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ITIKI's Water Safety Plan

Itiki's Water Safety Plan aims to ensure the safety and acceptability of its drinking-water supply by following WHO guidelines and conducting a comprehensive risk assessment. The plan defines key steps for developing a water safety strategy, identifies potential hazards and risks, and outlines control measures to manage those risks. Ongoing review and testing are emphasized, along with the necessity for improved monitoring and maintenance to address various risks associated with water supply and treatment systems.

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Water on Water ITIKI’s Water Safety Plan All you need to H2(kn)O(w) Author: Lynda Shelley Co-Author: Dr Annette Davison Date: 9 Feb 2020
ITIKI’s water safety plan (WSP) The aim of a water safety plan (WSP) is to consistently ensure the safety and acceptability of a drinking-water supply. We have been inspired by WHO(1) guidelines in analysing our water system and preparing our WSP. “The most effective means of consistently ensuring the safety of a drinking-water supply is through the use of a comprehensive risk assessment and risk management approach that encompasses all steps in water supply from catchment to consumer.”
Key steps to developing a water safety plan Assemble a team Describe the process Identify the hazards & assess the risks Define control measures Implement the plan & evaluate its effectiveness Ongoing review and revision of the plan
Our WSP Team Our able team came together on-site for 5 days in September 2019, in Gocek Bay in Turkey. While it’s important to ensure your team is suitably qualified and experienced, these days you have to take what you can get… 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Annette Lynda Keith Steve Team Qualifications Degrees Diplomas Other
Annette Chief Risk Assessor Lynda Chief Risk Manager & Author Keith Chief Desal Operator Steve Chief observer ITIKI’s Water Safety Team “Trust me, I’m a Dr” “I can’t taste the gin” “You guys are mad!” “Let’s just go sailing”
Making water is a simple process, right? 1. It rains 2. I don’t have any information about this bit
Description of ITIKI’s water supply system A full description of the water supply and storage system can be found here and is illustrated in the flow chart following. Fortunately ITIKI’s system is fairly simple. There are 3 main streams of supply to consider…… 1. Town or Dock water – essentially the town supply, via the marina infrastructure, wherever we happen to be 2. Desalinated water – as generated and stored on board from the seawater we are floating in 3. Seawater – as used directly on the boat for hosing certain areas
Marine Catch- ment Sea- water Title: Conceptual flow diagram: ITIKI Water Supply System Version: 1.0 Created: 23/09/2019 Modified: 24/1/2020 Controller: Lynda Shelley Pump Tank 1 (350 L) High Pressure Pump Reverse Osmosis (x 2 mem- branes, in series) Kitchen Potable Tap Bathroom Sink / Shower Outdoor Shower Brinestream Product water Washing Machine 5 (or 1) micron Filter Toilet Flushing Hose Down Pre- filter 5 micron Lift Pump Town Water Pre- filter 5 micron Filter Garden Hose Connec tion Optional Tank 2 (350 L) Line Rainman®DesalSystem DockWaterSystem Handover Point Handover Point (conditions depend on agreement with marina) Marina Infra- structure Kitchen Rinse Tap Mesh Strainer Hot water (45 L) Key Triangle – storage Circle – operation Arrow – transport Blue line – when required / available Itiki Other
Identify and describe the hazards Our aim is to describe what could go wrong at each point in the overall process train, in terms of hazards and hazardous events. • Hazards could be physical, biological, chemical or radiological agents that can cause harm. • Hazardous events are those events that introduce a hazard or fail to remove a hazard from the water supply. We have restricted our focus to the desal and dock-water systems, because these systems impact on drinking water.
Seawater Our source water is everything…… Town/ Dock supply Germs (e.g. Bacteria, cysts, viruses, helminths) Salinity Carbonates (e.g. lime scale) Nasty tasting/smelling chemicals (toxic and non-toxic) Hydrocarbons (e.g. diesel, petrol, oil, microplastics) Particles (e.g. sand, dust, organic matter) High chlorine Colour compounds The “garbage in, garbage out” principle applies here - our systems for cleaning water have their limitations. At left is a list of key hazards that we may be worried about. We note that: • Some hazards are common to all of our water sources but some are specific (like high chlorine levels from the town supply). • Even with the common hazards, there will be different concentrations in the different sources, which will vary by location • Other chemicals may be introduced from the fixtures and fittings that were used in constructing the water supply components of the boat. • Although official water quality guidelines tell us to consider radiological hazards, there’s not much we can do about these (except avoid cruising around Moruroa and Fangataufa any time soon…) Boron(2a)
DesalSupplyTown/DockSupply End PointStorageTreatmentCollectionSource Public town water supply below EU standards ….who knows? What could possibly go wrong…?? Things that have happened to us or others! Contamination with marina water (the yucky stuff we are floating in) via the marina’s or ITIKI’s infrastructure (ie our garden hose) Filters failing due to cracked housing, blockage, faulty parts/installation, too low/high pressure etc, letting un-filtered town water through Town supply accidentally used by one of us for drinking (eeew!). Final inline filter failure (cracked housing, blockage, faulty parts etc) letting nasties through. Contamination with (dodgy) town water (eg limescale, particularly hot water tank). Leaching tank materials into stored water. Corrosion caused by desal water. “Things” getting into the tanks after water production Failure of our RO membranes allowing contaminants through. • Eg membrane damage (chemical or mechanical) • Inadequate operation & maintenance (eg backflush, pickling) Intake fouled with weed or rubbish Seawater containing contaminants could damage our membranes (eg oil, detergents, sunscreen, microplastics) Health effects of drinking desal. water (See Appendix #1)
What is the Risk? How do we manage the Risk How do we know if the risk is being managed? Managing risk is an ongoing cycle What is the hazard? When, where or how could it occur? Which part of the process? How important is the risk to us? What is its likelihood of occurring, What is its impact if it does occur (risk rating)? What can we do to prevent it (mitigation or control)? What can we do to fix things if it does happen (contingency)? What is the risk rating after mitigation? How can we detect if the problem could or has occurred? How do we ensure standards are maintained? What improvements are required?
