Basic information about the World Trade Organization (WTO). Establishment, evolution and formation of the final act in 1994. The Result of Uruguay Round negotiation for a multilateral Trading System.
This document provides an overview of the Agreement on Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT Agreement). It explains that the TBT Agreement seeks to balance preventing protectionism through technical regulations, standards, and conformity assessments with allowing members to enact regulations for legitimate public policy purposes. The history of addressing these issues from the GATT 1947 to the Standards Code of 1979 to the current TBT Agreement is discussed. Key concepts like technical regulations, standards, and conformity assessments are introduced.
This presentation talks about the intellectual property rights and the various treaties related to them, their history and functions, GATT, WTO, International Agreements, Madrid Protocol, TRIPS and Berne Convention are given in detail. The presentation will give you an overview of how IPR works in trade relalated aspects throughout the world, across international borders.
The document discusses the World Trade Organization (WTO). Key points:
- The WTO was established in 1995 and has 153 member countries. It aims to liberalize trade and settle trade disputes.
- Globalization refers to increasing economic and cultural integration between countries due to advances in technology and infrastructure. The WTO promotes globalization by reducing trade barriers.
- The WTO aims to raise living standards, ensure full employment, develop global resources, and expand trade and production worldwide. It settles disputes and reviews members' trade policies.
The document discusses the history and evolution of global trade agreements from GATT to the World Trade Organization (WTO). It explains that GATT was a provisional agreement formed in 1947 to promote international trade but was replaced by the WTO in 1995. The WTO provides a permanent institutional foundation and its rules and commitments are considered more binding than GATT. The WTO aims to liberalize trade through negotiations and provides a dispute settlement mechanism for member countries. It currently has 153 member countries and seeks to reduce barriers to international trade.
GATT & WTO : History and Prospective of Nepal.Regmi Milan
The document provides historical background on trade policies from the 1500s-1700s and the establishment of GATT at the Bretton Woods Conference in 1944. It discusses Nepal joining WTO in 2004 and both the benefits and challenges of its membership. The benefits include market access predictability and transit rights as a landlocked country. However, Nepal faces market access barriers like tariffs and non-tariff barriers. It also has supply-side constraints such as lack of infrastructure and human capital that limit its export competitiveness within the global trading system governed by WTO rules.
Table of Contents
General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade 3
First Phase : 5
Second Phase : 5
Third Phase : 5
OBJECTIVES OF GATT : 5
OBJECTIVES OF GATT : 5
FUNDAMENTAL PRINCIPLES OF GATT : 5
OTHER FUNCTIONS OF GATT : 5
OTHER FUNCTIONS OF GATT : 5
Did GATT succeed? : 6
Slide 20: 6
Slide 21: 6
Slide 22: 6
Slide 23: 6
Slide 24: 6
Difference between GATT & WTO 7
This document provides an overview of the Agreement on Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT Agreement). It explains that the TBT Agreement seeks to balance preventing protectionism through technical regulations, standards, and conformity assessments with allowing members to enact regulations for legitimate public policy purposes. The history of addressing these issues from the GATT 1947 to the Standards Code of 1979 to the current TBT Agreement is discussed. Key concepts like technical regulations, standards, and conformity assessments are introduced.
This presentation talks about the intellectual property rights and the various treaties related to them, their history and functions, GATT, WTO, International Agreements, Madrid Protocol, TRIPS and Berne Convention are given in detail. The presentation will give you an overview of how IPR works in trade relalated aspects throughout the world, across international borders.
The document discusses the World Trade Organization (WTO). Key points:
- The WTO was established in 1995 and has 153 member countries. It aims to liberalize trade and settle trade disputes.
- Globalization refers to increasing economic and cultural integration between countries due to advances in technology and infrastructure. The WTO promotes globalization by reducing trade barriers.
- The WTO aims to raise living standards, ensure full employment, develop global resources, and expand trade and production worldwide. It settles disputes and reviews members' trade policies.
The document discusses the history and evolution of global trade agreements from GATT to the World Trade Organization (WTO). It explains that GATT was a provisional agreement formed in 1947 to promote international trade but was replaced by the WTO in 1995. The WTO provides a permanent institutional foundation and its rules and commitments are considered more binding than GATT. The WTO aims to liberalize trade through negotiations and provides a dispute settlement mechanism for member countries. It currently has 153 member countries and seeks to reduce barriers to international trade.
GATT & WTO : History and Prospective of Nepal.Regmi Milan
The document provides historical background on trade policies from the 1500s-1700s and the establishment of GATT at the Bretton Woods Conference in 1944. It discusses Nepal joining WTO in 2004 and both the benefits and challenges of its membership. The benefits include market access predictability and transit rights as a landlocked country. However, Nepal faces market access barriers like tariffs and non-tariff barriers. It also has supply-side constraints such as lack of infrastructure and human capital that limit its export competitiveness within the global trading system governed by WTO rules.
