Tom Moritz, profile picture
Uploaded byTom Moritz
PPT, PDF1,249 views

A Vision for the Biodiversity Commons Concept, May 2004, IUCN Geneva, Switzerland

This document discusses the concept of a biodiversity commons, which would allow for the sustainable use of biodiversity data, information, and knowledge without jeopardizing ownership rights. It notes that biodiversity information is widely dispersed but weakly integrated. Several barriers to open access are discussed, including financial constraints due to rising publication costs, legal constraints on who can access and use certain information, and a digital divide limiting access for some groups. The document argues that free and universal access to conservation knowledge is important for effective conservation efforts.

Embed presentation

Download to read offline
A Vision for theA Vision for the Biodiversity CommonsBiodiversity Commons May, 2004 IUCN Tom Moritz
IUCNIUCN Mission To influence, encourage and assist societies throughout the world to conserve the integrity of nature and ensure that any use of natural resources is equitable and ecologically sustainable.
Strategic decisions about data, information, knowledge and technology must be conscious, explicit and mission-consistentmission-consistent
What is a “Commons” ??? • A limited and conditional zone of fair use (defined legally, financially, culturally and technically) • Permits sustainable use of a resource without jeopardizing original ownership rights • Protects against unauthorized commercial use (is compatible with market mechanisms ) • Respects organizational/individual “moral rights” (i.e. rights of authors)
“Philosophical” Context?
“The field of knowledge is the common property of all mankind “ Thomas Jefferson 1807
Universal Declaration of Human Rights Article 19. Everyone has the right to freedom of opinion and expression; this right includes freedom to hold opinions without interference and to seek, receive and impart information and ideas through any media and regardless of frontiers. (emphasis added) http://www.un.org/Overview/rights.html
RIO DECLARATION ON ENVIRONMENT AND DEVELOPMENT (1992) Principle 10 Environmental issues are best handled with participation of all concerned citizens, at the relevant level. At the national level, each individual shall have appropriate access to information concerning the environment that is held by public authorities, including information on hazardous materials and activities in their communities, and the opportunity to participate in decision-making processes. States shall facilitate and encourage public awareness and participation by making information widely available. Effective access to judicial and administrative proceedings, including redress and remedy, shall be provided
      Convention on Biological Diversity: Article 17 Exchange of Information 1. The Contracting Parties shall facilitate the exchange of  information, from all publicly available sources, relevant to  the conservation and sustainable use of biological  diversity, taking into account the special needs of  developing countries. 2. Such exchange of information shall include exchange of results of technical, scientific and socio-economic research, as well as information on training and surveying programmes, specialized knowledge, indigenous and traditional knowledge as such and in combination with the technologies referred to in Article 16, paragraph 1. It shall also, where feasible, include repatriation of information.   http://www.biodiv.org/convention/articles.asp?lg=0&a=cbd-17
“The substantive findings of science are a product of social collaboration and are assigned to the community. They constitute a common heritage in which the equity of the individual producer is severely limited…” “The scientist’s claim to “his” intellectual “property” is limited to that of recognition and esteem which, if the institution functions with a modicum of efficiency, is roughly commensurate with the significance of the increments brought to the common fund of knowledge.” Robert K. Merton, “A Note on Science and Democarcy,” Journal of Law and Political Sociology 1 (1942): 121. The Ethos of Science
Science Library in China August, 1986
The Library Tradition • For hundreds of years, libraries have been the “protected areas” of the knowledge commons • The “public library” is a commons or a zone of “fair use” that makes knowledge freely and equitably available to all
IUCNIUCN Mission To influence, encourage and assist societies throughout the world to conserve the integrity of nature and ensure that any use of natural resources is equitable and ecologically sustainable.
Some possible definitions…Some possible definitions… • “Data”: Observations, descriptions or measurements recorded and reported in some standard way… • “Information”: Reasoned associations of data • “Experience”: Personal or collective recollection and interpretation of events • “Expertise”: Individual or collective knowledge that is considered reliable by virtue of accomplishment • “Knowledge”: Rational assumptions derived from information and experience, presumed to be “true”and “reliable”
The Conservation Domain
Colin Bibby, 2002 The Knowledge Cycle in the International Conservation Community
http://www.amazon.com/gp/reader/0674006771/ref=sib_dp_pt/104-4859238-9642354#reader-link
“The data or samples are collected and analyzed independentlycollected and analyzed independently, and the resulting data sets from such studies generally are heterogeneous and unstandardizedheterogeneous and unstandardized, with few of the individual data holdings deposited in public data repositories or openly shared... “The data exist in various twilight states of accessibilityexist in various twilight states of accessibility… “The data are thus disaggregated components of an incipientdata are thus disaggregated components of an incipient network that is only as effective as the individual transactionsnetwork that is only as effective as the individual transactions that put it togetherthat put it together The Role of Scientific and Technical Data and Information in the Public Domain: Proceedings of a Symposium. Julie M. Esanu and Paul F. Uhlir, Eds. Steering Committee on the Role of Scientific and Technical Data and Information in the Public Domain Office of International Scientific and Technical Information Programs Board on International Scientific Organizations Policy and Global Affairs Division, National Research Council of the
Conservation data, information, experience and knowledge is widely dispersed but vaguely synthesized and weakly integrated  Specimen collections preserved & living (museums, herbaria, botanical gardens, zoos, aquaria and culture collections)  Derivatives and “virtual” specimens and samples  Collateral collections (nests, etc)  Genetic sequence data  Scientific publications & “gray literature”  Images of all types / scales (satellite, photo-trap, electro- micrographs)  Observational data of all types  Time-based media (film, video, recorded sounds)  Bibliographic indices (e.g. Zoological Record 1864-present) & Authority Files  Maps (analog or digital)  Environmental Data  Archives and manuscripts (field and lab notes)  Expertise: the experience- based knowledge of individuals or cultures
View from the north of the Ngoc Linh Mountain Range in Vietnam's Central Highlands. This image was created by draping a LandSat scene (1998) over a three-dimensional model. Courtesy AMNH Center for Biodiversity and Conservation
Rheinardia ocellata, the Crested Argus. Photographed at night by an automatic camera-trap in the Ngoc Linh foothills (Quang Nam Province). Courtesy AMNH Center for Biodiversity and Conservation
http://research.amnh.org/biodiversity/center/cbcnews/archive/sprng_sum01/song.html
http://birds.cornell.edu/publications/birdscope/Summer2002/ivory_bill_absent.html
Source: Voss & Emmons, AMNH Bull. No. 230, 1996 (by permission: T. Erwin) Recent site map from Peru depicting elements of “collecting effort”
http://www.sandiegozoo.org/wildideas/kids/job_ryder.html
For Whom??? • Educators / Interpreters • Environmentalists / Conservationists • International Organizations • Governmental Administrators / Legislators • Landowners (Ecosystem) • Commercial Interests • Journalists • Indigenous Peoples • Students • Scientific Researchers Local Communities (Occupants) • Naturalists / Recreationists • NGO’s • Policy Makers • Subsistence Consumers / Sustainable Users • Protected Areas Managers and Staff (on site) WORLD-WIDE…
Web Training Session in a Russian Zapovednik
