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Irrigation in maharashtra
- 1. Water Sector in Maharashtra Apoorva S Deshpande
- 2. Present scenario of Water sector in India Growing water demand means growing scarcity • The pace of growth in demand halves between 2025 and 2050, but remains high enough to outstrip supply. Unit is billion cubic metre Irrigation dominates water usage • In future, energy generation will use up an increasingly greater share of total water used
- 3. Water-carrying potential of India's rivers • Only a little over one-third of total water potential of Indian rivers can be used. Unit is billion cubic metre. India has the 3rd highest number of dams in the world • Unchecked construction of dams has inflicted severe damage on river ecosystems.
- 4. Introduction: Water resources of Maharashtra • The geographical area of the state is 30.7Mha and cultivable area is 22.5 Mha.(73%GA). Out of this 40% area is drought prone and around 7% area is flood prone • Maharashtra is the third largest State in Union of India considering population as well as area. The population of the state is about 112 million • The highly variable rainfall in Maharashtra ranging from 400 to 6000 mm occurs in 4 months period and number of rainy days vary from 40 to 100 days • 58% of average annual availability is found in 4 major river basins (Krishna, Godavari, Tapi & Narmada).These 4 river basins comprises 92% of the cultivable land & 75% of the people living in the rural settlements and fast growing town & industrial area • Annual availability of water resources consists of 164 km3 of surface water & 20.5 km3 of subsurface water
- 5. Present scenario of Water sector in Maharashtra • An Irrigation potential of 48.25 lakh ha. has been created through an investment of Rs. 71,000 crore • Maharashtra has the highest number of large, medium, and minor dams in the country at 2,559, of which 1,845 are large projects. Yet, only 18% of the state’s total cultivable land of 22.5 million hectares has so far been provided irrigation, leaving more than 80% of the state’s nearly 14 million farmers at the mercy of rainfall • The Union ministry of water resources has agreed to fund 132 incomplete irrigation projects worth Rs.7,188 crore in 14 districts • Irrigation sector in Maharashtra has faced multiple huge scams which has lead to lack of proper development in the irrigation sector • An estimated 49% of the area of these river basins containing 43% of the population is already considered deficit or highly deficit in regard of water availability.
- 6. Table showing differences among regions within state Konkan Madhya Marathwada Vidarbha Crops Grown Paddy Cashewnut Mango Vegetables Maize, Wheat, Vegetables, Pomegranates, Sugarcane Cotton, Wheat, Rabi Jawar Gram, Sunflower, Soyabean, Groundnut, Sugarcane, Banana, Wheat, Bajara, Cotton, Wheat, Gram, Sunflower, Orange, Kharif Paddy, HW Paddy Rainfall rate High Medium Very low Very Low Drought rate Low Low Very high Very high Farmers suicide rate Low Low Very high Very high
- 7. Water use by different sectors in Maharashtra
- 8. Different river basins in Maharashtra
- 9. Major Issues in water sector in Maharashtra • Dominance of large urban centres or the big cities over water sources (Mumbai, Pune, Nagpur and Nashik). Water supply to big cities not reduced during drought • Dams were of little help during drought for towns in Marathwada and Vidharbha • Policy to regulate the urban water supply remains non-existent • Huge scams worth Rs 70,000 crore for various irrigation schemes from 1999-2009 • Water supply projects taken up across the state remain dependent on dams • Undesirable cropping pattern followed in the state for a long time • Lack of rainfall in Marathwada and Vidharbha region has led to droughts which has resulted in mass suicide by farmers • Large scale water diverted to industries (sugarcane, liquor etc) rather than agriculture
- 10. • Important state institutions like Maharashtra Water Resources Regulatory Authority (MWRRA), Maharashtra Pollution Control Board (MPCB) or Maharashtra State Environmental Impact Assessment Authority and State Environment Appraisal Committee failed to perform their duties. • Scam ridden Maharashtra dams get the highest share of budgetary allocation • State Government took no lessons from the success stories of drought proof villages • Failure to stop westward diversion of Krishna River water • MWRRA remained as non-existent • Jalyukt Shivar Yojana fell prey to severe criticism • From easing sand mining laws to collapse of bridge on Savitri • Mah-Telangana Water Sharing agreement in violation of laws • Revival of the controversial dam projects
