The document discusses various aspects of Irish language, culture and humor. It describes how Irish humor developed from pain and tragedy of the Irish diaspora, and contains wordplay relating to both Gaelic and English. Examples are provided of Irish logic, folklore, traditions like kissing the Blarney Stone. The influence of the Irish language on English is outlined through loanwords. The suppression and revival of Irish Gaelic is discussed. Key authors of the Irish literary revival like Synge and Joyce are mentioned.

1. 1
Humorous Aspects of Irish
Language & Culture
Don L. F. Nilsen and
Alleen Pace Nilsen

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Irish Humor
• “Since Irish humor developed out of the oral tradition (the telling of
jokes and stories in Irish pubs), it is very epiphenal in nature.
• Like Jewish humor, Irish humor developed out of pain and tragedy
that came from the Irish diaspora.
• Irish humor, like Jewish humor, contains much wordplay, and like
Jewish humor, much of Irish wordplay is bilingual and/or bicultural,
relating to both the Gaelic/Celtic and to the English language and
culture.
• There are many Irish people around the world who are trying to
reestablish their roots, and it is the humor in Irish written and oral
literature that is helping them do so.”

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Irish Logic
• The Ballyhough railway station had two clocks that disagreed
with each other by six minutes.
• An irate traveler asked a porter what was the use of having two
clocks if they didn’t tell the same time.
• The porter replied, “And what would we be wanting with two
clocks if they told the same time?” (McCrum 170)
• Based on this story, Martin Joos wrote a monograph entitled,
The Five Clocks describing the Frozen, Formal, Consultative,
Informal, and Intimate registers of language.

4. 4
Irish Folklore
• County Mayo in the Gaeltacht is remote from
tourism.
• There are the remains of prehistoric forests and fairy
mounds in the peat-bogs.
• People talk of ancestors as if they were neighbors,
and of three-hundred-year-old events as if they
happened yesterday.

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6. 6
Kissing the Blarney Stone
• To kiss the Blarney stone you must climb to the top of Blarney
Castle.
• In order to kiss the Blarney stone, the visitor has to lie on his
back and be lowered head downwards over the edge of the
wall.
• Someone has to hold onto the ankles of the visitor so that they
won’t slip off the edge of the castle.
• It’s hard to know whether kissing the stone gives someone the
gift of elegance,
• Of if the entire process is “a bit of the blarney.”

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Irish Blarney
• Irishmen have the “gift of gab.”
• This comes from kissing the Blarney stone at Blarney Castle in
County Cork.
• It is said that Queen Elizabeth tried to get Cormac
MacCarthymore (occupier of Blarney Castle at the time) to
surrender his castle to the English.
• He said he would do so, but he kept giving her reasons that he
couldn’t do it yet.
• The queen is said to have exclaimed, “It’s all Blarney—he says
he will do it, but he never means to do what he says.”

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An “Irish Talker”
• Terry Wogan on BBC is an “Irish Talker.”
• His language is mocking and self-deprecating. He
plays with words, attacks his superiors, and “gets
his boot in.”
• “You could accuse him of really saying very little,
which again is very Irish.”

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Irish words in English
• Banshee (fairy woman) comes from “bean” (woman) and “sí” (fairy)
• Keening (wailing) comes from “caoine” (wail)
• Galore (much)
• Brogue (wooden shoe). The Irish were said to speak with a shoe in
their mouth, hence, their “Irish Brogue.”
• Sheila & youse are both Irish words.
• “Shenanigan” comes from “sionnachuighim” (I play tricks)
• “Smithereens” comes from “smideirin” (a small fragment)
• “Shanty” comes from “sean-tigh” (old house)

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More Irish Influence
• The Irish use “shall” for “will”
• They say “seen” for “saw”
• and “She is in the school.”
• and “belave, jine, and applesass” instead of “believe,” “join,”
and “applesauce.”
• And “tree” “airly” and “dat” for “three” “early” and “that”
• And the Irish “youse” is typical in the speech of Irish cops in
New York and Boston.

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Scouse
• Many people from Dublin moved to
Liverpool in England
• The Irish accent of Liverpool is known
as Scouse and it has an adenoidal
quality and many rising inflections.
• Scouse is the dialect of The Beatles.

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English Royalty in Ireland
• In 1171 Henry II and his Anglo-Norman knights
landed in Ireland and began the English domination
of Ireland.
• Anne, Elizabeth I, Oliver Cromwell & James I all
imposed English rule over Ireland.
• Satirist Alexander Pope wrote:
– Here thou, great Anna! Whom three realms obey,
– Dost sometimes counsel take—and sometimes Tea.