Desal Risk #1 - Dirty source sea-water Likelihood: Mitigations (controls) Restrict water-making to low risk locations & conditions • >3nm from the coast & populated areas • >25m depth; <18kts TWS, <1m swell • Clear of fish farms • Clear of busy shipping lanes, and other vessels • Outside tideline, geographically open area • Clear of visible debris, oil on the surface, turbidity etc Contingency • Troubleshoot (per manufacturer’s guidance): • Stop desal process & backflush; check and clear intakes and filters; restart process. • Failure of the RO membranes is catastrophic for the water-maker and they will need to be replaced • Test tank water (taste/TDS meter/ Lishtot) to determine the extent of contamination. It may still be useable for non-drinking purposes. Otherwise it needs to be completely replaced • Switch to ”emergency” drinking water supply until clean supply can be re-established. Detection: Product water is taste-tested(2b) >30 s after commencing the process by our Chief Desal Operator and must pass the “taste test” before being cleared to go in the tank. A TDS meter, or Lishtot(3) could also be used to test product water at this stage. Product water may be re-tested during and/or at the end of the desalination process. Description: Source seawater containing contaminants (eg oil, detergents, sunscreen, chlorine) could damage our membranes leading to failure of our Rainman® desal unit and allowing contaminants & salinity through to tank water. Almost Certain Impact: Major Risk rating (post mitigation): Low Risk rating (before mitigation): High Risk Treatment: Additional pre-filters for desalination could be installed to remove contaminants from sea water. Deploy TDS meter to check product water quality. No further major improvements identified. Risk acceptable with current controls.
Desal Risk #2 – Inadequate maintenance Likelihood: Mitigations (controls): • Manufacturer recommends backflush within 3 days of last usage. Backflush water must be pure desal product and not taken from the tank (which retains some risk of contamination with chlorine). Our backflush water is always made fresh prior to starting to fill the tank. It is placed in a 20L closed gerry can so it is available in case watermaking needs to be interrupted unexpectedly. • Pickling is currently only done once per year. It is important to refer back to the user manual, and carefully follow the instructions rather than relying on memory. Contingency • RO membranes are normally expected to last for around 10 years. Failure of the RO membranes is catastrophic for the water-maker and they will need to be replaced. • Test tank water (taste/TDS meter/ Lishtot) to determine the extent of contamination. It may still be useable for non- drinking purposes. Otherwise it needs to be completely replaced • Switch to ”emergency” drinking water supply until safe supply can be re-established. Detection: Product water is tested >30s after commencing the process by our Chief Desal Operator. Water must pass the “taste test” before being cleared to go in the tank. A TDS meter, or Lishtot could also be used to test product water at this stage. Product water is also re-tested during or at the end of the desal. process. Description: Inadequate maintenance (eg delayed or insufficient backflush, incorrect pickling for winterisation) could damage Rainman® RO membranes leading to reduction of water quality and reduced lifespan of the unit. Possible Impact: High Risk rating (post mitigation): Low Risk rating (before mitigation): Moderate Risk Treatment: No further major improvements identified. Risk acceptable with current controls.
Desal Risk #3 – Storage tank contamination Likelihood: Mitigations (controls): • Ensure that the relay tap to allow dock water to enter the storage tanks always remains shut off and deck filling hole thingy is tightly closed. • Check specs on tank materials to determine if they are subject to leaching or corrosion. Replace any that are not. Metallic fittings in particular are to be avoided. • Regular visual inspection of tank to ensure no damage, holes or breaches where ”things” could get in • Winterisation: Tank is left full with desal to minimize airspace and hence bacterial contamination. Contingency: • Test tank water (visual inspection/taste/TDS meter/Lishtot) to determine the extent of contamination. It may still be useable for non-drinking purposes. Otherwise it needs to be completely replaced • Deploy 1 or 5 micron filter on tank water if contamination is limited • Check, clean or change the filters • Switch to ”emergency” drinking water supply until safe supply can be re-established Detection: Evidence of limescale in the kettle. Change in taste or colour of water. Testing with TDS or Listot. Blockage of 1 micron in-line filter (under sink). Description: Contamination with (dodgy) town water (eg limescale, particularly hot water tank). Leaching of tank materials into stored water. Corrosion caused by desal water(2c). “Things” getting into tanks after water production (see Appendix #2) Possible Impact: Low-Moderate Risk rating (post mitigation): Low Risk rating (before mitigation): Low Risk Treatment: Maintain emergency drinking water. No further major improvements identified. Risk acceptable with current controls.
Dockwater Risk #1 – Contamination or low quality of incoming supply Likelihood: Mitigations (controls) • Inspection of supply pipes (where possible) to determine whether they pass through the marina water, to determine potential for contamination • Ensure ITIKI’s hose does not touch the marine water when passing between the dock and the boat; Use a separate, dedicated hose for connecting the dock water supply to the boat intake • Regular inspection and annual replacement of dock-water filters • Deploy the 1 micron inline (kitchen) filter when using dock-water • Ensure dock-water is never directed to the water tanks Contingency • Refrain from using dock-water for drinking • Depending onTDS readings and “sniff” test results, decide whether town supply can be used for other purposes (showering, washing etc) • Use the “emergency” drinking supply or bottled water for drinking for the duration of the stay at the marina Detection: Check dock-water at source withTDS meter. Check water post filtration withTDS, Lishtot® & “sniff test”. Description: a. Contamination with marina water (the yucky stuff we are floating in) via the dock’s or ITIKI’s infrastructure (ie our garden hose). b. Public town water supply below EU standards. Possible Impact: Moderate Risk rating (post mitigation): Low Risk rating (before mitigation): Moderate Risk Treatment: Consider adding UV treatment to drinking water. Addition of a Y-valve to allow ease of switching flow though to the 1 micron filter. No further major improvements identified. Risk acceptable with current controls.
