Ecological Building ISO 14067

1. EPD 기반 생태건축의 성능기준 및 모듈화 · 시공 기술개발
– –

2. Introduction
Methodology for quantification
Case study

3. • (a) ISO 14067은 제품에 대한 탄소발자국 산정표준으로 ISO 14064-1(조직) 및
ISO 14064-2(프로젝트)와 함께 글로벌 3대 온실가스 산정표준 중의 하나
• (b) 인간활동에 따른 발자국 정보공개(Footprint communication)를 소비자에게 공개
하기 위하여 필수적 표준인 발자국 산정표준으로써 ISO 14067:2018이 있음
- ISO 14046:2014는 물발자국 정보를 산정하고 공개하는 표준임
- ISO 14026:2017은 발자국 정보의 산출지침을 작성하는 방법에 대한 표준임
(a)
(b)

4. • This document specifies principles, requirements and guidelines for the quantification and reporting of the carbon footprint of a
product (CFP), in a manner consistent with International Standards on life cycle assessment (LCA) (ISO 14040 and ISO 14044).
• This document addresses only a single impact category: climate change. Carbon offsetting and communication of CFP or partial
CFP information are outside the scope of this document.

5. greenhouse gas
GHG
gaseous constituent of the atmosphere, both natural and anthropogenic, that absorbs and emits radiation at specific wavelengths within the spectrum of
infrared radiation emitted by the Earth’s surface, the atmosphere and clouds
carbon dioxide equivalent
CO2 equivalent
CO2e
unit for comparing the radiative forcing of a GHG to that of carbon dioxide
global warming potential
GWP
index, based on radiative properties of GHGs, measuring the radiative forcing following a pulse emission of a unit mass of a given GHG in the present-day
atmosphere integrated over a chosen time horizon, relative to that of carbon dioxide (CO2)
carbon footprint of a product
CFP
sum of GHG emissions and GHG removals in a product system, expressed as CO2 equivalents and based on a life cycle assessment using the single impact
category of climate change
carbon offsetting
mechanism for compensating for all or a part of the CFP or the partial CFP through the prevention of the release of, reduction in, or removal of an amount of
GHG emissions in a process outside the product system under study
product category rules
PCR
set of specific rules, requirements and guidelines for developing Type III environmental declarations and footprint communications for one or more product
categories

6. • A CFP study in accordance with this document shall include the four phases of LCA, i.e. goal and scope definition, LCI, LCIA and
life cycle interpretation, for CFP or partial CFP.
• The unit processes comprising the product system shall be grouped into life cycle stages, e.g. acquisition of raw material, design,
production, transportation/delivery, use and end-of-life.
자원 채취 소재 가공 부품 가공
제품 조립제품 사용제품 폐기

7. • Where relevant PCR or CFP–PCR exist, they shall be adopted. PCR or CFP–PCR are relevant provided:
- they have been developed in accordance with ISO/TS 14027, or a relevant sector-specific International Standard that applies the
requirements of ISO 14044;
- they conform to the requirements of this clause, 6.3, 6.4 and 6.5;
- they are considered proper (e.g. for system boundaries, modularity, allocation and data quality) by the organization applying this
document and are in accordance with the principles in Clause 5.
• If more than one set of relevant PCR or CFP–PCR exist, the relevant PCR or CFP–PCR shall be reviewed by the organization applying
this document (e.g. for system boundaries, modularity, allocation, data quality)
https://www.ul.com/offerings/product-category-rules-pcrs https://www.environdec.com/PCR/PCR-Search/ http://www.epd.or.kr/epd/guide03.do

8. • In defining the scope of the CFP study, the following items shall be considered and clearly described, taking into account the
requirements and guidance given in the relevant sub-clauses of this document:
a) the system under study and its functions;
b) the functional or declared unit;
c) the system boundary, including the geographical scope of the system under study;
d) data and data quality requirements;
e) the time boundary for data;
f) assumptions, especially for the use stage and the end-of-life stage;
g) allocation procedures;
h) specific GHG emissions and removals, e.g. due to LUC;
i) methods to address issues occurring with specific product categories;
j) the CFP study report;
k) the type of critical review, if any;
l) limitations of the CFP study.
Scope of the study

9. • A CFP study shall clearly specify the functional or declared unit of the system under study.
• The primary purpose of a functional or declared unit is to provide a reference to which the inputs and outputs are related. Therefore,
the functional or declared unit shall be clearly defined and measurable.
Functional or declared unit
자동차 12만 km 주행
100L의 냉장·냉동 용량에 음식물을 신선하게
보관
10m2의 벽을 불투명도 98%로 채색하여 10년
유지
6kg 용량 세탁기에 4.5kg의 세탁물을 중경도의
물로 1회 세탁
생수 1000ml 섭취
수용가에 전력 1kWh 공급
음료수 1000ml 생산
철강제품 1ton 생산