Table of Contents
General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade 3
First Phase : 5
Second Phase : 5
Third Phase : 5
OBJECTIVES OF GATT : 5
OBJECTIVES OF GATT : 5
FUNDAMENTAL PRINCIPLES OF GATT : 5
OTHER FUNCTIONS OF GATT : 5
OTHER FUNCTIONS OF GATT : 5
Did GATT succeed? : 6
Slide 20: 6
Slide 21: 6
Slide 22: 6
Slide 23: 6
Slide 24: 6
Difference between GATT & WTO 7
The document discusses various international and regional trade organizations and agreements. It provides an overview of the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT), including its origins and achievements. It then summarizes the World Trade Organization (WTO), including its objectives and core agreements on trade-related investment measures, intellectual property, and other issues. Several regional trade blocs and agreements are also summarized such as the European Union, North American Free Trade Agreement, Association of Southeast Asian Nations Free Trade Area, and others.
The General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT) was negotiated in 1947 and was designed to reduce trade barriers and encourage free trade. It provided an international forum for negotiating tariff reductions and resolving trade disputes. While GATT was successful in significantly reducing tariffs over time, growing non-tariff barriers and subsidies in response to economic difficulties undermined its effectiveness. This led to negotiations in the 1980s and 1990s that transformed GATT into the World Trade Organization in 1995 to strengthen and expand the global trading system to address new challenges.
The 8th round of GATT negotiations, known as the Uruguay Round, resulted in the creation of the World Trade Organization in 1995. The WTO replaced GATT and provides a framework for multilateral trade negotiations while seeking to resolve trade disputes between member countries. It has overseen reductions in tariffs and established agreements covering trade in goods, services, and intellectual property rights. However, some criticize that negotiations favor developed countries and developing countries lack resources to effectively participate.
During the 1930s Great Depression, international trade declined sharply as countries imposed import restrictions to protect their economies. In 1945, the US proposed expanding trade and employment. On October 30, 1947, 23 countries in Geneva signed the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT), establishing rules for international trade. GATT went through eight rounds of negotiations between 1947-1994 to reduce tariffs and trade barriers. The final round, the Uruguay Round, established the World Trade Organization in 1995 to provide stronger, more permanent governance of global trade.
The document discusses the evolution of global trade agreements from GATT to the WTO. Key points include:
1) GATT was established in 1948 to liberalize trade and became the WTO in 1995.
2) The Uruguay Round expanded the scope of trade agreements to include services, intellectual property, investment measures, and agriculture.
3) The WTO aims to lower trade barriers through principles like non-discrimination and prohibiting quotas. It also provides a forum for resolving trade disputes.
The World Trade Organization (WTO) is an intergovernmental organization that regulates international trade. It provides a forum for negotiating trade agreements, settling disputes, and overseeing a system of trade rules. The WTO currently has 164 member countries and agreements cover trade in goods, services and intellectual property. Its overarching goal is to help trade flow freely by removing obstacles and ensuring predictable and transparent trade policies.
World Trade Organization- Brief OverviewKashyap Shah
How and WHY GATT changed to WTO ?
What are the various functions & objectives of WTO.
Some of the key characteristics of WTO Agreements
From India's Perspective- Advantages & Disadvantages
This presentation was a part of my group project study at M S Ramaiah Institute Of Management, Bangalore. Co-Developed by : Shashank M.A, Prasad E. Prabhu, Binit chouraria, Koushik Basak & Uma Maheshwar Rao (MSRIM Bangalore)
By:-
Aniruddh Tiwari
Linkedin :- http://in.linkedin.com/in/aniruddhtiwari
The document discusses the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT) from 1948 to 1994 and its replacement by the World Trade Organization (WTO) in 1995. GATT was created in 1947 to promote international trade and reduce trade barriers. It established principles like non-discrimination between trading partners. The WTO was established in 1995 after the Uruguay Round negotiations to provide clearer rules and a stronger dispute settlement system. It now has 160 member countries and aims to liberalize trade through negotiated agreements.
The document provides an overview of the World Trade Organization (WTO). It discusses that the WTO is an intergovernmental organization that regulates international trade and replaced the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT) in 1995. The WTO aims to help the trading system become more transparent, fair and predictable through agreements and by settling trade disputes between members. It also provides technical assistance to developing countries. The document outlines the structure, functions, principles and relevant agreements of the WTO including TRIPS and TRIMS as well as its role in promoting development.
The Multilateral Trading System After DohaSimon Lacey
The document discusses the state of the global trading system after the Doha Round of trade negotiations. It provides background on the negotiations leading up to and following the 2001 Doha Ministerial Conference where the Doha Development Agenda was launched. Key topics covered include the agricultural, services and industrial tariff negotiations under Doha, as well as debates around special treatment for developing countries, cotton subsidies, and the eventual breakdown of negotiations at the 2003 Cancun Ministerial.
World Trade Organization - functions, principles and trade agreements
Case Studies include USA vs Mexico (Tuna), USA vs ASIA (Shrimp) and USA vs EU (Poultry)
The document discusses the key principles of GATT, including non-discrimination, reciprocity, enforceable commitments, transparency, and safety valves. It also covers the various GATT trade rounds from 1947 to 1994 and their topics of negotiation. Additionally, it outlines the demands of developing countries for differential treatment under GATT to support their economies. The principles of GATT helped significantly reduce tariffs and spur global trade growth after World War 2, but new issues like non-tariff barriers and services trade prompted the creation of the WTO through the Uruguay Round negotiations.