Dockwater Risk #2 – In-line filter failure Likelihood: Mitigations (controls) • Careful regulation of incoming pressure. Check dockwater pressure before connecting and use dock tap to regulate input, whilst checking pressure at kitchen tap. • Adjust ITIKI’s pressure control valve as needed and check pressure at kitchen tap. • Regular inspection of engine bay for water (fresh or salt) and regular inspection of filter housings. • Regular inspection of filters for colour and potential blockage. Clean and/or replace as needed. Contingency • Switch off dockwater and resume use of tank water. • Manually bypass 1micron filter (under sink) if that housing is cracked. • Replace housing(s) and/or filters as required Detection: Fresh water in port engine bay where primary inline filters are located. Water in cupboard under sink if 1micron housing has failed. Loss of pressure in the system. Description: Filters failing due to cracked housing, blockage, faulty parts/installation, too low/high pressure etc, letting un-filtered town water through (see appendix #2) Probable Impact: Moderate Risk rating (post mitigation): Low Risk rating (before mitigation): Moderate Risk Treatment: Consider adding UV treatment to drinking water. Addition of a Y-valve to allow ease bypass of the 1 micron filter, if housing cracked. Carry spare filter housings. Risk acceptable with current controls.
Implementation of the Plan (1) – Improvements We’re Going to Make While this plan largely reflects what we are currently doing, there are a few changes that we plan to make for improvements and to further reduce risk. These changes will be ratified by the WSP team prior to implementation…hopefully via another on-site meeting!
Implementation of the WSP (2) – Improvements to park Pre-filters will not be implemented because: • They are not compatible with the specifications for the Rainman® system which advises not to place anything between the intake and the lift pump. • In our current cruising grounds, it is not difficult to avoid areas with potential for contamination. • They will not significantly reduce the risk rating over and above the practical measures already in place. UV disinfection is normally installed as the last stage of a water treatment system (at least in terms of its use on small vessels), but will not be implemented at this stage because: • UV treatment requires a power source and the units can generate considerable heat, which we see as a downside. The installation location is limited and there is potential for fire risk. • UV is effective in killing harmful bacteria, protozoans and cysts as well as disabling most harmful viruses. For me there remains the “ick factor” of their “remnants” remaining in the water. These creatures are just as effectively removed by the RO membranes and also by the 1 micron filter. • UV does not remove harmful chemicals such as PFOS which is removed by the 1 micron carbon block filter. Therefore we feel it is not a necessary addition to our current set up. There are a number of ideas that we considered but decided to park, as they don’t significantly change the risk profile, and may have knock-on effects elsewhere in the system. Desal Risk #1: Additional pre-filters for desalination could be installed to remove contaminants such as hydrocarbons or detergents from sea water, prior to desalination. Dockwater Risk #1 & 2: Consider addition of UV treatment (disinfection) to the water management system
Implementation of the WSP (3) – Extra monitoring to park Lishtot TDP® testing device Desal Risk #1 (& others): More extensive LishtotTDP®(3) testing of product water. While we have a Lishtot device, there are significant and frustrating limitations of this device, that in a practical setting such as ours, limit its value. The device tests the presence of a range of chemical and biological contaminants down to quite low concentrations, giving a blue or red signal by way of result. The manufacturer states: “It is important to note that water that does not meet our criteria, although registering with a red light on the TestDrop, is not necessarily undrinkable. In fact, many locations have different standards for water, and many will not meet Lishtot's standards particularly given the sensitivity of the TestDrop and its underlying technology.” In other words if you get a red light you don’t have any idea what contaminants are showing up. So whether the water is contaminated with milk or PFOS the test result is the same – a red light. In practical terms, the result does not allow us to make an informed decision about whether the water: • Is really drinkable, not-drinkable but useable for other purposes, or • Needs to be completely discarded (tank cleaned/decontaminated etc). In addition the device requires the use of a single use plastic cup for every test. These factors make it a deal breaker for us and we have chosen not to use the device extensively, and certainly not to rely on its “black box” approach alone to evaluate the safety of our water.
Ongoing review and revision of the plan As we will be more diligently maintaining a water system management log book, we plan to review the results in the middle and at the end of next season. A particular focus will be on whether the new modifications have added value and/or reduced risk to our water safety. Further adjustments to the water management system will be ratified by the WSP team before implementation.
Conclusions From silly idea over drinks on ITIKI in September 2019, this exercise tookon a life ofits own.It was great to challenge ourselves to think through our water systems in a structured way, applying a recognized risk management process and with reference to industryand WHOstandards. While our system is simple and may not be perfect it is certainlyfit for purpose as is,and the inherent risks are acceptable to us. There is of course always room for improvement. We will be implementinga few changes as a result of this critical analysis, and continuing to document and review our results. And of course we will always compare notes with other cruisers and pick new ideas and find out about new technologies.
References (1) Water safety plan manual (WSP manual), Step-by-step risk management for drinking-water suppliers; WHO 2009 https://www.who.int/water_sanitation_health/publications/publication_9789241562638/en/ (2) Safe Drinking-water from Desalination; WHO 2011; WHO/HSE/WSH/11.03 https://www.who.int/water_sanitation_health/publications/desalination_guidance/en/ (a) Although boron is an essential element for plant growth, it is herbicidal at higher levels, and some plants are sensitive at 0.5 mg/l. (b) The taste threshold is in the region of 200–250 mg/l, depending upon the associated anions (c) Desalinated water is initially more corrosive [to metals] than many other drinking-water sources. (3) Lishtot Test Drop Pro ® https://www.lishtot.com/Water-testing-kit.html https://www.lishtot.com/ListOfDetectableContaminants.pdf
Appendix 1 - Health effects of desalinated water Like us, many cruisers use their desalinated water as their exclusive drinking water, supplemented with the odd glass of beer or wine... From time to time concerned cruisers raise the question of the health effects of drinking desalinated water exclusively. These concerns largely relate to the lack of minerals in the water. Some cruisers will take mineral supplements or drink a rehydration formula to counter these concerns. Others recommend remineralization via limestone percolation, which also can reduce the corrosive effects of desalinated water. Millions of people around the world rely on desalinated water for their drinking supply. What does WHO(2) have to say about the nutritional aspects of drinking desal all the time? Annex 3 of the referenced report addresses the issue. Although formal studies on this issue are yet to be conducted, we feel that well nourished cruisers need not be too concerned about this. “In a number of cases, water is remineralized to reduce its corrosive potential during transmission and distribution. Under these circumstances, it is appropriate to consider whether the methods used, such as percolation through limestone, can also increase the concentrations of important nutritional minerals, particularly calcium and magnesium, in the drinking- water. While diet remains the principal source of nutrients and minerals, drinking-water may provide supplemental amounts that could be important for some people.” “Low fluoride intake is also a potential consideration with regard to loss of fluoride from bone and reduced incidence of dental caries.” “WHO states that there is clear evidence that long-term exposure to an optimal level of fluoride results in diminishing levels of caries in both child and adult populations and that fluoride is being widely used on a global scale, with much benefit (WHO, 2006). However, good dental care, use of fluoride toothpaste and low sugar consumption are also important dental health factors.”