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The Battle of the Boyne, 1690
• In 1690, King William III defeated the Roman Catholic forces of
old Ireland.
• This gave victory to the Orange over the Green.
• After this, the Anglo-Irish ruling class developed. It was known
as the “ascendency.”
• The “Republicans” were not part of the “ascendency” because
they believed in the “Republic of Ireland.”
• But the Irish Catholics still use the city name of Derry instead
of using the protestant name of Londonderry, as in the song
entitled “Londonderry Aire.”

14. 14
Ireland: The Celtic Fringe

15. 15
Irish-English in 1800

16. 16
Irish as a Receding Language

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Irish Settlements in the “New World”
• Newfoundland, Canada (the earliest settlement)
• Barbados, Carribean (Oliver Cromwell used it as an
internment camp for prisoners taken during his
battles in Ireland)
• Montserrat, was known as “the emerald isle of the
Caribbean.”
• Australia (in 1851, 30 % were Irish)

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Australia as an Irish Penal
Colony
• One Irish convict girl is said to have
served her statutory seven years and
returned to Dublin.
• But she then committed another crime
in order to return to Australia at the
government’s expense.

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The Irish Potato Famine
• Potatoes were the staple of the Irish diet, and
the potato crops failed for several years.
• Hunger and hardship drove the Irish into
exile. They fled their homes by the millions.
• They went to England, Australia & the U.S.

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Irish Diaspora

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• The Irish children who stayed in Ireland were
mocked and humiliated if they spoke Gaelic.
• They were punished with wooden gags.
• They were forced to wear weekly tally sticks
with notches for every Gaelic expression.
• At the end of the week, the schoolmaster
would tally the notches and administer the
appropriate punishment.

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The Irish Revival
• Today, Gaelic is taught in Irish schools as a second
language.
• Irish politicians are now expected to use a “cúpla
focal” (couple of Gaelic words) to revive their Celtic
past.
• J. M. Synge, Sean O’Casey, James Joyce, W. B.
Yeats and the Trinity Theatre in Dublin are all
involved in the Irish revival.
• For example, Synge’s Playboy of the Western World,
and Joyce’s “The Dead” are about the revival.

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Synge & the Irish Revival
• To make Playboy of the Western World
authentic, Synge would listen at a chink in
the floor of the old Wicklow house and
eavesdrop on what was being said by the
servant girls in the kitchen.
• Following is a synopses of the story:
– Christy Mahon, A Connaught man, killed his
father with a blow of a spade, and then fled to an
Aran island and threw himself on the mercy of the
natives.

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• Christy was a “rogue.” Even though a reward was
offered for his capture, the natives on the island hid
him in a hole and he was later shipped to America.
• But as the play goes on, the audience comes to
realize that the whole story is a bit of the blarney,
and the speech of Christy, Pegeen, and the Widow
Quin become emblematic of Irish exaggeration and
story telling.
• In fact, Christy’s father turns out to be alive, but the
Widow Quin, who is so involved in the story, makes
out that the father is mad for claiming that Christy is
his son.

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James Joyce
• The character Shem in Finnegans Wake takes the
English language and “smashes it up into
smithereens, and hands it back and says: This is our
revenge.” Shem boasts that he will
– “wipe alley english spooker, or multiphoniaksically spuking
off the face of the erse.”
• James Joyce remarked that if Dublin were ever
destroyed, it could be recreated from the pages of
his fiction.

26. Jonathan Swift (né Dublin 1667)
• Swift detested vogue words, especially when
they crept into church.
• He said that young preachers use all the
modern terms of art, sham, banter, mob,
bubble, bully, cutting, shuffling and palming.
• Compare today’s William Safire, who has the
largest mail bag of the New York Times.
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Irish Authors
• Edmund Spenser (c1554-1599)
– The Faerie Queene
• Jonathan Swift (1667-1745)
– Gulliver’s Travels
– A Modest Proposal
• William Congreve (1670-1729)
– The Way of the World
• Richard Brinsley Sheridan (1751-1816)
– The Rivals
• Oscar Wilde (1854-1900)
– The Importance of Being Earnest
– The Picture of Dorian Gray

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• William Butler Yeats (1865-1939)
– Treasury of Irish Poetry
• J. M. Synge (1871-1909)
– Playboy of the Western World
• George Bernard Shaw (1856-1950)
– Pygmalion  My Fair Lady
• James Joyce (1882-1941)
– A Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man
– Ulysses
– The Dubliners
– Finnegans Wake
• Samuel Beckett (1906-1989)
– Waiting for Godot
Flannery O’Connor (1925-1964)
– “A Good Man is Hard to Find”

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30. Irish Humor
BRENDAN GRACE: “IRISH HUMOUR”:
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DT0FFSlF5_w
IRISH SENSE OF HUMOR:
http://www.youtube.com/watch?NR=1&v=u_37A8vbmK8
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