Issues that divided the nation
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The North and South had several important differences that divided the nation in the years leading up to the Civil War. The South relied heavily on slave labor for its large agricultural operations while the North used free labor in factories and businesses. Culturally, the North was more urban while the South was rural. Economically, the North favored tariffs to protect industries while the South opposed tariffs that would raise prices. Regarding constitutional issues, the North wanted a strong central government while the South believed in states' rights to make their own laws.
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The British government developed a new colonial policy in the 1760s due to the costs of administering its vast empire following the French and Indian War. Colonists opposed this new policy because it increased taxes and regulations via acts like the Sugar Act and Stamp Act in violation of their tradition of self-governance. As colonial reaction escalated through boycotts and protests, tensions increased and eventually led to open rebellion and the Revolutionary War. Meanwhile, colonists divided into Patriots who chose independence through revolution, Loyalists who remained loyal to Britain, and moderates caught between the two sides.
Rebellions Project
Farmers and business owners rebelled against taxes imposed by governments without representation throughout American history. The Sons of Liberty rebelled against British taxes in 1765. Shays' Rebellion in 1786 and the Whiskey Rebellion in the 1790s involved farmers rebelling against state and federal taxes. While representation issues drove the early rebellions, later unrest also stemmed from governments targeting the working class to pay debts. Rebellions highlighted divisions and influenced political changes like the US Constitution.
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Causes of the Civil War: Sectionalism & States' Rights
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People of the civil war
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Calling all inventors!
Prior to the Civil War, most industrialization was in the North but northern inventions impacted the South. The cotton gin, invented by Eli Whitney, made separating cotton seeds faster and easier, increasing cotton production and slave labor demand. The reaper, invented by both enslaved African American Jo Anderson and entrepreneur Cyrus McCormick, was pulled by horses to more efficiently harvest grain. Steamboats, improved by Robert Fulton, and steam locomotives provided faster transportation, connecting Southern plantations to Northern industries and Western territories.
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This document summarizes the key factors that led to westward expansion in the United States during the early 1800s. It discusses geographic, economic, and overland trail factors that motivated migration. It also outlines how population growth, cheap western farmland, and new transportation routes like rivers, canals, and the recently invented steamboat facilitated westward movement of settlers seeking new opportunities. Major overland trails like the Oregon and Santa Fe trails are noted, along with dangers of travel. The document also briefly discusses the California Gold Rush of 1849 as another driver of expansion.
Westward expansion usi
From 1801-1861, the United States expanded significantly through several territorial acquisitions. The Louisiana Purchase doubled the size of the country by acquiring land from France. Lewis and Clark then explored the new western lands. Florida was acquired from Spain in 1819. Texas joined the US as a state after gaining independence from Mexico in 1845. Britain ceded full control of the Oregon Territory to the US in 1846. California and other southwest lands became American after the Mexican-American War. This period of westward expansion dramatically increased the size of the United States.
1st five Presidents
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- George Washington was the first president and commander-in-chief of the Continental Army. He lived at Mount Vernon in Virginia.
- John Adams was a lawyer and diplomat who served as the second president. He and his wife Abigail lived in Massachusetts.
- Thomas Jefferson wrote the Declaration of Independence and served as the third president. He resided at Monticello in Virginia.
- James Madison helped draft the Constitution and Bill of Rights. He was the fourth president and lived in Virginia.
- James Monroe issued the Monroe Doctrine as the fifth president and resided in Virginia.
Effects of Civil War
The document summarizes key aspects of life during the Civil War for soldiers, families, and African Americans. It describes how soldiers on both sides faced disease and harsh conditions, families had to take over businesses and farms, and the Confederacy began using slaves as laborers to support the war effort as it progressed. Near the end, the Confederacy collapsed as its money became worthless and cities were burned, while African American soldiers fought for the Union but faced discrimination and lower pay.
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Syllabus
Chapter-1
Introduction to objective, scope and outcome the subject
Chapter 2
Introduction: Scope and Specialization of Civil Engineering, Role of civil Engineer in Society, Impact of infrastructural development on economy of country.
Chapter 3
Surveying: Object Principles & Types of Surveying; Site Plans, Plans & Maps; Scales & Unit of different Measurements.
Linear Measurements: Instruments used. Linear Measurement by Tape, Ranging out Survey Lines and overcoming Obstructions; Measurements on sloping ground; Tape corrections, conventional symbols. Angular Measurements: Instruments used; Introduction to Compass Surveying, Bearings and Longitude & Latitude of a Line, Introduction to total station.
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Chapter 5
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Chapter 6
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2. Satheesh Gopi, Basic Civil Engineering, Pearson Publishers.
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Issues that divided the nation
- 1. Issues that Divided the Nation USI.9a
- 2. I. Introduction Even though they were part of the same country, the North and the South were very different. Certain cultural, economic, and constitutional differences were dividing the nation.
- 3. II. Slavery a) In the South, thousands of workers were required for the many large farms and plantations, so the farmers depended on slave labor instead of trying to hire people to work in their fields. b) Most people in the North, however, worked in factories or owned their own businesses. They had no need of slavery.
- 4. III. Cultural Differences a) The North was mainly an urban society in which people held jobs in cities. b) The South was primarily an agricultural society in which people lived in small villages and on farms and plantations. c) People of the North and South found it difficult to agree on social and political issues.
- 5. IV. Economic Issues a) Northerners favored tariffs (taxes) on manufactured goods that protected factory owners from foreign competition. b) Southerners opposed tariffs that would cause prices of manufactured goods to increase. c) Southerners were afraid Great Britain would stop buying their cotton if taxes were added.
- 6. V. Constitutional Differences a) Constitutional issue of states’ rights versus a strong central government b) Northern states wanted a strong central government that had the power to make laws for all of the states. c) Southern states, however, believed that states should have the power to make their own laws and meet the unique needs of their citizens.
- 7. V. Constitutional Differences a) Constitutional issue of states’ rights versus a strong central government b) Northern states wanted a strong central government that had the power to make laws for all of the states. c) Southern states, however, believed that states should have the power to make their own laws and meet the unique needs of their citizens.