Appendix #2 – Incident Report Date Noted: Observations • Noted slight brown tinge to tank water, despite having passed through 1 µ (under sink / inline) filter. No suspended particles visible to naked eye. • Pressure pump struggling to maintain pressure through the 1µ filter unit • Also noted hairline crack in the housing and water leaking into the under-sink area. • No noticeable difference in taste or smell for the water • TDS/Lishtot® meters unavailable for testing • Visual inspection of tanks - no obvious sign of ingress Actions • Removed 1 µ filter and replaced with 5 µ filter • Replaced filter housing Description: Possible tank water contamination May 2020 Severity: MildSeriousness Mild Root Cause: Extensive “dirty” rain carrying fine Saharan dust, in the month prior to the incident. Suspicion is that this has made its way into the tank somehow (via RO or somehow directly eg undetected dockwater contamination) Location: Northern Adriatic Outcome: • 5 µ filter takes on a distinctively orange tinge • Water returns to a normal clear colour
Appendix #3 – Author biographies On returning to Australia Lynda joined the contract research industry, initially managing Covance’s growing Asia Pacific Project Management team, expanding business within the region and enabling resultant team growth, from 4 to 12 regional project managers in the space of 12 months. In mid-2006 Lynda moved to Novotech Australia as Executive Director of Clinical Operations, ensuring departmental and project profitability, overseeing a steady growth in the company business and market share, and ensuring requisite team growth from just under 50 to well over 300 across Australia, South Africa and Asia Pacific. During her 12-year tenure Lynda was a member of the Executive Leadership Team contributing to steering Novotech through two private equity sales and subsequent ownership changes. Lynda was an active participant in the industry’s professional association (ARCS), a member of the ARCS CRO forum and regular speaker and panel member at industry conferences. Lynda is currently taking a break from the “9-5” of the corporate world to use her skills and experience in support of a range of small businesses, through independent consulting. She is also pursuing her passion for travel, photography, sailing and writing. Lynda Shelley holds a Bachelor of Science (Biochemistry/Microbiology; UTas) and Masters of Public Health (Health Economics; USyd) and joined the pharmaceutical industry in 1991. She held positions of increasing seniority in the field of clinical research for companies such as the Wellcome Foundation and Ares Serono in Australia, before transferring to Serono International in Geneva in 1999. During her 5+ years’ tenure with Serono International, Lynda was a valued member of the Clinical Management Team and was responsible for project delivery in the key therapeutic areas of Reproductive Health and Immunology. She managed a team of Project Managers, based in both Europe and USA, providing career development and project oversight, including budget adherence. Addition responsibilities included leadership of process re-engineering projects, reshaping the clinical trial start up and regulatory processes. Lynda was also a member of the Medical Marketing Support Team providing advice and guidance on post marketing and research initiatives in line with market expansion plans.
Appendix #3 – Author biographies Dr Annette Davison is a sought-after risk and auditing expert, with over 30 years’ experience in the industry, having worked for a range of private and public companies/organisations and regulators. Annette has undertaken the Australian Institute of Company Directors ‘Applied Risk Governance’ course and routinely publishes in corporate governance and risk (see example publications below). Annette has developed the ERM and risk appetite/tolerance framework for the Australian Water Association and developed risk frameworks for various companies including facilitating risk processes for ASX-listed regenerative medicine company, Regeneus Ltd and the Independent Pricing and Regulatory Tribunal (IPART). She has worked on developing the WSAA Aquality system (for assessing compliance with the Framework for Management of Drinking Water Quality) and then later contracted to lead development of Requality, the National Water Commission/WSAA system for assessing compliance with the Framework for Management of Recycled Water Quality and Use. Annette has conducted many audits for all components of the water cycle including operational licence audits for the NSW Independent Pricing and Regulatory Tribunal for Sydney Water, Sydney Catchment Authority, Hunter Water and State Water, has Section 53V audit experience under the Environment Protection Act 1970 (Vic) and Water Supply (Safety and Reliability) Act 2008 (QLD) and is experienced in auditing statutory water management systems in both the Queensland and Victorian jurisdictions. Most recently (2017), Annette was a member of the panel (with Ms Megan Dyson, water lawyer), handpicked by the Chief Minister’s office, to review 57 water extraction licences in the Northern Territory. As a qualified trainer and assessor (Certificate IV qualified), Annette teaches and has developed teaching materials for the then Unit NWP279 Understanding the risk management principles of the Australian Drinking Water Guidelines. Annette was interviewed as a NSW Legend of Water in 2011 and from 2015-2017, served on the Board of the Australian Water Association (her second term) and sat on the Governance and Audit Committee and Professional Development Committee of that Board. Annette also chaired the Animal Ethics Committee for Regeneus Ltd (an ASX-listed regenerative medicine company). Annette has lead- and co-authored many catchment assessment and water supply management publications domestically and internationally including for the World Health Organisation, WSAA and for the Water Industry Operators’ Association. Her expertise in catchment management, water supply risks, ERM and water product system auditing is highly sought after.

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ITIKI's Water Safety Plan

  • 1.
