This document discusses the design of plate girders and their stiffeners. It describes three types of plate girders based on their stiffening configuration. It then discusses the shear resistance of stiffened girders, explaining the pre-buckling, post-buckling, and collapse behavior. The key design considerations for transverse and longitudinal stiffeners are also summarized. Finally, the document outlines the design procedure for plate girders and their stiffeners.
Abstract (Dutch)
Samengestelde betonnen liggers vervaardigd van prefab voorgespannen- en/of gewapende elementen zijn zeer populair in de huidige praktijk van de civiele techniek. Twee betonnen, samengestelde delen van de ligger worden gestort op verschillende tijdstippen. Verschillende elasticiteitsmoduli, opeenvolgende belastingaanbrenging, en verschillend krimp en kruip veroorzaken een herverdeling van de normaalspanning en ongelijke rekken en spanningen in twee aansluitende vezels in het aansluitvlak.
Dit seminar richt zich op de berekening volgens de EN 1992-1-1 en EN 1992-2. De aannames met betrekking tot de berekening en de controle van de gewapende en/of voorgespannen samengestelde liggers en doorsnedes zal worden toegelicht.
Ook wordt er ingegaan op:
• De spanning/rek respons van de doorsnede belast door normaalkracht en buigende momenten,
• De principes van het gebruik van de “initiële toestand” in berekeningen van de uiterste grenstoestand en de bruikbaarheidsgrenstoestand,
• De controle van dwarskracht en wringing,
• De interactie tussen alle snedekrachten,
• De principes van de controles van de spanningbeperking,
• De achtergrond van de scheurwijdtecontrole
Speciale aandacht zal er worden gegeven aan de berekening van de schuifspanning in het aansluitvlak, en de beschouwing van de invloed van de verschillende leeftijd van de betonnen delen met betrekking tot de schuifspanningen. Een alternatieve berekeningsmethode ten opzichte van de Eurocode 2 zal worden voorgesteld en worden getest.
De praktische voorbeelden volgens de Eurocode 2 zullen worden uitgevoerd met behulp van de IDEA StatiCa software.
Abstract (Dutch)
Samengestelde betonnen liggers vervaardigd van prefab voorgespannen- en/of gewapende elementen zijn zeer populair in de huidige praktijk van de civiele techniek. Twee betonnen, samengestelde delen van de ligger worden gestort op verschillende tijdstippen. Verschillende elasticiteitsmoduli, opeenvolgende belastingaanbrenging, en verschillend krimp en kruip veroorzaken een herverdeling van de normaalspanning en ongelijke rekken en spanningen in twee aansluitende vezels in het aansluitvlak.
Dit seminar richt zich op de berekening volgens de EN 1992-1-1 en EN 1992-2. De aannames met betrekking tot de berekening en de controle van de gewapende en/of voorgespannen samengestelde liggers en doorsnedes zal worden toegelicht.
Ook wordt er ingegaan op:
• De spanning/rek respons van de doorsnede belast door normaalkracht en buigende momenten,
• De principes van het gebruik van de “initiële toestand” in berekeningen van de uiterste grenstoestand en de bruikbaarheidsgrenstoestand,
• De controle van dwarskracht en wringing,
• De interactie tussen alle snedekrachten,
• De principes van de controles van de spanningbeperking,
• De achtergrond van de scheurwijdtecontrole
Speciale aandacht zal er worden gegeven aan de berekening van de schuifspanning in het aansluitvlak, en de beschouwing van de invloed van de verschillende leeftijd van de betonnen delen met betrekking tot de schuifspanningen. Een alternatieve berekeningsmethode ten opzichte van de Eurocode 2 zal worden voorgesteld en worden getest.
De praktische voorbeelden volgens de Eurocode 2 zullen worden uitgevoerd met behulp van de IDEA StatiCa software.
Types of Pavements, Layers present in the pavements, Stresses on the rigid pavements, wheel load, repetitions etc.. and Indian Standard Method of design of Rigid Pavements.
Because of torsion, the beam fails in diagonal tension forming the spiral cracks around the beam. Warping of the section does not allow a plane section to remain as plane after twisting. Clause 41 of IS 456:2000 provides the provisions for
the design of torsional reinforcements. The design rules for torsion are based on the equivalent moment.
The design of Elements of Lifts and Escalator from Civil Engineering point of view. Mainly Raft foundation, Machine Foundation, and Shear walls are discussed.
Types of Pavements, Layers present in the pavements, Stresses on the rigid pavements, wheel load, repetitions etc.. and Indian Standard Method of design of Rigid Pavements.
Because of torsion, the beam fails in diagonal tension forming the spiral cracks around the beam. Warping of the section does not allow a plane section to remain as plane after twisting. Clause 41 of IS 456:2000 provides the provisions for
the design of torsional reinforcements. The design rules for torsion are based on the equivalent moment.