The document provides an overview of the World Trade Organization (WTO) and its relevance to India. It discusses that the WTO was formed in 1995 to replace the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT). The objectives of the WTO include promoting multilateral trade and reducing barriers to free trade. India is a founding member of the WTO and the organization's rules have impacted India's agriculture, services, and intellectual property sectors. The document also outlines some of the key WTO agreements such as GATT, GATS, TRIPS, and provisions related to market access, domestic support, and export subsidies in agriculture.
The document provides an overview of the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT) and its replacement by the World Trade Organization (WTO) in 1995. It discusses that GATT was created in 1947 to reduce tariffs and trade barriers, and was replaced by the WTO to establish stronger global trade rules and dispute resolution. The document also notes that India has been a founding member of both GATT and WTO, and that its participation in the increasingly rule-based international trade system has helped provide stability and predictability in global trade.
The document summarizes the history of the World Trade Organization (WTO) and its predecessor the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT). It discusses how following World War II, nations sought to establish international economic institutions including the IMF, World Bank and intended International Trade Organization (ITO) at the Bretton Woods conference. However, the ITO failed to be established, so the GATT became the provisional agreement to liberalize trade instead. The GATT was successful in reducing tariffs through negotiation rounds but protectionism shifted to non-tariff barriers. The WTO was established in 1995 through the Uruguay Round, strengthening trade rules and establishing new agreements on services, intellectual property, agriculture, and dispute
The document discusses the World Trade Organization (WTO). It provides information on the formation of the WTO including that it was established in 1995 and replaced the GATT. The objectives of the WTO are to liberalize trade, promote world trade, ensure benefits for developing countries, increase competitiveness and employment, and establish rules for an open trading system. It has 153 member countries and agreements cover goods, services, intellectual property, and dispute settlement.
The World Trade Organization (WTO) is an international organization that oversees and liberalizes international trade. It was established on January 1, 1995 as the successor to GATT. The WTO provides a forum for negotiating and settling trade disputes. It aims to ensure transparency and coherence in global economic policymaking through monitoring national trade policies.
The General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT) was an international agreement formed in 1949 that promoted international trade by reducing trade barriers like tariffs between member countries. GATT held several rounds of negotiations where member countries agreed to reduce tariffs and trade barriers further. In 1993, GATT was updated and the World Trade Organization was created to replace GATT and expand the scope of international trade agreements to include services, intellectual property, and other areas.
The document provides an overview of the World Trade Organization (WTO). It discusses that the WTO is an intergovernmental organization that regulates international trade and replaced the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade in 1995. The key functions and structure of the WTO are described, including administering trade agreements, resolving disputes, and establishing principles like most favored nation. Agreements within the WTO like TRIPS and TRIMS are also summarized. The role and relevance of the WTO for developing countries is highlighted.
The World Trade Organization (WTO) deals with global trade rules between nations and ensures trade flows freely. It was established in 1995 as the successor to GATT and oversees agreements between member countries. The WTO aims to help producers, exporters and importers conduct business internationally through principles like most-favored nation status, national treatment and freer trade negotiated through binding agreements and transparency.
Introduction to International Trade Law
What is the GATT?
Historical background of the WTO: from GATT to WTO
Primary goals of GATT
The system of GATT
GATT 1994’s Major Principles
Special rules to GATT
World Trade Organization (WTO)
Purpose of (WTO)
Main Functions of (WTO)
Objectives of (WTO):
Main Activities of WTO
What is International Trade Law?
The document discusses various international and regional trade organizations and agreements. It provides an overview of the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT), including its origins and achievements. It then summarizes the World Trade Organization (WTO), including its objectives and core agreements on trade-related investment measures, intellectual property, and other issues. Several regional trade blocs and agreements are also summarized such as the European Union, North American Free Trade Agreement, Association of Southeast Asian Nations Free Trade Area, and others.
The General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT) was negotiated in 1947 and was designed to reduce trade barriers and encourage free trade. It provided an international forum for negotiating tariff reductions and resolving trade disputes. While GATT was successful in significantly reducing tariffs over time, growing non-tariff barriers and subsidies in response to economic difficulties undermined its effectiveness. This led to negotiations in the 1980s and 1990s that transformed GATT into the World Trade Organization in 1995 to strengthen and expand the global trading system to address new challenges.
The 8th round of GATT negotiations, known as the Uruguay Round, resulted in the creation of the World Trade Organization in 1995. The WTO replaced GATT and provides a framework for multilateral trade negotiations while seeking to resolve trade disputes between member countries. It has overseen reductions in tariffs and established agreements covering trade in goods, services, and intellectual property rights. However, some criticize that negotiations favor developed countries and developing countries lack resources to effectively participate.
During the 1930s Great Depression, international trade declined sharply as countries imposed import restrictions to protect their economies. In 1945, the US proposed expanding trade and employment. On October 30, 1947, 23 countries in Geneva signed the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT), establishing rules for international trade. GATT went through eight rounds of negotiations between 1947-1994 to reduce tariffs and trade barriers. The final round, the Uruguay Round, established the World Trade Organization in 1995 to provide stronger, more permanent governance of global trade.