    Water on Water ITIKI’sWater Safety Plan All you need to H2(kn)O(w) Author: Lynda Shelley Co-Author: Dr Annette Davison Date: 9 Feb 2020
  • 2.
    ITIKI’s water safetyplan (WSP) The aim of a water safety plan (WSP) is to consistently ensure the safety and acceptability of a drinking-water supply. We have been inspired by WHO(1) guidelines in analysing our water system and preparing our WSP. “The most effective means of consistently ensuring the safety of a drinking-water supply is through the use of a comprehensive risk assessment and risk management approach that encompasses all steps in water supply from catchment to consumer.”
  • 3.
    Key steps todeveloping a water safety plan Assemble a team Describe the process Identify the hazards & assess the risks Define control measures Implement the plan & evaluate its effectiveness Ongoing review and revision of the plan
  • 4.
    Our WSP Team Ourable team came together on-site for 5 days in September 2019, in Gocek Bay in Turkey. While it’s important to ensure your team is suitably qualified and experienced, these days you have to take what you can get… 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Annette Lynda Keith Steve Team Qualifications Degrees Diplomas Other
  • 5.
    Annette Chief Risk Assessor Lynda Chief Risk Manager& Author Keith Chief Desal Operator Steve Chief observer ITIKI’s Water Safety Team “Trust me, I’m a Dr” “I can’t taste the gin” “You guys are mad!” “Let’s just go sailing”
  • 6.
    Making water isa simple process, right? 1. It rains 2. I don’t have any information about this bit
  • 7.
    Description of ITIKI’swater supply system A full description of the water supply and storage system can be found here and is illustrated in the flow chart following. Fortunately ITIKI’s system is fairly simple. There are 3 main streams of supply to consider…… 1. Town or Dock water – essentially the town supply, via the marina infrastructure, wherever we happen to be 2. Desalinated water – as generated and stored on board from the seawater we are floating in 3. Seawater – as used directly on the boat for hosing certain areas
  • 8.
    Marine Catch- ment Sea- water Title: Conceptual flow diagram:ITIKI Water Supply System Version: 1.0 Created: 23/09/2019 Modified: 24/1/2020 Controller: Lynda Shelley Pump Tank 1 (350 L) High Pressure Pump Reverse Osmosis (x 2 mem- branes, in series) Kitchen Potable Tap Bathroom Sink / Shower Outdoor Shower Brinestream Product water Washing Machine 5 (or 1) micron Filter Toilet Flushing Hose Down Pre- filter 5 micron Lift Pump Town Water Pre- filter 5 micron Filter Garden Hose Connec tion Optional Tank 2 (350 L) Line Rainman®DesalSystem DockWaterSystem Handover Point Handover Point (conditions depend on agreement with marina) Marina Infra- structure Kitchen Rinse Tap Mesh Strainer Hot water (45 L) Key Triangle – storage Circle – operation Arrow – transport Blue line – when required / available Itiki Other
  • 9.
    Identify and describethe hazards Our aim is to describe what could go wrong at each point in the overall process train, in terms of hazards and hazardous events. • Hazards could be physical, biological, chemical or radiological agents that can cause harm. • Hazardous events are those events that introduce a hazard or fail to remove a hazard from the water supply. We have restricted our focus to the desal and dock-water systems, because these systems impact on drinking water.
  • 10.
    Seawater Our source wateris everything…… Town/ Dock supply Germs (e.g. Bacteria, cysts, viruses, helminths) Salinity Carbonates (e.g. lime scale) Nasty tasting/smelling chemicals (toxic and non-toxic) Hydrocarbons (e.g. diesel, petrol, oil, microplastics) Particles (e.g. sand, dust, organic matter) High chlorine Colour compounds The “garbage in, garbage out” principle applies here - our systems for cleaning water have their limitations. At left is a list of key hazards that we may be worried about. We note that: • Some hazards are common to all of our water sources but some are specific (like high chlorine levels from the town supply). • Even with the common hazards, there will be different concentrations in the different sources, which will vary by location • Other chemicals may be introduced from the fixtures and fittings that were used in constructing the water supply components of the boat. • Although official water quality guidelines tell us to consider radiological hazards, there’s not much we can do about these (except avoid cruising around Moruroa and Fangataufa any time soon…) Boron(2a)
  • 11.
    DesalSupplyTown/DockSupply End PointStorageTreatmentCollectionSource Public townwater supply below EU standards ….who knows? What could possibly go wrong…?? Things that have happened to us or others! Contamination with marina water (the yucky stuff we are floating in) via the marina’s or ITIKI’s infrastructure (ie our garden hose) Filters failing due to cracked housing, blockage, faulty parts/installation, too low/high pressure etc, letting un-filtered town water through Town supply accidentally used by one of us for drinking (eeew!). Final inline filter failure (cracked housing, blockage, faulty parts etc) letting nasties through. Contamination with (dodgy) town water (eg limescale, particularly hot water tank). Leaching tank materials into stored water. Corrosion caused by desal water. “Things” getting into the tanks after water production Failure of our RO membranes allowing contaminants through. • Eg membrane damage (chemical or mechanical) • Inadequate operation & maintenance (eg backflush, pickling) Intake fouled with weed or rubbish Seawater containing contaminants could damage our membranes (eg oil, detergents, sunscreen, microplastics) Health effects of drinking desal. water (See Appendix #1)
  • 12.
    What is theRisk? How do we manage the Risk How do we know if the risk is being managed? Managing risk is an ongoing cycle What is the hazard? When, where or how could it occur? Which part of the process? How important is the risk to us? What is its likelihood of occurring, What is its impact if it does occur (risk rating)? What can we do to prevent it (mitigation or control)? What can we do to fix things if it does happen (contingency)? What is the risk rating after mitigation? How can we detect if the problem could or has occurred? How do we ensure standards are maintained? What improvements are required?
  • 13.
