Isolated blood vessels
•
0 likes•35 views
This document describes the process of isolating and studying small blood vessels from rats. Key points: - Small blood vessels less than 60 microns in diameter are isolated from the rat middle cerebral artery. - The isolated blood vessels are set up in a pressure myograph system to study their response to various pharmacological and physiological stimuli while being heated, superfused, and having flow controlled. - Solutions are prepared to maintain the isolated blood vessels, including a physiological salt solution (PSS) and calcium-free PSS solution. - The middle cerebral artery is isolated after anesthetizing and decapitating a rat. It is incubated in oxygenated PSS solution. - An experimental protocol is described
Report
Share
Report
Share
Recommended
52en
This document discusses the preparation and experimental protocol for studying isolated blood vessels, specifically the middle cerebral artery. Key points:
- The system allows for the isolation of small blood vessels and study of their structure and response to various pharmacological and physiological stimuli.
- Phosphate buffered saline (PSS) solutions are prepared to properly maintain and superfuse the isolated vessels.
- Middle cerebral arteries are isolated from rats using anesthesia, decapitation, and incubation in oxygenated PSS solution.
- An experimental protocol applies increasing pressure gradients and tests responses in the presence or absence of various inhibitors and vasoactive drugs.
- Statistical analysis of data uses repeated measures two-way ANOVA.
Mannitol
Mannitol is an osmotic diuretic that is freely filtered by the glomerulus but not reabsorbed by renal tubules. It works by increasing the osmolarity of renal tubular fluid and drawing fluid from intracellular to extracellular spaces. Main uses include prophylaxis of acute renal failure, treatment of acute oliguria and increased intracranial pressure. While it reduces ICP, mannitol provides limited benefit for oxygenation compared to hypertonic saline and risks cardiac failure and electrolyte imbalance with higher doses.
CARBONIC ANHYDRASE INHIBITOR: DIURETICS ACT ON PCT(proximal convoluted tubule)
Diuretics are substances that promote urine production and are used to treat various medical conditions like heart failure, liver cirrhosis, high blood pressure, water poisoning, and certain kidney diseases. Some diuretics, such as acetazolamide, help make urine more alkaline and aid in excreting substances like aspirin in case of overdose by inhibiting carbonic anhydrase, decreasing hydrogen ion formation and sodium-hydrogen antiport in the kidney, increasing sodium and bicarbonate in the urine and promoting diuresis. Side effects may include acidosis, kidney stones, and drowsiness.
Fluids
This document summarizes a presentation on fluids and electrolytes given by Dr. Ankit Kaura. It discusses various intravenous fluids including crystalloids like normal saline, Ringer's lactate, and dextrose saline as well as colloids like albumin, dextran, gelatin, and hydroxyethyl starch. For each fluid, the document outlines their composition, pharmacological properties, indications, contraindications, and administration details. The effects of large volume crystalloid infusion and differences between colloids are also summarized.
Assessment and treatment of acute hyponatraemia
This document discusses hyponatraemia (low sodium levels in blood). It begins by noting hyponatraemia complicates around 15-20% of hospital admissions. It then discusses implications and existing guidance on hyponatraemia. It poses a series of questions to guide evaluation and management of hyponatraemia, covering determining if it is real or pseudohyponatraemia, classification, tonicity, need for treatment, underlying cause (e.g. SIADH), and treatment of chronic hyponatraemia. Key points covered include symptoms of hyponatraemia, use of hypertonic saline, risks of too rapid correction, and evaluating urine osmolality and sodium to determine volume status and cause.
An Introduction to Isolated Langendorff Heart: Experimental Considerations an...
In this webinar, Dr. Melanie White, Heart Foundation Future Leader Fellow from the University of Sydney, provides a useful introduction to isolated heart studies.
Key topics covered during this webinar include:
- Understanding the core principles of isolated Langendorff perfusion
- Key methodological considerations for excision, cannulation and perfusion of the heart
- Experimental design: when to use constant flow vs. constant perfusion, animal models (species, sex, age) and choice of anesthesia
- How to set up your hardware to ensure your experiments are trouble-free
- Tips for data analysis: using a baseline period, defining exclusion criteria and evaluating functional output
- Applications of Langendorff perfusion, from myocardial ischemia to diabetic cardiomyopathy
Dyselectrolytemias in ic us detailed
This document discusses dyselectrolytemias (fluid and electrolyte disturbances) that commonly occur in intensive care unit patients. It notes that disturbances of sodium, potassium, chloride, calcium, phosphate, and magnesium are increased risk factors for poor prognosis. The document outlines some of the key mechanisms that can lead to electrolyte imbalances, such as reduced kidney perfusion, activation of hormonal systems, and renal tubular damage. It emphasizes that inappropriate fluid and electrolyte administration is often the most important cause of dyselectrolytemias. The document stresses that treatment must be closely monitored with serial electrolyte measurements.
Dyselectrolytemias in ic us detailed
This document discusses dyselectrolytemias (fluid and electrolyte disturbances) that commonly occur in intensive care units. It covers several key points:
- Fluid and electrolyte disturbances are among the most common clinical problems in ICU patients and increase morbidity and mortality. Disturbances can involve sodium, potassium, chloride, calcium, phosphate, and magnesium.
- Critical illnesses like trauma, sepsis, brain damage and heart failure can disrupt fluid and electrolyte homeostasis through mechanisms like reduced kidney perfusion, activation of hormones, and renal tubular damage. Inappropriate fluid/electrolyte administration is also important.
- Hypo- and hypernatremia are independent risk factors for poor prognosis in ICU
Recommended
52en
This document discusses the preparation and experimental protocol for studying isolated blood vessels, specifically the middle cerebral artery. Key points:
- The system allows for the isolation of small blood vessels and study of their structure and response to various pharmacological and physiological stimuli.
- Phosphate buffered saline (PSS) solutions are prepared to properly maintain and superfuse the isolated vessels.
- Middle cerebral arteries are isolated from rats using anesthesia, decapitation, and incubation in oxygenated PSS solution.
- An experimental protocol applies increasing pressure gradients and tests responses in the presence or absence of various inhibitors and vasoactive drugs.
- Statistical analysis of data uses repeated measures two-way ANOVA.