The document discusses the evolution of global trade agreements from GATT to the WTO. Key points include:
1) GATT was established in 1948 to liberalize trade and became the WTO in 1995.
2) The Uruguay Round expanded the scope of trade agreements to include services, intellectual property, investment measures, and agriculture.
3) The WTO aims to lower trade barriers through principles like non-discrimination and prohibiting quotas. It also provides a forum for resolving trade disputes.
The World Trade Organization (WTO) is an intergovernmental organization that regulates international trade. It provides a forum for negotiating trade agreements, settling disputes, and overseeing a system of trade rules. The WTO currently has 164 member countries and agreements cover trade in goods, services and intellectual property. Its overarching goal is to help trade flow freely by removing obstacles and ensuring predictable and transparent trade policies.
World Trade Organization- Brief OverviewKashyap Shah
How and WHY GATT changed to WTO ?
What are the various functions & objectives of WTO.
Some of the key characteristics of WTO Agreements
From India's Perspective- Advantages & Disadvantages
This presentation was a part of my group project study at M S Ramaiah Institute Of Management, Bangalore. Co-Developed by : Shashank M.A, Prasad E. Prabhu, Binit chouraria, Koushik Basak & Uma Maheshwar Rao (MSRIM Bangalore)
By:-
Aniruddh Tiwari
Linkedin :- http://in.linkedin.com/in/aniruddhtiwari
The document discusses the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT) from 1948 to 1994 and its replacement by the World Trade Organization (WTO) in 1995. GATT was created in 1947 to promote international trade and reduce trade barriers. It established principles like non-discrimination between trading partners. The WTO was established in 1995 after the Uruguay Round negotiations to provide clearer rules and a stronger dispute settlement system. It now has 160 member countries and aims to liberalize trade through negotiated agreements.
The document provides an overview of the World Trade Organization (WTO). It discusses that the WTO is an intergovernmental organization that regulates international trade and replaced the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT) in 1995. The WTO aims to help the trading system become more transparent, fair and predictable through agreements and by settling trade disputes between members. It also provides technical assistance to developing countries. The document outlines the structure, functions, principles and relevant agreements of the WTO including TRIPS and TRIMS as well as its role in promoting development.
The Multilateral Trading System After DohaSimon Lacey
The document discusses the state of the global trading system after the Doha Round of trade negotiations. It provides background on the negotiations leading up to and following the 2001 Doha Ministerial Conference where the Doha Development Agenda was launched. Key topics covered include the agricultural, services and industrial tariff negotiations under Doha, as well as debates around special treatment for developing countries, cotton subsidies, and the eventual breakdown of negotiations at the 2003 Cancun Ministerial.
World Trade Organization - functions, principles and trade agreements
Case Studies include USA vs Mexico (Tuna), USA vs ASIA (Shrimp) and USA vs EU (Poultry)
The document discusses the key principles of GATT, including non-discrimination, reciprocity, enforceable commitments, transparency, and safety valves. It also covers the various GATT trade rounds from 1947 to 1994 and their topics of negotiation. Additionally, it outlines the demands of developing countries for differential treatment under GATT to support their economies. The principles of GATT helped significantly reduce tariffs and spur global trade growth after World War 2, but new issues like non-tariff barriers and services trade prompted the creation of the WTO through the Uruguay Round negotiations.
The document provides an overview of the World Trade Organization (WTO) and its relevance to India. It discusses that the WTO was formed in 1995 to replace the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT). The objectives of the WTO include promoting multilateral trade and reducing barriers to free trade. India is a founding member of the WTO and the organization's rules have impacted India's agriculture, services, and intellectual property sectors. The document also outlines some of the key WTO agreements such as GATT, GATS, TRIPS, and provisions related to market access, domestic support, and export subsidies in agriculture.
The document provides an overview of the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT) and its replacement by the World Trade Organization (WTO) in 1995. It discusses that GATT was created in 1947 to reduce tariffs and trade barriers, and was replaced by the WTO to establish stronger global trade rules and dispute resolution. The document also notes that India has been a founding member of both GATT and WTO, and that its participation in the increasingly rule-based international trade system has helped provide stability and predictability in global trade.
The document summarizes the history of the World Trade Organization (WTO) and its predecessor the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT). It discusses how following World War II, nations sought to establish international economic institutions including the IMF, World Bank and intended International Trade Organization (ITO) at the Bretton Woods conference. However, the ITO failed to be established, so the GATT became the provisional agreement to liberalize trade instead. The GATT was successful in reducing tariffs through negotiation rounds but protectionism shifted to non-tariff barriers. The WTO was established in 1995 through the Uruguay Round, strengthening trade rules and establishing new agreements on services, intellectual property, agriculture, and dispute
The document discusses the World Trade Organization (WTO). It provides information on the formation of the WTO including that it was established in 1995 and replaced the GATT. The objectives of the WTO are to liberalize trade, promote world trade, ensure benefits for developing countries, increase competitiveness and employment, and establish rules for an open trading system. It has 153 member countries and agreements cover goods, services, intellectual property, and dispute settlement.