The design of Elements of Lifts and Escalator from Civil Engineering point of view. Mainly Raft foundation, Machine Foundation, and Shear walls are discussed.
Final project report on grocery store management system..pdfKamal Acharya
In today’s fast-changing business environment, it’s extremely important to be able to respond to client needs in the most effective and timely manner. If your customers wish to see your business online and have instant access to your products or services.
Online Grocery Store is an e-commerce website, which retails various grocery products. This project allows viewing various products available enables registered users to purchase desired products instantly using Paytm, UPI payment processor (Instant Pay) and also can place order by using Cash on Delivery (Pay Later) option. This project provides an easy access to Administrators and Managers to view orders placed using Pay Later and Instant Pay options.
In order to develop an e-commerce website, a number of Technologies must be studied and understood. These include multi-tiered architecture, server and client-side scripting techniques, implementation technologies, programming language (such as PHP, HTML, CSS, JavaScript) and MySQL relational databases. This is a project with the objective to develop a basic website where a consumer is provided with a shopping cart website and also to know about the technologies used to develop such a website.
This document will discuss each of the underlying technologies to create and implement an e- commerce website.
About
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface.
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system.
• Compatible with IDM8000 CCR.
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
• Easy in configuration using DIP switches.
Technical Specifications
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
Key Features
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system
• Copatiable with IDM8000 CCR
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
Application
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface.
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system.
• Compatible with IDM8000 CCR.
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
• Easy in configuration using DIP switches.
Sachpazis:Terzaghi Bearing Capacity Estimation in simple terms with Calculati...Dr.Costas Sachpazis
Terzaghi's soil bearing capacity theory, developed by Karl Terzaghi, is a fundamental principle in geotechnical engineering used to determine the bearing capacity of shallow foundations. This theory provides a method to calculate the ultimate bearing capacity of soil, which is the maximum load per unit area that the soil can support without undergoing shear failure. The Calculation HTML Code included.
Cosmetic shop management system project report.pdfKamal Acharya
Buying new cosmetic products is difficult. It can even be scary for those who have sensitive skin and are prone to skin trouble. The information needed to alleviate this problem is on the back of each product, but it's thought to interpret those ingredient lists unless you have a background in chemistry.
Instead of buying and hoping for the best, we can use data science to help us predict which products may be good fits for us. It includes various function programs to do the above mentioned tasks.
Data file handling has been effectively used in the program.
The automated cosmetic shop management system should deal with the automation of general workflow and administration process of the shop. The main processes of the system focus on customer's request where the system is able to search the most appropriate products and deliver it to the customers. It should help the employees to quickly identify the list of cosmetic product that have reached the minimum quantity and also keep a track of expired date for each cosmetic product. It should help the employees to find the rack number in which the product is placed.It is also Faster and more efficient way.
Industrial Training at Shahjalal Fertilizer Company Limited (SFCL)MdTanvirMahtab2
This presentation is about the working procedure of Shahjalal Fertilizer Company Limited (SFCL). A Govt. owned Company of Bangladesh Chemical Industries Corporation under Ministry of Industries.
Democratizing Fuzzing at Scale by Abhishek Aryaabh.arya
Presented at NUS: Fuzzing and Software Security Summer School 2024
This keynote talks about the democratization of fuzzing at scale, highlighting the collaboration between open source communities, academia, and industry to advance the field of fuzzing. It delves into the history of fuzzing, the development of scalable fuzzing platforms, and the empowerment of community-driven research. The talk will further discuss recent advancements leveraging AI/ML and offer insights into the future evolution of the fuzzing landscape.
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2. 2
Types of Plate Girders
• Unstiffened Plate Girder
• Transversely Stiffened Plate Girder
• Transversely and Longitudinally Stiffened Plate Girder
web plate flange plates
ITS
BS
LS
Mr.Naveen Choudhary,GEC,Ajmer
3. 3
SHEAR RESISTANCE OF
STIFFENED GIRDER
Shear resistance of a web
• Pre-buckling behaviour (Stage 1)
– Requirements of equilibrium in an element inside a
square web plate subject to a shear stress result in
generation of complementary shear stresses
– This results in element being subjected to principal
compression along one diagonal and tension along
the other
Mr.Naveen Choudhary,GEC,Ajmer
4. 4
Shear resistance of a web - 1
A
q
q
45o
B
D
C
q
E
q
Unbuckled Shear panel
Mr.Naveen Choudhary,GEC,Ajmer
6. Mr.Naveen Choudhary,GEC,Ajmer 6
Shear resistance of a web - 2
– As the applied loading is incrementally enhanced,
plate will buckle along direction of compressive
diagonal - corresponding shear stress in plate
is“critical shear stress”
– Critical shear stress in such a case is given by
– Boundary conditions assumed to be simply
supported
2
d
t
2
1
12
E
2
s
k
cr
q
7. Mr.Naveen Choudhary,GEC,Ajmer 7
Shear resistance of a web - 3
• shear buckling coefficient (ks) given by
panels
wide
for
e
i
d
c
where
c
d
ks .