    Desal Risk #1- Dirty source sea-water Likelihood: Mitigations (controls) Restrict water-making to low risk locations & conditions • >3nm from the coast & populated areas • >25m depth; <18kts TWS, <1m swell • Clear of fish farms • Clear of busy shipping lanes, and other vessels • Outside tideline, geographically open area • Clear of visible debris, oil on the surface, turbidity etc Contingency • Troubleshoot (per manufacturer’s guidance): • Stop desal process & backflush; check and clear intakes and filters; restart process. • Failure of the RO membranes is catastrophic for the water-maker and they will need to be replaced • Test tank water (taste/TDS meter/ Lishtot) to determine the extent of contamination. It may still be useable for non-drinking purposes. Otherwise it needs to be completely replaced • Switch to ”emergency” drinking water supply until clean supply can be re-established. Detection: Product water is taste-tested(2b) >30 s after commencing the process by our Chief Desal Operator and must pass the “taste test” before being cleared to go in the tank. A TDS meter, or Lishtot(3) could also be used to test product water at this stage. Product water may be re-tested during and/or at the end of the desalination process. Description: Source seawater containing contaminants (eg oil, detergents, sunscreen, chlorine) could damage our membranes leading to failure of our Rainman® desal unit and allowing contaminants & salinity through to tank water. Almost Certain Impact: Major Risk rating (post mitigation): Low Risk rating (before mitigation): High Risk Treatment: Additional pre-filters for desalination could be installed to remove contaminants from sea water. Deploy TDS meter to check product water quality. No further major improvements identified. Risk acceptable with current controls.
  • 14.
    Desal Risk #2– Inadequate maintenance Likelihood: Mitigations (controls): • Manufacturer recommends backflush within 3 days of last usage. Backflush water must be pure desal product and not taken from the tank (which retains some risk of contamination with chlorine). Our backflush water is always made fresh prior to starting to fill the tank. It is placed in a 20L closed gerry can so it is available in case watermaking needs to be interrupted unexpectedly. • Pickling is currently only done once per year. It is important to refer back to the user manual, and carefully follow the instructions rather than relying on memory. Contingency • RO membranes are normally expected to last for around 10 years. Failure of the RO membranes is catastrophic for the water-maker and they will need to be replaced. • Test tank water (taste/TDS meter/ Lishtot) to determine the extent of contamination. It may still be useable for non- drinking purposes. Otherwise it needs to be completely replaced • Switch to ”emergency” drinking water supply until safe supply can be re-established. Detection: Product water is tested >30s after commencing the process by our Chief Desal Operator. Water must pass the “taste test” before being cleared to go in the tank. A TDS meter, or Lishtot could also be used to test product water at this stage. Product water is also re-tested during or at the end of the desal. process. Description: Inadequate maintenance (eg delayed or insufficient backflush, incorrect pickling for winterisation) could damage Rainman® RO membranes leading to reduction of water quality and reduced lifespan of the unit. Possible Impact: High Risk rating (post mitigation): Low Risk rating (before mitigation): Moderate Risk Treatment: No further major improvements identified. Risk acceptable with current controls.
  • 15.
    Desal Risk #3– Storage tank contamination Likelihood: Mitigations (controls): • Ensure that the relay tap to allow dock water to enter the storage tanks always remains shut off and deck filling hole thingy is tightly closed. • Check specs on tank materials to determine if they are subject to leaching or corrosion. Replace any that are not. Metallic fittings in particular are to be avoided. • Regular visual inspection of tank to ensure no damage, holes or breaches where ”things” could get in • Winterisation: Tank is left full with desal to minimize airspace and hence bacterial contamination. Contingency: • Test tank water (visual inspection/taste/TDS meter/Lishtot) to determine the extent of contamination. It may still be useable for non-drinking purposes. Otherwise it needs to be completely replaced • Deploy 1 or 5 micron filter on tank water if contamination is limited • Check, clean or change the filters • Switch to ”emergency” drinking water supply until safe supply can be re-established Detection: Evidence of limescale in the kettle. Change in taste or colour of water. Testing with TDS or Listot. Blockage of 1 micron in-line filter (under sink). Description: Contamination with (dodgy) town water (eg limescale, particularly hot water tank). Leaching of tank materials into stored water. Corrosion caused by desal water(2c). “Things” getting into tanks after water production (see Appendix #2) Possible Impact: Low-Moderate Risk rating (post mitigation): Low Risk rating (before mitigation): Low Risk Treatment: Maintain emergency drinking water. No further major improvements identified. Risk acceptable with current controls.
  • 16.
    Dockwater Risk #1– Contamination or low quality of incoming supply Likelihood: Mitigations (controls) • Inspection of supply pipes (where possible) to determine whether they pass through the marina water, to determine potential for contamination • Ensure ITIKI’s hose does not touch the marine water when passing between the dock and the boat; Use a separate, dedicated hose for connecting the dock water supply to the boat intake • Regular inspection and annual replacement of dock-water filters • Deploy the 1 micron inline (kitchen) filter when using dock-water • Ensure dock-water is never directed to the water tanks Contingency • Refrain from using dock-water for drinking • Depending onTDS readings and “sniff” test results, decide whether town supply can be used for other purposes (showering, washing etc) • Use the “emergency” drinking supply or bottled water for drinking for the duration of the stay at the marina Detection: Check dock-water at source withTDS meter. Check water post filtration withTDS, Lishtot® & “sniff test”. Description: a. Contamination with marina water (the yucky stuff we are floating in) via the dock’s or ITIKI’s infrastructure (ie our garden hose). b. Public town water supply below EU standards. Possible Impact: Moderate Risk rating (post mitigation): Low Risk rating (before mitigation): Moderate Risk Treatment: Consider adding UV treatment to drinking water. Addition of a Y-valve to allow ease of switching flow though to the 1 micron filter. No further major improvements identified. Risk acceptable with current controls.
  • 17.
