This document outlines a course on ophthalmology for medical students. It covers the basic anatomy and physiology of the eye, examination of the eye, and diagnosis and management of various ocular disorders. The course begins with an overview of eye anatomy including the orbit, ocular appendages, eyeball layers, visual pathway and extraocular muscles. It then discusses examination techniques and various eye diseases affecting different parts of the eye like the conjunctiva, cornea and retina. The document provides detailed descriptions of eye anatomy and functions to equip medical students with foundational ophthalmology knowledge.
The document summarizes the anatomy and functional structures of the eye and related areas. It describes the three layers that make up the eyeball - outer, middle, and inner layers. The outer layer includes the cornea and sclera. The middle layer contains the choroid, ciliary body, and iris. The inner layer is the retina, which contains the light-sensitive photoreceptor cells and forms the visual image. Other structures discussed include the eyelids, lacrimal gland, conjunctiva, and orbital cavity.
The document provides an outline and introduction to the anatomy and physiology of the eye. It discusses the various structures that protect the eye, including the orbital bones, eyelids, conjunctiva, and lacrimal apparatus. It also describes the extraocular muscles, eyeball (globe), visual pathway, and blood supply to the eye. The key structures of the eye discussed in detail include the iris, ciliary body, choroid, sclera, cornea, anterior chamber, and posterior chamber. The functions of these various ocular structures are explained.
The document provides information on the anatomy of the eyelids, including their layers, nerves, blood supply, functions, and clinical correlations. The eyelids have several layers including skin, muscle, fibrous tissue and conjunctiva. They are supplied by nerves from the facial and trigeminal nerves and blood vessels from the ophthalmic artery. The eyelids have glands that secrete oils to form the tear film and protect the eye. Clinically, disorders of the eyelids or their nerves can cause issues like ptosis, entropion or exophthalmos.
The document discusses the three coats of the eye:
1. The outer coat is called the fibrous tunic and is composed of the sclera and cornea. The sclera covers most of the eyeball and provides structural support, while the cornea allows light to enter.
2. The middle coat is the vascular tunic, also called the uvea. It contains the choroid, ciliary body, and iris. The choroid supplies blood vessels and nutrients to the eye, while the ciliary body anchors the lens and controls accommodation.
3. The innermost coat is the retina, which contains light-sensitive cells called rods and cones that are responsible for vision.
structure of eye ball,eyeball is a specialized sense organ that helps us to understand our environment. It is a sensory unit composed of three parts: receptor, sensory pathway, and a brain center
The main parts of the human eye are The Conjunctiva,
Sclera,Choroid,
Cornea, Iris, Pupil,
Anterior Chamber,
Posterior Chamber, Aqueous humor, Lens, Vitreous humor, Retina,Macula and Optic nerve.
The document summarizes the anatomy and structures of the human eye. It describes the accessory structures like eyelids, lacrimal apparatus, and extraocular muscles. It then details the three tunics that make up the eyeball: the fibrous tunic (cornea and sclera), vascular tunic (choroid, ciliary body, and iris), and nervous tunic (retina). Each tunic and their roles in vision are explained. The interior structures of the cornea, retina, and their functions in processing light and forming images are outlined.
The eye is a spherical organ located in the orbit of the skull. It has three layers - an outer fibrous layer, middle vascular layer, and inner nervous layer. Within these layers are structures like the sclera, cornea, choroid, ciliary body, iris, lens, vitreous body, and retina. Muscles allow eye movement. The eyelids, eyelashes, eyebrows, and lacrimal gland and ducts work together to protect the eye from damage and keep it moist with tears.
This document outlines a course on ophthalmology for medical students. It covers the basic anatomy and physiology of the eye, examination of the eye, and diagnosis and management of various ocular disorders. The course begins with an overview of eye anatomy including the orbit, ocular appendages, eyeball layers, visual pathway and extraocular muscles. It then discusses examination techniques and various eye diseases affecting different parts of the eye like the conjunctiva, cornea and retina. The document provides detailed descriptions of eye anatomy and functions to equip medical students with foundational ophthalmology knowledge.