Finland “Structure of the World Wide Web in Finland. Circles denote sites and lines denote connecting links.” Courtesy of Bernardo Hubernman (HP Labs, Palo Alto) from B. Huberman The Laws of the Web, Cambridge, MIT Press, 2001
DIGITAL DIVIDE +
Digital Divide?
http://antwrp.gsfc.nasa.gov/apod/image/0011/earthlights_dmsp_big.jpg A graphic depiction of the digital divide
GDP $0.00 $5,000.00 $10,000.00 $15,000.00 $20,000.00 $25,000.00 $30,000.00 $35,000.00 $40,000.00 Luxembourg Jersey FaroeIslands Kuwait Chile Belarus Bulgaria Peru Jordan Bolivia Vietnam Myanmar BurkinaFaso Comoros GDP
0 1000000 2000000 3000000 4000000 5000000 6000000 7000000 8000000 9000000 10000000 Japan Poland China Philippines Kazakhsta Mauritius Morocco Senegal Uganda Honduras Tunisia Northern Banglades Hosts Internet Hosts
Communication 0 50 100 150 200 250 M exico Belize Guatem ala El Salvador Honduras Nicaragua Costa Rica Panam a Rateper1,000people 0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000 $Dollars Main telephone lines Cellular phones Personal computers Internet users Per capita GDP Source: Human Development Index. UNDP. 1998.
Information Gradient Pakistan: In the past 50 years… 32 universities and more than 100 colleges, training institutes and other specialized institutions of higher education have been founded [Syed Haider Abbas Zaidi, “Higher Education Pakistan” http://www2.unesco.org/wef/f_conf/000000e2.htm ]
University of Peshawar Library Founded in 1951 Librarian Mr. Riaz Ahmad Total Volumes 150,000 Urdu English Other languages Microfilms 39 Periodicals 200 Audio-Visual section Manuscripts 800 Other facilities Address: 1 Administration Block University of Peshawar, Peshawar-25120, Pakistan Tel: (+92-91)921-6483 Fax: (+92-91)921-4670 Telex:
From: “xxxxxx” <xxxxxx@hotmail.com> To: library@amnh.org Subject: RESEARCH PAPERS REQUIRED Date: Sun, 25 May 2003 09:54:37 +0500 Dear sir, I am a student of MSC. Veterinary Parasitology ... I need your help because of that these research papers are not available & I could not purchase these research papers which are mentioned in below list with related to some research topics which are below as (1) Epidemiological evaluation of cattle lice/buffalo lice(or) Epidemiological studiessurey cattle lice buffalo lice . (2) Prevalence of cattle lice on calves (or) Prevalence of sucking & chewing lice on cattle (3) incidence (or) Prevalence of sucking & chewing lice on cattleI will be thankfull to your if you will send to me these research papers on my postal address (or) because of that I can not purchase them. (4) Taxonomical study of different species of cattle lice. Please send to me these research papers as early as possible . Postal address :Dr . xxxxxx House#xx,Street#xx Email address: xxxxx@ hotmail.com
RESEARCH PAPERS REQUIRED 1: Colwell DD, Clymer B, Booker CW, Guichon PT, Jim GK, Schunicht OC, Wildman BK. Prevalence of sucking and chewing lice on cattle entering feedlots in southern Alberta.Can Vet J. 2001 Apr;42(4):281- 2: Chalmers K, Charleston WA. “Cattle lice in New Zealand: observations on the prevalence, distribution and seasonal patterns of infestation.” N Z Vet J. 1980 Oct;28(10):198- 200. 3: Chalmers K, Charleston WA.”Cattle lice in New Zealand: observations on the prevalence, distribution and seasonal patterns of infestation”. N Z Vet J. 1980 Oct;28(10):198- 200. [SNIP]
College of African Wildlife Management P.O. Box 3031 Moshi Tanzania Fax 255 55 51113 Tel 0811 520360 http://www.mweka-wildlife.ac.tz/ . COLLEGE OF AFRICAN WILDLIFE MANAGEMENT, MWEKA
The Ecology of the Conservation Commons?
August 30, 2002 BiodiversityBiodiversityCommonsCommons // WSSD Market Law Norms Architecture (Technology) Data Information Knowledge “Modalities of Constraint” on Open Access to Data, Information, Knowledge Adapted from: Lessig, L. Code and other laws of cyberspace. NY, Basic Books, 1999.
OECD Follow Up Group on Issues of Access to Publicly Funded Research Data. Promoting Access to Public Research Data for Scientific,Economic, and Social Development: Final Report March 2003
Financial Constraints on Biodiversity Information
http://www.arl.org/newsltr/218/costimpact.html
http://www.arl.org/newsltr/218/costimpact.html
Year Number of Titles Average Price Percentage Increase Index 1984 94 78.35 — 100.0 1985 94 90.75 15.8 115.8 1986 94 102.83 13.3 131.2 1987 94 112.91 9.8 144.1 1988 94 127.33 12.8 162.5 1989 94 142.14 11.6 181.4 1990 94 153.78 8.2 196.3 1991 94 172.56 12.2 220.2 1992 94 197.89 14.7 252.6 1993 94 219.58 11.0 280.3 1994 94 243.38 10.8 310.6 1995 94 266.72 9.6 340.4 1996 94 299.84 12.4 382.7 1997 94 338.31 12.8 431.8 1998 94 385.40 13.9 491.9 1999 94 433.79 12.6 553.7 2000 94 470.43 8.4 600.4 2001 94 510.53 8.5 651.6 2002 94 543.96 6.5 694.3 U.S. Periodical Prices—2002 TABLE VII: Zoology (1 title dropped; 1 title added) (52% of the titles increased in price) http://www.ala.org/Content/NavigationMenu/Products_and_Publications/Periodicals/American_Libraries/Selected_articles/7zoology.htm
Julian Birkinshaw and Tony Sheehan, “Managing the Knowledge Life Cycle,” MIT Sloan Management Review, 44 (2) Fall, 2002: 77. ??? Is conservation knowledge a “commodity” ???
Legal Constraints on Biodiversity Information
Dr. Donat Agosti, SSC Social Insects Specialist Group Figure 1. Access to ant systematics information. Each icon represents one of the 424 new ant species described in the year 2003. The species are alphabetically listed (data from http://atbi.biosci.ohio-state.edu:210/hymen optera/manage_lit.new_taxa_by_year?tnuid=152&the_year=2003 or http//:antbase.org)
Zoo Record Citations by Publisher Type (1978-2002) Association 58% University 6% Commercial 17% Other 0% NH Institutions/ Non-profit 9% Government 10% Association University Commercial Government NH Institutions/Non- profit Other Analysis by BIOSIS and AMNH (currently unpublished) Ownership of publications?
Solutions?
Provision of free, universal access to conservation knowledge, information and data is a practical imperative for the international conservation community – this goal should be accomplished: by promotion of the Public Domain and by development of a sustainable Biodiversity Knowledge Commons adapting emergent legal and technical mechanisms to provide a free, secure and persistent environment for access to and use of conservation knowledge, information and data.
November 11, 2002 BiodiversityBiodiversityCommons /Commons / World Heritage A definition of the “Public Domain” “The public domain is a range of uses of information that any person is privileged to make absent individualized facts that make a particular use by a particular person unprivileged.” Yochai Benkler, “Free as the air to common use: First Amendment constraints on enclosure of the Pulic Domain,” NYU Law Review Vol. 74 (May, 1999):362.
A sketch of the public domain and adjacent terrain…
What is a “Commons” ??? • A commons is a limited and conditional zone of fair use (defined both legally and technically) • A commons permits sustainable use of a resource without jeopardizing original ownership rights • Supports control of patrimonial / property rights required by owners as required by owners (for example: indigenous peoples, national governments); protects against unauthorized commercial use • BUT also does permit authorized commercial uses (i.e. is compatible with market mechanisms ) • protects organizational/individual “moral rights” (i.e. rights of authors)
Digital Commons? Digital resources as “public goods” are: • non-rivalrous (near-zero cost for additional increments of use) • non-excludable (i.e.of potentially universal benefit) • universally accessible (potentially) (But economic inequities and newly emergent legal/technical barriers may deny these benefits) Reichman, Jerome H. and Paul F. Uhlir, Promoting Public Good Uses of Scientific Data: A Contractually Reconstructed Commons for Science and Innovation. http://www.law.duke.edu/pd/papers/ReichmanandUhlir.pdf
THE ROLE OF SCIENTIFIC AND TECHNICAL DATA AND INFORMATION IN THE PUBLIC DOMAIN PROCEEDINGS OF A SYMPOSIUM Julie M. Esanu and Paul F. Uhlir, Editors Steering Committee on the Role of Scientific and Technical Data and Information in the Public Domain Office of International Scientific and Technical Information Programs Board on International Scientific Organizations Policy and Global Affairs Division, National Research Council of the National Academies, p. 5 The Commons The Public Domain
Recent Progress
