IP addresses are assigned using address classes that divide them into network and host portions. Class A uses 1 octet for network with up to 126 networks but many hosts each. Class B uses 2 octets for network with 65,000 networks and fewer hosts each. Class C uses 3 octets for network with over 2 million networks but very few hosts each. Subnetting further divides large networks into smaller subnetworks for more efficient management and addressing. It improves performance, scalability and security.

1. Introduction to IP
address classes
An IP address is a unique identifier for a computer or device on a
network. It is essential in facilitating communication between devices. The
IP address classes provide a framework for assigning unique addresses
to different networks and hosts.
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2. Class A: Range and characteristics
Range
Class A addresses use the first octet to
represent the network portion. The range is from
1.0.0.0 to 126.0.0.0.
Characteristics
Class A provides a large number of networks but
with fewer host addresses per network. It is well-
suited for large organizations.

3. Class B: Range and characteristics
Range
Class B addresses use the first two octets for
the network portion. The range is from 128.0.0.0
to 191.255.0.0.
Characteristics
Class B offers a moderate number of networks
and host addresses. It's suitable for medium-
sized organizations.

4. Class C: Range and characteristics
Range
Class C addresses use the first three octets for
the network portion. The range is from 192.0.0.0
to 223.255.255.0.
Characteristics
Class C offers a large number of networks and a
small number of host addresses per network. It's
commonly used for small networks.

5. Class D: Range and characteristics
Range
Class D addresses are reserved for multicast
groups and not for typical unicast
communications.
Characteristics
Class D addresses are used for applications
such as video and audio streaming, and not for
traditional host-to-host communication.

6. Class E: Range and characteristics
Range
Class E addresses are reserved for
experimental purposes or future use. The range
is from 240.0.0.0 to 255.255.255.254.
Characteristics
Class E addresses have never been formally
defined for use in the public internet, and their
use is extremely limited.

7. Subnetting: Definition and purpose
1 Definition
Subnetting involves breaking down a
large network into smaller sub-
networks for more efficient resource
management and addressing.
2 Purpose
The primary purpose of subnetting is
to reduce network congestion,
improve performance, and enhance
security by segmenting the network.

8. Subnetting calculation process
Step 1
Determine the number of subnets required and the number of host addresses needed for each subnet.
Step 2
Calculate the number of bits needed for the subnet and host portions based on the identified
requirements.
Step 3
Apply the subnet mask and implement the subnetting plan.

9. Subnetting examples and practice
1
Scenario-based
2
Practice exercises
3
Online resources

10. Conclusion and key takeaways
Understanding IP Classes
Knowing the characteristics of different
IP classes is crucial for effective
network management and addressing.
Importance of Subnetting
Subnetting enhances network
performance, scalability, and security,
making it a vital concept in modern
networking.