The document discusses various significant inventions from the 18th century that transformed transportation and communication, including advancements such as the steam-driven artillery tractor, the first submarine, and the electric telegraph. It highlights the challenges of transportation at that time, relying mainly on horses, wooden ships, and basic road infrastructure. Additionally, it details notable inventors and their contributions, emphasizing the role of innovation in shaping society.

1. INVENTION MADE IN 18TH CENTURY
Roushan Hari
Class-8
Roll no.-31
School- St Francis Academy

2. INDEX
Topic Page
No.
Introduction 2
Water Transportation 3
Clockwork Powered Carriage 4
Steam-driven artillery tractor 5
First submarine 6
hot air balloon 7
Hydrogen balloon 8
working model of a steam carriage 9

3. In the 18th century, transportation was primitive by today's standards. The majority
of the time if you wanted to go anywhere you either walked or rode a horse on trails
or rough roads. Most folks could not afford carriages or wagons. People traveled
from one country to the next by small wooden ships or stagecoach services.
Land Transportation
People and goods got around on land by horse drawn wagons, coaches, and
carriages. For personal transportation, people used the horse. Oxen and mules
pulled wagons and carts, loaded with goods and personal property from one
destination to the other. In Europe, especially in England, the majority of roads were
well kept pathways between cities and villages. The majority of American roads
were Indian trails cut in the wilderness. The roads that did exist had tree stumps in
the middle, with wagon ruts on either side. This made travel difficult if not
impossible to say the least. It would be some time before America would build good
roads. It was the call for a national road in the 1740's that would be the catalyst for
building these good roads. Transportation on land would not be possible if it had not
been for the horse. The horse was used for transportation and farming. Indeed if it
were not for the horse, Nations and empires would not have been built. For the
horse was a mover of society in the 18th century.
Introduction

4. Watertransportation
The main ship of the day was the sailing vessel. There were two types of
ships, the overseas vessel and the smaller "coasting" vessel. Overseas
vessels transported cargo and passengers to destinations like America, Nova
Scotia, and China. Coastal vessels transported goods and people along the
coasts, such as the American east coast. They were not meant for crossing
the ocean.
These ships were small, cramped and usually had a crew of no more than 25
or 30 men. These vessels carried out sea trade, cargo hauling, or general
transport within the world empires of the day. The English empire was based
on her navy and her ability to protect its merchant fleets.
Bateau, canoes and rafts were mainly used in the wilderness or undeveloped
areas of the world. For example in America, the Natives used the birch bark
canoe for transportation on the major rivers. The fur traders used canoes,
bateau and rafts to transport their yearly take of furs to Rendezvous and
outposts for transport to market.

5. Clockwork Powered Carriage
Jacques de Vaucanson (February 24, 1709 – November 21,
1782) was a French inventor and artist who was responsible
for the creation of impressive and innovative automata and
machines such as the first completely automated loom
•Year:1740
•Best described, the clockwork carriage
is a public conveyance that seats two
adults, picture a pair of velocipedes-
penny farthings joined in parallel by the
central-center main axle.

6. Nicolas-Joseph Cugnot (26 February 1725 – 2 October 1804)
was a French inventor. He is known to have built the first
working self-propelled mechanical vehicle, the world's
first automobile.
•Year 1769
•Nicolas-Joseph Cugnot exhibited an
experimental steam-powered artillery tractor in
1769 that many consider to be the real first
steam car.
•The Cugnot steam car or "Steamertraveled at
a blazing 2 ½ mph and Cugnot ran it once into a
stone wall making for the first motor vehicle
accident in history.
Steam-driven artillery tractor

7. FIRST SUBMARINE
David Bushnell (1754–1824), of Westbrook, Connecticut, was
an American inventor and a veteran of the Revolutionary War. He
is credited with creating the first submarine ever used in combat,
while studying at Yale College in 1775.
•Year 1776
•Turtle (also called American Turtle)
was the world's first submersible with a
documented record of use in combat.
•Bushnell designed her for use
against British Royal Navy vessels
occupying North American harbors
during the American Revolutionary War.