10. • The system boundary shall be the basis used to determine which unit processes are included within the CFP study.
• The selection of the system boundary shall be consistent with the goal of the CFP study. The criteria, e.g. cut-off criteria, used in
establishing the system boundary shall be identified and explained.
• Decisions shall be made regarding which unit processes to include in the CFP study and to which level of detail these unit
processes shall be studied. The exclusion of life cycle stages, processes, inputs or outputs within the system under study is only
permitted if they do not significantly change the overall conclusions of the CFP study.
System boundary
<System boundary> <System boundary>
vs.
cut-off criteria

11. • In general, all processes and flows that are attributable to the analyzed system shall be included.
• If individual material or energy flows are found to be insignificant for the carbon footprint of a particular unit process, these may
be excluded for practical reasons and shall be reported as data exclusions.
• Consistent cut-off criteria that allow the exclusion of certain processes of minor importance shall be defined within the goal and
scope definition phase.
System boundary: cut-off criteria
Product
system
A
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
. . .
[A : INPUT MASS BASIS]
Product
system
A
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
. . .
[CF : OUTPUT MASS BASIS]
CF = Σ (A × EF)
• CF: carbon footprint
• A: activity
• EF: emission factor
(예) 투입기준 제외기준 5%
- 투입물 총 무게: 100
- 포함 대상 누적 무게: 95
* 무거운 것부터 순서대로 누적
* 제외 기준은 1%, 2%, 5%가
일반적이며, 5%가 가장 많음
* 한국과 미국, 스웨덴 등은 5%
적용

12. • Site-specific data shall be collected for individual processes where the organization undertaking the CFP study has financial or
operational control. The data shall be representative of the processes for which they are collected
- Site-specific data should also be used for those unit processes that are most important and not under financial or operational control.
Note The most important processes are those which together contribute at least 80 % to the CFP, starting from the largest to the smallest
contributions after cut-off.
- Site-specific data refer to either direct GHG emissions (determined through direct monitoring, stoichiometry, mass balance or similar
methods), activity data (inputs and outputs of processes that result in GHG emissions or removals) or emission factors.
• Primary data that are not site-specific data, and which have undergone third-party review, should be used when the collection of site-
specific data is not practicable.
• Secondary data shall only be used for inputs and outputs where the collection of primary data is not practicable, or for processes of
minor importance.
Data and data quality

13. • A CFP study should use data that reduce bias and uncertainty as far as practical by using the best quality data available. Data quality
shall be characterized by both quantitative and qualitative aspects. Characterization of data quality should address the following:
a) time-related coverage: age of data and the minimum length of time over which data should be collected;
b) geographical coverage: geographical area from which data for unit processes should be collected to satisfy the goal of the CFP study;
c) technology coverage: specific technology or technology mix;
d) precision: measure of the variability of each data value expressed (e.g. variance);
e) completeness: percentage of total flow that is measured or estimated;
f) representativeness: qualitative assessment of the degree to which the data set reflects the true population of interest
(i.e. geographical coverage, time period and technology coverage);
g) consistency: qualitative assessment of whether or not the study methodology is applied uniformly to the various components of the
sensitivity analysis;
h) reproducibility: qualitative assessment of the extent to which information about the methodology and data values would allow an
independent practitioner to reproduce the results reported in the CFP study;
i) sources of the data; j) uncertainty of the information
• A two-step approach shall be taken for the data quality evaluation:
— the data quality requirements according to items a) to d) above shall be characterized for the CFP study;
— data shall be assessed with respect to the requirements for items a) to d) above
Data and data quality

15. • When the use stage is included within the scope of the CFP study, GHG emissions and removals arising from the use stage of
the product shall be included. The user of the product and the use profile of the product shall be specified in the CFP study.
• Where not otherwise justified, the determination of the use profile (i.e. scenarios for service life and the selected market) shall be based
on published technical information, such as:
a) CFP–PCR;
b) published International Standards that specify guidance and requirements for development of scenarios and service life for the use
stage for the product being assessed;
c) published national guidelines that specify guidance for development of scenarios and service life for the use stage for the product
being assessed;
d) published industry guidelines that specify guidance for development of scenarios and service life for the use stage for the product
being assessed;
e) use profiles based on documented usage patterns for the product in the selected market.
Use stage and use profile