.
,
1
4
35
.
5
2
stiffeners
transverse
spaced
closely
with
webs
for
e
i
d
c
where
c
d
ks .
.
,
1
4
35
.
5
2
c
d
8. Mr.Naveen Choudhary,GEC,Ajmer 8
• Post buckled behaviour (Stage 2)
– Compression diagonal is unable to resist any
more loading beyond elastic critical stress
– Any further increase in shear load is supported
by a tensile membrane field, anchored to top
and bottom flanges and adjacent stiffener
members on either side of web
– Total state of stress in web plate may be
obtained by superimposing post-buckled
membrane tensile stresses upon critical shear
stress
11. Mr.Naveen Choudhary,GEC,Ajmer 11
• Collapse behaviour (Stage 3)
– When load is further increased, tensile
membrane stress continues to exert an
increasing pull on flanges
– Eventually resultant stress obtained by
combining the buckling stress and membrane
stress reaches yield value for web - can be
determined by Von-Mises yield criterion
14. Mr.Naveen Choudhary,GEC,Ajmer 14
14
ULTIMATE BEHAVIOUR OF TRANSVERSE WEB STIFFENERS
Transverse stiffeners play important role
by increasing web buckling stress
by supporting tension field after web buckling
by preventing tendency of flanges to get pulled
towards each other
Stiffeners should possess sufficient rigidity
to ensure that they remain straight, while
restricting buckling to individual web panels
16. Mr.Naveen Choudhary,GEC,Ajmer 16
16
GENERAL BEHAVIOUR OF LONGITUDINALLY STIFFENED GIRDERS
Generally located in compression zones of girder
Main function - to increase buckling resistance of
web
When it is subject predominantly to shear would
develop a collapse mechanism, provided
stiffeners remained rigid up to failure
Once one of sub panels has buckled, post
buckling tension field develops over whole depth
of web panel and influence of stiffeners may be
neglected
18. Mr.Naveen Choudhary,GEC,Ajmer 18
8.4 Shear
The factored design shear force, V, in a beam due to
external actions shall satisfy
V Vd
Vd = design strength calculated as , Vd = Vn / γm0
8.4.1 The nominal plastic shear resistance under pure
shear is given by: Vn = Vp
Av = shear area
Cont…
3
yw
v
p
f
A
V
19. Mr.Naveen Choudhary,GEC,Ajmer 19
8.4.2 Resistance to Shear Buckling
for an unstiffened web
for a stiffened web
a) Simple Post-Critical Method
The nominal shear strength is
Vn = Vcr Vcr = d twb
b = shear stress corresponding to buckling,
b) Tension Field Method
The nominal shear strength is
V n = V tf
67
w
t
d
y
f
/
250
v
k
20. Mr.Naveen Choudhary,GEC,Ajmer 20
8.4.2.2 Shear Buckling Design Methods
a) Simple Post-Critical Method -The nominal shear strength is
Vn = Vcr Vcr = d twb
b = shear stress corresponding to buckling, determined as follows:
a) When w < 0.8
b) When 0.8 < w < 1.25
c) When w 1.25
b =0.9 fyw/(3w
2)
Cont…
3
/
yw
b f
3
/
8
.
0
625
.
0
1 yw
w
b f
0.8 1.25 w
b
21. Mr.Naveen Choudhary,GEC,Ajmer 21
λw = non -dimensional web slenderness ratio for shear buckling stress,
given by
The elastic critical shear stress of the web, cr is given by:
kv = 5.35 when transverse stiffeners are provided only at supports
= 4.0 +5.35 /(c/d)2 for c/d < 1.0
= 5.35+4.0 /(c/d)2 for c/d 1.0
Cont…
)
3
( ,e
cr
yw
w f
2
2
2
/
1
12 w
v
cr
t
d
E
k
22. Mr.Naveen Choudhary,GEC,Ajmer 22
b) Tension Field Method - the nominal shear resistance, Vn, should be
Vn=Vtf
Vnp
fv = yield strength of the tension field obtained from
=1.5 b sin 2
= inclination of the tension field
The width of the tension field, wtf, is given by:
wtf = d cos – (c-sc-st) sin
5
.
0
2
2
2
3 b
yw
v f
f
c
d
1
tan
c
t
f
M
s
w
y
fr
5
.