Mannitol
Mannitol is an osmotic diuretic that is freely filtered by the glomerulus but not reabsorbed by renal tubules. It works by increasing the osmolarity of renal tubular fluid and drawing fluid from intracellular to extracellular spaces. Main uses include prophylaxis of acute renal failure, treatment of acute oliguria and increased intracranial pressure. While it reduces ICP, mannitol provides limited benefit for oxygenation compared to hypertonic saline and risks cardiac failure and electrolyte imbalance with higher doses.
CARBONIC ANHYDRASE INHIBITOR: DIURETICS ACT ON PCT(proximal convoluted tubule)
Diuretics are substances that promote urine production and are used to treat various medical conditions like heart failure, liver cirrhosis, high blood pressure, water poisoning, and certain kidney diseases. Some diuretics, such as acetazolamide, help make urine more alkaline and aid in excreting substances like aspirin in case of overdose by inhibiting carbonic anhydrase, decreasing hydrogen ion formation and sodium-hydrogen antiport in the kidney, increasing sodium and bicarbonate in the urine and promoting diuresis. Side effects may include acidosis, kidney stones, and drowsiness.
Fluids
This document summarizes a presentation on fluids and electrolytes given by Dr. Ankit Kaura. It discusses various intravenous fluids including crystalloids like normal saline, Ringer's lactate, and dextrose saline as well as colloids like albumin, dextran, gelatin, and hydroxyethyl starch. For each fluid, the document outlines their composition, pharmacological properties, indications, contraindications, and administration details. The effects of large volume crystalloid infusion and differences between colloids are also summarized.
Assessment and treatment of acute hyponatraemia
This document discusses hyponatraemia (low sodium levels in blood). It begins by noting hyponatraemia complicates around 15-20% of hospital admissions. It then discusses implications and existing guidance on hyponatraemia. It poses a series of questions to guide evaluation and management of hyponatraemia, covering determining if it is real or pseudohyponatraemia, classification, tonicity, need for treatment, underlying cause (e.g. SIADH), and treatment of chronic hyponatraemia. Key points covered include symptoms of hyponatraemia, use of hypertonic saline, risks of too rapid correction, and evaluating urine osmolality and sodium to determine volume status and cause.
An Introduction to Isolated Langendorff Heart: Experimental Considerations an...
In this webinar, Dr. Melanie White, Heart Foundation Future Leader Fellow from the University of Sydney, provides a useful introduction to isolated heart studies.
Key topics covered during this webinar include:
- Understanding the core principles of isolated Langendorff perfusion
- Key methodological considerations for excision, cannulation and perfusion of the heart
- Experimental design: when to use constant flow vs. constant perfusion, animal models (species, sex, age) and choice of anesthesia
- How to set up your hardware to ensure your experiments are trouble-free
- Tips for data analysis: using a baseline period, defining exclusion criteria and evaluating functional output
- Applications of Langendorff perfusion, from myocardial ischemia to diabetic cardiomyopathy
Dyselectrolytemias in ic us detailed
This document discusses dyselectrolytemias (fluid and electrolyte disturbances) that commonly occur in intensive care unit patients. It notes that disturbances of sodium, potassium, chloride, calcium, phosphate, and magnesium are increased risk factors for poor prognosis. The document outlines some of the key mechanisms that can lead to electrolyte imbalances, such as reduced kidney perfusion, activation of hormonal systems, and renal tubular damage. It emphasizes that inappropriate fluid and electrolyte administration is often the most important cause of dyselectrolytemias. The document stresses that treatment must be closely monitored with serial electrolyte measurements.
Dyselectrolytemias in ic us detailed
This document discusses dyselectrolytemias (fluid and electrolyte disturbances) that commonly occur in intensive care units. It covers several key points:
- Fluid and electrolyte disturbances are among the most common clinical problems in ICU patients and increase morbidity and mortality. Disturbances can involve sodium, potassium, chloride, calcium, phosphate, and magnesium.
- Critical illnesses like trauma, sepsis, brain damage and heart failure can disrupt fluid and electrolyte homeostasis through mechanisms like reduced kidney perfusion, activation of hormones, and renal tubular damage. Inappropriate fluid/electrolyte administration is also important.
- Hypo- and hypernatremia are independent risk factors for poor prognosis in ICU
IV FLUIDS, TYPES AND CLASSIFICATION pptx
This document discusses intravenous (IV) fluids, including their composition and uses. It covers the different fluid compartments in the body and variations that can occur. Various IV fluid types - isotonic, hypotonic, hypertonic and colloids - are described along with their indications, precautions, and how they alter fluid balance. Factors influencing fluid requirements and principles of fluid therapy for resuscitation, maintenance and replacement are outlined. Signs of overhydration and approaches to manage fluid overload are also summarized.
Intraoperative fluids
This document provides information on IV fluids and intraoperative fluid management. It discusses the body's fluid compartments and regulation of fluid balance. Various IV fluid types are described including crystalloids like normal saline, Ringer's lactate, dextrose solutions; and colloids like dextran, gelatin, hydroxyethyl starch, and albumin. Intraoperative fluid requirements are outlined as maintenance fluids, fasting fluid deficit, and third space losses. Blood transfusion guidelines based on hematocrit and hemoglobin levels are also briefly mentioned.
Intravenous fluids crystalloids and colloids
Dr. Omar Kamal Ansari from the department of anaesthesiology discusses intravenous fluid therapy. He describes various types of intravenous fluids including crystalloids like normal saline and Ringer's lactate, colloids like albumin and hetastarch, and discusses their indications, contraindications, and complications. He also discusses fluid requirements, osmolality, electrolyte balances, and principles of intravenous fluid administration.
dna extraction PCR, Real Time PCR Dr. Imran.pptx
The extraction of DNA involves three main steps that are cell lysis, protein separation, and DNA purification. Cell lysis is usually performed by incubation of cell in buffer containing detergent and protease. Cellular proteins are salted out or phase separated using organic solvents. Finally DNA is isolated and purified either by alcohol precipitation or adsorption with silica and elution.
Fluid and Electrolytes
This document provides an overview of fluids and electrolytes including:
- Body water distribution and regulation which is primarily controlled by the kidneys.
- The roles of electrolytes like sodium, potassium, calcium, and magnesium in fluid balance, acid-base balance, and cell function.
- Acid-base imbalances including respiratory and metabolic acidosis and alkalosis.
- Common IV fluids and their properties, uses, and indications.
- Fluid volume deficits and excesses, their causes, signs and symptoms, and nursing interventions focused on fluid balance and electrolyte monitoring.