16. 사용 시나리오

17. • All the GHG emissions and removals arising from the end-of-life stage of a product shall be included in a CFP study, if this stage is
included in the scope.
• End-of-life processes may include:
a) collection, packaging and transport of end-of-life products;
b) preparation for recycling and reuse;
c) dismantling of components from end-of-life products;
d) shredding and sorting;
e) material recycling;
f) organic recovery (e.g. composting and anaerobic digestion);
g) energy recovery or other recovery processes;
h) incineration and sorting of bottom ash;
i) landfilling, landfill maintenance and promoting emissions from decomposition, such as methane.
• All relevant assumptions regarding end-of-life treatment, shall be:
- based on best available information;
- based on current technology;
- documented in the CFP study report.
End-of-life stage

19. • LCI consists of the following steps, adapted
from ISO 14044, which shall apply when
relevant:
a) data collection;
b) validation of data;
c) relating data to unit process and functional
or declared unit;
d) refining the system boundary;
e) allocation.
• Special provisions in this document apply for:
- CFP performance tracking;
- the time period for the assessment of GHG
emissions and removals;
- the treatment of specific GHG emissions and
removals.
General

20. • A check on data validity shall be conducted during the process of data collection to confirm and provide evidence that the data quality
requirements specified in 6.3.5 have been met.
• Validation should involve establishing mass balances, energy balances and/or comparative analyses of emission factors or other
appropriate methods.
Validation of data
INPUT = OUTPUT <수지 열회수 소각로>
-2.28kgCO2/kg 수지 발열량
28MJ/kg
28MJ 전환
7.78kWh/28MJ
전기 탄소배출계수
0.6kgCO2/kWh
수지 탄소배출계수
4.67kgCO2/kg
적합성 판단

21. • Changes in the inherent properties of materials shall be taken into account.
a) A closed-loop allocation procedure applies to closed-loop product systems. It also applies to open-loop product systems where no
changes occur in the inherent properties of the recycled material. In such cases, the need for allocation is avoided since the use of
secondary material displaces the use of virgin (primary) material. However, the first use of virgin material in applicable open-loop
product systems may follow an open-loop allocation procedure outlined in b).
b) An open-loop allocation procedure applies to open-loop product systems where the material is recycled into other product systems
and the material undergoes a change to its inherent properties.
Allocation
<Considering quality change> <Closed-loop allocation>
Product
System
1
P
Waste 5
Closed-loop recycling 15
80
Material input 85
No quality change
Product
System
1
Product
System
2
Original
material
quality
material
quality
Quality change
Product system 1에서
이미 반영

22. • Changes in the inherent properties of materials shall be taken into account.
a) A closed-loop allocation procedure applies to closed-loop product systems. It also applies to open-loop product systems where no
changes occur in the inherent properties of the recycled material. In such cases, the need for allocation is avoided since the use of
secondary material displaces the use of virgin (primary) material. However, the first use of virgin material in applicable open-loop
product systems may follow an open-loop allocation procedure outlined in b).
b) An open-loop allocation procedure applies to open-loop product systems where the material is recycled into other product systems
and the material undergoes a change to its inherent properties.
Allocation
<Open-loop allocation> Quality X% degradation
Product
system
1
Product
system
2
Recovery
process
Virgin
material
Original CO2 × X %
50/50, Extraction load,
disposal load
<Open-loop allocation> No quality change
Product
system
1
Product
system
2
Recovery
process
50/50, Extraction load,
disposal load
Steel scrap
No impact
extraction processing

23. • All GHG emissions and removals shall be calculated as if released or removed at the beginning of the assessment period without taking
into account an effect of delayed GHG emissions and removals.
• Where GHG emissions and removals arising from the use stage and/or from the end-of-life stage occur over more than 10 years (if not
otherwise specified in the relevant PCR) after the product has been brought into use, the timing of GHG emissions and removals relative
to the year of production of the product shall be specified in the life cycle inventory.
Effect of the timing of GHG emission and removals
Pre-manufacturing
processes
Manufacturing
process
Use
stage End-of life stage
Within 10 years
Calculating carbon footprint
Reporting carbon footprint
CO2 CO2 CO2 CO2
CO2