- 11. Measures taken by the Maharashtra government • Governor: Maharashtra Government to double farmer income in 5 years • Centre has charted out a roadmap for early completion of 99 identified projects under PM Krishi Sinchayee Yojna by 2019-2020. Out of the 99 projects, 26 projects are in Maharashtra • Maharashtra CM announces Rs 49,248 crore development plan for Marathwada this includes irrigation, agriculture, roads, railways, sports, housing and forest development • Besides water supply measures, the state will launch the food security scheme in various parts of the state, restructure farm loans and strengthen health security under the ‘Rajiv Gandhi Jeevandayi Yojana’ • Maharashtra government has decided to construct 1,00,000 wells and create 50,000 farm ponds starting from August 15 • Increased budget for water conservation • Farm Pump connections and repair and maintenance of old structures
- 12. Policy measures that should be implemented for improving efficiencies • Irrigation Sector Reforms • Adoption of Scientific Water Management Practices • Technological up-gradation • R&D Efforts • Water Audit • Remedial measures for improving Efficiencies (Metering, Leakage Control, Tariff, Water conservation measures , Restricting over-exploitation, Pressure Reduction) • Pricing a tool for demand management • Institutional and policy reforms • Public Awareness and Participation (Water saving Techniques such as Plumbing, Toilets etc.) • Reuse of water
- 13. Improving efficiencies using Apps Irrig Pumping Plant Efficiency: • Can help you identify irrigation pumping plants that are underperforming and need to be adjusted, repaired, or replaced with a better design • Developed by University of Nebraska-Lincoln Extension, this app (UNL A10001) uses existing records to help determine when pumping plants should be tested by a professional • An easy-to-use design guides the user to input six numbers related to pumping lift, pressure at the discharge, acre-inches of water pumped, fuel price, and total fuel used. The app then calculates a pumping plant performance rating. It also provides an estimated cost to bring the pumping plant up to standard and the number of years necessary to pay back the investment at various interest rates Cost: $1.99 Available in both Apple and Google app store
- 14. Agriculture Irrigation Costs: • IrrigateCost models center pivot and gated pipe irrigation systems and the most commonly used energy sources • The user inputs information such as acres irrigated, pumping lift, system PSI, pump and pivot life, and inches applied as well as related costs such as for the well and engine, labor, energy, district fees, and taxes • The app (UNL A10002) then calculates total irrigation cost as well as total ownership and total operating costs. It also breaks down costs by irrigation well, pump, gear head, pump base, diesel engine and tank and system and calculates per acre annual cost and per acre-inch annual cost Cost: $1.99 Available in both Apple and Google app store
- 15. Benchmarking Indicators for comparisons Domain Performance Indicator System Performance 1. Water delivery capacity Index 2. Total annual volume of irrigation water supplied/delivered (m3 /year) 3. Field application efficiency 4. Annual Relative Irrigation Supply Index 5. Annual irrigation water supply per unit command area (Cum/ha) 6. Annual irrigation water supply per unit irrigated area (Cum/ha) Agricultural Productivity 7. Output per unit command area (Rs/ha) 8. Output per unit irrigated area – Tons/ha cropwise, Rs/ha 9. Output per unit irrigation supply (Rs/cum) 10.Output per unit crop water demand (Rs/cum)
- 16. Domain Performance Indicator Financial Aspects 11.Cost recovery ratio 12.Total O&M cost per unit area (Rs/ha) 13.Total cost per person employed on O&M works (Rs/person) 14.Revenue collection performance 15.Revenue per unit volume of irrigation water supplied (Rs/cum) 16.Maintenance cost to revenue ratio 17.Staff numbers for O&M per unit area (persons/ha) 18.Total O&M cost per unit of water supplied (Rs./cum) Environmental Aspects 19. (a) Average depth to watertable (m) 19. (b) Land Damage Index (a) Water quality: Ph/Salinity/Alkalinity Index 20. (b) Salt balance (tones) Maharashtra needs to benchmark itself by comparing the above mentioned parameters with states like Tamilnadu, Punjab and Rajasthan
- 17. Conclusion To conclude, the state of Maharashtra has huge potential in terms of developing the irrigation systems but because of high corruption the progress has been hindered. The central and the state government are working together to improve the irrigation facilities by initiating new schemes and programs for the famers Climatic conditions have also had a big impact on Marathwada and Vidharbha region where severe droughts have resulted due to lack of rainfall. The other reason for draught is diversion of water to developed cities like Mumbai, Pune, Nashik and Nagpur The state government needs to initiate and implement new policies for the welfare of the farmers by constructing dams and building canals. In addition the government should encourage the farmers to use technology in order to improve the yield. This can be done by supporting the farmers with necessary funds at lower interest rate. The government should encourage participation of people in reusing the water and conservation of water at local level The government should have proper mechanism to control and monitor the projects which have been initiated, so that no fraud and corruption takes place.