The World Trade Organization (WTO) is an international organization that oversees and liberalizes international trade. It was established on January 1, 1995 as the successor to GATT. The WTO provides a forum for negotiating and settling trade disputes. It aims to ensure transparency and coherence in global economic policymaking through monitoring national trade policies.
The General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT) was an international agreement formed in 1949 that promoted international trade by reducing trade barriers like tariffs between member countries. GATT held several rounds of negotiations where member countries agreed to reduce tariffs and trade barriers further. In 1993, GATT was updated and the World Trade Organization was created to replace GATT and expand the scope of international trade agreements to include services, intellectual property, and other areas.
The document provides an overview of the World Trade Organization (WTO). It discusses that the WTO is an intergovernmental organization that regulates international trade and replaced the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade in 1995. The key functions and structure of the WTO are described, including administering trade agreements, resolving disputes, and establishing principles like most favored nation. Agreements within the WTO like TRIPS and TRIMS are also summarized. The role and relevance of the WTO for developing countries is highlighted.
The World Trade Organization (WTO) deals with global trade rules between nations and ensures trade flows freely. It was established in 1995 as the successor to GATT and oversees agreements between member countries. The WTO aims to help producers, exporters and importers conduct business internationally through principles like most-favored nation status, national treatment and freer trade negotiated through binding agreements and transparency.
Introduction to International Trade Law
What is the GATT?
Historical background of the WTO: from GATT to WTO
Primary goals of GATT
The system of GATT
GATT 1994’s Major Principles
Special rules to GATT
World Trade Organization (WTO)
Purpose of (WTO)
Main Functions of (WTO)
Objectives of (WTO):
Main Activities of WTO
What is International Trade Law?
The World Trade Organization (WTO) was established in 1995 as the successor to GATT and provides the institutional framework for implementing and monitoring adherence to trade agreements between its 153 member countries. The WTO aims to liberalize trade and ensure a stable global trading system through negotiations and a dispute resolution process. Major functions of the WTO include administering trade agreements, providing a forum for trade negotiations, handling trade disputes, and monitoring national trade policies.
The World Trade Organization (WTO) is an intergovernmental organization that regulates international trade. It was established in 1995 and is headquartered in Geneva, Switzerland. The WTO has 164 member countries and aims to supervise trade policies, settle disputes, and cooperate with other organizations to ensure a smooth and fair international trading system. Key functions of the WTO include administering trade agreements, facilitating trade negotiations, and reviewing national trade policies.
The document provides information about the World Trade Organization (WTO). It discusses the WTO's establishment, location, membership, budget, and functions. The WTO administers trade agreements, acts as a forum for trade negotiations, handles trade disputes, monitors trade policies, and provides technical assistance to developing countries. The document also outlines the WTO's structure, including its main bodies and agreements related to trade in goods, services, intellectual property, trade policies, and settling disputes.
The document presents an overview of the World Trade Organization (WTO). It discusses the objectives, history, structure, principles, agreements, and role of the WTO. The WTO aims to help trade become more smooth, fair, free and predictable through administering trade agreements and resolving disputes between member nations. It also provides special provisions and assistance to developing countries. The WTO's role is to promote open, fair and undistorted global competition through trade liberalization and economic reforms.
The document presents an overview of the World Trade Organization (WTO). It discusses the objectives, history, structure, principles, agreements, and role of the WTO. The WTO aims to help trade become more smooth, fair, free and predictable through administering trade agreements and resolving disputes between member nations. It also provides special provisions and assistance to developing countries. The WTO's role is to promote open, fair and undistorted global competition through trade liberalization and economic reforms.
The document discusses several key WTO agreements including those covering goods, services, intellectual property, agriculture, and the establishment of the WTO. It also summarizes the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT), the General Agreement on Trade in Services (GATS), and the Trade Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights (TRIPS) agreement. These agreements establish the principles of international trade liberalization and standards for trade barriers, intellectual property protection, and dispute resolution.
The World Trade Organization (WTO) is an international body that oversees and liberalizes global trade. It was established in 1995 as the successor to GATT. The WTO deals with negotiating and implementing trade agreements between nations and ensures compliance. It is governed by a Ministerial Conference, General Council, and a Director-General.
The document provides a detailed overview of the history and functions of the World Trade Organization (WTO). It discusses how the WTO was established in 1995 to oversee international trade, replacing the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT). It outlines the various trade negotiation rounds that have occurred under GATT and within the WTO. The key principles and functions of the WTO are also summarized, including administering trade agreements, providing a forum for negotiation and dispute resolution, and establishing rules for a liberal international trading system.
The document discusses the World Trade Organization (WTO) and trade agreements. It provides historical background on trade agreements and an overview of the WTO. The basic principles of the WTO are trade without discrimination, predictable and growing access to markets, undistorted fair competition, and transparency. Preferential trade agreements and multilateral agreements are also discussed. In summarizing two economic evaluations, there is no strong evidence that WTO membership directly leads to more liberal trade policies.