The document summarizes the anatomy and functional structures of the eye and related areas. It describes the three layers that make up the eyeball - outer, middle, and inner layers. The outer layer includes the cornea and sclera. The middle layer contains the choroid, ciliary body, and iris. The inner layer is the retina, which contains the light-sensitive photoreceptor cells and forms the visual image. Other structures discussed include the eyelids, lacrimal gland, conjunctiva, and orbital cavity.
The document provides an outline and introduction to the anatomy and physiology of the eye. It discusses the various structures that protect the eye, including the orbital bones, eyelids, conjunctiva, and lacrimal apparatus. It also describes the extraocular muscles, eyeball (globe), visual pathway, and blood supply to the eye. The key structures of the eye discussed in detail include the iris, ciliary body, choroid, sclera, cornea, anterior chamber, and posterior chamber. The functions of these various ocular structures are explained.
The document provides information on the anatomy of the eyelids, including their layers, nerves, blood supply, functions, and clinical correlations. The eyelids have several layers including skin, muscle, fibrous tissue and conjunctiva. They are supplied by nerves from the facial and trigeminal nerves and blood vessels from the ophthalmic artery. The eyelids have glands that secrete oils to form the tear film and protect the eye. Clinically, disorders of the eyelids or their nerves can cause issues like ptosis, entropion or exophthalmos.
The document discusses the three coats of the eye:
1. The outer coat is called the fibrous tunic and is composed of the sclera and cornea. The sclera covers most of the eyeball and provides structural support, while the cornea allows light to enter.
2. The middle coat is the vascular tunic, also called the uvea. It contains the choroid, ciliary body, and iris. The choroid supplies blood vessels and nutrients to the eye, while the ciliary body anchors the lens and controls accommodation.
3. The innermost coat is the retina, which contains light-sensitive cells called rods and cones that are responsible for vision.
structure of eye ball,eyeball is a specialized sense organ that helps us to understand our environment. It is a sensory unit composed of three parts: receptor, sensory pathway, and a brain center
The main parts of the human eye are The Conjunctiva,
Sclera,Choroid,
Cornea, Iris, Pupil,
Anterior Chamber,
Posterior Chamber, Aqueous humor, Lens, Vitreous humor, Retina,Macula and Optic nerve.
The document summarizes the anatomy and structures of the human eye. It describes the accessory structures like eyelids, lacrimal apparatus, and extraocular muscles. It then details the three tunics that make up the eyeball: the fibrous tunic (cornea and sclera), vascular tunic (choroid, ciliary body, and iris), and nervous tunic (retina). Each tunic and their roles in vision are explained. The interior structures of the cornea, retina, and their functions in processing light and forming images are outlined.
The eye is a spherical organ located in the orbit of the skull. It has three layers - an outer fibrous layer, middle vascular layer, and inner nervous layer. Within these layers are structures like the sclera, cornea, choroid, ciliary body, iris, lens, vitreous body, and retina. Muscles allow eye movement. The eyelids, eyelashes, eyebrows, and lacrimal gland and ducts work together to protect the eye from damage and keep it moist with tears.
The eyeball is surrounded by extraocular muscles and orbital fat within the bony orbit. It has three layers - the fibrous tunic (sclera and cornea), vascular tunic (choroid, ciliary body and iris), and nervous tunic (retina). The eyelids and conjunctiva protect the front of the eye. Tears are produced by the lacrimal gland and drain through the lacrimal apparatus. Intraocular structures include the lens and chambers filled with aqueous and vitreous humors. Together these structures work to admit light, focus images, and transmit visual signals to the brain.
The uveal tract consists of the iris, ciliary body, and choroid. The iris controls the size of the pupil and determines eye color. The ciliary body produces aqueous humor and contains muscles that help with accommodation. It is composed of ciliary processes containing blood vessels that secrete aqueous humor. The choroid provides nutrients to the outer retina and contains numerous blood vessels in three layers. The uveal tract supplies nutrition to the eye and helps regulate intraocular pressure.
The document summarizes key anatomical structures of the eye and their functions. It discusses the three layers that make up the eye (fibrous outer layer, vascular middle layer, and inner sensitive layer), as well as the three compartments (anterior chamber, posterior chamber, vitreous chamber) and three fluids (aqueous humor, vitreous humor, blood) within the eyeball. Additionally, it provides details on individual structures like the cornea, iris, ciliary body, choroid, lens, vitreous body, retina, optic nerve, and eye adnexa and their roles in vision.