Electrolyte imbalance anupam
This document discusses electrolyte imbalances, focusing on sodium, potassium, calcium, and magnesium. It provides information on total body water percentages in different age groups. It covers the physiology and normal ranges of various electrolytes, as well as daily electrolyte requirements. Factors that can cause electrolyte imbalances like sodium and potassium deficiencies or excesses are explained. The clinical features, evaluation, and management of conditions like hypernatremia, hyponatremia, and hypokalemia are summarized.
Iv fluids
This document provides an overview of intravenous (IV) infusion, including definitions, purposes, types of solutions, equipment used, flow rate calculation, factors affecting flow rate, nursing considerations, and potential complications. Specifically, it defines IV infusion as administering medication or solution into a patient's vein using gravity. It describes various solutions like normal saline, Ringer's lactate, and dextrose that can be used and factors like viscosity and tubing length that influence flow rate. The document emphasizes the importance of assessing patients, maintaining sterile technique, and monitoring for signs of infection, air embolism, or fluid overload during IV therapy.
Fluid therapy
This document discusses pediatric fluid therapy and body fluid compartments. It begins by describing the different fluid compartments in the body, including total body water, extracellular fluid, and intracellular fluid. It then focuses on neonatal fluid management, noting that extracellular fluid is initially greater than intracellular fluid at birth, and describing appropriate intravenous fluid volumes for neonates. The document also discusses fluid requirements in children, evaluation of intravascular volume, choice of fluid types including crystalloids, colloids, and blood products, and provides guidelines for fluid resuscitation in dehydrated children.
iv fluids NEW.pptx
This document discusses various types of intravenous fluids and their uses. It begins by outlining the basic indications for IV fluid therapy, including treatment of fluid and electrolyte deficits as well as associated illnesses. It then describes different types of IV fluids in more detail, including crystalloids like saline and dextrose solutions, as well as colloid solutions like albumin, dextrans, gelatins, and hydroxyethyl starch. For each fluid, the document discusses properties, indications, contraindications, and complications. It also addresses principles of fluid management like redistribution, maintenance fluids, and fluid rates for different levels of surgical trauma.
BODY FLUID.ppt
1. The normal composition of body fluids consists of 55% fluids and 45% solids in males, and 60% fluids and 40% solids in females. Total body water is divided into intracellular fluid (ICF) and extracellular fluid (ECF).
2. ECF contains plasma, interstitial fluid, and transcellular fluids such as lymph and cerebrospinal fluid. ICF volume is about 28L and ECF volume is about 14L in adults.
3. Fluid volumes are regulated through osmosis driven by electrolyte concentrations between compartments. Imbalances can cause conditions such as edema. Hormones and renal control maintain fluid homeostasis.
Fluid theraphy
This document discusses fluid therapy and intravenous fluid administration. It begins by explaining normal water balance and insensible fluid loss. The basic principles of IV fluid therapy are then outlined, including advantages like accurate administration and rapid response, as well as indications like dehydration and shock. Contraindications and complications are also reviewed. The document then describes the types of IV fluids, including crystalloids like saline and lactated Ringer's, as well as colloids like albumin. Special fluids like sodium bicarbonate and potassium chloride are also covered. Guidelines for fluid administration and monitoring are provided.
Pharmacological Management of Congestive Heart Failure.pptx
This document summarizes the pharmacological management of congestive heart failure. It describes the major drug classes used including diuretics to reduce fluid retention, ACE inhibitors and beta blockers to improve cardiac function, and inotropic drugs like digoxin to increase contractility. The mechanisms of action and clinical implications of each drug class are explained.
Fluids and electrolytes
This document discusses fluid and electrolyte balance in the body. It covers the major electrolytes - sodium, potassium, calcium and magnesium. It describes their distribution between intracellular and extracellular fluid compartments and factors regulating their levels. Common electrolyte imbalances like hyponatremia, hypernatremia, hypokalemia and hyperkalemia are explained in terms of their causes, clinical features and treatment approach. The importance of fluid balance and factors influencing water regulation like antidiuretic hormone are also covered.
INDICATIONS OF DIALYSIS.pptx
Dialysis is a process that artificially removes waste and excess fluid from the blood to mimic the function of healthy kidneys. It aims to eliminate wastes, maintain electrolyte balance, prevent acidosis, and control fluid levels. Indications for starting dialysis include clinical signs like pulmonary edema or refractory edema, as well as biochemical abnormalities such as hyperkalemia over 6.5 mmol/L, bicarbonate below 12 mmol/L, or rapidly rising levels of urea, potassium, and creatinine.
Diuretics
Diuretics are drugs that promote increased production of urine. The main classes of diuretics are loop diuretics, thiazide diuretics, carbonic anhydrase inhibitors, osmotic diuretics, and aldosterone antagonists. Loop diuretics such as furosemide act on the loop of Henle and are highly effective. Thiazide diuretics such as hydrochlorothiazide are commonly used to treat hypertension and edema. Carbonic anhydrase inhibitors reduce fluid production in various tissues. Osmotic diuretics work by increasing osmotic pressure in the kidney tubules. Aldosterone antagonists such as spironolactone counteract sodium retention caused by
HYPERNATREMIA MADE EASY (1).pptx
This document provides guidance on managing hypernatremia in children. It begins by defining hypernatremia as a serum sodium concentration over 145 mEq/L. It then discusses the pathophysiology, including mechanisms like water depletion and sodium excess that can cause it. Risk groups like infants and intubated patients are identified due to impaired thirst or access to water. The document proposes a simple formula of 60 ml/kg + maintenance fluids per day to correct hypernatremia at a safe rate of 0.5 mmol/L per hour, using hypotonic fluids like half normal saline. Regular sodium monitoring is advised to titrate fluids and avoid risks of overly rapid correction like cerebral edema.
Sodium metabolism and disorders
This document discusses sodium metabolism and disorders of sodium balance. It covers:
- Physiology of sodium distribution and regulation in the body
- Mechanisms of sodium regulation in the kidneys, including reabsorption along the nephron and role of hormones like aldosterone and ANP
- Causes, evaluation, and treatment of hyponatremia and hypernatremia, including use of fluid restriction and hypertonic saline. Chronic asymptomatic hyponatremia is usually treated conservatively while more severe or symptomatic cases require rapid correction.
