This document discusses using e-research tools to investigate internet-based Korean politics. It presents findings from analyzing search queries, websites, and hyperlink networks related to e-science and politics in South Korea. The study finds a growth in e-research approaches and assets their usefulness in understanding the dynamics of online political discussions and how information spreads in Korea's digital sphere.

1. Investigating Internet-based Korean politics using e-research tools Prof. Han Woo PARK Associate Professor Dept. of Media & Communication, YeungNamUniversity 214-1 Dae-dong, Gyeongsan-si,Gyeongsangbuk-do 712-749, S.Korea [email_address] http://www.hanpark.net Director of WCU Webometrics Institute http://english-webometrics.yu.ac.kr This was presented at International Symposium on Culture Technology 2009 organized by KAIST, “Internet, Society, and Humanity” Nov. 02 - Nov. 03 http://www.culturetechnology.org/ This is in collaboration with Dr. Yon-Soo Lim, Dr. Chieng-Leng Hsu, DPhil. Steven Sams, DPhil, Se-Jung Park, and Ting Wang. Many thanks to my colleagues and assistants!! WCU WEBOMETRICS INSTITUTE

3. What is e-research? A minor but growing approach to the study of e-science is the methodological perspective based on the use of new digital tools available online for conducting humanities and social science research.

5. http://participatorysociety.org/wiki/index.php?title=Online_Research

6. <Table 1> Development stage of e-Science Nentwich(2003) Type Traditional Science -------------------------> e-Science Stage 1 2 3 4 Information gathering Libraries; personal conversations Offline database Online databases; link collections; discussion lists Digital libraries; Knowbots Data production Interviews; experiments Electron, text analysis; simulation/ modeling Internet surveys Distributed computing; virtual reality Data management Card files; lists Hypertextual card files; databases Networked card files; de-central databases Data processing/ analysis With paper and pencil Electron, data-processing; expert systems Modelling; simulations Artificial intelligence

7. WCUBOMETRICS INSTITUTE INVESTIGATING INTERNET-BASED POLITICS WITH E-RESEARCH TOOLS Empirical findings on current status of e-research in South Korea - Search queries and returned webpages and websites Korean English webpages found webpages returned sites 사이버인프라 C yberinfrastructure 8,210 296 230 사이버연구 C yberresearch 65,900 285 219 디지털인문학 digital humanities 12,300 164 128 E - 사이언스 E -science 17,000 199 142 사이버과학연구 C yberscience 58 43 35 E - 인프라 E -infrastructure 98 39 35 E - 리서치 E -research 102 28 20 E - 인문학 E -humanities 1 1 1 E - 사회과학 E -social science 0 0 0 Total 103,709 1,055 810

10. Author types of Korea e-science websites WCU WEBOMETRICS INSTITUTE Media sites were the most frequently retrieved, with slightly less than half of the sites for this study (44 out of 104 sites) Author types No. of sites Percent Mass media 27 26.0 Public/Government 18 17.3 Technology Media 17 16.3 Portals/Search engines/Blogs 15 14.4 Private/Industry 14 13.5 Academic/University 13 12.5 Total 104 100.0

14. Korea’s politicized cyberspace Core-peripheral structure of diffusion Similar to ‘Slash dot effect’ in the US, web-based discussion media have been playing a tremendous role in raising public awareness and providing an investigative reporting abut social media

19. Theoretical controversy of Balkanization Unjustified temporal effect: Some negative evidences about deepening divide Simplified media usage model: Shifting from DailyMe to Produsage Limited to political cooperation issues in a well-connected social world: ‘ Collective intelligence ’ certainly occurs in some (loose) contexts??