    Dockwater Risk #2– In-line filter failure Likelihood: Mitigations (controls) • Careful regulation of incoming pressure. Check dockwater pressure before connecting and use dock tap to regulate input, whilst checking pressure at kitchen tap. • Adjust ITIKI’s pressure control valve as needed and check pressure at kitchen tap. • Regular inspection of engine bay for water (fresh or salt) and regular inspection of filter housings. • Regular inspection of filters for colour and potential blockage. Clean and/or replace as needed. Contingency • Switch off dockwater and resume use of tank water. • Manually bypass 1micron filter (under sink) if that housing is cracked. • Replace housing(s) and/or filters as required Detection: Fresh water in port engine bay where primary inline filters are located. Water in cupboard under sink if 1micron housing has failed. Loss of pressure in the system. Description: Filters failing due to cracked housing, blockage, faulty parts/installation, too low/high pressure etc, letting un-filtered town water through (see appendix #2) Probable Impact: Moderate Risk rating (post mitigation): Low Risk rating (before mitigation): Moderate Risk Treatment: Consider adding UV treatment to drinking water. Addition of a Y-valve to allow ease bypass of the 1 micron filter, if housing cracked. Carry spare filter housings. Risk acceptable with current controls.
  • 18.
    Implementation of thePlan (1) – Improvements We’re Going to Make While this plan largely reflects what we are currently doing, there are a few changes that we plan to make for improvements and to further reduce risk. These changes will be ratified by the WSP team prior to implementation…hopefully via another on-site meeting!
  • 19.
    Implementation of theWSP (2) – Improvements to park Pre-filters will not be implemented because: • They are not compatible with the specifications for the Rainman® system which advises not to place anything between the intake and the lift pump. • In our current cruising grounds, it is not difficult to avoid areas with potential for contamination. • They will not significantly reduce the risk rating over and above the practical measures already in place. UV disinfection is normally installed as the last stage of a water treatment system (at least in terms of its use on small vessels), but will not be implemented at this stage because: • UV treatment requires a power source and the units can generate considerable heat, which we see as a downside. The installation location is limited and there is potential for fire risk. • UV is effective in killing harmful bacteria, protozoans and cysts as well as disabling most harmful viruses. For me there remains the “ick factor” of their “remnants” remaining in the water. These creatures are just as effectively removed by the RO membranes and also by the 1 micron filter. • UV does not remove harmful chemicals such as PFOS which is removed by the 1 micron carbon block filter. Therefore we feel it is not a necessary addition to our current set up. There are a number of ideas that we considered but decided to park, as they don’t significantly change the risk profile, and may have knock-on effects elsewhere in the system. Desal Risk #1: Additional pre-filters for desalination could be installed to remove contaminants such as hydrocarbons or detergents from sea water, prior to desalination. Dockwater Risk #1 & 2: Consider addition of UV treatment (disinfection) to the water management system
  • 20.
    Implementation of theWSP (3) – Extra monitoring to park Lishtot TDP® testing device Desal Risk #1 (& others): More extensive LishtotTDP®(3) testing of product water. While we have a Lishtot device, there are significant and frustrating limitations of this device, that in a practical setting such as ours, limit its value. The device tests the presence of a range of chemical and biological contaminants down to quite low concentrations, giving a blue or red signal by way of result. The manufacturer states: “It is important to note that water that does not meet our criteria, although registering with a red light on the TestDrop, is not necessarily undrinkable. In fact, many locations have different standards for water, and many will not meet Lishtot's standards particularly given the sensitivity of the TestDrop and its underlying technology.” In other words if you get a red light you don’t have any idea what contaminants are showing up. So whether the water is contaminated with milk or PFOS the test result is the same – a red light. In practical terms, the result does not allow us to make an informed decision about whether the water: • Is really drinkable, not-drinkable but useable for other purposes, or • Needs to be completely discarded (tank cleaned/decontaminated etc). In addition the device requires the use of a single use plastic cup for every test. These factors make it a deal breaker for us and we have chosen not to use the device extensively, and certainly not to rely on its “black box” approach alone to evaluate the safety of our water.
  • 21.
    Ongoing review andrevision of the plan As we will be more diligently maintaining a water system management log book, we plan to review the results in the middle and at the end of next season. A particular focus will be on whether the new modifications have added value and/or reduced risk to our water safety. Further adjustments to the water management system will be ratified by the WSP team before implementation.
  • 22.
    Conclusions From silly ideaover drinks on ITIKI in September 2019, this exercise tookon a life ofits own.It was great to challenge ourselves to think through our water systems in a structured way, applying a recognized risk management process and with reference to industryand WHOstandards. While our system is simple and may not be perfect it is certainlyfit for purpose as is,and the inherent risks are acceptable to us. There is of course always room for improvement. We will be implementinga few changes as a result of this critical analysis, and continuing to document and review our results. And of course we will always compare notes with other cruisers and pick new ideas and find out about new technologies.
  • 23.
    References (1) Water safetyplan manual (WSP manual), Step-by-step risk management for drinking-water suppliers; WHO 2009 https://www.who.int/water_sanitation_health/publications/publication_9789241562638/en/ (2) Safe Drinking-water from Desalination; WHO 2011; WHO/HSE/WSH/11.03 https://www.who.int/water_sanitation_health/publications/desalination_guidance/en/ (a) Although boron is an essential element for plant growth, it is herbicidal at higher levels, and some plants are sensitive at 0.5 mg/l. (b) The taste threshold is in the region of 200–250 mg/l, depending upon the associated anions (c) Desalinated water is initially more corrosive [to metals] than many other drinking-water sources. (3) Lishtot Test Drop Pro ® https://www.lishtot.com/Water-testing-kit.html https://www.lishtot.com/ListOfDetectableContaminants.pdf
  • 24.