Biodiversity Informatics Infrastructure:Biodiversity Informatics Infrastructure: An Information Commons for the Biodiversity CommunityAn Information Commons for the Biodiversity Community Gladys A. Cotter and Barbara T. Bauldock U.S. Geological Survey U.S. Geological Survey 300 National Center 300 National Center Reston, VA 20192 Reston, VA 20192 USA USA gladys_cotter@usgs.gov barbara_bauldock@usgs.gov Abstract This paper provides an overview of efforts to create an informatics infrastructure for the biodiversity community. A vast amount of biodiversity information exists, but no comprehensive infrastructure is in place to provide easy assess and effective use of this information. The advent of modern information technologies provides a foundation for a remedy. Biodiversity informatics infrastructures are being called for at national, regional, and global levels, and plans are in place to coordinate these efforts to ensure interoperability. The paper reviews some essential requirements and some challenges related to building this infrastructure. Proceedings of the 26th International Conference on Very Large Databases, Cairo, Egypt, Sept. 10-14, 2000
Biodiversity Conservation Information System • BirdLife International • Botanic Gardens Conservation International • Conservation International • International Species Information System • IUCN Commission on Ecosystem Management • IUCN Environmental Law Programme • IUCN Species Survival Commission • IUCN World Commission on Protected Areas • The Nature Conservancy • TRAFFIC International • Wetlands International • World Conservation Monitoring Centre Members BCIS Information Overview BCIS Center MembersMembers
D-Lib Magazine June 2002 Volume 8 Number 6 ISSN 1082-9873 Building the Biodiversity Commons (This Opinion piece presents the opinions of the author. It does not necessarily reflect the views of D-Lib Magazine, its publisher, the Corporation for National Research Initiatives, or its sponsor.) Provision of free, universal access to biodiversity information is a practical imperative for the international conservation community — this goal should be accomplished by promotion of the Public Domain and by development of a sustainable Biodiversity Information Commons adapting emergent legal and technical mechanisms to provide a free, secure and persistent environment for access to and use of biodiversity information and data. http://www.dlib.org/dlib/june02/moritz/06moritz.html Thomas Moritz American Museum of Natural History tmoritz@amnh.org
“Common Knowledge” Creating the Biodiversity Knowledge Commons Business plan and implementation strategy A proposal developed with contributions from American Museum of Natural History Biodiversity Conservation Information System BirdLife International Conservation International Global Biodiversity Information Facility Inter American Biodiversity Information Network IUCN Environmental Law Commission IUCN Species Survival Commission IUCN The World Conservation Union IUCN World Commission on Protected Areas NatureServe North American Biodiversity Information Network Rio Tinto Society for Conservation Biology The Nature Conservancy TRAFFIC International UNEP- World Conservation Monitoring Centre Wildlife Conservation Society
Current Contributors to the CommonsCommons Design American Museum of Natural History (AMNH) Biodiversity Conservation Information System (BCIS) BirdLife International (BI) Conservation International (CI) Global Biodiversity Information Facility (GBIF) Inter-American Biodiversity Information Network (IABIN) IUCN Environmental Law Commission (ELC) IUCN Species Survival Commission (SSC) IUCN Information Management Group IMG) IUCN World Commission on Protected Areas (WCPA) NatureServe North American Biodiversity Information Network (NABIN) Rio Tinto Society for Conservation Biology The Nature Conservancy (TNC) TRAFFIC International UNEP- World Conservation Monitoring Centre (UNEP- WCMC) Wildlife Conservation Society (WCS)
The Biodiversity Commons: Digital Futures / IUCN World Summit on Sustainable Development Johannesburg , South Africa data information knowledgedata information knowledge
PublisherPublisherManuscript An Open Access Model Result: $$$ Author pays small amount of money or an institution pays on author’s behalf From BioMed Central Free Access on the Web
Species Information Service
Ecosystems, Protected Areas and PeopleEcosystems, Protected Areas and People (EPP)(EPP) && The Protected Areas Learning NetworkThe Protected Areas Learning Network (PALNet)(PALNet) url: http://www.parksnet.org
World Database on Protected Areas 2003 The WDPA Consortium
The American Museum of Natural History has published 240,000+ pages of scientific literature. We expect this entire corpus of literature to be digitized and available by mid-2004.
You're probably familiar with the phrase, "All rights reserved," and the little (c) that goes along with it. Creative Commons wants to help copyright holders send a different message: "Some rights reserved." For example, if you don't mind people copying and distributing your online image so long as they give you credit, we'll have a license that helps you say so. If you want people to copy your band's MP3 but don't want them to profit off it without your permission, use one of our licenses to express that preference. Our licensing tools will even help you mix and match such preferences from a menu of options: Attribution. Permit others to copy, distribute, display, and perform the work and derivative works based upon it only if they give you credit. Noncommercial. Permit others to copy, distribute, display, and perform the work and derivative works based upon it only for noncommercial purposes. No Derivative Works. Permit others to copy, distribute, display and perform only verbatim copies of the work, not derivative works based upon it. Copyleft. Permit others to distribute derivative works only under a license identical to the license that governs your work. Creative commons: Licensing Options http://www.creativecommons.org/
Technology / Architecture: Synthesis? Integration? Interoperability?
“Synthesis”? / “Integration”? ““Synthesis”Synthesis” : The analytical, logical effort to compile complete, integral information sets by well-defined, rigorous inference. ““Integration”Integration” : The design and implementation of technology for the digital capture, and coherent linking of data, information and/or knowledge
“a full spectrum of views on interoperability…” • the use of common tools and interfaces that provide a superficial uniformity for navigation and access but rely almost entirely on human intelligence to provide any coherence of content • primarily syntactic interoperability (the interchange of metadata and the use of digital object transmission protocols and formats based on this metadata rather than simply common navigation, query, and viewing interfaces) as a means of providing limited coherence of content, supplemented by human interpretation. • deep semantic interoperability Interoperability, Scaling, and the Digital Libraries Research Agenda: A Report on the May 18- 19, 1995 IITA Digital Libraries Workshop August 22, 1995 Clifford Lynch ( clifford.lynch@ucop.edu)
Toward a possible “ontology” of conservation information? “Ontology”? : “A formal explicit specification of a shared conceptualization” (T.A. Gruber. A translation approach to portable ontologies, Knowledge 7.)
“Darwin Core” – Access Points 1. ScientificName 2. Kingdom 3. Phylum 4. Class 5. Order 6. Family 7. Genus 8. Species 9. Subspecies 10. InstitutionCode 11. CollectionCode 12. CatalogNumber 13. Collector 14. Year 15. Month 16. Day 17. Country 18. State/Province 19. County 20. Locality 21. Longitude 22. Latitude 23. BoundingBox 24. Julian Day Dave Vieglais Species Analyst 4/20/2000 http://habanero.nhm.ukans.edu/presentations/Gainesville_May2000_files/v3_document.htm Name Person Date Place Address DiGIR and the Darwin Core
Knowledge Flows: “Leaking”? or “Conscious Sharing”? • Subcontracting • Joint ventures • Cross licensing • Portfolio Sharing • Collaborative Research Grants • Universities (as vectors) • PUBLIC DOMAINPUBLIC DOMAIN // COMMONSCOMMONS • OPEN SOURCEOPEN SOURCE
SO, What is to be done? Conservation organizations are asked: to subscribe to Global Commons Principles. Specifically: – To commit to individual / organizational knowledge assets (analog and digital) to free, secure and persistently available use for non-commercial (research, education, applied conservation ) uses (provided guarantees of organizational and individual “moral rights”). – To make implementation of the Commons an organizational priority and commit significant institutional resources to Commons development. – To display the Commons logo as a part of organizational displays (digital or analog).
biodiversitycommons biocommons
"...organic processes have an historical contingency that prevents universal explanation." Richard Lewontin in The Triple Helix