- 18. Thank You
Editor's Notes
- Irrigation sector has been fundamental to India’s economic development and poverty alleviation since 25% of India’s Gross Domestic Product (GDP) and 65% of employment is based on agriculture. Among the states, three have already achieved 70% or more of the ultimate irrigation potential with Tamilnadu recording 100% achievement, followed by Punjab and Rajasthan at 84% and 74% respectively.
- Additional data: Maharashtra State came into existence in 1960. The increasing population was facing shortage of food grains. This has led to the need of increasing agricultural production. By giving priority to agricultural development, attempt has been made to achieve irrigation development in a planned manner. An estimated 49% of the area of these river basins containing 43% of the population is already considered deficit or highly deficit in regard of water availability. These deficit areas are expected to increase steadily as population increase and due to economic growth. • In the state’s river basins and sub basins competition for water supply & conflict among different use of water has emerged and is growing. • State needs to find new ways to overcome conflict among different users of water, stagnation in agricultural production growth, increase productivity, expand and intensify irrigation and increase income opportunities in rural area.
- The Water and Irrigation Commission appointed by GoM has estimated the water resources of the State and has assessed the ultimate irrigation potential through flow irrigation at 8.5 M ha which can be increased to 12.6M ha by using advanced irrigation techniques, watershed development and improving water distribution system. Point 4 Union water resources minister Uma Bharti told chief minister Devendra Fadnavis at a review meeting in Mumbai that the centre would consider these 132 projects in 14 farm suicide-prone districts as special projects and make sure they are completed to augment the irrigation potential of the districts. The centre has also agreed, in principle, to complete 26 large irrigation projects in Maharashtra under the Accelerated Irrigation Benefits Programme (AIBP) in the next four years. The former has allotted Rs.80,000 crore for AIBP to be used over four years, including the current fiscal, to complete 89 large projects across the country. “The centre may also fund these projects under the Pradhan Mantri Krishi Sinchai Yojana, where the centre would bear 60% of the project cost and the state would provide the balance 40%”.