The document provides an overview of the anatomy of the eyelids. It discusses the gross anatomy including the parts and positions of the eyelids. It describes the structures of the eyelids from anterior to posterior including the skin, muscles like the orbicularis oculi and levator palpebral superioris, fibrous layers, and conjunctiva. It also discusses the glands of the eyelids and their blood supply, lymphatic drainage, and nerve innervation.
The eye is remarkable sense organ that reacts to light and allows vision.The eye is made up of three coats, or layers, enclosing various anatomical structures. The outermost layer, known as the fibrous tunic, is composed of the cornea and sclera. The middle layer, known as the vascular tunic or uvea, consists of the choroid, ciliary body, pigmented epithelium and iris. The innermost is the retina, which gets its oxygenation from the blood vessels of the choroid (posteriorly) as well as the retinal vessels (anteriorly).
The eye is our organ of sight. The eye has a number of components which include but are not limited to the cornea, iris, pupil, lens, retina, macula, optic nerve, choroid and vitreous.
This document provides an overview of the anatomy and embryology of the lacrimal apparatus. It describes the secretory and drainage portions, including the main and accessory lacrimal glands, puncta, canaliculi, lacrimal sac, and nasolacrimal duct. Details are given on histology, blood supply, innervation and functions. The structure and layers of the tear film are explained. The dynamic process of tear secretion, formation, distribution, evaporation and drainage is summarized.
The document provides information on the structure and functions of the eye. It discusses the various parts of the eye including the orbital cavity, eyelids, conjunctiva, eyeball, cornea, sclera, choroid, ciliary body, iris, pupil, lens, retina, aqueous humor, and vitreous humor. It also describes common eye conditions like glaucoma and cataract, their causes, symptoms and treatments.
This document provides an overview of the anatomy of the eyelids. It begins with the embryological development of the eyelids, followed by a description of the layers that make up the eyelid including skin, muscle, fibrous tissue and mucous membrane. The document then discusses the anatomy and functions of specific structures like the tarsal plate, orbicularis oculi muscle, levator palpebrae superioris muscle, and glandular structures. Common congenital anomalies and clinical conditions involving the eyelids are also mentioned.
The document summarizes key aspects of eye anatomy in 3 layers:
1) The outer coat includes the cornea and sclera.
2) The middle coat contains the choroid, ciliary body, iris, and lens. It nourishes the retina and controls eye focusing.
3) The inner coat is the retina.
It also briefly describes the orbit, lacrimal system, eyelids, and extraocular muscles.
Servers: Servers are the backbone of e-commerce websites. They store the website data, including product information, customer details, and transactional data. They are responsible for processing customer requests, generating dynamic content, and serving web pages to customers.
Storage devices: Storage devices such as hard disk drives (HDDs) or solid-state drives (SSDs) are used to store the website data and application files. They provide the necessary storage capacity to accommodate large amounts of data, such as product images, videos, and customer information.
Routers and switches: Routers and switches are used to connect the e-commerce website to the internet and facilitate data transfer between different devices. They help to ensure that data is transmitted quickly and reliably, and that the website is accessible to customers from anywhere in the world.
Firewalls: Firewalls are used to protect the e-commerce website from unauthorized access and malicious attacks. They monitor incoming and outgoing network traffic
The uveal tract consists of the iris, ciliary body, and choroid. The iris is the anterior part that forms the pupil. The ciliary body lies between the iris and choroid and produces aqueous humor. The choroid is the most posterior layer that nourishes the outer retina. Inflammation of the uveal tract is called uveitis, while endophthalmitis and panophthalmitis involve inflammation spreading further into the eye.
There are several challenges associated with the trade cycle in e-commerce, which can affect the overall efficiency and effectiveness of the process. Some of these challenges include:
Security: One of the main challenges in e-commerce is ensuring the security of the transaction. This includes protecting sensitive data such as credit card information and personal details from theft, fraud, and other cyber threats.
Logistics: Shipping and delivery can be a significant challenge in e-commerce, particularly for products that require special handling or transportation. This includes ensuring timely delivery, tracking shipments, and dealing with returns and exchanges.