24. • Biomass-derived carbon contained in a product is referred to as the biogenic carbon content of the product.
• If a product’s biogenic carbon content is calculated, it shall be documented separately in the CFP study report but it shall not be
included in the result of CFP
• In the case of products containing biomass, the biogenic carbon content is equal to the carbon removal during plant growth.
This biogenic carbon can be released in the end-of-life stage.
Biogenic carbon products
Starch manufacturing
Glucose manufacturing
Fermentation
Distillation
1kg
4kg
사탕수수 CO2 흡수량:
2.5kgCO2/kg
바이오플라스틱당 사탕수수 투입량
4kg_sugarcane/kg_bioplastic
×
=
바이오플라스틱당 CO2 흡수량
10kgCO2/kg_bioplastic
ASTM D 6866에 따른 가속질량분석기를 활용한
바이오탄소(Biocarbon) 함량 분석법

25. • Biomass-derived carbon contained in a product is referred to as the biogenic carbon content of the product.
• If a product’s biogenic carbon content is calculated, it shall be documented separately in the CFP study report but it shall not be
included in the result of CFP
• In the case of products containing biomass, the biogenic carbon content is equal to the carbon removal during plant growth.
This biogenic carbon can be released in the end-of-life stage.
Biogenic carbon products
Ethanol 100L에 포함된 바이오 성분비가 5%일 때 대기 중 CO2 흡수량 계산
기초 데이터
• 에탄올 분자량: 48
• 에탄올 밀도: 789kg/m3
• 탄소 분자량: 24
• CO2 분자량: 44

26. • The GHG emissions associated with the use of electricity shall include:
- GHG emissions arising from the life cycle of the electricity supply system, such as upstream emissions (e.g. the mining and transport of
fuel to the electricity generator or the growing and processing of biomass for use as a fuel);
- GHG emissions during generation of electricity, including losses during transmission and distribution;
- downstream emissions (e.g. the treatment of waste arising from the operation of nuclear electricity generators or treatment of ashes
from coal fired electricity plants).
Electricity
<The scope of electricity>

27. • The GHG emissions and removals occurring as a result of
direct land use change (dLUC) within the last 20 years shall
be assessed in accordance with internationally recognized
methods, such as the IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse
Gas Inventories and included in the CFP.
• The net dLUC GHG emissions and removals shall be
documented separately in the CFP study report.
- Wood from forest land that remains forest land has zero
emissions in terms of LUC.
• Indirect land use change (iLUC) should be included in CFP
studies once an internationally agreed procedure exists.
Land use change

28. • GHG emissions and removals occurring as a result of land use through changes in soil and biomass carbon stocks that are not the result
of changes to management of land should be assessed and included in the CFP.
• If changes in soil and biomass carbon stocks are not assessed, this decision shall be justified in the CFP study report.
Land use

29. • Aircraft transportation GHG emissions shall be included in the CFP and documented separately in the CFP study report.
Aircraft GHG emissions
* 국제항공 탄소상쇄 감축제도(CORSIA)

30. Summary

31. • Removals of CO2 into biomass shall be characterized in the LCIA as −1 kg CO2e/kg CO2 in the calculation of the CFP when entering
the product system.
• Emissions of biogenic CO2 shall be characterized as +1 kg CO2e/kg CO2 of biogenic carbon in the calculation of the CFP.
• The amount of CO2 taken up in biomass and the equivalent amount of CO2 emissions from the biomass at the point of complete
oxidation results in zero net CO2 emissions integrated over time, except when biomass carbon is not converted into methane, non-
methane volatile organic compounds (NMVOC) or other precursor gases.
• For fossil and biogenic methane, the characterization factors in accordance with the most recent IPCC report shall be used.
- 100년 기준: CH4 (28-36), N2O (265-298)
Impact assessment of biogenic carbon

32. • Removals of CO2 into biomass shall be characterized in the LCIA as −1 kg CO2e/kg CO2 in the calculation of the CFP when entering
the product system.
• Emissions of biogenic CO2 shall be characterized as +1 kg CO2e/kg CO2 of biogenic carbon in the calculation of the CFP.
• The amount of CO2 taken up in biomass and the equivalent amount of CO2 emissions from the biomass at the point of complete
oxidation results in zero net CO2 emissions integrated over time, except when biomass carbon is not converted into methane, non-
methane volatile organic compounds (NMVOC) or other precursor gases.
• For fossil and biogenic methane, the characterization factors in accordance with the most recent IPCC report shall be used.
- 100년 기준: CH4 (28-36), N2O (265-298)
Impact assessment of biogenic carbon