0
sin
2
2
0
2
/
/
1
25
.
0 m
yf
f
f
f
yf
f
f
fr f
t
b
N
f
t
b
M
sin
9
.
0 v
w
tf
b
w
tf f
t
w
t
d
V
sc
st
c
wtf
23. Mr.Naveen Choudhary,GEC,Ajmer 23
8.6 Design of Beams and Plate Girders with Solid Webs
8.6.1 Minimum Web Thickness
8.6.1.1 Serviceability Requirement
a) when transverse stiffeners are not provided
(web connection by flanges along both longitudinal edges)
(web connection by flanges along one longitudinal edge only)
b) when transverse stiffeners only are provided;
i) when c d
ii) when 0.74 d < c < d
iii) when c < 0.74 d
Cont…
180
w
t
d
90
w
t
d
w
w
t
d
200
w
w
t
c
200
w
w
t
d
270
24. Mr.Naveen Choudhary,GEC,Ajmer 24
c) when transverse and longitudinal stiffeners are provided at one
level only
(0.1 d from compression flange)
i) when c > d
ii) when 0.74 d < c < d
iii) when c < 0.74 d
d) when a second longitudinal stiffener (located at neutral axis is
provided )
Cont…
w
w
t
d
250
w
w
t
c
250
w
w
t
d
340
w
w
t
d
400
25. Mr.Naveen Choudhary,GEC,Ajmer 25
Design Procedure
Initial Sizing
1) Taking L/d as 15, calculate min. d and provide suitably
2) Afreqrd. = BM/ (fy/mo)d ; using bf = 0.3d select flange plate
Also calculate Nf = axial force in the flange
3) Check that flange criteria gives a plastic section
b = (bf – tw)/2 and b/ tf < 7.9
4) Web thickness for serviceability 67 < d/ tw < 200
choose such that tw > d/200
5) Check for flange buckling into web
Assuming c >1.5d , d/ tw < 3452
26. Mr.Naveen Choudhary,GEC,Ajmer 26
Design Procedure
6) Check for shear capacity of web
V < Vd = Vn/ mo; Vn = A (fyw /3) or Vcr
7) Check for calculating resistance to shear buckling
d/ tw > 67 (kv/5.35) use kv for c/d > 1
8) Simple post-critical method
Vcr = d tw b where b = (w) and w = (cr )
9) If V < Vcr/ mo then safe else tension field calculation
reqrd.
10) Vn = Vtf = (fv and ); also calculate Mfv = (Nf )
If V < Vn/ mo safe ! else revise design
27. Mr.Naveen Choudhary,GEC,Ajmer 27
Design Procedure
• 8.7 Stiffener design
– a) Intermediate Transverse Web Stiffener To improve
the buckling strength of slender web due to shear.
– b) Load Carrying Stiffener To prevent local buckling
of the web due to concentrated loading.
– c) Bearing Stiffener To prevent local crushing of the
web due to concentrated loading .
– d) Torsion Stiffener To provide torsional restraint to
beams and girders at supports.
– e) Diagonal Stiffener To provide local reinforcement to
a web under shear and bearing.
– f) Tension Stiffener To transmit tensile forces applied
to a web through a flange.
28. Mr.Naveen Choudhary,GEC,Ajmer 28
Design Procedure
11) End panel design – check as a beam between flanges
Rtf = Hq/2
Av = c t and Vtf = Av (fy /3) > Rtf
12) Mtf = Hqd/10
MR = tc3/12*fyd / (c/2) > Mtf
13) Intermediate Transverse Stiffener Design
i) decide to provide stiffener on one side or both sides
ii) choose tq > tw ; outstand bs < 14tq also < b
14) check for minimum stiffness Cl.8.7.2.4 p91
for c = 1.5d, c > 2 d giving
I prov. = (bs-tw/2)3 tq/12 > 0.75dtw
3
)
/
1
(
.
25
.
1 dp
cr
dp
q V
V
V
H
Rtf
c
bs
tq
29. Mr.Naveen Choudhary,GEC,Ajmer 29
Design Procedure
15) Check for Buckling Cl.8.7.2.5 p91
Stiffener force, Fq = V - Vcr/mo Fqd
Buckling Resist. Pq with 20tw on either side Cl.8.7.1.5 p90
Calculate Ixx and A, rxx = (Ixx/A)
Leff = 0.7d, = Leff/rxx, Find fc
Pq = fc A > Fq
16) Connection to web Cl.8.7.2.6 p92
shear = tw2 / 8bs kN/mm choose appropriate weld size
19) Check for Intermediate Stiffener under Load Cl.8.7.2.5 p91
1
ys
s
xd
x
qd
x
q
M
M
F
F
F
F
F
bs
tq