Payment processing: Payment processing can be complex, particularly for cross-border transactions involving different currencies and payment systems. It is essential to ensure that payment methods are secure, reliable, and convenient for customers.
The trade cycle in e-commerce refers to the various stages involved in a typical online transaction between a buyer and a seller. The trade cycle typically includes the following stages:
Product search and selection: The buyer searches for a product or service online and selects the desired item from the e-commerce website. This may involve browsing product categories, using search filters, and reading product descriptions and reviews.
Shopping cart and checkout: Once the buyer has selected the desired item, they add it to their shopping cart and proceed to checkout. At this stage, they may be required to enter their personal and payment information, such as name, address, and credit card details.
Order processing: After the buyer has completed the checkout process, the seller receives the order and processes it. This may involve verifying the availability of the product, preparing it for shipment, and generating a shipping label.
Payment processing: Once the order has been processed, the payment is processed by the payment gateway. This involves verifying the payment information and authorizing the transaction.
Shipping and delivery: The seller ships the product to the buyer's address using a third-party logistics provider or their own delivery service. The buyer is provided with tracking information to monitor the status of the shipment.
Returns and refunds: If the buyer is not satisfied with the product, they may initiate a return or exchange. The seller handles the return or exchange process and ensures that the buyer is satisfied with their purchase.
Customer service: The seller provides customer service to address any issues or concerns that the buyer may have regarding the product or service.
1-IT IS A MIDDLE VASCULAR COAT OF EYEBALL.
2-IT MAINLY CONSIST OF THREE PARTS IRIS, CHOROID, CILIARY BODY.
3- CILIARY BODY CAN HOLD THE LENS AND PLAY IMPORTANT ROLE IN ACCOMODATION.
This document describes the anatomy of the eye. It discusses the structures that surround and support the eyeball, including the orbit, extraocular muscles, eyelids, and lacrimal apparatus. It then describes the layers of the eyeball itself, including the outer fibrous layer, middle vascular layer, inner nervous layer, and contents of the eyeball such as the crystalline lens, aqueous humour, and vitreous humour. Key structures of the eye discussed include the iris, ciliary body, choroid, retina, and the tissues and layers that make up the cornea and sclera.
The trade cycle in e-commerce refers to the various stages involved in a typical online transaction between a buyer and a seller. The trade cycle typically includes the following stages:
Product search and selection: The buyer searches for a product or service online and selects the desired item from the e-commerce website. This may involve browsing product categories, using search filters, and reading product descriptions and reviews.
Shopping cart and checkout: Once the buyer has selected the desired item, they add it to their shopping cart and proceed to checkout. At this stage, they may be required to enter their personal and payment information, such as name, address, and credit card details.
Order processing: After the buyer has completed the checkout process, the seller receives the order and processes it. This may involve verifying the availability of the product, preparing it for shipment, and generating a shipping label.
Payment processing: Once the order has been processed, the payment is processed by the payment gateway. This involves verifying the payment information and authorizing the transaction.
Shipping and delivery: The seller ships the product to the buyer's address using a third-party logistics provider or their own delivery service. The buyer is provided with tracking information to monitor the status of the shipment.
Returns and refunds: If the buyer is not satisfied with the product, they may initiate a return or exchange. The seller handles the return or exchange process and ensures that the buyer is satisfied with their purchase.
Customer service: The seller provides customer service to address any issues or concerns that the buyer may have regarding the product or service.
The eye is composed of three concentric layers:
1. The outer fibrous layer consisting of the sclera and cornea.
2. The middle vascular layer including the choroid, ciliary body, and iris.
3. The inner sensory layer called the retina, which contains light-sensitive cells and communicates with the brain through the optic nerve.
Within these layers are additional structures including the lens, aqueous and vitreous humors, lacrimal and meibomian glands, eyelids, and conjunctiva that help support vision and protect the eye.
The vascular tunic, also known as the uvea, is the middle layer of the eye. It regulates light entry, anchors the lens, and nourishes the retina. The vascular tunic contains the choroid, ciliary body, and iris. The choroid provides oxygen and nourishment to the outer retina layers. The ciliary body produces aqueous humor and controls visual accommodation through its ciliary processes and muscles. The iris separates the anterior and posterior chambers and controls the size of the pupil through its sphincter and dilator muscles.