More Related Content

PPT
Synthesis and Integration in the Natural History Commons
byTom Moritz
 
PPTX
The Burden of Proof: Nurturing Public Reason in Response to Climate Change [U...
byTom Moritz
 
PPT
At the Interface of Religion and Cosmopolitanism: Bernard Picart's "Cérémonie...
byTom Moritz
 
PPT
Metadata costs per unit of effort (cpue)
byTom Moritz
 
PDF
Press Release Buen Conocer Summit
byFLOK Society
 
PDF
Moritz Museums International "Partnerships in the Commons"
byTom Moritz
 
PDF
8-064%20FR%20-%20editeduom
byPriya Buldawo
 
PPT
Mla May 7
bydrielinger
 
Synthesis and Integration in the Natural History Commons
byTom Moritz
 
The Burden of Proof: Nurturing Public Reason in Response to Climate Change [U...
byTom Moritz
 
At the Interface of Religion and Cosmopolitanism: Bernard Picart's "Cérémonie...
byTom Moritz
 
Metadata costs per unit of effort (cpue)
byTom Moritz
 
Press Release Buen Conocer Summit
byFLOK Society
 
Moritz Museums International "Partnerships in the Commons"
byTom Moritz
 
8-064%20FR%20-%20editeduom
byPriya Buldawo
 
Mla May 7
bydrielinger
 

What's hot

PPT
International Society for Biological and Environmental Repositories (American...
byTom Moritz
 
PPT
Debates Around Indigenous Knowledge And Intellectual Property
bykelebogile komanyane
 
PPTX
Traditional knowledge in the philippines
byErnesto Empig
 
PPT
Protection Of Traditional Knowledge As Geographical Indications
byachintyanath
 
PDF
Paris world heritage conference UNESCO November 2016
byReporter du monde RDM-ROW Reporter Of World
 
PDF
2.it
byEURORDIS Rare Diseases Europe
 
PPTX
3.tkdl
bySaranya Sasi
 
PDF
1994 ostrom neither_market_nor_state_governance_of_cpr_21th_century
byRaissa Silva
 
PPT
Véronique DAUGE : UNESCO Recommendations for Protection and Promotion of Museums
byUNESCO Venice Office
 
PPT
Harnessing community knowledge for health
byHISP
 
PPTX
Protecting Traditional Knowledge In India
byIntepat IP
 
PDF
Carbon in dryland soils. Multiple essential functions
bycsfd
 
International Society for Biological and Environmental Repositories (American...
byTom Moritz
 
Debates Around Indigenous Knowledge And Intellectual Property
bykelebogile komanyane
 
Traditional knowledge in the philippines
byErnesto Empig
 
Protection Of Traditional Knowledge As Geographical Indications
byachintyanath
 
Paris world heritage conference UNESCO November 2016
byReporter du monde RDM-ROW Reporter Of World
 
2.it
byEURORDIS Rare Diseases Europe
 
3.tkdl
bySaranya Sasi
 
1994 ostrom neither_market_nor_state_governance_of_cpr_21th_century
byRaissa Silva
 
Véronique DAUGE : UNESCO Recommendations for Protection and Promotion of Museums
byUNESCO Venice Office
 
Harnessing community knowledge for health
byHISP
 
Protecting Traditional Knowledge In India
byIntepat IP
 
Carbon in dryland soils. Multiple essential functions
bycsfd
 

Viewers also liked

PPT
"The Conservation Commons: Lessons and Analyses Adapted from other Sectors an...
byTom Moritz
 
PPTX
Air Traffic Control Demonstration 2015-06-29
byDavid Covington
 
PPT
Campaign Ad
bykdigan2
 
PDF
Proactief Netwerken
byJan Jacobs
 
PPTX
What Crisis Services Can Learn from Air Traffic Control
byDavid Covington
 
PPTX
AZPA Carefree Conference 2015 - Empowering People for Recovery
byDavid Covington
 
PDF
Peer Support Outcomes Quick Guide 2016
byDavid Covington
 
PDF
Bouw een bloeiende praktijk webinar: 10 succesfactoren
byJan Jacobs
 
PPTX
Here They Be Dragons (National Council 2015)
byDavid Covington
 
PPTX
What Crisis Should Learn From Air Traffic Control
byDavid Covington
 
PPT
Het Dertigersdilemma, een persoonlijk verhaal en aanpak
byJan Jacobs
 
PPTX
Presentatie Masterthesis Sociaal Ondernemerschap als hefboom voor de zorgver...
byJan Jacobs
 
PDF
Kernkwadrant van Ofman: Inleiding in het vinden van je kwaliteit, valkuil, al...
byJan Jacobs
 
PPT
Inleiding in de groepsdynamica
byJan Jacobs
 
PPT
University of California, Berkeley: iSchool Nov, 2009
byTom Moritz
 
PPTX
SharePoint 2016 & the Future of Office 365 Roadmap
byJoel Oleson
 
"The Conservation Commons: Lessons and Analyses Adapted from other Sectors an...
byTom Moritz
 
Air Traffic Control Demonstration 2015-06-29
byDavid Covington
 
Campaign Ad
bykdigan2
 
Proactief Netwerken
byJan Jacobs
 
What Crisis Services Can Learn from Air Traffic Control
byDavid Covington
 
AZPA Carefree Conference 2015 - Empowering People for Recovery
byDavid Covington
 
Peer Support Outcomes Quick Guide 2016
byDavid Covington
 
Bouw een bloeiende praktijk webinar: 10 succesfactoren
byJan Jacobs
 
Here They Be Dragons (National Council 2015)
byDavid Covington
 
What Crisis Should Learn From Air Traffic Control
byDavid Covington
 
Het Dertigersdilemma, een persoonlijk verhaal en aanpak
byJan Jacobs
 
Presentatie Masterthesis Sociaal Ondernemerschap als hefboom voor de zorgver...
byJan Jacobs
 
Kernkwadrant van Ofman: Inleiding in het vinden van je kwaliteit, valkuil, al...
byJan Jacobs
 
Inleiding in de groepsdynamica
byJan Jacobs
 
University of California, Berkeley: iSchool Nov, 2009
byTom Moritz
 
SharePoint 2016 & the Future of Office 365 Roadmap
byJoel Oleson
 

Similar to A Vision for the Biodiversity Commons Concept, May 2004, IUCN Geneva, Switzerland

PPT
"The Conservation Commons: Lessons and aAnalysis aAdapted from other sectors ...
byTom Moritz
 
PPT
World Conservation Congress 2008
byTom Moritz
 
PDF
ECSA, the ECSA principles, and the ECSA Characteristics of Citizen Science
byMargaret Gold
 
PPT
From Conservation to Crowdsourcing: A Typology of Citizen Science
byAndrea Wiggins
 
PDF
The ECSA Characteristics of Citizen Science
byMargaret Gold
 
PDF
Online Communities in Citizen Science
byAndrea Wiggins
 
PDF
Moritz D Lib Building The Biodiversity Commons
byTom Moritz
 
PDF
Invaders, Security, Climate Change: Can we get movement on wicked problems?
byDawn Bazely
 
PDF
Overview of Citizen Science - Zurich November 2015
byMuki Haklay
 
DOCX
Michael Edson @ Walker Art Center: What is a Commons
byMichael Edson
 
PPTX
IAMSLIC 2012, ANCHORAGE, AK
byTom Moritz
 
PDF
U3.6 Conservation
bytracikr
 
PPTX
Why do citizen science at science centers?
byCitizenScience.org
 
PPTX
Tewksbury esa2015 centennial lecture
bytewksjj
 
PDF
Environmental Information: The Roles of Experts and the Public
byMuki Haklay
 
PDF
The role of learning in citizen science
byMuki Haklay
 
DOCX
Museum Commons: A professional interaction (Museums and the Web 2010, Michael...
byMichael Edson
 
PDF
The role of learning in community science and citizen science
byMuki Haklay
 
PPT
Presentation at the Master in Global Environmental Change by Jon Hutton
byJavier de la Torre
 
PPT
VRA 2009
byMichael Edson
 
"The Conservation Commons: Lessons and aAnalysis aAdapted from other sectors ...
byTom Moritz
 