20. Is ‘balkanization’ an intentional outcome? Axel Brun’s produsage is defined as &quot;the collaborative and continuous building and extending of existing content in pursuit of further improvement&quot; , not all participants are even aware of their contribution to produsage projects; their motivations may be mainly social or individual, and still their acts of participation can be harnessed as contributions to produsage

21. Theoretical controversy of Mobilization Several factors involved: Socio-political-cultural constraints and practices (e.g., regulation, policing, IT infra, power-distance etc.) Inter-media agenda setting: Influential conventional media’s impact on users Competitive media market: Obsolete DailyMe Increasing media education: Multiple site-browsing and balanced approach

24. Balkanization: Structure of political hyperlink connectivity in South Korea As of 28 October 2009

25. Hogan (2008)

26. Network of bilinked citizen blogs URI=Centre DLP=Left GNP=Right Just A-list blogs exchanging links with politicians

27. Bi-linked network of politically active A-list Korean citizen blogs (July 2005) URI=Centre DLP=Left GNP=Right Just A-list blogs exchanging links with politicians

28. Affiliation network diagram using pages linked to Lee’s and Park’s sites N = 901 (Lee: 215, Park: 692, Shared: 6) Primary election within GNP in 2007

29. Inter-linking associations among political actors Web 1.0, Web 2.0, and Twitter As of 28 October 2009

34. Star networks without any isolation 2000 VS 2001

35. 2005 VS 2006

38. Web 1.0, Web 2.0 &Twitter (6/7) Web Types Year Sum of links (Mean) Density Centralisation Gini Coefficient IN OUT Web 1.0 (Homepage) 2000 N=245 373 (1.52) 0.006 1.84 69.33 0.984 2001 515 (2.10) 0.009 1.19 99.55 0.996 Web 2.0 (Blog) 2005 N=99 652 (6.59) 0.067 22.07 41.66 0.759 2006 589 (5.95) 0.061 20.67 35.10 0.763 Twitter 2009 111 (5.05) 0.240 24.72 39.68 0.408

41. Automatic search tool using Korea engines

43. WCU WEBOMETRICS INSTITUTE INVESTIGATING INTERNET-BASED POLITIC WITH E-RESEARCH TOOLS Background information of 18 th Korean MPs Gender Age Type Male Female 30-39 40-49 50-59 60-69 70-79 Frequency (%) 251 (86.0%) 41 (14.0%) 3 (1.0%) 52 (17.8%) 144 (49.3%) 80 (27.4%) 13 (4.5%) The number of terms (how many times he/she has been elected for the national assembly) Term 1th 2th 3th 4th 5th 6th 7th Frequency (%) 130 (44.5%) 89 (30.5%) 44 (15.1%) 19 (6.5%) 6 (2.1%) 3 (1.0%) 1 (0.3%) Party Frequency (%) Constituency Classification Frequency (%) Grand National Party 168(57.5%) Seoul and its vicinity -Seoul, Incheon, Gyeonggi-do 110(37.7%) Democratic Labor Party 5(1.7%) Provincial regions -Daejeon, Ulsan, Gwangju, Busan, Daegu, Gangwon-do, Chungcheongnam/buk-do, Gyeongshangnam/buk-do, Jeollanam/buk-do, Jeju-do 131(44.9%) Democratic Party 84(28.8%) Liberty Forward Party 18(6.2%) Pro-Park Geun-hye Coalition 5(1.7%) Renewal of Korea Party 3(1.0%) Proportional representation 51(17.5%) New Progressive Party 1(.3%) Independent 8(2.7%)

44. * Female: Red , Male: Blue , Ruling party: italic From 27th Aug to 10th Sep, 2009 Online presence of Korean politicians Ranking Web visibility No. of Inlinks No. of webpages 1 Geun-Hye Park Geun-Hye Park Young Sun Park 2 Jin Park Dong-Yong Chung Chun Jin Kim 3 Dong-Yong Chung Moon-Soon Choi Jung Bae Cheon 4 Hoi-Chang Lee Gi-Gab Kang Yu Chul Won 5 Sek-Kyun Jung Jung-Sook Kwak Geun-Hye Park 6 Jung-Hoon Kim Gun-Hyun Lee Geun Chan Ryu 7 Young-Jin Kim Woo-Yeo Hwang Dong Chul Kim 8 Sung-Soo Kim Woon-Tae Kang Dong-Yong Chung 9 Hyung-O Kim Jin-ha Hwang Je Se Oh 10 Jun-Pyo Hong Sun-Sook Park Yang Seok Jung