The document discusses the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT) and its replacement by the World Trade Organization (WTO). GATT was established in 1947 to promote international trade by reducing trade barriers between member nations. In 1995, GATT was replaced by the WTO, which expanded the scope of international trade rules to include services, intellectual property, foreign investment, and established a stronger dispute resolution process. The WTO aims to facilitate the free flow of goods, services, and ideas across borders through multilateral trade agreements and a rules-based system.
The document provides an overview of the history and structure of the World Trade Organization (WTO). It discusses that the WTO was established in 1995 to oversee international trade agreements and replaced the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT). The WTO has 148 member nations and deals with trade in goods, services, and intellectual property through multilateral agreements based on principles of non-discrimination and open markets. Key aspects of the WTO include agreements on trade in goods, services, dispute settlement, decision making by consensus, and regular Ministerial Conferences.
The World Trade Organization (WTO) is an intergovernmental organization that regulates international trade. It was established in 1995 to replace the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT) and to provide a framework for negotiating and formalizing trade agreements, and a dispute resolution process for its member nations. The WTO has 164 member countries and deals with regulations surrounding trade in goods, services, and intellectual property between nations with the goal of helping trade flow freely while achieving further liberalization through negotiation and establishing impartial dispute settlement.
The document provides information on the structure and functions of the World Trade Organization (WTO). It discusses that the WTO was established in 1995 to replace the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT) and provide formal organization to regulate international trade. The key goals of the WTO are to improve standards of living, ensure full employment, increase production and trade, and ensure optimal use of global resources in a sustainable manner. It oversees agreements on goods, services, intellectual property, and dispute settlement between member countries.
The World Trade Organization (WTO) is the international body that oversees global trade agreements. It was established in 1995 to expand upon and formalize the previous General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT). The WTO has 164 member countries and oversees agreements on trade in goods, services, and intellectual property through its dispute resolution process and regular trade negotiations.
World Trade Organization (WTO) is the multilateral trading system created with the purpose of supervising and liberalizing international trade.
WTO regulation of trade between member countries.
It is also responsible for enforcing trade laws, agreements and resolving disputes
The World Trade Organization (WTO) is an intergovernmental organization that regulates international trade and resolves trade disputes between member nations. It was established in 1995 as a successor to the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT) and aims to liberalize international trade through negotiations to reduce trade barriers like tariffs. The WTO currently has 164 member countries and seeks to promote open trade for the benefit of global economic growth and development.
How MJ Global Leads the Packaging Industry.pdfMJ Global
MJ Global's success in staying ahead of the curve in the packaging industry is a testament to its dedication to innovation, sustainability, and customer-centricity. By embracing technological advancements, leading in eco-friendly solutions, collaborating with industry leaders, and adapting to evolving consumer preferences, MJ Global continues to set new standards in the packaging sector.
Event Report - SAP Sapphire 2024 Orlando - lots of innovation and old challengesHolger Mueller
Holger Mueller of Constellation Research shares his key takeaways from SAP's Sapphire confernece, held in Orlando, June 3rd till 5th 2024, in the Orange Convention Center.
Company Valuation webinar series - Tuesday, 4 June 2024FelixPerez547899
This session provided an update as to the latest valuation data in the UK and then delved into a discussion on the upcoming election and the impacts on valuation. We finished, as always with a Q&A
At Techbox Square, in Singapore, we're not just creative web designers and developers, we're the driving force behind your brand identity. Contact us today.
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Tata Group Dials Taiwan for Its Chipmaking Ambition in Gujarat’s DholeraAvirahi City Dholera
The Tata Group, a titan of Indian industry, is making waves with its advanced talks with Taiwanese chipmakers Powerchip Semiconductor Manufacturing Corporation (PSMC) and UMC Group. The goal? Establishing a cutting-edge semiconductor fabrication unit (fab) in Dholera, Gujarat. This isn’t just any project; it’s a potential game changer for India’s chipmaking aspirations and a boon for investors seeking promising residential projects in dholera sir.
Visit : https://www.avirahi.com/blog/tata-group-dials-taiwan-for-its-chipmaking-ambition-in-gujarats-dholera/
Anny Serafina Love - Letter of Recommendation by Kellen Harkins, MS.AnnySerafinaLove
This letter, written by Kellen Harkins, Course Director at Full Sail University, commends Anny Love's exemplary performance in the Video Sharing Platforms class. It highlights her dedication, willingness to challenge herself, and exceptional skills in production, editing, and marketing across various video platforms like YouTube, TikTok, and Instagram.
LA HUG - Video Testimonials with Chynna Morgan - June 2024Lital Barkan
Have you ever heard that user-generated content or video testimonials can take your brand to the next level? We will explore how you can effectively use video testimonials to leverage and boost your sales, content strategy, and increase your CRM data.🤯
We will dig deeper into:
1. How to capture video testimonials that convert from your audience 🎥
2. How to leverage your testimonials to boost your sales 💲
3. How you can capture more CRM data to understand your audience better through video testimonials. 📊
Part 2 Deep Dive: Navigating the 2024 Slowdownjeffkluth1
Introduction
The global retail industry has weathered numerous storms, with the financial crisis of 2008 serving as a poignant reminder of the sector's resilience and adaptability. However, as we navigate the complex landscape of 2024, retailers face a unique set of challenges that demand innovative strategies and a fundamental shift in mindset. This white paper contrasts the impact of the 2008 recession on the retail sector with the current headwinds retailers are grappling with, while offering a comprehensive roadmap for success in this new paradigm.