Glaucoma damages the optic nerve and is a leading cause of blindness. It occurs when fluid pressure inside the eyes rises slowly over time. The document provides definitions of glaucoma, discusses its incidence and risk factors, and describes the anatomy and physiology of the eye. It also covers the different types of glaucoma including open angle, closed angle, congenital, and secondary forms. The etiology section explains how fluid is produced and drained from the eye normally and how blockages can cause pressure to rise.
The eyeball is surrounded by extraocular muscles and orbital fat within the bony orbit. It has three layers - the fibrous tunic (sclera and cornea), vascular tunic (choroid, ciliary body and iris), and nervous tunic (retina). The eyelids and conjunctiva protect the front of the eye. Tears are produced by the lacrimal gland and drain through the lacrimal apparatus. Intraocular structures include the lens and chambers filled with aqueous and vitreous humors. Together these structures work to admit light, focus images, and transmit visual signals to the brain.
The uveal tract consists of the iris, ciliary body, and choroid. The iris controls the size of the pupil and determines eye color. The ciliary body produces aqueous humor and contains muscles that help with accommodation. It is composed of ciliary processes containing blood vessels that secrete aqueous humor. The choroid provides nutrients to the outer retina and contains numerous blood vessels in three layers. The uveal tract supplies nutrition to the eye and helps regulate intraocular pressure.
The document summarizes key anatomical structures of the eye and their functions. It discusses the three layers that make up the eye (fibrous outer layer, vascular middle layer, and inner sensitive layer), as well as the three compartments (anterior chamber, posterior chamber, vitreous chamber) and three fluids (aqueous humor, vitreous humor, blood) within the eyeball. Additionally, it provides details on individual structures like the cornea, iris, ciliary body, choroid, lens, vitreous body, retina, optic nerve, and eye adnexa and their roles in vision.
The document provides an overview of the anatomy of the eyelids. It discusses the gross anatomy including the parts and positions of the eyelids. It describes the structures of the eyelids from anterior to posterior including the skin, muscles like the orbicularis oculi and levator palpebral superioris, fibrous layers, and conjunctiva. It also discusses the glands of the eyelids and their blood supply, lymphatic drainage, and nerve innervation.
The eye is remarkable sense organ that reacts to light and allows vision.The eye is made up of three coats, or layers, enclosing various anatomical structures. The outermost layer, known as the fibrous tunic, is composed of the cornea and sclera. The middle layer, known as the vascular tunic or uvea, consists of the choroid, ciliary body, pigmented epithelium and iris. The innermost is the retina, which gets its oxygenation from the blood vessels of the choroid (posteriorly) as well as the retinal vessels (anteriorly).
The eye is our organ of sight. The eye has a number of components which include but are not limited to the cornea, iris, pupil, lens, retina, macula, optic nerve, choroid and vitreous.
This document provides an overview of the anatomy and embryology of the lacrimal apparatus. It describes the secretory and drainage portions, including the main and accessory lacrimal glands, puncta, canaliculi, lacrimal sac, and nasolacrimal duct. Details are given on histology, blood supply, innervation and functions. The structure and layers of the tear film are explained. The dynamic process of tear secretion, formation, distribution, evaporation and drainage is summarized.
The document provides information on the structure and functions of the eye. It discusses the various parts of the eye including the orbital cavity, eyelids, conjunctiva, eyeball, cornea, sclera, choroid, ciliary body, iris, pupil, lens, retina, aqueous humor, and vitreous humor. It also describes common eye conditions like glaucoma and cataract, their causes, symptoms and treatments.
This document provides an overview of the anatomy of the eyelids. It begins with the embryological development of the eyelids, followed by a description of the layers that make up the eyelid including skin, muscle, fibrous tissue and mucous membrane. The document then discusses the anatomy and functions of specific structures like the tarsal plate, orbicularis oculi muscle, levator palpebrae superioris muscle, and glandular structures. Common congenital anomalies and clinical conditions involving the eyelids are also mentioned.
The document summarizes key aspects of eye anatomy in 3 layers:
1) The outer coat includes the cornea and sclera.
2) The middle coat contains the choroid, ciliary body, iris, and lens. It nourishes the retina and controls eye focusing.