45. Online visibility Female

46. Male Online visibility

48. WCU WEBOMETRICS INSTITUTE INVESTIGATING INTERNET-BASED POLITICS WITH E-RESEARCH TOOLS Background Case 1. 2007 Korean Presidential Election Table 1. Websites of Presidential Candidates and Parties Case 1. 2007 Korean Presidential Election Candidate Website Candidate’s Party Website Lee Myung-Bak (Lee MB) www.mbplaza.net Grand National Party (GNP) www.hannara.or.kr Chung Dong-Young (Chung DY) www.cdy21.net United New Democratic Party (UNDP) www.undp.kr Lee Hoi-Chang (Lee HC) www.leehc.org Independent Moon Kook-Hyun (Moon KH) www.moon21.kr Creative Party (CKP) www.ckp.kr Kwon Young-Ghil (Kwon YG) www.ghil.net Democratic Labor Party (DLP) www.kdlp.org Rhee In-Je (Rhee IJ) www.ijworld.or.kr Democratic Party (DP) www.minjoo.or.kr Huh Kyung-Young (Huh KY) Same as party site Economy & Republican Party (ERP) www.gonghwa.com Geum Min (Geum M) www.minnmin.net Socialist Party (KSP) www.sp.or.kr Chung Kun-Mo (Chung KM) www.bestjung.kr True Owner Coalition (TOC) www.chamjuin.or.kr Chun Kwan (Chun K) www.chamsaram.or.kr Chamsaram Society Full True Act (CSFTA) Same as candidate site Sim Dae-Pyeng (Sim DY) www.dpsim.co.kr People First Party (PFP) www.mypfp.or.kr Lee Soo-Sung (Lee SS) www.leesoosung.com People’s Coalition (PC) Same as candidate site

49. 2 Dec 2007 11 Dec 2007 17 Dec 2007

50. Network Measures with Three Different Points Network measures 2 Dec 07 11 Dec 2007 17 Dec 2007 Clustering coefficient 2.581 2.368 1.777 Average distance (Cohesion value) 1.564 (0.215) 1.821 (0.273) 1.681 (0.346) Degree centralities of sites ijworld.or.kr leehc.org ckp.kr 0.158 0.000 0.000 0.263 0.053 0.053 0.684 0.263 0.053

51. Cyworld Extractor - Overview Java-based software tool that, given the URL of a politician on Cyworld, extracts comments given by citizens along with related profile attributes. The stored data, which can amount to thousands of records, is stored in a suitable format for import into statistical software

52. ① ② ③ The status of mini-homepy ① How active ②How famous ③How friendly Gender Name Geun-Hye Park’s mini-hompy Visitor count

53. Captured on 19th June, 2009 * Female: Red , Male: Blue , Ruling party: italic Cyworld presence of Korean politicians Cyworld Comments Visitor counts Bookmarked by Others Scraped Posting Active Score Famous Score Friendly Score Kyoeng-Won Na Geun-Hye Park Geun-Hye Park Geun-Hye Park Geun-Hye Park Geun-Hye Park Geun-Hye Park Geun-Hye Park Hoi-Chang Lee Jung-Wook Hong Guk-Hyun Moon Kyoeng-Won Na Kyoeng-Won Na Guk-Hyun Moon Hoi-Chang Lee Kyung-Won Na Guk-Hyun Moon Jung-Wook Hong Dong-Yong Chung Dong-Young Jung Dong-Young Jung Kyeong-Tae Jo Dong-Young Jung Dong-Young Jung Hoi-Chang Lee Soo-hee Jin Guk-Hyun Moon Kyoeng-Won Na Dong-Yong Chung Guk-Hyun Moon Kyoeng-Won Na Dong-Yong Chung Hee-Ryong Won Woon-Tae Kang Gi-Gab Kang Kook-Hyn Moon Jung-Wook Hong Hoi-Chang Lee Kyoeng-Won Na Hong-jun An Kyung-Tae Cho Hee-Ryong Won Gi-Gab Kang Woon-Tae Kang Hee-Ryong Won Eul-Dong Kim Jin-ha Hwang Hee-Ryong Won Mong-Jun Chung Sook-Mi Son Kyung-Tae Cho Mong-Jun Chung Sun-Kyo Han Jae-chul Sim Eul-Dong Kim Jae-chul Sim Mong-Jun Chung Hee-Ryong Won Eul-Dong Kim Mong-Jun Chung Woon-tae Kang Mong-Jun Chung Sun-Kyo Han Jeong-Wook Hong Eul-Dong Kim Sun-Kyo Han Gi-Gab Kang Sun-Kyo Han Jun-pyo Hong Jun-pyo Hong