World Conservation Congress 2008
byTom Moritz
 
ECSA, the ECSA principles, and the ECSA Characteristics of Citizen Science
byMargaret Gold
 
From Conservation to Crowdsourcing: A Typology of Citizen Science
byAndrea Wiggins
 
The ECSA Characteristics of Citizen Science
byMargaret Gold
 
Online Communities in Citizen Science
byAndrea Wiggins
 
Moritz D Lib Building The Biodiversity Commons
byTom Moritz
 
Invaders, Security, Climate Change: Can we get movement on wicked problems?
byDawn Bazely
 
Overview of Citizen Science - Zurich November 2015
byMuki Haklay
 
Michael Edson @ Walker Art Center: What is a Commons
byMichael Edson
 
IAMSLIC 2012, ANCHORAGE, AK
byTom Moritz
 
U3.6 Conservation
bytracikr
 
Why do citizen science at science centers?
byCitizenScience.org
 
Tewksbury esa2015 centennial lecture
bytewksjj
 
Environmental Information: The Roles of Experts and the Public
byMuki Haklay
 
The role of learning in citizen science
byMuki Haklay
 
Museum Commons: A professional interaction (Museums and the Web 2010, Michael...
byMichael Edson
 
The role of learning in community science and citizen science
byMuki Haklay
 
Presentation at the Master in Global Environmental Change by Jon Hutton
byJavier de la Torre
 
VRA 2009
byMichael Edson
 

More from Tom Moritz

PDF
Moritz "The Cultural Commons" Newsletter of the Gettty Res Inst 2007.pdf
byTom Moritz
 
PPTX
Is Altruism Possible? A Consideration of Altruism as treated in spiritual, ph...
byTom Moritz
 
PPT
ESA Science Commons
byTom Moritz
 
PPTX
Microbiology
byTom Moritz
 
PPTX
Marine microbiology
byTom Moritz
 
PPTX
Pelagic Environments and Ecology (3) copy
byTom Moritz
 
PPTX
Pelagic environment and ecology (2)
byTom Moritz
 
PPTX
Pelagic Environments and Ecosystems (1)
byTom Moritz
 
PDF
Chaparral and Coastal Scrub Ecology
byTom Moritz
 
PPTX
The Intertidal and Kelp Forests - Pacific Coast
byTom Moritz
 
PDF
A Universe of Data
byTom Moritz
 
PDF
Climate Change
byTom Moritz
 
PPTX
Climate change
byTom Moritz
 
PPTX
The commons???
byTom Moritz
 
PPT
Ecological Society of America Science Commons
byTom Moritz
 
PDF
Epidemiology cholera, ebola, hiv aids
byTom Moritz
 
PDF
The Human Biome
byTom Moritz
 
PDF
Epistemology, ontology, knowledge x
byTom Moritz
 
PDF
Ids 330 "Environmental Leadership" Basic Introduction (University of the West)
byTom Moritz
 
PPTX
Charles Darwin: The Galapagos Finches and the Emergence of Evolutionary Theory
byTom Moritz
 
Moritz "The Cultural Commons" Newsletter of the Gettty Res Inst 2007.pdf
byTom Moritz
 
Is Altruism Possible? A Consideration of Altruism as treated in spiritual, ph...
byTom Moritz
 
ESA Science Commons
byTom Moritz
 
Microbiology
byTom Moritz
 
Marine microbiology
byTom Moritz
 
Pelagic Environments and Ecology (3) copy
byTom Moritz
 
Pelagic environment and ecology (2)
byTom Moritz
 
Pelagic Environments and Ecosystems (1)
byTom Moritz
 
Chaparral and Coastal Scrub Ecology
byTom Moritz
 
The Intertidal and Kelp Forests - Pacific Coast
byTom Moritz
 
A Universe of Data
byTom Moritz
 
Climate Change
byTom Moritz
 
Climate change
byTom Moritz
 
The commons???
byTom Moritz
 
Ecological Society of America Science Commons
byTom Moritz
 
Epidemiology cholera, ebola, hiv aids
byTom Moritz
 
The Human Biome
byTom Moritz
 
Epistemology, ontology, knowledge x
byTom Moritz
 
Ids 330 "Environmental Leadership" Basic Introduction (University of the West)
byTom Moritz
 
Charles Darwin: The Galapagos Finches and the Emergence of Evolutionary Theory
byTom Moritz
 

Recently uploaded

PPTX
Plato's Insight model teaching and learning.pptx
byNikhitaDS
 
PDF
Types of Foot & Foot Modifications in Birds
byDr. Ramzan Virani
 
PDF
Beyond the Absurd: A Comparative Reading of Waiting for Godot and the Bhagava...
byKruti Vyas
 
PDF
Family and Marriage __ Sociology __ Jhasketan Kuanar __ NURSING VIBE ONLY .pdf
byJK NURSING VIBES ONLY JHASKETAN KUANAR
 
PDF
Orlando by Virginia Woolf: The Granite and The Rainbow
byAdityarajsinh Gohil
 
PPTX
Problem and Solution (PowerPoint Game Template)
byacpaulite
 
PPTX
How to Manage Checkout Policy & Customer Portal in Odoo 18 Website
byCeline George
 
PDF
Bones by Sadu Kassam (play) story ppt pdf
byRonnieMaeBorres
 
PPTX
Greengnorance Toolkit Module 4 Active Mobility and Transport
byKarl Donert
 
PDF
Holm Community Heritage at St Nicholas Kirk - 2025 AGM Minutes (30.04.2025)
byAntoine Pietri
 
PDF
Artificial Intelligence in Research and Academic Writing, Workshop on Researc...
byProf. Vinod Kumar Kanvaria
 
PPTX
ENGLISH-7-Quarter-4-Week-3 Matatag .pptx
byKimberlyJadeCuyos
 
PPTX
Math 8 Quarter 4 Week 4-SECONDARY DATA.pptx
byshahanieabbat3
 
PPTX
Plant fibres used as surgical dressings & Sutures – Surgical Catgut and Ligat...
bySai Meer College of Pharmacy
 
PPTX
How to Change Shipping Label Size in Odoo 18 Inventory
byCeline George
 
PDF
How "Raiders of the Lost Ark" and "Ordinary People" Employ Non-Verbal Acting
by6x5csns4pn
 
PPTX
How to Track & Manage My Time Section in Odoo 18 Time Off
byCeline George
 
PPTX
Chapter 1: Introduction to Strategic Management.pptx
byFJ M
 
PPTX
Q4_PPT MUSIC & ARTS 7 week 1-2, matatag curriculum
byZEN
 
PPTX
Overview of How to set priority in Odoo 19 Todo
byCeline George
 
Plato's Insight model teaching and learning.pptx
byNikhitaDS
 
Types of Foot & Foot Modifications in Birds
byDr. Ramzan Virani
 
Beyond the Absurd: A Comparative Reading of Waiting for Godot and the Bhagava...
byKruti Vyas
 
Family and Marriage __ Sociology __ Jhasketan Kuanar __ NURSING VIBE ONLY .pdf
byJK NURSING VIBES ONLY JHASKETAN KUANAR
 
Orlando by Virginia Woolf: The Granite and The Rainbow
byAdityarajsinh Gohil
 
Problem and Solution (PowerPoint Game Template)
byacpaulite
 
How to Manage Checkout Policy & Customer Portal in Odoo 18 Website
byCeline George
 
Bones by Sadu Kassam (play) story ppt pdf
byRonnieMaeBorres
 
Greengnorance Toolkit Module 4 Active Mobility and Transport
byKarl Donert
 
Holm Community Heritage at St Nicholas Kirk - 2025 AGM Minutes (30.04.2025)
byAntoine Pietri
 
Artificial Intelligence in Research and Academic Writing, Workshop on Researc...
byProf. Vinod Kumar Kanvaria
 
