.
Linear Time Invariant (LTI) Systems Casual and Non Causal System, Distortion less System, Impulse Response of
Distortion less System, Ideal Filter and Practical Filter.
Unit-II
Modulation Techniques: Need and types of modulation techniques, Amplitude Modulation, Frequency Spectrum,
Power Distribution, Modulation by Complex Signal, Low Level and High Level AM Modulators, Linear Integrated
Circuit AM Modulators, Suppressed Carrier Generation (Balance/Chopper and Square Law Modulation), SSB
Generator (Phase and Frequency Discrimination Method), VSB Transmission and Application. Detection of AM
signals: Envelope Detector Circuit, RC Time Constant, Synchronous Detection Technique, Error in Synchronous
Detection, SSB signal detection, PLL and its use in demodulation.
Unit-III
Angle Modulation: Frequency and Phase Modulation Frequency spectrum, bandwidth requirement, Frequency and
Phase Deviation, Modulation Index, NBFM and WBFM, Multiple frequencies FM. FM Modulators: Direct (Parameter
Variation Method) and Indirect (Armstrong) Method of frequency modulation. FM Detector: Slope Detector,
Foster Seely Discriminator, Ratio Detector and PLL detectors.
Unit-IV
Radio Transmitters: AM transmitter, block diagram and working of Low Level and High Level Transmitters,
Trapezoidal Pattern and Carrier Shift, SSB Transmitters, FM transmitters - Frequency Multiplication Applied to FM
Signals, FM transmitters.
Radio Receivers: Block Diagram of Radio Receiver, Receiver Characteristics (Selectivity, Fidelity and Sensitivity),
AM Receiver, RF Receiver, Super-heterodyne Receiver, RF Amplifier, Frequency Mixer, AVC and AFC, Image
Signal, Intermediate Frequency Selection, Diversity Reception, FM Receiver.
Unit-V
Noise : Sources and types of noise and their power density, White Noise, Noise from Single and Multiple noise
source for Linear Systems, Super Position of Power Spectrum, Equivalent Noise Bandwidth, Noise Figure, and
Equivalent Noise Temperature, their Relationship, Calculation of Noise Figure and Noise Temperature for Cascade
Systems,
References:
1. B.P. Lathi : Communication Systems, BS Publication
2. Taub and Schilling : Principles of communication Systems, TMH
3. Singh and Sapre : Communication Systems, TMH
4. S Haykin : Communication Systems, John Wiley and Sons Inc
5. B.P. Lathi : Signal, Systems and Communication Systems, BS Publication
Grading IVth Semester w.e.f. 2011-12
7. List of Experiments (Expandable):
All experiments (wherever applicable) should be performed through the following steps.
Step 1: Circuit should be designed/drafted on paper.
Step 2: The designed/drafted circuit should be tested on the bread board.
Step 4: The bread board circuit should be fabricated on PCB by one batch using PCB machine.
1. Analysis of AM Modulation and Demodulation Techniques (Transmitter and Receiver), Calculation of Parameters
2. Analysis of FM Modulation and Demodulation (Transmitter and Receiver) and Calculation of Parameters
3. To Construct and Verify Pre-emphasis and De-emphasis and Plot the Waveforms.
4. Study of Super-heterodyne Receiver and Characteristics of Radio Receiver.
5. To Construct Frequency Multiplier Circuit and to Observe the Waveform
6. Study of AVC and AFC.
7. Study of PLL chip (566) and its use in various systems
Grading IVth Semester w.e.f. 2011-12
8. RAJIV GANDHI PROUDYOGIKI VISHWAVIDYALAYA, BHOPAL
PROGRAMME: Electronics and Communication Engineering
COURSE: EC-406 Software Lab-II
Course Contents
ADVANCED SIMULATION/ VERIFICATION SOFTWARE
Study of simulation/ verification software (any one- LAB-VIEW/KTECHLAB/ GNU CIRCUIT ANALYSIS
PACKAGE/ LOGISIM/ MULTISIM/ SCILAB etc).
Overview and Study of the key features and applications of the software.
Application of the software in the field of Electronic Circuits, Digital Electronics and Analog Communication.
Design, Optimization, simulation and verification of
1. Electronic circuits (example amplifiers, oscillators etc).
2. Realization and verification of various digital electronic circuits (example logic gates, adders, subtractors etc)
3. Realization of various signals and communication link etc.
Students should simulate and verify atleast six circuits they are learning in the current semester.
Grading IVth Semester w.e.f. 2011-12