8. HOTAIR BALLOON
Joseph-Michel Montgolfier (26 August 1740
– 26 June 1810) and Jacques-Étienne
Montgolfier (6 January 1745 – 2 August
1799) were the inventors of
the Montgolfière-style hot air balloon,
•Year 1783
•A hot air balloon is a lighter than air aircraft
consisting of a bag called the envelope that is
capable of containing heated air.
•Suspended beneath is a gondola or wicker
basket (in some long-distance or high-altitude
balloons, a capsule), which carries passengers and
(usually) a source of heat, in most cases an open
flame

9. HYDROGEN BALLOON
Jacques Charles and Les Frères Robert (Anne-Jean Robert
and Nicolas-Louis Robert) launch the first Hydrogen balloon
•Year 1783
•There are two types of light-gas balloons: zero-
pressure and superpressure. Zero-pressure balloons
are the traditional form of light-gas balloon.
•They are partially inflated with the light gas before
launch, with the gas pressure the same both inside and
outside the balloon. As the zero-pressure balloon rises,
its gas expands to maintain the zero pressure
difference, and the balloon's envelope swells.

10. WORKING MODEL OF A STEAM CARRIAGE
William Murdoch (sometimes spelled Murdock) (21 August 1754 – 15
November 1839) was a Scottish engineer and inventor.
Murdoch was employed by the firm of Boulton and Watt and worked
for them in Cornwall, as a steam engine erector for ten years,
spending most of the rest of his life in Birmingham, England.
•Year 1784
•An important invention for which William
Murdoch's name is little known is Britain's
first working model of a steam carriage,
or road locomotive.
• French engineer Nicolas-Joseph
Cugnot had already demonstrated the utility
of such a device by building (from 1769) two
full-sized working steam vehicles. All that
was needed was a more effective design.

11. ELECTRIC TELEGRAPH
•Year 1774
•Georges Louis Lesage patents the
electric telegraph. Electric Telegraph
uses electric signals to send
communication via radio or line.
•This was used as a communication
of people but only inside the same
country.
Georges-Louis Le Sage (13 June 1724 – 9 November
1803) was a Genevan physicist and is most known for
his theory of gravitation, for his invention of
an electric telegraph and his anticipation of
the kinetic theory of gases.

12. TYPEWRITER
•Year 1829
•This was the most important device during
those days used by editors in newspapers.
•This was important because this helped
Industrial Revolution by providing fast
information from the reporters to the editors
which then later, published to the citizen.
William Austin Burt (June 13, 1792 – August 18, 1858) was
an American inventor, legislator, surveyor, and millwright. He
was the inventor, maker and patentee of the first
typewriter constructed in America. He is referred to as the
"father of the typewriter".

13. TELEGRAPH
•Year 1837
•The telegraph revolutionized long-distance
communication. It worked by transmitting electrical
signals over a wire laid between stations. In
addition to helping invent the telegraph.
•Samuel Morse developed a that assigned a set of
dots and dashes to each letter of the English
alphabet and allowed for the simple transmission of
complex messages across telegraph lines.
Samuel Finley Breese Morse (April 27, 1791 – April 2, 1872)
was an American painter and inventor. After having
established his reputation as a portrait painter, in his middle
age Morse contributed to the invention of a single-
wire telegraph system based on European telegraphs.

14. TELEPHONE
•Year 1876
•A telephone, or phone, is
a telecommunications device that permits two or
more users to conduct a conversation when they
are too far apart to be heard directly. A telephone
converts sound, typically and most efficiently
the human voice, into electronic signals suitable
for transmission via cables or other transmission
media over long distances, and replays such signals
simultaneously in audible form to its user.
Alexander Graham Bell (March 3, 1847 – August 2, 1922) was
a Scottish-born scientist, inventor, engineer and innovator
who is credited with patenting the first practical telephone

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