Cerebral salt wasting and siadh
Dr. Samir El Ansary, an ICU professor at Ain Shams University in Cairo, Egypt, provided an overview of SIADH (Syndrome of Inappropriate Antidiuretic Hormone Secretion), diabetes insipidus (DI), and cerebral salt wasting (CSW). SIADH is caused by inappropriate secretion of antidiuretic hormone leading to hyponatremia, low urine sodium, and concentrated urine. Central DI is caused by lack of antidiuretic hormone leading to polyuria, hypernatremia, and dilute urine. CSW is characterized by renal sodium wasting causing hypotension and hyponatremia. The disorders differ in urine output, serum sodium
Cerebral salt wasting and siadh
Dr. Samir El Ansary, an ICU professor at Ain Shams University in Cairo, Egypt, provided an overview of SIADH (Syndrome of Inappropriate Antidiuretic Hormone Secretion), diabetes insipidus (DI), and cerebral salt wasting (CSW). SIADH is caused by inappropriate secretion of antidiuretic hormone and results in hyponatremia. Central DI is caused by lack of antidiuretic hormone production in the brain and results in polyuria and hypernatremia. CSW is caused by excessive renal sodium loss following central nervous system injury or disease and results in hyponatremia. The disorders have distinct lab findings and treatments centered
In vitro models of hepatotoxicity
This document describes various in vitro models and methods that can be used to study hepatotoxicity, including hepatocyte cell cultures, assays to measure cell viability and metabolic activity (trypan blue dye exclusion test, MTT assay), staining to visualize lipid accumulation (Oil Red O), and techniques to examine gene and protein expression changes (RT-PCR, western blotting). Specifically, it discusses using these methods to establish models of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) by treating hepatocyte cultures with fatty acids like palmitic and oleic acid, and models of drug-induced hepatotoxicity by treating with acetaminophen or amiodarone. Key readouts include lipid accumulation, apoptosis levels
More Related Content
Similar to Isolated blood vessels
IV FLUIDS, TYPES AND CLASSIFICATION pptx
This document discusses intravenous (IV) fluids, including their composition and uses. It covers the different fluid compartments in the body and variations that can occur. Various IV fluid types - isotonic, hypotonic, hypertonic and colloids - are described along with their indications, precautions, and how they alter fluid balance. Factors influencing fluid requirements and principles of fluid therapy for resuscitation, maintenance and replacement are outlined. Signs of overhydration and approaches to manage fluid overload are also summarized.
Intraoperative fluids
This document provides information on IV fluids and intraoperative fluid management. It discusses the body's fluid compartments and regulation of fluid balance. Various IV fluid types are described including crystalloids like normal saline, Ringer's lactate, dextrose solutions; and colloids like dextran, gelatin, hydroxyethyl starch, and albumin. Intraoperative fluid requirements are outlined as maintenance fluids, fasting fluid deficit, and third space losses. Blood transfusion guidelines based on hematocrit and hemoglobin levels are also briefly mentioned.
Intravenous fluids crystalloids and colloids
Dr. Omar Kamal Ansari from the department of anaesthesiology discusses intravenous fluid therapy. He describes various types of intravenous fluids including crystalloids like normal saline and Ringer's lactate, colloids like albumin and hetastarch, and discusses their indications, contraindications, and complications. He also discusses fluid requirements, osmolality, electrolyte balances, and principles of intravenous fluid administration.
dna extraction PCR, Real Time PCR Dr. Imran.pptx
The extraction of DNA involves three main steps that are cell lysis, protein separation, and DNA purification. Cell lysis is usually performed by incubation of cell in buffer containing detergent and protease. Cellular proteins are salted out or phase separated using organic solvents. Finally DNA is isolated and purified either by alcohol precipitation or adsorption with silica and elution.
Fluid and Electrolytes
This document provides an overview of fluids and electrolytes including:
- Body water distribution and regulation which is primarily controlled by the kidneys.
- The roles of electrolytes like sodium, potassium, calcium, and magnesium in fluid balance, acid-base balance, and cell function.
- Acid-base imbalances including respiratory and metabolic acidosis and alkalosis.
- Common IV fluids and their properties, uses, and indications.
- Fluid volume deficits and excesses, their causes, signs and symptoms, and nursing interventions focused on fluid balance and electrolyte monitoring.
Electrolyte imbalance anupam
This document discusses electrolyte imbalances, focusing on sodium, potassium, calcium, and magnesium. It provides information on total body water percentages in different age groups. It covers the physiology and normal ranges of various electrolytes, as well as daily electrolyte requirements. Factors that can cause electrolyte imbalances like sodium and potassium deficiencies or excesses are explained. The clinical features, evaluation, and management of conditions like hypernatremia, hyponatremia, and hypokalemia are summarized.
Iv fluids
This document provides an overview of intravenous (IV) infusion, including definitions, purposes, types of solutions, equipment used, flow rate calculation, factors affecting flow rate, nursing considerations, and potential complications. Specifically, it defines IV infusion as administering medication or solution into a patient's vein using gravity. It describes various solutions like normal saline, Ringer's lactate, and dextrose that can be used and factors like viscosity and tubing length that influence flow rate. The document emphasizes the importance of assessing patients, maintaining sterile technique, and monitoring for signs of infection, air embolism, or fluid overload during IV therapy.
Fluid therapy
This document discusses pediatric fluid therapy and body fluid compartments. It begins by describing the different fluid compartments in the body, including total body water, extracellular fluid, and intracellular fluid. It then focuses on neonatal fluid management, noting that extracellular fluid is initially greater than intracellular fluid at birth, and describing appropriate intravenous fluid volumes for neonates. The document also discusses fluid requirements in children, evaluation of intravascular volume, choice of fluid types including crystalloids, colloids, and blood products, and provides guidelines for fluid resuscitation in dehydrated children.
iv fluids NEW.pptx
This document discusses various types of intravenous fluids and their uses. It begins by outlining the basic indications for IV fluid therapy, including treatment of fluid and electrolyte deficits as well as associated illnesses. It then describes different types of IV fluids in more detail, including crystalloids like saline and dextrose solutions, as well as colloid solutions like albumin, dextrans, gelatins, and hydroxyethyl starch. For each fluid, the document discusses properties, indications, contraindications, and complications. It also addresses principles of fluid management like redistribution, maintenance fluids, and fluid rates for different levels of surgical trauma.
BODY FLUID.ppt
1. The normal composition of body fluids consists of 55% fluids and 45% solids in males, and 60% fluids and 40% solids in females. Total body water is divided into intracellular fluid (ICF) and extracellular fluid (ECF).