- Point 1: Mumbai (and MMR): In early March the state government decided to revive controversial irrigation projects like Balganga, Kondhane, Kalu, Shai and Gargai planned in the MMR.These dams form a part of 12 dams proposed in eco sensitive region of Western Ghats which are also under scanner of Anti Corruption Bureau (ACB) for corruption, financial irregularities and violation of environmental laws of the nation. Incidentally ACB probe is still far from complete. Mumbai Corporation of Greater Mumbai (MCGM) along with seven other Municipal Corporations which form a part of MMR have been aggressively pushing for these dams to cater to their urban and industrial water demand. Pune: In the end of March 2016 Bhama Askhed dam pipeline project worth Rs 380 crore to supply more water to Pune city was cleared by the state government. In the first phase of the project, a 26 km pipeline will be laid from the Bhama Askhed dam in Khed taluka to Pune city, while a 16 km pipeline will be laid in the second phase. In addition to the 1250 MLD (Million Liters per Day) that Pune city already consumes, it will get 200 MLD (2.76 thousand million cubic feet (TMC) per year) water from the Bhama Askhed dam. Opposition to this project was largely political and was settled with intervention of Chief Minister (CM) of Maharashtra. Nagpur: In April the government sanctioned more than the required amount for proposed Kochi barrage on Kanhan River for provision of additional water to Nagpur. Nagpur Municipal Corporation (NMC) has been counting on this barrage for meeting the water supply to the city in the coming years. With little or no chance of getting extra allocation from Totladoh dam for city NMC proposed to draw water by constructing Kochi barrage on Kanhan River. The government resolution (GR) in this regard was issued by the water resources department on March 29, 2016 and cost of Rs 162 crore was recommended by a three member committee headed by an additional chief secretary. “Looking at the importance” of the project government however sanctioned Rs 222 crore, higher than the project requirement of Rs 162 crore. Nashik: In May the state government cleared Mukane dam project worth Rs 266 crore which will cater to Nashik city’s water supply till 2041.The project includes head works of diverting 400 MLD water from the dam, laying an 18-km pipeline, and a proposed filtration plant. The project was stayed in 2015 by minister of state for urban development due to irregularities in the tender process. In addition, highest-ever drinking water reservation for the city from Gangapur dam complex was done in October, for ensuring water till July 15, 2017. The district water committee approved the Nashik Municipal Corporation (NMC) demand for reservation of 4.3 TMC water, over 0.8 TMC more than the allocation made last year. In the years 2013-14 and 2014-15, the district panel had reserved 4.0 TMC water to meet the drinking requirements of Nashik city. Additional 0.5 TMC water was reserved in 2014-15 considering the arrival of lakhs of pilgrims for the Simhastha Kumbh Mela. NMC had demanded 4.2 TMC from Gangapur dam, but it will however get 3.9 TMC from the complex. The remaining 0.400 TMC water will be drawn from Darna dam. The four big cities of Mumbai, Pune Nashik and Nagpur have been water surplus cities located in upper reaches of their respective river basins. Consequently these cities were better off than rest of the small towns during the drought of 2016. In fact water supply to these cities was given priority. Efforts were made to insulate them from the effects of drought. In April the state government sought help of Railways to counter the water shortage in the sub-urban extensions of Mumbai. CM Devendra Fadnavis promptly approached the Indian Railways to provide water for Navi Mumbai and Thane. While water-supply in Navi Mumbai was decreased by 50 per cent since the January, the region of Thane received water for an hour once in three days. The water was arranged from Railway dam located in Igatpuri, which reportedly had sufficient stock. Point 2: The large dams in Marathwada, such as Jayakwadi, Majalgaon, Manjara, Yeldari, Siddheshwar Vishnupuri, Lower Terna, Manar, and Sina-Kolegaon supplying water to Aurangabad, Hingoli, Nanded, Latur, Parbhani, Beed dried up completely. The lower Dudhana and Upper Painganga were the two dams with marginal stock of water on which few of these towns survived. Latur, one of the most important urban centres of Marathwada got amply highlighted through the drought for receiving water by train. Since 22 Feb, 2016, it had completely stopped supply water which otherwise was supplied every 22 days. ‘Jaldoot’, a water supply train for Latur was commissioned by the railway ministry in collaboration with the Maharashtra government. Starting from April 11 train made its trips from Miraj to Latur covering a distance of 342 km and transported half million lt of water per trip. Per capita water delivered was just about 1.5 lt. Initially the plan focused on supplying water only to Latur City. Villagers en route pressurized the district collector to make water available for them as well. Point 7 In 2016 (till monsoon) the state saw one of the worst ever droughts. Marathwada emerged as a new epicenter in agrarian crisis outnumbering Vidarbha in farmers’ suicide. It was more than obvious how the dam centric irrigation infrastructure, in Marathwada and also rest of the state, failed to provide any respite to the farmers.