    Appendix 1 -Health effects of desalinated water Like us, many cruisers use their desalinated water as their exclusive drinking water, supplemented with the odd glass of beer or wine... From time to time concerned cruisers raise the question of the health effects of drinking desalinated water exclusively. These concerns largely relate to the lack of minerals in the water. Some cruisers will take mineral supplements or drink a rehydration formula to counter these concerns. Others recommend remineralization via limestone percolation, which also can reduce the corrosive effects of desalinated water. Millions of people around the world rely on desalinated water for their drinking supply. What does WHO(2) have to say about the nutritional aspects of drinking desal all the time? Annex 3 of the referenced report addresses the issue. Although formal studies on this issue are yet to be conducted, we feel that well nourished cruisers need not be too concerned about this. “In a number of cases, water is remineralized to reduce its corrosive potential during transmission and distribution. Under these circumstances, it is appropriate to consider whether the methods used, such as percolation through limestone, can also increase the concentrations of important nutritional minerals, particularly calcium and magnesium, in the drinking- water. While diet remains the principal source of nutrients and minerals, drinking-water may provide supplemental amounts that could be important for some people.” “Low fluoride intake is also a potential consideration with regard to loss of fluoride from bone and reduced incidence of dental caries.” “WHO states that there is clear evidence that long-term exposure to an optimal level of fluoride results in diminishing levels of caries in both child and adult populations and that fluoride is being widely used on a global scale, with much benefit (WHO, 2006). However, good dental care, use of fluoride toothpaste and low sugar consumption are also important dental health factors.”
  • 25.
    Appendix #2 –Incident Report Date Noted: Observations • Noted slight brown tinge to tank water, despite having passed through 1 µ (under sink / inline) filter. No suspended particles visible to naked eye. • Pressure pump struggling to maintain pressure through the 1µ filter unit • Also noted hairline crack in the housing and water leaking into the under-sink area. • No noticeable difference in taste or smell for the water • TDS/Lishtot® meters unavailable for testing • Visual inspection of tanks - no obvious sign of ingress Actions • Removed 1 µ filter and replaced with 5 µ filter • Replaced filter housing Description: Possible tank water contamination May 2020 Severity: MildSeriousness Mild Root Cause: Extensive “dirty” rain carrying fine Saharan dust, in the month prior to the incident. Suspicion is that this has made its way into the tank somehow (via RO or somehow directly eg undetected dockwater contamination) Location: Northern Adriatic Outcome: • 5 µ filter takes on a distinctively orange tinge • Water returns to a normal clear colour
  • 26.
    Appendix #3 –Author biographies On returning to Australia Lynda joined the contract research industry, initially managing Covance’s growing Asia Pacific Project Management team, expanding business within the region and enabling resultant team growth, from 4 to 12 regional project managers in the space of 12 months. In mid-2006 Lynda moved to Novotech Australia as Executive Director of Clinical Operations, ensuring departmental and project profitability, overseeing a steady growth in the company business and market share, and ensuring requisite team growth from just under 50 to well over 300 across Australia, South Africa and Asia Pacific. During her 12-year tenure Lynda was a member of the Executive Leadership Team contributing to steering Novotech through two private equity sales and subsequent ownership changes. Lynda was an active participant in the industry’s professional association (ARCS), a member of the ARCS CRO forum and regular speaker and panel member at industry conferences. Lynda is currently taking a break from the “9-5” of the corporate world to use her skills and experience in support of a range of small businesses, through independent consulting. She is also pursuing her passion for travel, photography, sailing and writing. Lynda Shelley holds a Bachelor of Science (Biochemistry/Microbiology; UTas) and Masters of Public Health (Health Economics; USyd) and joined the pharmaceutical industry in 1991. She held positions of increasing seniority in the field of clinical research for companies such as the Wellcome Foundation and Ares Serono in Australia, before transferring to Serono International in Geneva in 1999. During her 5+ years’ tenure with Serono International, Lynda was a valued member of the Clinical Management Team and was responsible for project delivery in the key therapeutic areas of Reproductive Health and Immunology. She managed a team of Project Managers, based in both Europe and USA, providing career development and project oversight, including budget adherence. Addition responsibilities included leadership of process re-engineering projects, reshaping the clinical trial start up and regulatory processes. Lynda was also a member of the Medical Marketing Support Team providing advice and guidance on post marketing and research initiatives in line with market expansion plans.
  • 27.
    Appendix #3 –Author biographies Dr Annette Davison is a sought-after risk and auditing expert, with over 30 years’ experience in the industry, having worked for a range of private and public companies/organisations and regulators. Annette has undertaken the Australian Institute of Company Directors ‘Applied Risk Governance’ course and routinely publishes in corporate governance and risk (see example publications below). Annette has developed the ERM and risk appetite/tolerance framework for the Australian Water Association and developed risk frameworks for various companies including facilitating risk processes for ASX-listed regenerative medicine company, Regeneus Ltd and the Independent Pricing and Regulatory Tribunal (IPART). She has worked on developing the WSAA Aquality system (for assessing compliance with the Framework for Management of Drinking Water Quality) and then later contracted to lead development of Requality, the National Water Commission/WSAA system for assessing compliance with the Framework for Management of Recycled Water Quality and Use. Annette has conducted many audits for all components of the water cycle including operational licence audits for the NSW Independent Pricing and Regulatory Tribunal for Sydney Water, Sydney Catchment Authority, Hunter Water and State Water, has Section 53V audit experience under the Environment Protection Act 1970 (Vic) and Water Supply (Safety and Reliability) Act 2008 (QLD) and is experienced in auditing statutory water management systems in both the Queensland and Victorian jurisdictions. Most recently (2017), Annette was a member of the panel (with Ms Megan Dyson, water lawyer), handpicked by the Chief Minister’s office, to review 57 water extraction licences in the Northern Territory. As a qualified trainer and assessor (Certificate IV qualified), Annette teaches and has developed teaching materials for the then Unit NWP279 Understanding the risk management principles of the Australian Drinking Water Guidelines. Annette was interviewed as a NSW Legend of Water in 2011 and from 2015-2017, served on the Board of the Australian Water Association (her second term) and sat on the Governance and Audit Committee and Professional Development Committee of that Board. Annette also chaired the Animal Ethics Committee for Regeneus Ltd (an ASX-listed regenerative medicine company). Annette has lead- and co-authored many catchment assessment and water supply management publications domestically and internationally including for the World Health Organisation, WSAA and for the Water Industry Operators’ Association. Her expertise in catchment management, water supply risks, ERM and water product system auditing is highly sought after.