ENGLISH-7-Quarter-4-Week-3 Matatag .pptx
byKimberlyJadeCuyos
 
Math 8 Quarter 4 Week 4-SECONDARY DATA.pptx
byshahanieabbat3
 
Plant fibres used as surgical dressings & Sutures – Surgical Catgut and Ligat...
bySai Meer College of Pharmacy
 
How to Change Shipping Label Size in Odoo 18 Inventory
byCeline George
 
How "Raiders of the Lost Ark" and "Ordinary People" Employ Non-Verbal Acting
by6x5csns4pn
 
How to Track & Manage My Time Section in Odoo 18 Time Off
byCeline George
 
Chapter 1: Introduction to Strategic Management.pptx
byFJ M
 
Q4_PPT MUSIC & ARTS 7 week 1-2, matatag curriculum
byZEN
 
Overview of How to set priority in Odoo 19 Todo
byCeline George
 

A Vision for the Biodiversity Commons Concept, May 2004, IUCN Geneva, Switzerland

  • 1.
    A Vision fortheA Vision for the Biodiversity CommonsBiodiversity Commons May, 2004 IUCN Tom Moritz
  • 3.
    IUCNIUCN Mission To influence,encourage and assist societies throughout the world to conserve the integrity of nature and ensure that any use of natural resources is equitable and ecologically sustainable.
  • 4.
    Strategic decisions about data,information, knowledge and technology must be conscious, explicit and mission-consistentmission-consistent
  • 5.
    What is a“Commons” ??? • A limited and conditional zone of fair use (defined legally, financially, culturally and technically) • Permits sustainable use of a resource without jeopardizing original ownership rights • Protects against unauthorized commercial use (is compatible with market mechanisms ) • Respects organizational/individual “moral rights” (i.e. rights of authors)
  • 6.
  • 7.
    “The field ofknowledge is the common property of all mankind “ Thomas Jefferson 1807
  • 8.
    Universal Declaration ofHuman Rights Article 19. Everyone has the right to freedom of opinion and expression; this right includes freedom to hold opinions without interference and to seek, receive and impart information and ideas through any media and regardless of frontiers. (emphasis added) http://www.un.org/Overview/rights.html
  • 9.
    RIO DECLARATION ONENVIRONMENT AND DEVELOPMENT (1992) Principle 10 Environmental issues are best handled with participation of all concerned citizens, at the relevant level. At the national level, each individual shall have appropriate access to information concerning the environment that is held by public authorities, including information on hazardous materials and activities in their communities, and the opportunity to participate in decision-making processes. States shall facilitate and encourage public awareness and participation by making information widely available. Effective access to judicial and administrative proceedings, including redress and remedy, shall be provided
  • 10.
          Convention on BiologicalDiversity: Article 17 Exchange of Information 1. The Contracting Parties shall facilitate the exchange of  information, from all publicly available sources, relevant to  the conservation and sustainable use of biological  diversity, taking into account the special needs of  developing countries. 2. Such exchange of information shall include exchange of results of technical, scientific and socio-economic research, as well as information on training and surveying programmes, specialized knowledge, indigenous and traditional knowledge as such and in combination with the technologies referred to in Article 16, paragraph 1. It shall also, where feasible, include repatriation of information.   http://www.biodiv.org/convention/articles.asp?lg=0&a=cbd-17
  • 11.
    “The substantive findingsof science are a product of social collaboration and are assigned to the community. They constitute a common heritage in which the equity of the individual producer is severely limited…” “The scientist’s claim to “his” intellectual “property” is limited to that of recognition and esteem which, if the institution functions with a modicum of efficiency, is roughly commensurate with the significance of the increments brought to the common fund of knowledge.” Robert K. Merton, “A Note on Science and Democarcy,” Journal of Law and Political Sociology 1 (1942): 121. The Ethos of Science
  • 12.
    Science Library inChina August, 1986
  • 13.
    The Library Tradition •For hundreds of years, libraries have been the “protected areas” of the knowledge commons • The “public library” is a commons or a zone of “fair use” that makes knowledge freely and equitably available to all
  • 14.
    IUCNIUCN Mission To influence,encourage and assist societies throughout the world to conserve the integrity of nature and ensure that any use of natural resources is equitable and ecologically sustainable.
  • 15.
    Some possible definitions…Somepossible definitions… • “Data”: Observations, descriptions or measurements recorded and reported in some standard way… • “Information”: Reasoned associations of data • “Experience”: Personal or collective recollection and interpretation of events • “Expertise”: Individual or collective knowledge that is considered reliable by virtue of accomplishment • “Knowledge”: Rational assumptions derived from information and experience, presumed to be “true”and “reliable”
  • 16.
  • 17.
    Colin Bibby, 2002 TheKnowledge Cycle in the International Conservation Community
  • 18.
  • 19.
    “The data orsamples are collected and analyzed independentlycollected and analyzed independently, and the resulting data sets from such studies generally are heterogeneous and unstandardizedheterogeneous and unstandardized, with few of the individual data holdings deposited in public data repositories or openly shared... “The data exist in various twilight states of accessibilityexist in various twilight states of accessibility… “The data are thus disaggregated components of an incipientdata are thus disaggregated components of an incipient network that is only as effective as the individual transactionsnetwork that is only as effective as the individual transactions that put it togetherthat put it together The Role of Scientific and Technical Data and Information in the Public Domain: Proceedings of a Symposium. Julie M. Esanu and Paul F. Uhlir, Eds. Steering Committee on the Role of Scientific and Technical Data and Information in the Public Domain Office of International Scientific and Technical Information Programs Board on International Scientific Organizations Policy and Global Affairs Division, National Research Council of the
  • 20.
    Conservation data, information,experience and knowledge is widely dispersed but vaguely synthesized and weakly integrated  Specimen collections preserved & living (museums, herbaria, botanical gardens, zoos, aquaria and culture collections)  Derivatives and “virtual” specimens and samples  Collateral collections (nests, etc)  Genetic sequence data  Scientific publications & “gray literature”  Images of all types / scales (satellite, photo-trap, electro- micrographs)  Observational data of all types  Time-based media (film, video, recorded sounds)  Bibliographic indices (e.g. Zoological Record 1864-present) & Authority Files  Maps (analog or digital)  Environmental Data  Archives and manuscripts (field and lab notes)  Expertise: the experience- based knowledge of individuals or cultures
  • 21.
    View from thenorth of the Ngoc Linh Mountain Range in Vietnam's Central Highlands. This image was created by draping a LandSat scene (1998) over a three-dimensional model. Courtesy AMNH Center for Biodiversity and Conservation
  • 23.
    Rheinardia ocellata, theCrested Argus. Photographed at night by an automatic camera-trap in the Ngoc Linh foothills (Quang Nam Province). Courtesy AMNH Center for Biodiversity and Conservation
  • 24.
  • 25.
  • 26.
    Source: Voss & Emmons, AMNHBull. No. 230, 1996 (by permission: T. Erwin) Recent site map from Peru depicting elements of “collecting effort”
  • 27.
  • 28.
    For Whom??? • Educators/ Interpreters • Environmentalists / Conservationists • International Organizations • Governmental Administrators / Legislators • Landowners (Ecosystem) • Commercial Interests • Journalists • Indigenous Peoples • Students • Scientific Researchers Local Communities (Occupants) • Naturalists / Recreationists • NGO’s • Policy Makers • Subsistence Consumers / Sustainable Users • Protected Areas Managers and Staff (on site) WORLD-WIDE…
  • 29.
    Web Training Sessionin a Russian Zapovednik
  • 31.
    Finland “Structure of theWorld Wide Web in Finland. Circles denote sites and lines denote connecting links.” Courtesy of Bernardo Hubernman (HP Labs, Palo Alto) from B. Huberman The Laws of the Web, Cambridge, MIT Press, 2001