2. ECF contains plasma, interstitial fluid, and transcellular fluids such as lymph and cerebrospinal fluid. ICF volume is about 28L and ECF volume is about 14L in adults.
3. Fluid volumes are regulated through osmosis driven by electrolyte concentrations between compartments. Imbalances can cause conditions such as edema. Hormones and renal control maintain fluid homeostasis.
Fluid theraphy
This document discusses fluid therapy and intravenous fluid administration. It begins by explaining normal water balance and insensible fluid loss. The basic principles of IV fluid therapy are then outlined, including advantages like accurate administration and rapid response, as well as indications like dehydration and shock. Contraindications and complications are also reviewed. The document then describes the types of IV fluids, including crystalloids like saline and lactated Ringer's, as well as colloids like albumin. Special fluids like sodium bicarbonate and potassium chloride are also covered. Guidelines for fluid administration and monitoring are provided.
Pharmacological Management of Congestive Heart Failure.pptx
This document summarizes the pharmacological management of congestive heart failure. It describes the major drug classes used including diuretics to reduce fluid retention, ACE inhibitors and beta blockers to improve cardiac function, and inotropic drugs like digoxin to increase contractility. The mechanisms of action and clinical implications of each drug class are explained.
Fluids and electrolytes
This document discusses fluid and electrolyte balance in the body. It covers the major electrolytes - sodium, potassium, calcium and magnesium. It describes their distribution between intracellular and extracellular fluid compartments and factors regulating their levels. Common electrolyte imbalances like hyponatremia, hypernatremia, hypokalemia and hyperkalemia are explained in terms of their causes, clinical features and treatment approach. The importance of fluid balance and factors influencing water regulation like antidiuretic hormone are also covered.
INDICATIONS OF DIALYSIS.pptx
Dialysis is a process that artificially removes waste and excess fluid from the blood to mimic the function of healthy kidneys. It aims to eliminate wastes, maintain electrolyte balance, prevent acidosis, and control fluid levels. Indications for starting dialysis include clinical signs like pulmonary edema or refractory edema, as well as biochemical abnormalities such as hyperkalemia over 6.5 mmol/L, bicarbonate below 12 mmol/L, or rapidly rising levels of urea, potassium, and creatinine.
Diuretics
Diuretics are drugs that promote increased production of urine. The main classes of diuretics are loop diuretics, thiazide diuretics, carbonic anhydrase inhibitors, osmotic diuretics, and aldosterone antagonists. Loop diuretics such as furosemide act on the loop of Henle and are highly effective. Thiazide diuretics such as hydrochlorothiazide are commonly used to treat hypertension and edema. Carbonic anhydrase inhibitors reduce fluid production in various tissues. Osmotic diuretics work by increasing osmotic pressure in the kidney tubules. Aldosterone antagonists such as spironolactone counteract sodium retention caused by
HYPERNATREMIA MADE EASY (1).pptx
This document provides guidance on managing hypernatremia in children. It begins by defining hypernatremia as a serum sodium concentration over 145 mEq/L. It then discusses the pathophysiology, including mechanisms like water depletion and sodium excess that can cause it. Risk groups like infants and intubated patients are identified due to impaired thirst or access to water. The document proposes a simple formula of 60 ml/kg + maintenance fluids per day to correct hypernatremia at a safe rate of 0.5 mmol/L per hour, using hypotonic fluids like half normal saline. Regular sodium monitoring is advised to titrate fluids and avoid risks of overly rapid correction like cerebral edema.
Sodium metabolism and disorders
This document discusses sodium metabolism and disorders of sodium balance. It covers:
- Physiology of sodium distribution and regulation in the body
- Mechanisms of sodium regulation in the kidneys, including reabsorption along the nephron and role of hormones like aldosterone and ANP
- Causes, evaluation, and treatment of hyponatremia and hypernatremia, including use of fluid restriction and hypertonic saline. Chronic asymptomatic hyponatremia is usually treated conservatively while more severe or symptomatic cases require rapid correction.
Cerebral salt wasting and siadh
Dr. Samir El Ansary, an ICU professor at Ain Shams University in Cairo, Egypt, provided an overview of SIADH (Syndrome of Inappropriate Antidiuretic Hormone Secretion), diabetes insipidus (DI), and cerebral salt wasting (CSW). SIADH is caused by inappropriate secretion of antidiuretic hormone leading to hyponatremia, low urine sodium, and concentrated urine. Central DI is caused by lack of antidiuretic hormone leading to polyuria, hypernatremia, and dilute urine. CSW is characterized by renal sodium wasting causing hypotension and hyponatremia. The disorders differ in urine output, serum sodium
Cerebral salt wasting and siadh
Dr. Samir El Ansary, an ICU professor at Ain Shams University in Cairo, Egypt, provided an overview of SIADH (Syndrome of Inappropriate Antidiuretic Hormone Secretion), diabetes insipidus (DI), and cerebral salt wasting (CSW). SIADH is caused by inappropriate secretion of antidiuretic hormone and results in hyponatremia. Central DI is caused by lack of antidiuretic hormone production in the brain and results in polyuria and hypernatremia. CSW is caused by excessive renal sodium loss following central nervous system injury or disease and results in hyponatremia. The disorders have distinct lab findings and treatments centered
Similar to Isolated blood vessels (20)
Pharmacological Management of Congestive Heart Failure.pptx
Pharmacological Management of Congestive Heart Failure.pptx
More from improvemed
In vitro models of hepatotoxicity
This document describes various in vitro models and methods that can be used to study hepatotoxicity, including hepatocyte cell cultures, assays to measure cell viability and metabolic activity (trypan blue dye exclusion test, MTT assay), staining to visualize lipid accumulation (Oil Red O), and techniques to examine gene and protein expression changes (RT-PCR, western blotting). Specifically, it discusses using these methods to establish models of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) by treating hepatocyte cultures with fatty acids like palmitic and oleic acid, and models of drug-induced hepatotoxicity by treating with acetaminophen or amiodarone. Key readouts include lipid accumulation, apoptosis levels
Etiology of liver diseases
This document summarizes various liver diseases and their etiologies. It discusses alcoholic liver disease, drug-induced liver injury, viral hepatitis infections from hepatitis B, C, and D viruses, autoimmune disorders like autoimmune hepatitis and primary biliary cirrhosis, genetic disorders, non-alcoholic fatty liver disease, cirrhosis, and hepatocellular carcinoma. The liver's important functions are outlined. Causes, pathogenesis, clinical features, diagnosis, and treatment approaches are described for each disease.