3) The inner coat is the retina.
It also briefly describes the orbit, lacrimal system, eyelids, and extraocular muscles.
Servers: Servers are the backbone of e-commerce websites. They store the website data, including product information, customer details, and transactional data. They are responsible for processing customer requests, generating dynamic content, and serving web pages to customers.
Storage devices: Storage devices such as hard disk drives (HDDs) or solid-state drives (SSDs) are used to store the website data and application files. They provide the necessary storage capacity to accommodate large amounts of data, such as product images, videos, and customer information.
Routers and switches: Routers and switches are used to connect the e-commerce website to the internet and facilitate data transfer between different devices. They help to ensure that data is transmitted quickly and reliably, and that the website is accessible to customers from anywhere in the world.
Firewalls: Firewalls are used to protect the e-commerce website from unauthorized access and malicious attacks. They monitor incoming and outgoing network traffic
The uveal tract consists of the iris, ciliary body, and choroid. The iris is the anterior part that forms the pupil. The ciliary body lies between the iris and choroid and produces aqueous humor. The choroid is the most posterior layer that nourishes the outer retina. Inflammation of the uveal tract is called uveitis, while endophthalmitis and panophthalmitis involve inflammation spreading further into the eye.
There are several challenges associated with the trade cycle in e-commerce, which can affect the overall efficiency and effectiveness of the process. Some of these challenges include:
Security: One of the main challenges in e-commerce is ensuring the security of the transaction. This includes protecting sensitive data such as credit card information and personal details from theft, fraud, and other cyber threats.
Logistics: Shipping and delivery can be a significant challenge in e-commerce, particularly for products that require special handling or transportation. This includes ensuring timely delivery, tracking shipments, and dealing with returns and exchanges.
Payment processing: Payment processing can be complex, particularly for cross-border transactions involving different currencies and payment systems. It is essential to ensure that payment methods are secure, reliable, and convenient for customers.
The trade cycle in e-commerce refers to the various stages involved in a typical online transaction between a buyer and a seller. The trade cycle typically includes the following stages:
Product search and selection: The buyer searches for a product or service online and selects the desired item from the e-commerce website. This may involve browsing product categories, using search filters, and reading product descriptions and reviews.
Shopping cart and checkout: Once the buyer has selected the desired item, they add it to their shopping cart and proceed to checkout. At this stage, they may be required to enter their personal and payment information, such as name, address, and credit card details.
Order processing: After the buyer has completed the checkout process, the seller receives the order and processes it. This may involve verifying the availability of the product, preparing it for shipment, and generating a shipping label.
Payment processing: Once the order has been processed, the payment is processed by the payment gateway. This involves verifying the payment information and authorizing the transaction.
Shipping and delivery: The seller ships the product to the buyer's address using a third-party logistics provider or their own delivery service. The buyer is provided with tracking information to monitor the status of the shipment.
Returns and refunds: If the buyer is not satisfied with the product, they may initiate a return or exchange. The seller handles the return or exchange process and ensures that the buyer is satisfied with their purchase.
Customer service: The seller provides customer service to address any issues or concerns that the buyer may have regarding the product or service.
1-IT IS A MIDDLE VASCULAR COAT OF EYEBALL.
2-IT MAINLY CONSIST OF THREE PARTS IRIS, CHOROID, CILIARY BODY.
3- CILIARY BODY CAN HOLD THE LENS AND PLAY IMPORTANT ROLE IN ACCOMODATION.
This document describes the anatomy of the eye. It discusses the structures that surround and support the eyeball, including the orbit, extraocular muscles, eyelids, and lacrimal apparatus. It then describes the layers of the eyeball itself, including the outer fibrous layer, middle vascular layer, inner nervous layer, and contents of the eyeball such as the crystalline lens, aqueous humour, and vitreous humour. Key structures of the eye discussed include the iris, ciliary body, choroid, retina, and the tissues and layers that make up the cornea and sclera.
The trade cycle in e-commerce refers to the various stages involved in a typical online transaction between a buyer and a seller. The trade cycle typically includes the following stages:
Product search and selection: The buyer searches for a product or service online and selects the desired item from the e-commerce website. This may involve browsing product categories, using search filters, and reading product descriptions and reviews.