54. WCU WEBOMETRICS INSTITUTE INVESTIGATING INTERNET-BASED POLITICS WITH E-RESEARCH TOOLS Case 2. Cyworld Mini-hompies of Korean Legislators Cyworld Mini-hompies of Korean legislators However, buddy data is not publicly available!! The network structure using co-link data shows a clear butterfly pattern. T here is one hub (ghism) that belongs to Park Gy un-Hye (Park GH, www.cyworld.com/ghism), the daughter of ex-president Park Jeong-Hee and one of two major GNP candidates (along with president-elect Lee MB) in the 2007 presidential race.

55. IP address Cyworld-IP screen capture Seong-Min Yoo’s mini-hompy

56. Cyworld Extractor – Data One example of possible uses for the collected data is to determine the region of posters commenting from Korea

57. Cyworld Extractor - Data The country of origin of those users commenting from outside Korea is also possible

58. Table 1. Summary of comments posted on ten political profile pages between April 2008 and June 2009 . One politician was selected at random from the eighty-one successfully scraped political profiles and the male and female comments posted were taken as the dataset. Politician Male Female Unknown Total 나경원 ( Kyeong-Won Na) 10547 6611 2288 19446 박근혜 ( Geun-Hye Park) 10086 7199 1651 18936 이회창 ( Hoi-Chang Lee) 8970 6284 2380 17634 조경태 ( Kyeong-Tae Cho) 2889 2412 11101 16402 정동영 ( Dong-Yong Chung) 4872 4430 981 10283 문국현 ( Kook-Hyn Moon) 3104 4229 711 8044 강기갑 ( Gi-Gap Kang) 1405 1065 3997 6467 손숙미 ( Sook-Mi Son) 1634 771 586 2991 정몽준 ( Mong-Jun Chung) 1146 409 842 2397 홍정욱 ( Jeong-Wook Hong) 913 753 126 1792

60. South Koreans fearing 'mad cow disease' fight US beef imports in May and June 2008

63. Why do they have so many comments? <Comments on Kyeong-Won Na’s mini-hompy> <Comments on Kyeong-Tae Jo’s mini-hompy> Date Total Irrelevant Related in issue on American beef Positive Negative June, 2008 9935 2309 23.24% 378 3.80% 7248 72.95% Date Total Irrelevant Related in Issue on American beef Positive Negative 7th May, 08 7,545 23 0.30% 7,514 99.59% 8 0.11% 8 th May, 08 2,744 6 0.22% 2,734 99.64% 4 0.15% 9 th May, 08 826 2 0.24% 818 99.03% 6 0.73% Total 11,115 31 0.28% 11,066 99.56% 18 0.16%

67. Sentimental Analysis of Korean Politicians ’ Cyworld mini-hompy

68. Sentimental Analysis of Korean Politicians ’ Cyworld mini-hompy

69. Sentimental Analysis of Korean Politicians ’ Cyworld mini-hompy n = 650 n = 756

71. *Occurred at least 4 times among the Top 10 Words per each politician positive negative center male female

72. Twitter Extractor - Overview Sharing a similar interface and extraction mechanism with the Cyworld extractor, this application requires the URL of a user on Twitter. It is then possible to collect all tweets and determine the attributes of the user’s follower / following network

73. Twitter Extractor - Data A simple use for this data would be to visualize a user’s network and ascertain which users are reciprocal in their friendships

74. * A type of tweets - A case Study on twitter of 18th National Assembly Members * Audiences of tweets * Topic of tweets

75. Thank you for listening! WCU WEBOMETRICS INSTITUTE Acknowledgments. WCU Webometrics Institute acknowledges that this research is supported from the WCU project investigating internet-based politics using e-research tools granted from South Korean Government