An introduction to experimental epidemiology
This document provides an overview of experimental epidemiology methods. It discusses the key features and types of experimental epidemiology studies, including controlled field trials and community trials. Controlled field trials involve dividing healthy subjects into an exposed group that receives an active substance (like a vaccine) and an unexposed control group that receives a placebo. Community trials involve entire exposed and unexposed communities. Randomized controlled trials, which assign individual subjects randomly to intervention or control groups, are described as the most common experimental method but are covered in more depth separately. Overall, the document outlines the design and purpose of various experimental epidemiology study types.
Genotyping methods of nosocomial infections pathogen
Nosocomial infections afflict around 2 million patients in the US each year, resulting in around 88,000 deaths and $4.5 billion in excess healthcare costs. Understanding the distribution and relatedness of pathogens that cause these infections is important for designing effective control methods. Historically, phenotypic characterization was used, but increasingly molecular or genotyping techniques are being used, including pulsed-field gel electrophoresis, multilocus sequence typing, and polymerase chain reaction-based methods. Studies have shown that integrating molecular typing into infection control programs can significantly reduce infection rates and healthcare costs.
Use of MALDI-TOF in the diagnosis of infectious diseases
MALDI-TOF MS has revolutionized clinical microbiology by drastically improving the time needed to identify bacterial cultures from over 24 hours to just a few minutes. Whereas the entire process from sampling to results previously took 2-3 days or more, new methods like MALDI-TOF MS and molecular technology have reduced this to just a few hours or one day. MALDI-TOF MS is a powerful, cost-effective, and easy to implement technique that provides rapid and reliable identification of bacteria and yeast from clinical samples at the genus and species level through analysis of their protein mass spectral signatures.
Molecular microbiology methods
1. Molecular microbiology methods like PCR and hybridization have revolutionized clinical diagnostics by enabling fast and direct detection of pathogens from clinical samples.
2. PCR in particular has become a mainstay technique, allowing amplification of specific DNA sequences from small amounts of input DNA. Variations like real-time PCR, multiplex PCR, and broad-range PCR further expanded diagnostic capabilities.
3. Emerging technologies like DNA microarrays promise even greater multiplexing, with the ability to simultaneously genotype large genomic regions or measure expression of many genes, positioning them as promising future molecular diagnostic tools.
Isolated vascular rings
This document provides information about setting up and conducting experiments with isolated organs and tissue rings, including:
1. Describing the mechanical setup for a four-channel system bath for isolated organs.
2. Explaining the preparation of Krebs-Hanseleit solution and common drugs used.
3. Outlining typical experiment protocols, including stabilizing tissues, pre-contraction testing, and assessing endothelial function.
4. Noting that each experiment begins by preparing Krebs-Hanseleit solution and activating the system before surgery and setting rings in wells.
Isolated blood vessels
This document describes the components, work principles, and experimental protocols for using a pressure myograph system to study isolated blood vessels. The system allows measuring vessel diameter in response to drugs and stimuli while maintaining constant temperature. Experiments involve isolating small arteries from rats and attaching them to glass micropipettes in a chamber filled with physiological salt solution. Vessel diameter is recorded under varying pressures and drug exposures to study endothelial function and vasoactive mechanisms. Statistical analysis of diameter changes under different conditions uses repeated measures ANOVA to compare responses between experimental groups.
Notes for Measuring blood flow and reactivity of the blood vessels in the ski...
This document describes the laser Doppler flowmetry (LDF) method for measuring blood flow in the microcirculation of skin. Specifically, it discusses post-occlusive reactive hyperemia (PORH) testing using LDF to assess microvascular reactivity by inducing a brief occlusion of blood vessels. It also covers iontophoresis of acetylcholine and sodium nitroprusside combined with LDF to evaluate endothelium-dependent and independent vasodilation respectively. Standardization of methods like occlusion duration and probe placement is important for reproducibility. LDF provides a general index of microvascular function rather than direct flow measurements.
Notes for STAINING AND ANALYSIS of HISTOLOGICAL PREPARATIONS
This document provides an overview of histological staining techniques. It discusses how histological preparations are stained using interactions between dyes, solvents, and tissue components. Different staining methods result in different colors that highlight various structures. A classic example is hematoxylin and eosin staining, where hematoxylin stains acidic components blue and eosin stains basic components pink. Specialized staining techniques also exist, such as immunohistochemistry. Proper staining selection depends on the tissue and research goals. Histological preparations are then analyzed under a microscope to study cell and tissue morphology.
Notes for Fixation of tissues and organs for educational and scientific purposes
Fixation of tissues and organs is done to preserve them for scientific and educational purposes. Various chemical fixatives are used including formaldehyde, alcohols, and acids. Formaldehyde cross-links proteins to harden the tissue while maintaining the original structure. Several fixation protocols are used for different purposes, balancing preservation of color and long-term durability. Key steps include diffusion or injection of fixatives, followed by storage in preservative solutions. Proper fixation and storage are necessary to prevent degradation over time.
Notes for
The document summarizes the process of preparing tissue samples for histological analysis, including fixation, dehydration, infiltration/embedding, sectioning, staining, and examination. Key steps involve fixing tissues to prevent degradation, dehydrating using increasing alcohol concentrations, infiltrating with paraffin wax or resin for structural support during sectioning, precisely cutting thin sections, mounting them to glass slides, staining, and examining under a microscope. The quality of prepared samples depends on carefully following each step of the preparation process.
Notes for The principle and performance of capillary electrophoresis
This document provides an overview of capillary electrophoresis (CE). It begins by introducing CE and its advantages over other separation techniques. It then describes the basic theory behind CE, including electrophoretic mobility, electroosmotic flow, and how samples migrate through the capillary when an electric field is applied. The document details the key components of a CE instrument and various CE separation techniques such as capillary zone electrophoresis, micellar electrokinetic chromatography, and capillary isoelectric focusing. It focuses on the principles and applications of CE.
Notes for The principle and performance of liquid chromatography–mass spectro...