Shopping cart and checkout: Once the buyer has selected the desired item, they add it to their shopping cart and proceed to checkout. At this stage, they may be required to enter their personal and payment information, such as name, address, and credit card details.
Order processing: After the buyer has completed the checkout process, the seller receives the order and processes it. This may involve verifying the availability of the product, preparing it for shipment, and generating a shipping label.
Payment processing: Once the order has been processed, the payment is processed by the payment gateway. This involves verifying the payment information and authorizing the transaction.
Shipping and delivery: The seller ships the product to the buyer's address using a third-party logistics provider or their own delivery service. The buyer is provided with tracking information to monitor the status of the shipment.
Returns and refunds: If the buyer is not satisfied with the product, they may initiate a return or exchange. The seller handles the return or exchange process and ensures that the buyer is satisfied with their purchase.
Customer service: The seller provides customer service to address any issues or concerns that the buyer may have regarding the product or service.
The eye is composed of three concentric layers:
1. The outer fibrous layer consisting of the sclera and cornea.
2. The middle vascular layer including the choroid, ciliary body, and iris.
3. The inner sensory layer called the retina, which contains light-sensitive cells and communicates with the brain through the optic nerve.
Within these layers are additional structures including the lens, aqueous and vitreous humors, lacrimal and meibomian glands, eyelids, and conjunctiva that help support vision and protect the eye.
The vascular tunic, also known as the uvea, is the middle layer of the eye. It regulates light entry, anchors the lens, and nourishes the retina. The vascular tunic contains the choroid, ciliary body, and iris. The choroid provides oxygen and nourishment to the outer retina layers. The ciliary body produces aqueous humor and controls visual accommodation through its ciliary processes and muscles. The iris separates the anterior and posterior chambers and controls the size of the pupil through its sphincter and dilator muscles.
Glaucoma damages the optic nerve and is a leading cause of blindness. It occurs when fluid pressure inside the eyes rises slowly over time. The document provides definitions of glaucoma, discusses its incidence and risk factors, and describes the anatomy and physiology of the eye. It also covers the different types of glaucoma including open angle, closed angle, congenital, and secondary forms. The etiology section explains how fluid is produced and drained from the eye normally and how blockages can cause pressure to rise.
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Session in https://budapestdata.hu/2024/04/kaxil-naik-astronomer-io/ | https://dataml24.sessionize.com/session/667627
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A presentation that explain the Power BI Licensing
It is chapter one for good opthalmology.pptx
1. DEPARTMENT Of HEALTH SCIENCE
SCHOOL OF COMMON
SUBJECT : Opthalmology
lecturer: Hassan Abdurrahman Mohamed
SAVANNAH UNIVERSITY
2. BASIC ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY
OF THE EYE
1.1 PROTECTION OF THE EYE
1.2 THE EYE BALL
1.3 BLOOD SUPPLY, LYMPHATIC DRAINAGE AND
INNERAVATION OF
THE EYE
1.4 EXTRA OCULAR MUSCLES
3. Objective
1. To give a clear description on the anatomy and
physiology of the eye.
2. Having the basic idea will help to have a better
understanding on the
pathology of specific part of the eye.
3. At the end of this course, students are expected
to know basic
anatomy and physiology of the eye.
4. THE PROTECTION OF THE EYE
A - Eye Lids
It has the following parts
I. Skin - has three important features
- Thinnest, more elastic and mobile than skin else
where in the body
- Little or no subcutaneous fat under the skin
makes it a good source of skin graft
- Has an extremely good blood supply that is why
wound heals well and quickly.
5. II. Muscles
Orbicularis oculi muscle
• Important for closure of eye lid
• Innervated by facial (7th cranial) nerve
Levator Palpebrae
• Elevator of eye lid.
• Innervated by Oculomotor (3rd cranial) nerve
Muller’s muscle
• Help to retract the upper eye lid
• Innervated by cervical sympathetic nerve.
6. III. Tarsal plates
- Are composed of dense fibrous tissue
-Keep the eye lids rigid and firm
-Contain meibomian glands, which open at lid
margin, and makes oily secretion that forms a
part of corneal tear film.