  • 33.
  • 34.
  • 35.
  • 36.
  • 37.
  • 38.
  • 39.
    Information Gradient Pakistan: In thepast 50 years… 32 universities and more than 100 colleges, training institutes and other specialized institutions of higher education have been founded [Syed Haider Abbas Zaidi, “Higher Education Pakistan” http://www2.unesco.org/wef/f_conf/000000e2.htm ]
  • 40.
    University of PeshawarLibrary Founded in 1951 Librarian Mr. Riaz Ahmad Total Volumes 150,000 Urdu English Other languages Microfilms 39 Periodicals 200 Audio-Visual section Manuscripts 800 Other facilities Address: 1 Administration Block University of Peshawar, Peshawar-25120, Pakistan Tel: (+92-91)921-6483 Fax: (+92-91)921-4670 Telex:
  • 41.
    From: “xxxxxx” <xxxxxx@hotmail.com> To:library@amnh.org Subject: RESEARCH PAPERS REQUIRED Date: Sun, 25 May 2003 09:54:37 +0500 Dear sir, I am a student of MSC. Veterinary Parasitology ... I need your help because of that these research papers are not available & I could not purchase these research papers which are mentioned in below list with related to some research topics which are below as (1) Epidemiological evaluation of cattle lice/buffalo lice(or) Epidemiological studiessurey cattle lice buffalo lice . (2) Prevalence of cattle lice on calves (or) Prevalence of sucking & chewing lice on cattle (3) incidence (or) Prevalence of sucking & chewing lice on cattleI will be thankfull to your if you will send to me these research papers on my postal address (or) because of that I can not purchase them. (4) Taxonomical study of different species of cattle lice. Please send to me these research papers as early as possible . Postal address :Dr . xxxxxx House#xx,Street#xx Email address: xxxxx@ hotmail.com
  • 42.
    RESEARCH PAPERS REQUIRED 1:Colwell DD, Clymer B, Booker CW, Guichon PT, Jim GK, Schunicht OC, Wildman BK. Prevalence of sucking and chewing lice on cattle entering feedlots in southern Alberta.Can Vet J. 2001 Apr;42(4):281- 2: Chalmers K, Charleston WA. “Cattle lice in New Zealand: observations on the prevalence, distribution and seasonal patterns of infestation.” N Z Vet J. 1980 Oct;28(10):198- 200. 3: Chalmers K, Charleston WA.”Cattle lice in New Zealand: observations on the prevalence, distribution and seasonal patterns of infestation”. N Z Vet J. 1980 Oct;28(10):198- 200. [SNIP]
  • 43.
    College of AfricanWildlife Management P.O. Box 3031 Moshi Tanzania Fax 255 55 51113 Tel 0811 520360 http://www.mweka-wildlife.ac.tz/ . COLLEGE OF AFRICAN WILDLIFE MANAGEMENT, MWEKA
  • 44.
    The Ecology of theConservation Commons?
  • 45.
    August 30, 2002BiodiversityBiodiversityCommonsCommons // WSSD Market Law Norms Architecture (Technology) Data Information Knowledge “Modalities of Constraint” on Open Access to Data, Information, Knowledge Adapted from: Lessig, L. Code and other laws of cyberspace. NY, Basic Books, 1999.
  • 46.
    OECD Follow UpGroup on Issues of Access to Publicly Funded Research Data. Promoting Access to Public Research Data for Scientific,Economic, and Social Development: Final Report March 2003
  • 47.
  • 48.
  • 49.
  • 50.
    Year Number ofTitles Average Price Percentage Increase Index 1984 94 78.35 — 100.0 1985 94 90.75 15.8 115.8 1986 94 102.83 13.3 131.2 1987 94 112.91 9.8 144.1 1988 94 127.33 12.8 162.5 1989 94 142.14 11.6 181.4 1990 94 153.78 8.2 196.3 1991 94 172.56 12.2 220.2 1992 94 197.89 14.7 252.6 1993 94 219.58 11.0 280.3 1994 94 243.38 10.8 310.6 1995 94 266.72 9.6 340.4 1996 94 299.84 12.4 382.7 1997 94 338.31 12.8 431.8 1998 94 385.40 13.9 491.9 1999 94 433.79 12.6 553.7 2000 94 470.43 8.4 600.4 2001 94 510.53 8.5 651.6 2002 94 543.96 6.5 694.3 U.S. Periodical Prices—2002 TABLE VII: Zoology (1 title dropped; 1 title added) (52% of the titles increased in price) http://www.ala.org/Content/NavigationMenu/Products_and_Publications/Periodicals/American_Libraries/Selected_articles/7zoology.htm
  • 51.
    Julian Birkinshaw andTony Sheehan, “Managing the Knowledge Life Cycle,” MIT Sloan Management Review, 44 (2) Fall, 2002: 77. ??? Is conservation knowledge a “commodity” ???
  • 52.
  • 53.
    Dr. Donat Agosti,SSC Social Insects Specialist Group Figure 1. Access to ant systematics information. Each icon represents one of the 424 new ant species described in the year 2003. The species are alphabetically listed (data from http://atbi.biosci.ohio-state.edu:210/hymen optera/manage_lit.new_taxa_by_year?tnuid=152&the_year=2003 or http//:antbase.org)
  • 54.
    Zoo Record Citationsby Publisher Type (1978-2002) Association 58% University 6% Commercial 17% Other 0% NH Institutions/ Non-profit 9% Government 10% Association University Commercial Government NH Institutions/Non- profit Other Analysis by BIOSIS and AMNH (currently unpublished) Ownership of publications?
  • 55.
  • 56.
    Provision of free,universal access to conservation knowledge, information and data is a practical imperative for the international conservation community – this goal should be accomplished: by promotion of the Public Domain and by development of a sustainable Biodiversity Knowledge Commons adapting emergent legal and technical mechanisms to provide a free, secure and persistent environment for access to and use of conservation knowledge, information and data.
  • 57.
    November 11, 2002BiodiversityBiodiversityCommons /Commons / World Heritage A definition of the “Public Domain” “The public domain is a range of uses of information that any person is privileged to make absent individualized facts that make a particular use by a particular person unprivileged.” Yochai Benkler, “Free as the air to common use: First Amendment constraints on enclosure of the Pulic Domain,” NYU Law Review Vol. 74 (May, 1999):362.
  • 58.
    A sketch ofthe public domain and adjacent terrain…
  • 59.
    What is a“Commons” ??? • A commons is a limited and conditional zone of fair use (defined both legally and technically) • A commons permits sustainable use of a resource without jeopardizing original ownership rights • Supports control of patrimonial / property rights required by owners as required by owners (for example: indigenous peoples, national governments); protects against unauthorized commercial use • BUT also does permit authorized commercial uses (i.e. is compatible with market mechanisms ) • protects organizational/individual “moral rights” (i.e. rights of authors)
  • 60.
    Digital Commons? Digital resourcesas “public goods” are: • non-rivalrous (near-zero cost for additional increments of use) • non-excludable (i.e.of potentially universal benefit) • universally accessible (potentially) (But economic inequities and newly emergent legal/technical barriers may deny these benefits) Reichman, Jerome H. and Paul F. Uhlir, Promoting Public Good Uses of Scientific Data: A Contractually Reconstructed Commons for Science and Innovation. http://www.law.duke.edu/pd/papers/ReichmanandUhlir.pdf
  • 62.
    THE ROLE OFSCIENTIFIC AND TECHNICAL DATA AND INFORMATION IN THE PUBLIC DOMAIN PROCEEDINGS OF A SYMPOSIUM Julie M. Esanu and Paul F. Uhlir, Editors Steering Committee on the Role of Scientific and Technical Data and Information in the Public Domain Office of International Scientific and Technical Information Programs Board on International Scientific Organizations Policy and Global Affairs Division, National Research Council of the National Academies, p. 5 The Commons The Public Domain
  • 63.
  • 64.
    Biodiversity Informatics Infrastructure:BiodiversityInformatics Infrastructure: An Information Commons for the Biodiversity CommunityAn Information Commons for the Biodiversity Community Gladys A. Cotter and Barbara T. Bauldock U.S. Geological Survey U.S. Geological Survey 300 National Center 300 National Center Reston, VA 20192 Reston, VA 20192 USA USA gladys_cotter@usgs.gov barbara_bauldock@usgs.gov Abstract This paper provides an overview of efforts to create an informatics infrastructure for the biodiversity community. A vast amount of biodiversity information exists, but no comprehensive infrastructure is in place to provide easy assess and effective use of this information. The advent of modern information technologies provides a foundation for a remedy. Biodiversity informatics infrastructures are being called for at national, regional, and global levels, and plans are in place to coordinate these efforts to ensure interoperability. The paper reviews some essential requirements and some challenges related to building this infrastructure. Proceedings of the 26th International Conference on Very Large Databases, Cairo, Egypt, Sept. 10-14, 2000