This document provides an overview of liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS). It describes the basic components and functioning of an LC-MS system, including the liquid chromatograph and mass spectrometer connected by an interface. The document discusses various ionization sources like electrospray ionization and atmospheric pressure chemical ionization, as well as mass analyzers like quadrupoles and time-of-flight analyzers. It also covers detectors used in LC-MS like electron multipliers and photomultipliers. Overall, the document serves as a technical introduction to the principles and components of LC-MS.
Notes for Cell Culture Basic Techniques
This document provides an overview of basic cell culture techniques. It discusses the history of cell culture, defining primary and secondary cell cultures. It describes different types of cell lines and how cells grow as monolayers or in suspension. The document outlines the key equipment needed for a cell culture laboratory, including biosafety cabinets, CO2 incubators, centrifuges, microscopes, and supplies. It emphasizes the importance of aseptic technique to prevent microbial contamination when working with cell cultures.
Big datasets
This document discusses systems biology and its goals of understanding how biological molecules interact and systems function as a whole. It covers:
1) Systems biology uses large datasets from "omics" experiments and computational models to understand complex biological interactions beyond individual molecules.
2) Pioneering work used microarrays to measure thousands of genes in serum-stimulated cells, finding over 500 changed in proliferation.
3) The field aims to discover emergent system properties and functions not evident from separate parts, like switches that change cell behavior.
Systems biology for Medicine' is 'Experimental methods and the big datasets
This document discusses experimental methods used in systems biology to generate large datasets, including microarrays, sequencing-based methods, mass spectrometry, and liquid chromatography. It explains that systems biology studies must be quantitative and enable computational modeling. Key methods covered are microarrays, RNA-seq, ChIP-seq, whole-genome sequencing, whole-exome sequencing, proteomics using mass spectrometry, and combining liquid chromatography with mass spectrometry for lipidomics, metabolomics and glycomics. Sources of variation are also discussed for genomic and proteomic studies.
Systems biology for medical students/Systems medicine
Systems biology takes a holistic approach to studying biological systems by considering all the interactions within a system and how they generate complex behaviors. Lecture 1 introduces key concepts in systems biology like how increasing levels of biological organization give rise to new system properties like robustness. Lecture 2 discusses experimental methods like genomics, proteomics, and metabolomics that generate large data sets for systems analysis. Lecture 3 covers mathematical and statistical tools for analyzing these data sets, such as using differential equations to model signaling networks. Lecture 4 provides examples of medical applications of systems biology in finding diagnostic markers, personalizing therapy, and predicting disease interactions from human disease networks, with the future of medicine taking a more predictive, preventive, and personalized approach
Use cases
The document discusses several use cases for applying data mining and machine learning techniques in healthcare and biomedical research. Three examples are:
1) Early diagnosis of cancers like lung cancer and breast cancer through predictive modeling of patient data to detect cancers at earlier stages when survival rates are higher.
2) Predicting patient responses to drug therapies for cancers like breast cancer by combining different types of molecular profiling data using techniques like support vector machines and random forests.
3) Using imaging data and temporal analysis of metrics like medication purchases to better understand and predict chronic diseases like diabetes and associated health complications.
More from improvemed (20)
2019 2020 predavanje letenje, ronjenje drenjancevic
2019 2020 predavanje letenje, ronjenje drenjancevic
Genotyping methods of nosocomial infections pathogen
Genotyping methods of nosocomial infections pathogen
Use of MALDI-TOF in the diagnosis of infectious diseases
Use of MALDI-TOF in the diagnosis of infectious diseases
Notes for Measuring blood flow and reactivity of the blood vessels in the ski...
Notes for Measuring blood flow and reactivity of the blood vessels in the ski...
Notes for STAINING AND ANALYSIS of HISTOLOGICAL PREPARATIONS
Notes for STAINING AND ANALYSIS of HISTOLOGICAL PREPARATIONS
Notes for Fixation of tissues and organs for educational and scientific purposes
Notes for Fixation of tissues and organs for educational and scientific purposes
Notes for The principle and performance of capillary electrophoresis
Notes for The principle and performance of capillary electrophoresis
Notes for The principle and performance of liquid chromatography–mass spectro...
Notes for The principle and performance of liquid chromatography–mass spectro...
Systems biology for Medicine' is 'Experimental methods and the big datasets
Systems biology for Medicine' is 'Experimental methods and the big datasets
Systems biology for medical students/Systems medicine
Systems biology for medical students/Systems medicine
Recently uploaded
How to Predict Vendor Bill Product in Odoo 17
This slide will guide us through the process of predicting vendor bill products based on previous purchases from the vendor in Odoo 17.
NIPER 2024 MEMORY BASED QUESTIONS.ANSWERS TO NIPER 2024 QUESTIONS.NIPER JEE 2...
NIPER JEE PYQ
NIPER JEE QUESTIONS
MOST FREQUENTLY ASK QUESTIONS
NIPER MEMORY BASED QUWSTIONS
CapTechTalks Webinar Slides June 2024 Donovan Wright.pptx
Slides from a Capitol Technology University webinar held June 20, 2024. The webinar featured Dr. Donovan Wright, presenting on the Department of Defense Digital Transformation.
Elevate Your Nonprofit's Online Presence_ A Guide to Effective SEO Strategies...
Whether you're new to SEO or looking to refine your existing strategies, this webinar will provide you with actionable insights and practical tips to elevate your nonprofit's online presence.
BÀI TẬP BỔ TRỢ TIẾNG ANH LỚP 9 CẢ NĂM - GLOBAL SUCCESS - NĂM HỌC 2024-2025 - ...
BÀI TẬP BỔ TRỢ TIẾNG ANH LỚP 9 CẢ NĂM - GLOBAL SUCCESS - NĂM HỌC 2024-2025 - ...Nguyen Thanh Tu Collection
https://app.box.com/s/tacvl9ekroe9hqupdnjruiypvm9rdaneEducational Technology in the Health Sciences
Plenary presentation at the NTTC Inter-university Workshop, 18 June 2024, Manila Prince Hotel.
Benner "Expanding Pathways to Publishing Careers"
This presentation was provided by Rebecca Benner, Ph.D., of the American Society of Anesthesiologists, for the second session of NISO's 2024 Training Series "DEIA in the Scholarly Landscape." Session Two: 'Expanding Pathways to Publishing Careers,' was held June 13, 2024.