7. B. Conjunctiva
It is a thin mucous membrane which lines the inner
surface of the eye lid and outer surface of the eye
ball.
The main function of the conjunctiva is to protect
the cornea.
During opening and closure of the eyelids, it
lubricates the cornea with tears.
The conjunctiva also protects the exposed parts
of the eye from infection because it contains
lymphocytes and macrophages to fight infections.
Mucin from goblet cells has wetting effect of tear
film.
8. It has three parts:
I. Tarsal Conjunctiva
- The part lining in the inner aspect of the eye lid
- Firmly attached to the underlying tarsal plate
II. Bulbar Conjunctiva
- The part lining the eye ball
-Loosely attached to the underlying sclera
III. Fornix
-Part in which the tarsal and bulbar conjunctivas
are continuous.
9. The conjunctival epithelium is continuous
with the corneal epithelium at the
margin of the cornea, which is called limbus.
Conjunctiva contains many small
islands of lymphoid tissue especially in the
fornix.
Gray line is a mucocutaneous junction of the
skin and conjunctiva.
11. -The tear forms a thin film of fluid on the surface of
the conjunctiva and cornea,
which is vital for the health, and transparency of
the cornea.
Outer part( Lipid layer)- oily secretion from
meibomian and Zeis gland
Middle part(Aqueous layer)-Water from Lacrimal
gland and accessory
lacrimal glands of Krause and Wolfring.
Inner part(Mucin layer)-Mucus from goblet cells
of the conjunctiva
12. Function of tear film.
1-provides moist environment for the surface
epithelial cells of the
conjunctiva and cornea
2- Along with the lids, it washes away debris
3- Transport metabolic products (oxygen, carbon
dioxide) to and from
the surface cells
4- Antimicrobial actions
5- Provides a smooth refracting surface over the
cornea
13. D- ORBITAL BONES
The orbit is formed by seven bones and has four walls.
Wall of orbit-
Roof
Frontal bone and sphenoid bone
Floor
Zygomatic, maxillary and palatine bones
Medial
Ethimoid, frontal, Lacrimal and sphenoid bones
Lateral
- The strongest of all walls.
Zygomatic and sphenoid bone
14. THE GLOBE /EYE BALL/
The globe is a visual organ which weighs 7.5 gm
and has an average diameter of 24mm.
- Has three coats
I- Outer coat/ fibrous/- sclera and cornea.
II- Middle layer/vascular/- iris, ciliary body,
choroids
III- Inner layer/neural/- sensory retina and pigment
epithelium.
15. - Has three ocular chambers
I- Anterior Chamber
II- Posterior Chamber
III- Vitreous Space
-Associated structures (Adnexa)
- Eye lids with all its parts, extra ocular
muscles, Vessels, nerves, lacrimal
apparatus, adipose and connective tissues.
16. FORM AND FUNCTIONS OF THREE OCULAR COATS
A - THE OUTER COAT
I. Sclera
- Means tough.
-Is an opaque and thick coat made of collagen fibers.
- Is poorly vascularized but is sandwiched between the
highly vascularized episclera and choroid.
- The metabolic requirements are met by diffusion.
- Constitutes the posterior 5/6 th of the globe.
- important to protect and keep the shape of the globe
17. II. Cornea
- Is the main refractive media of the eye (75 % of
refractory function of the eye).
- Avascular but obtains its metabolic needs from the
vessels of limbus and aqueous fluid, and oxygen from
atmosphere.
- Thickness varies from 0.5mm centrally to 1 mm
peripherally.
- Has very rich sensory nerve supply from ophthalmic
branch of trigeminal nerve.
18. It has three layers
a) Surface epithelium
.5 or 6 cells thick, of non keratinized stratified
Squamous
epithelium.
Continuous with conjunctival epithelium
Constantly changing or shedding.
19. b) The inner stroma
- Main bulk of cornea /accounts for 90% of corneal
thickness
- Has two additional membranes
I- Bowman's membrane is special support of
surface epithelium.
II- Descemet's membrane is tough support of
endothelium.
20. c) Inner surface (endothelium)
-Single layer of very active cuboidal cells.
-Transfers fluid out of the stroma and keep the
cornea dehydrated.
- can’t regenerate but can expand to adjust
damaged cell