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1. 1
WTO
Overview and Basic Principles
Md. Hafizur Rahman
Director General (Additional Secretary)
WTO Cell, Ministry of Commerce
hafiz_maisoon@yahoo.com
Mobile: +8801711861056
2. 2
Background: Initiation of GATT 1947
•After the Second World War, when two other
organizations World Bank and IMF were created, an
initiative was taken to create an International Trade
Organization (ITO) to ensure fairness in world trade
•At that time 23 countries among those who were
negotiating for ITO concluded the General Agreement on
Tariffs & Trade (GATT)
•The GATT was in fact a provisional agreement
3. 3
Initiation of GATT
•However, since the initiative of establishing ITO was
failed, the GATT continued to exist as the multilateral
instrument governing international trade from 1948
until the establishment of the WTO in 1995
•The GATT developed rules for a multilateral trading
system (MTS) through a series of trade negotiations or
rounds.
•From 1947 to 1994, the GATT Members organized
eight rounds of negotiations.
4. 4
GATT ERA
•The early rounds dealt mainly with tariff
reductions on goods, but later rounds
included other areas, such as, anti-dumping
and non-tariff barriers.
•The last round lasted from 1986 to 1994 and
is generally known as the "Uruguay Round"
which led to the creation of the WTO in
1995
6. 6
WTO
The WTO is :
(1) An Organization for trade liberalization
(2) A forum for trade negotiations
(3) A set of international trade rules
(4) A place for settling disputes
7. 7
Objectives of the WTO
• Raising living standards
• Ensuring full employment
• Ensuring a large and steadily growing
volume of real income and effective demand,
and
• Expanding the production of trade in goods
and services, while allowing for the optimal
use of the world’s resources in accordance
with the objectives of sustainable
developments
8. 8
Functions of the WTO
• Administering trade agreements
• Serving as a forum for trade negotiations
• Settling trade disputes
• Reviewing members’ trade policies
• Ensuring greater coherence in global
economic policy-making, including
cooperation between IMF and World Bank
• Providing technical assistance (TA) to
developing country members
9. 9
Principles of the WTO
(i) Most-Favoured-Nation Principle:
Treating all countries equally
(ii) National Treatment Principle : Treating
foreign goods and local goods equally
(iii) General Prohibition of Quantitative
Restrictions (QRs)
(iv) Transparency
10. 10
WTO Members
• Currently 164 countries are members of the
WTO and many more are in the process of
accession
• All the Members are divided into three
groups – developed, developing and least
developed countries (LDCs)
• LDCs are those which are designated so by
the United Nations
• In the WTO context, developed countries are
self designated as developed countries and
rest are developing countries
11. 11
Differences between GATT and WTO
The GATT was a temporary system
without any definite organizational
structure
The WTO is a permanent body with
specific structural organization
GATT covered only trade in goods
The WTO system included trade in
services, IPR and an well-defined dispute
settlement system.
12. 12
WTO Agreements
• WTO has agreements can be categorized as:
(i) Umbrella Agreement
(ii) Trade in Goods (GATT)
(iii) Trade in Services (GATS)
(iv) Trade Related Intellectual Property Rights TRIPS)
(v) Dispute Settlement Understanding
(vi) Trade Policy Review Mechanism
35. 35
Organizational structure of the WTO
Ministerial Conference :
•The Ministerial Conference is the topmost
decision making body in the WTO
•It is composed by representatives of all WTO
members and shall meet at least once every two
years
•The Ministerial Conference may take decisions on
all matters under all multilateral WTO Agreements
36.
37. 37
Organizational structure of the WTO
Ministerial Conference :
•The Ministerial Conference is the
topmost decision making body in the
WTO
•It is composed by representatives of all
WTO members and shall meet at least
once every two years
•The Ministerial Conference may take
decisions on all matters under all
multilateral WTO Agreements
38. 38
Organizational structure of the WTO
General Council :
•The second tier in the decision making structure of the
WTO is the General Council, which is also formed by
representatives from all Member Counties, usually
Ambassadors and Permanent Representatives based in
Geneva.
•It adapts decisions on behalf of the Ministerial
Conference on all WTO affairs when the Conference is
not in session
•It also meets as the Trade Policy Review Body (TPRB)
and the Dispute Settlement Body (DSB)
39. 39
Organizational structure of the WTO
Councils
•In the third level there are three subsidiary councils –
•Goods Council – for Trade in Goods
•GATS Council – for Trade in Services
•TRIPS Council – for Trade Related Aspects of
Intellectual Property Rights
•They consist of all WTO Members and have
subsidiary bodies.
40. 40
Decision making process in the WTO
• The WTO continues GATT’s tradition of making decisions
not by voting but by consensus. Where consensus is not
possible, the WTO Agreement allow for voting.