  • 65.
    Biodiversity Conservation Information System •BirdLife International • Botanic Gardens Conservation International • Conservation International • International Species Information System • IUCN Commission on Ecosystem Management • IUCN Environmental Law Programme • IUCN Species Survival Commission • IUCN World Commission on Protected Areas • The Nature Conservancy • TRAFFIC International • Wetlands International • World Conservation Monitoring Centre Members BCIS Information Overview BCIS Center MembersMembers
  • 66.
    D-Lib Magazine June 2002 Volume8 Number 6 ISSN 1082-9873 Building the Biodiversity Commons (This Opinion piece presents the opinions of the author. It does not necessarily reflect the views of D-Lib Magazine, its publisher, the Corporation for National Research Initiatives, or its sponsor.) Provision of free, universal access to biodiversity information is a practical imperative for the international conservation community — this goal should be accomplished by promotion of the Public Domain and by development of a sustainable Biodiversity Information Commons adapting emergent legal and technical mechanisms to provide a free, secure and persistent environment for access to and use of biodiversity information and data. http://www.dlib.org/dlib/june02/moritz/06moritz.html Thomas Moritz American Museum of Natural History tmoritz@amnh.org
  • 68.
    “Common Knowledge” Creating theBiodiversity Knowledge Commons Business plan and implementation strategy A proposal developed with contributions from American Museum of Natural History Biodiversity Conservation Information System BirdLife International Conservation International Global Biodiversity Information Facility Inter American Biodiversity Information Network IUCN Environmental Law Commission IUCN Species Survival Commission IUCN The World Conservation Union IUCN World Commission on Protected Areas NatureServe North American Biodiversity Information Network Rio Tinto Society for Conservation Biology The Nature Conservancy TRAFFIC International UNEP- World Conservation Monitoring Centre Wildlife Conservation Society
  • 69.
    Current Contributors tothe CommonsCommons Design American Museum of Natural History (AMNH) Biodiversity Conservation Information System (BCIS) BirdLife International (BI) Conservation International (CI) Global Biodiversity Information Facility (GBIF) Inter-American Biodiversity Information Network (IABIN) IUCN Environmental Law Commission (ELC) IUCN Species Survival Commission (SSC) IUCN Information Management Group IMG) IUCN World Commission on Protected Areas (WCPA) NatureServe North American Biodiversity Information Network (NABIN) Rio Tinto Society for Conservation Biology The Nature Conservancy (TNC) TRAFFIC International UNEP- World Conservation Monitoring Centre (UNEP- WCMC) Wildlife Conservation Society (WCS)
  • 70.
    The Biodiversity Commons: Digital Futures/ IUCN World Summit on Sustainable Development Johannesburg , South Africa data information knowledgedata information knowledge
  • 74.
    PublisherPublisherManuscript An Open AccessModel Result: $$$ Author pays small amount of money or an institution pays on author’s behalf From BioMed Central Free Access on the Web
  • 75.
  • 76.
    Ecosystems, Protected Areasand PeopleEcosystems, Protected Areas and People (EPP)(EPP) && The Protected Areas Learning NetworkThe Protected Areas Learning Network (PALNet)(PALNet) url: http://www.parksnet.org
  • 77.
    World Database onProtected Areas 2003 The WDPA Consortium
  • 78.
    The American Museumof Natural History has published 240,000+ pages of scientific literature. We expect this entire corpus of literature to be digitized and available by mid-2004.
  • 81.
    You're probably familiarwith the phrase, "All rights reserved," and the little (c) that goes along with it. Creative Commons wants to help copyright holders send a different message: "Some rights reserved." For example, if you don't mind people copying and distributing your online image so long as they give you credit, we'll have a license that helps you say so. If you want people to copy your band's MP3 but don't want them to profit off it without your permission, use one of our licenses to express that preference. Our licensing tools will even help you mix and match such preferences from a menu of options: Attribution. Permit others to copy, distribute, display, and perform the work and derivative works based upon it only if they give you credit. Noncommercial. Permit others to copy, distribute, display, and perform the work and derivative works based upon it only for noncommercial purposes. No Derivative Works. Permit others to copy, distribute, display and perform only verbatim copies of the work, not derivative works based upon it. Copyleft. Permit others to distribute derivative works only under a license identical to the license that governs your work. Creative commons: Licensing Options http://www.creativecommons.org/
  • 82.
    Technology / Architecture: Synthesis?Integration? Interoperability?
  • 83.
    “Synthesis”? / “Integration”? ““Synthesis”Synthesis”: The analytical, logical effort to compile complete, integral information sets by well-defined, rigorous inference. ““Integration”Integration” : The design and implementation of technology for the digital capture, and coherent linking of data, information and/or knowledge
  • 84.
    “a full spectrumof views on interoperability…” • the use of common tools and interfaces that provide a superficial uniformity for navigation and access but rely almost entirely on human intelligence to provide any coherence of content • primarily syntactic interoperability (the interchange of metadata and the use of digital object transmission protocols and formats based on this metadata rather than simply common navigation, query, and viewing interfaces) as a means of providing limited coherence of content, supplemented by human interpretation. • deep semantic interoperability Interoperability, Scaling, and the Digital Libraries Research Agenda: A Report on the May 18- 19, 1995 IITA Digital Libraries Workshop August 22, 1995 Clifford Lynch ( clifford.lynch@ucop.edu)
  • 85.
    Toward a possible“ontology” of conservation information? “Ontology”? : “A formal explicit specification of a shared conceptualization” (T.A. Gruber. A translation approach to portable ontologies, Knowledge 7.)
  • 87.
    “Darwin Core” –Access Points 1. ScientificName 2. Kingdom 3. Phylum 4. Class 5. Order 6. Family 7. Genus 8. Species 9. Subspecies 10. InstitutionCode 11. CollectionCode 12. CatalogNumber 13. Collector 14. Year 15. Month 16. Day 17. Country 18. State/Province 19. County 20. Locality 21. Longitude 22. Latitude 23. BoundingBox 24. Julian Day Dave Vieglais Species Analyst 4/20/2000 http://habanero.nhm.ukans.edu/presentations/Gainesville_May2000_files/v3_document.htm Name Person Date Place Address DiGIR and the Darwin Core
  • 88.
    Knowledge Flows: “Leaking”? or“Conscious Sharing”? • Subcontracting • Joint ventures • Cross licensing • Portfolio Sharing • Collaborative Research Grants • Universities (as vectors) • PUBLIC DOMAINPUBLIC DOMAIN // COMMONSCOMMONS • OPEN SOURCEOPEN SOURCE
  • 89.
    SO, What isto be done? Conservation organizations are asked: to subscribe to Global Commons Principles. Specifically: – To commit to individual / organizational knowledge assets (analog and digital) to free, secure and persistently available use for non-commercial (research, education, applied conservation ) uses (provided guarantees of organizational and individual “moral rights”). – To make implementation of the Commons an organizational priority and commit significant institutional resources to Commons development. – To display the Commons logo as a part of organizational displays (digital or analog).
  • 91.
  • 97.
    "...organic processes havean historical contingency that prevents universal explanation." Richard Lewontin in The Triple Helix

Editor's Notes

  • #39 Development of communication parallels GDP/capita Cellular phones has caught on more quickly than use of the Internet - cheaper initial costs - “Latin culture” is more oriented to spoken rather than written communication
  • #75 So this is what it would look like in an Open Access publishing model. The costs are met up-front, with as consequence that research articles are subsequently freely and fully available to anyone who needs them.