- Point 2: Even as the controversial realities of the irrigation scam were coming to light, Maharashtra State received the highest share of budgetary allocation for large dams under Accelerated Irrigation Benefits Programme (AIBP). Of the 99 AIBP projects for which Union Budget proposed to spend Rs 86,500 in next five years, maximum number, 13, came from Maharashtra. Rs 17,000 crore were allocated in 2016-17 budget at the national level. Drought which had been darkening steadily worsened as February went by. The drought-hit districts of Latur, Osmanabad and Beed in Maharashtra witnessed the highest-ever migration of labourers and villagers. Large number of industries, shops and establishments were forced to shut down due to acute water scarcity. Point 3: Even in this distress situation few examples shone through the drought demonstrating how participatory small scale water conservation measures can help curb effects of drought. Hiware Bazar village for example, felt no need to call tankers as water table was just 20-40 feet below. Point 4: Even during the peak drought, the state government did not any action against westward diversion of Krishna water to water surplus basins of Konkan, in spite of repeated letters from SANDRP (South Asia network on dams, rivers and people) Point 5: MWRRA should have been in the forefront of taking action against Tata dams, the MWRRA remained as non functional. Much before onset of summer the MWRRA was smacked by High Court for failing to ensure equitable distribution of water. Point 6: A bridge on Savitri River in Mahad made headlines in early August 2016 as it got washed away at night, leading to death of large number of people. According to the local activists the illegal sand mining eroded Savitri bridge foundation & led to the collapse of the bridge. Nexus between the sand mafia and government departments and role of illegal sand dredging affecting other bridges in Mumbai region were also highlighted. Point 7: On August 23, 2016 Maharashtra & Telangana governments signed a pact for three irrigation projects to be constructed on River Godavari. Under the agreement, the two states would take up Tummidihatti, Medigadda (Kaleswaram) and Chanaka–Korata projects. Chief Minister of Telangana K Chandrasekhar Rao has reportedly said that “this would herald a new era in the relations between the two states and would be a standing example of how the states can resolve inter-state disputes without the Centre’s intervention.” This pact which has been looked at as ‘historical victory’ for Telangana for convincing the neighbouring states is in fact one of the most blatant violation of India’s environmental laws. Tummidihetti Project & Medigadda Project featured in the agreement have long history of gross irregularities and violations exposed by several apex agencies as well as media. Point 8: While the state has taken no concrete action on irrigation scam, it has been prompt on reviving multiple dams which were rife with controversies ranging from irregular cost hikes to violation of environmental laws to violation of forest rights to technical infeasibility. These included dams in konkan region, Shai dam, Gargai dam, Human dam, Jigaon dam, Tapi River Recharge Scheme just to name a few. The state has also pushed some newer projects like interlinking dams of Marathwada into a water grid. It is worth mentioning that Gosikhurd project still remains more than half incomplete even after 33 years of construction.
- Point 5: CM’s focus on water conservation. Indeed the Jalyukta Shivar (Water-rich farm) scheme (started by Prithviraj Chavan, before the elections) of watershed conservation with peoples participation has been doing good work. The CM said that he will not allow it to become contractor-driven, which is welcome. Budget of Water Conservation has been raised substantially from Rs 800 Crores to Rs 2200 Crores. Point 6: CM said that for repairing and maintenance of older structures, 10% costs will be secured this year. In the coming 5 years, districts will undertake resource mapping and about 25% funds will be secured and kept aside only for repair and rejuvenation of older structures. This is a great announcement. Indeed, Maharashtra has over 60,000 smaller structures which are with ZP, Local Sector of WRD, Minor Irrigation and Water Conservation Department etc., which are entirely ungoverned and without maintenance. Even Chitale Committee SIT Report pointed out that there is no realistic assessment of the irrigation potential created by these projects. Last drought saw many inspiring community initiatives reviving these structures. Some support and focus for this work will go a long way in achieving local water security.