How to Download & Install Module From the Odoo App Store in Odoo 17
Custom modules offer the flexibility to extend Odoo's capabilities, address unique requirements, and optimize workflows to align seamlessly with your organization's processes. By leveraging custom modules, businesses can unlock greater efficiency, productivity, and innovation, empowering them to stay competitive in today's dynamic market landscape. In this tutorial, we'll guide you step by step on how to easily download and install modules from the Odoo App Store.
Wound healing PPT
This document provides an overview of wound healing, its functions, stages, mechanisms, factors affecting it, and complications.
A wound is a break in the integrity of the skin or tissues, which may be associated with disruption of the structure and function.
Healing is the body’s response to injury in an attempt to restore normal structure and functions.
Healing can occur in two ways: Regeneration and Repair
There are 4 phases of wound healing: hemostasis, inflammation, proliferation, and remodeling. This document also describes the mechanism of wound healing. Factors that affect healing include infection, uncontrolled diabetes, poor nutrition, age, anemia, the presence of foreign bodies, etc.
Complications of wound healing like infection, hyperpigmentation of scar, contractures, and keloid formation.
BÀI TẬP BỔ TRỢ TIẾNG ANH LỚP 8 - CẢ NĂM - FRIENDS PLUS - NĂM HỌC 2023-2024 (B...
BÀI TẬP BỔ TRỢ TIẾNG ANH LỚP 8 - CẢ NĂM - FRIENDS PLUS - NĂM HỌC 2023-2024 (B...Nguyen Thanh Tu Collection
https://app.box.com/s/nrwz52lilmrw6m5kqeqn83q6vbdp8yzpRHEOLOGY Physical pharmaceutics-II notes for B.pharm 4th sem students
Physical pharmaceutics notes for B.pharm students
How to Fix [Errno 98] address already in use
This slide will represent the cause of the error “[Errno 98] address already in use” and the troubleshooting steps to resolve this error in Odoo.
Level 3 NCEA - NZ: A Nation In the Making 1872 - 1900 SML.ppt
The History of NZ 1870-1900.
Making of a Nation.
From the NZ Wars to Liberals,
Richard Seddon, George Grey,
Social Laboratory, New Zealand,
Confiscations, Kotahitanga, Kingitanga, Parliament, Suffrage, Repudiation, Economic Change, Agriculture, Gold Mining, Timber, Flax, Sheep, Dairying,
Recently uploaded (20)
NIPER 2024 MEMORY BASED QUESTIONS.ANSWERS TO NIPER 2024 QUESTIONS.NIPER JEE 2...
NIPER 2024 MEMORY BASED QUESTIONS.ANSWERS TO NIPER 2024 QUESTIONS.NIPER JEE 2...
CapTechTalks Webinar Slides June 2024 Donovan Wright.pptx
CapTechTalks Webinar Slides June 2024 Donovan Wright.pptx
Elevate Your Nonprofit's Online Presence_ A Guide to Effective SEO Strategies...
Elevate Your Nonprofit's Online Presence_ A Guide to Effective SEO Strategies...
BÀI TẬP BỔ TRỢ TIẾNG ANH LỚP 9 CẢ NĂM - GLOBAL SUCCESS - NĂM HỌC 2024-2025 - ...
BÀI TẬP BỔ TRỢ TIẾNG ANH LỚP 9 CẢ NĂM - GLOBAL SUCCESS - NĂM HỌC 2024-2025 - ...
REASIGNACION 2024 UGEL CHUPACA 2024 UGEL CHUPACA.pdf
REASIGNACION 2024 UGEL CHUPACA 2024 UGEL CHUPACA.pdf
How to Download & Install Module From the Odoo App Store in Odoo 17
How to Download & Install Module From the Odoo App Store in Odoo 17
BÀI TẬP BỔ TRỢ TIẾNG ANH LỚP 8 - CẢ NĂM - FRIENDS PLUS - NĂM HỌC 2023-2024 (B...
BÀI TẬP BỔ TRỢ TIẾNG ANH LỚP 8 - CẢ NĂM - FRIENDS PLUS - NĂM HỌC 2023-2024 (B...
RHEOLOGY Physical pharmaceutics-II notes for B.pharm 4th sem students
RHEOLOGY Physical pharmaceutics-II notes for B.pharm 4th sem students
Level 3 NCEA - NZ: A Nation In the Making 1872 - 1900 SML.ppt
Level 3 NCEA - NZ: A Nation In the Making 1872 - 1900 SML.ppt
Isolated blood vessels
- 1. Isolated blood vessels Ivana Jukic
- 2. PARTS OF THE SYSTEM AND FUNCTION • structure and isolated features blood small vessels diameter (> 60 microns) - rat middle cerebral artery • myogenic answer / Flow induced dilatation • pharmacological / physiological stimuli • inconstructed the system heating • opens for superfusion. quickly discharge and filling (addition of drugs / oxidation) • cleaning and proper maintenance • danish Myo Technology (DMT) (Denmark) / MyoVIEW • flowmeter - 161FM • flow between 15-1500 uL/ min
- 3. Picture First Components of isolated blood vessels (pressure myograph System DMT Model 111P)
- 4. PREPARATION PSS SOLUTIONS PSS SOLUTION • For prepare 0.5 L • Distilled water: 450 mL • Salt Stock solution: 25 mL • buffer Stock solution: 25 mL • Glucose: 0.5 g • NaH2PER4: 0.07 Mr Ca-free PSS SOLUTION • To prepare 0.5 L • Distilled water: 450 mL • Salt Stock Ca-free solution: 25 mL • buffer Stock Ca-free solution: 25 mL • Glucose: 0.5 g • NaH2PER4: 0.07 g pH 7:35 to 7:45
- 5. INSULATION middle cerebral artery • anesthesia • ketamine 75 mg / kg and midazolam 0.5 mg / kg • decapitation • isolation artery • PSS (37C) • To continue oxygenation system • 21% O2, 5% CO2 and N balance2 • incubate blood vessels • 60 min / Δ80 mmHg
- 6. EXPERIMENTAL PROTOCOL • basic values • oppressive gradients Δ10, Δ20, Δ40, Δ60 and 100 mmHg • prisutnost / absence inhibitor • L-NAME • indomethacin • MESP • TEMPOL • Ach / SNP • Ca2+- free PSS solution
- 7. STATISTICAL DATA AND PRESENTATION • data processing must use two-way ANOVA repeated measures Picture 2. The basic answer resistive arterioles subcutaneous (SAT) and visceral (VAT) adipose tissue to flow induced dilation (FID), comparison between the two groups