33. • 연구대상 냉장고는 600L급 냉동냉장고임
• 냉장고의 수명은 10년으로 가정함
• 냉장고의 무게는 100kg임
• 냉장고의 소비전력은 900W/h로 가정함
• 냉장고의 구성부품 및 조립과정에 대한 데이터수집 기간은 2019년 1월부터 12월까지임
• 냉장고에 대한 LCA 수행을 위한 기능단위는 “음식물을 100L 용량의 냉동냉장고에 보관하여 10년간 가동”으로 정함
• 연구대상에서 제외되는 물질목록 선정기준은 투입물을 기준으로 적은 것부터 누적하여 5% 미만으로 함
• 냉장고를 구성하는 소재를 부품조립 공장으로의 수송은 제외함
• 냉장고의 구성부품을 냉장고 조립공장으로의 수송은 각 50km로 가정하고, 조립한 냉장고는 물류센터를 거쳐 가정으로 배달되는데
수송거리는 100km로 가정하며, 모든 국내수송은 1톤 트럭으로 수송하는 것으로 가정함
• 폐냉장고를 재활용센터로 50km를 1톤 트럭으로 수송하고, 해체된 폐냉장고를 재활용업체 및 소각, 매립지로의 수송은 제외함
• 소재생산 및 부품조립 공장은 모두 공단에 위치하며, 이들 공단은 1980년도에 조성된 곳이지만, 제품조립 공장은 경작지가 공업단지로
변경되어 생성된지 10년이 되었음
• 냉장고 공장부지는 100ha이고, 연간 100,000대의 냉장고를 생산함
일반 사항

34. • 냉장고 생산단계의 투입-산출물 목록은 다음과 같음
• 냉장고 생산단계에서 발생한 폐기물은 전량 재활용되는 것으로 가정함
• PC 소재의 30%는 재생소재임
생산단계
투입물 단위 무게 산출물 단위 양
ABS material kg 48.5 Refrigerator (600L) kg 100.0
PET material kg 8.8 Waste plastics kg 8.3
Steel sheet kg 42.7 Waste glass Kg 2.6
Glass plate kg 10.3 Waste paper kg 0.1
Rubber kg 2.3 Waste steel kg 3.0
Hard board Paper kg 3.1
Fabric (Nylon 66) kg 0.1
Electricity kWh 52.5
Light oil kg 48.0
Wood plate kg 7.3

35. • 폐가전 재활용센터에서 폐냉장고의 해체 및 분해과정에서 사용되는 전력과 용수 사용량은 다음과 같음
- 전력사용량(0.05kWh/kg), 용수사용량(10g/kg)
• 분해과정 후에 재질별로 선별분리된 후에 재활용업체와 소각장, 매립지로 이동량은 다음과 같음
폐기단계
폐기물 목록 단위 총 발생량 재활용 소각 매립
Waste plastics kg 49.0 39.5 9.5 0.0
Waste steel kg 39.7 39.7 0.0 0.0
Waste glass kg 7.7 7.7 0.0 0.0
Waste rubber kg 2.3 0.0 2.3 0.0
Waste wood kg 7.3 0.0 6.0 1.3
Waste fabric kg 0.1 0.0 0.1 0.0
Waste paper kg 3.0 2.5 0.5 0.0

36. • 활동데이터(A)별 탄소배출계수는 다음과 같음
탄소배출계수
활동데이터 단위 탄소배출계수 활동데이터 단위 탄소배출계수
ABS material kgCO2/kg 2.97 Plastic recycling gCO2/kg 18.6
PET material kgCO2/kg 2.37 Plastic incineration kgCO2/kg 2.35
Steel sheet kgCO2/kg 2.34 Steel recycling gCO2/kg 35.5
Glass plate gCO2/kg 190.0 Glass recycling gCO2/kg 24.1
Rubber gCO2/kg 923.0 Rubber incineration kgCO2/kg 3.14
Hard board Paper gCO2/kg 872.0 Wood incineration gCO2/kg 11.7
Fabric (Nylon 66) kgCO2/kg 1.81 Wood landfill gCO2/kg 60.7
Wood plate gCO2/kg 276.0 Fabric incineration gCO2/kg 123.0
Light oil 생산 gCO2/kg 68.2 Paper recycling gCO2/kg 120.0
Light oil 연소 kgCO2/kg 3.05 Paper incineration gCO2/kg 24.0
Recycled PET gCO2/kg 635.0
Land use change
(경작지  공업단지)
tCO2/ha/yr 13.5
Truck (1ton) gCO2/kgkm 5.50 Water gCO2/kg 12
Electricity gCO2/kWh 620.0

37. 전과정 탄소발자국 (LCCO2)
단위 전과정 생산단계 수송단계 사용단계 폐기단계
kgCO2/f.u