- Point 1: The synergy among the three crucial institutions - Water Resources Department (WRD), Command area development authorities (CADA) and the WALMIs responsible for ensuring overall efficient management of water resources systems in States has to be ensured. State Governments may restructure the Water Resources Departments to bridge the knowledge gap in planning, development and management of water resources in a sustainable manner as also making it more service centric/professional. States need to formulate and adopt/implement State Water Policy in consonance with National Water Policy. They have to set up State Water Resources Regulatory Authorities to regulate water resources within the state for judicious, equitable and sustainable allocation/ distribution of water and its utilization. Point 2: Proper assessment of command area size, and proper fixing of outlet sizes to match the crop water requirements Lining of the critical segments of the water conveyance system including water courses Linking timing of irrigation supplies to plant water needs and water availability not on “duty” values Scientific 7 estimation of crop water demands Scheduling of irrigation based on soil - water- plant interactions Adoption of efficient water scheduling policies and operating rules Application of irrigation water with least wastage avoiding field to field flooding irrigation Adequate provision for draining excess water from fields Proper control of wastage, leakages, losses and unauthorised uses Tuning irrigation schedules to medium range weather forecasts (MRWF) to synchronise with the critically long dry spells to get maximum benefit of irrigation water Adoption of efficient methods of irrigation such as alternate furrow irrigation, surge flow irrigation, and pressurised irrigation (micro and sprinkler systems) etc. Point 3: Use of Management information system (MIS) & Decision support system (DSS) Micro Irrigation System Point 4: Development of data base on agricultural utilization Saving in agricultural use, soil moisture, conservation through use of mulches, improving water use efficiency, selective lining of canal Conjunctive use of surface and ground water Conjunctive use of multi source and multi quality waters. (Use of saline waters) Economising in micro irrigation systems. 6. Environmental protection for water pollution, reuse of irrigation water Developing policy guidelines for rationalising water pricing Cropping for flood affected / flood prone area Biotechnology for developing salt/drought tolerant crops, low water requiring crops etc. Membrane Technology for water treatment and desalinization at low cost Improved water management Participatory irrigation management More crop per drop Water-logging and soil salinity. Point 5: Where the losses occur How much loss is in each problem area What possible solutions exist Cost of the solutions Time to make the solutions Point 7: It is high time water is treated as an economic good rather a free commodity. There is an urgent need for revision of the tariffs in most cities to cover not only the O&M costs but also part of the capital cost, depreciation, etc. Cent percent water cess collection has to be ensured. Illegal connections will have to be identified and regularized, wherever feasible.
- App 1: Irrig Pumping Plant Efficiency This calculator compares the fuel used for your pumping plant with the Nebraska Pumping Plant Performance Criteria (NPC). A pumping plant meeting the criteria is delivering the expected amount of useful work, measured as water horsepower hours (whp-h), for the amount of energy consumed. The NPC is based on field tests of pumping plants, lab tests of engines, and manufacturer data on three-phase electric motors. Survey results in the past have shown many pumping plants used 30-50% more energy than expected by the NPC. Surveys of relatively new pumping plants indicate they're operating at 82%-92% of the NPC. Results are anonymous but can be captured and emailed to yourself.
- App2: Agriculture Irrigation Costs: Results for different energy sources are displayed on separate tabs, allowing you to make side-by-side comparisons between energy options. The calculator is also helpful when computing a fair crop-share rental agreement. Parties often will list all the contributions required for crop production in a table (land, irrigation system, machinery, labor, crop inputs, etc.). By using two columns (one for the landowner and one for the tenant) costs can be determined for each on the inputs. The columns are totaled and a percentage is determined for the landowners and tenants contributions. The "fair" rental arrangement would be to divide the crop on the same percentage as the contributions that each party has made. The costs of owning and operating the irrigation system are some of the most difficult to identify when analyzing irrigated crop share arrangements. Much of the total cost of irrigation results from ownership costs and a large percentage of ownership costs are not annual out-of-pocket costs but rather hidden costs, such as return on capital investment, depreciation, taxes, and insurance. This app calculates ownership costs for each irrigation system component such as the well, pump, gear head, power unit and the irrigation distribution system.