This document discusses the evolution of South Korea's national innovation system through a Triple Helix lens, examining the relationships between university, industry, and government sectors over time. It analyzes trends in scientific publications, patents, and web data to understand how government policies have shaped the Triple Helix dynamics. While cooperation increased under certain administrations, recent data shows a decrease in mutual information between the three sectors, suggesting configurations may now constrain further development of the national innovation system.

1. Triple Helix in South Korea: A longitudinal perspective Asso. Prof. Han Woo PARK Department of Media & Communication YeungNam University 214-1 Dae-dong, Gyeongsan-si, Gyeongsangbuk-do 712-749 Republic of Korea [email_address] [email_address] http://www.hanpark.net http://english-webometrics.yu.ac.kr http://asia-triplehelix.org This is in collaboration with Min-Ho So, Ki-Seok Kown, M. Shapiro, and L. Leydesdorff Virtual Knowledge Studio (VKS)

8. Characteristics of R&D programs according to government Government Characteristics of R&D programs related to the TH indicators Park, Jung-Hee (1970-1979) Government’s strong push to run governmental institutes and joint research between universities and public organizations Chun, Doo-Hwan (1980-1987) Merger and acquisition among government-sponsored research institutes; e.g., the integration of the KAIS (Korea Advanced Institute of Science) university and the KIST (Korea Institute of Science and Technology) into the KAIST (Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology) Roh, Tae-Woo (1988-1992) The gradual opening of research organizations in both private and public sectors; e.g., KIST became independent from KAIST in 1989 Kim, Young-Sam (1993-1997) Dominance of governmental agencies from early 1990 to 1997 when Korea started to be subject to International Monetary Fund (IMF) conditions Kim, Dae-Jung (1998-2002) BK21 project started in 1999 to increase the research capacity of universities through large central government subsidies, thus decreasing UIG joint research Roh, Moo-Hyun (2003-2007) Continual promotion of the BK21 and internationalization of R&D, particularly in the academic sector

9. In response to structural problems coordinating the national research and development (R&D) administration, President Lee Myung-Bak (2008-present) formulated a grand strategy for reforming the Korean R&D system by reorganizing governmental agencies: the new government launched the Ministry of Education, Science and Technology (MEST) and the Ministry of Knowledge Economy (MKE). While MEST is intended to play a role as key coordinator for incorporating the human resources of education, science and technology for the purpose of national development, MKE has a mission in fostering knowledge-based innovation capacities across the country The effectiveness of government intervention, however, can not be taken for granted. The systems can be expected to have resilience in following their own institutional logic in the case of academia and to be driven by market forces in the case of industry.

11. Number of papers by Korean authors in the Science Citation Index and bi- and trilateral relations between TH-sectors within the economy

12. Mutual information in bilateral relations between the TH sectors in Korea

13. Mutual information in trilateral Triple Helix relations in Korea

14. dictatorship democratization liberalization globalization

16. Publication patterns in and between TH sectors using the A&HCI Index

17. Mutual information measured in bilateral relations between TH sectors using the SSCI

18. Publication rates of Korean papers and synergy effects among TH sectors on the basis of coauthorship relations in the SSCI

19. Source: Science Citation Index 2000 2002 -70.7 -71.0 -45.3 -54.0 -39.6 -42.5 -32.5 -27.6 -32.8 -82.4 -11.0 -18.0 -28.6 -33.7 -18.9 -67.7 -26.8

22. Component of Naver WCU WEBOMETRICS INSTITUTE INVESTIGATING INTERNET-BASED POLITICSS WITH E-RESEARCH TOOLS WCU WEBOMETRICS INSTITUTE INVESTIGATING INTERNET-BASED POLITICSS WITH E-RESEARCH TOOLS Log-in The articles title (changing automatically ) The press linked Today’s issues Quick menu browser window

23. Naver search options

25. http://english-webometrics.yu.ac.kr/WebometricsTools/WeboNaver/WeboNaver.html

27. Triple Helix on the Web Source: Web data were collected using AltaVista.com

28. Triple Helix on the Web Source: Web data were collected using Naver.com

30. UIG trend in Korea: SCI vs Web

31. UIG trend in Korea: SCI vs Web

32. Discussion issues Configurations may constrain the further TH developments at national system level by generating more uncertainty than can be managed by three TH actors - L. Leydesdorff