• Decisions of Ministerial Conference and General Council
shall be taken by the majority of the votes cast and on the
basis of “one country one vote”
• The Agreement Establishing the WTO envisages four
specific situations involving voting :
(a) interpretation of the multilateral trade agreements,
(b) decisions on waiver,
(c) decisions to amend the provisions of the multilateral trade
agreements, and
(d) decisions to admit new members.
41. 41
Doha Round Negotiations
•After establishment of the WTO, the first
round of negotiations has been started in 2001
during the Ministerial Conference held in
Doha
•This round of negotiations is known as Doha
Round negotiations
•This round is also called development round as
it is focused on development issues
42. 42
Importance of Doha Round
•Doha Round negotiation is very important as this is the
first round after the creation of the WTO aimed at
achieving further liberalization in trade in goods and
services
•Another objective of this Round is to complete many
unfinished tasks of Uruguay Round through which the
WTO has been established
43. 43
Main negotiating issues
The main areas of negotiations are –
• NAMA (Non Agricultural Market Access)
• Agriculture
• Services
• While these are the main negotiating issues, other issues like, trade
facilitation, TRIPS, etc are also in the negotiating package.
44. 44
Negotiating issues
• NAMA Negotiations are actually aimed at
reducing tariffs of industrial (non-
agricultural) products
• Various flexibility options for different groups
of countries are also under consideration.
• Other issues relating to tariff reductions are
also in the negotiating package.
45. 45
Negotiating issues
• Agriculture negotiations have been going on with a view
to
(i) reducing trade-distorting domestic supports,
(ii) phasing out all forms of export subsidies and
(iii) improving market access conditions through tariff
reductions
• The ultimate objective of agriculture negotiations is to
reduce all sorts of trade distorting elements and maintain
fair and rational system in trade in agriculture products.
46. 46
Negotiating issues
• Negotiations on trade in services are going
on in the following areas –
• Market access through request-offer
approach
• Domestic regulations
• Rules
• The objective of the negotiations is to have more openings in
different modes and sectors of services for better market access
and to have better disciplines and predictability in domestic
regulations and rules relating to trade in services.
47. 47
Bangladesh as a founder member
• Bangladesh is founder member of the WTO and
has been actively participating in all the
activities of the WTO, including negotiations
• As an LDC, Bangladesh is entitled to receive
S&D (special & differential) treatment where
applicable
• Bangladesh has been working to take the full
advantage from the opportunities evolving in
the multilateral trading system under the WTO
48. Trade Related Benefits for LDCs:
1. Preferential Market Access for Goods with flexible Rules
of Origin
2. Preferential Market Access for Services
3. Transition Period for Intellectual Property Rights
4. Domestic Support Mechanism
5. Dispute Settlement
49. Trade Related Benefits
1. Given under WTO Regime &
2. LDC Specific S&DT in the BTAs and RTAs
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
S&DTs in the WTO Agreements:
• Total S&DT Provisions 145 (171)
• Total LDC Specific Provisions 23
51. 1. Preferential Market Access
A. Generalized System of Preference (GSP)
• Differential and More Favourable Treatment, Reciprocity and
Fuller Participation of Developing Countries
• (28 November 1979)
•“Enabling Clause”
• All the Developed Countries Provides duty free market access
for goods originated from developing countries including LDCs.
52. 1. Preferential Market Access
B. Duty Free and Quota Free (DFQF) Market Access for
Least Developed Countries
Hong Kong Ministerial Declaration-Annex F: Para-36
•Developed country Members shall, and developing
country Members in a position to do so should:
•(a)(i) Provide DFQF market access on a lasting basis
for all products originating from all LDCs by 2008 or
no later than the start of the implementation period…
53. LDC-Specific Preference Schemes (GSP and DFQF)
Source: Based on WTO Secretariat Note
WT/COMTD/LDC/W/67.
Preference
granting
Member
Duty-free tariff line coverage (and major
exclusions)
Export in 2019
Australia 100% 0.784 Billion
Canada 98.5% (dairy and other animal products,
meat, meat preparations, cereal
products)
1.5 Billion
European Union 99.8% (arms and ammunition) 21.54 Billion
Iceland
(2018)
91.8% (meat, food preparations, vegetables,
dairy and other animal products,
plants and trees)
0.012 Billion
54. LDC-Specific Preference Schemes (GSP and
DFQF)
Source: Based on WTO Secretariat Note
WT/COMTD/LDC/W/67.
Preference granting
Member
Duty-free tariff line coverage (and major
exclusions)
Export in 2019
Japan (2018) 97.8% (fish and crustaceans, footwear, milling
products, cereal products, sugar)
1.5 Billion
New Zealand 100% 0.112 Billion
Norway 100%
Russian Federation 61.4% (transport vehicles, machinery and
mechanical appliances, beverages, iron and
steel products, electrical machinery, meat
products, articles of wood)
0.983 Billion
Switzerland 100% 0.616 Billion
United States of
America (2018)
82.4% (apparel and clothing, cotton, fibres,
footwear, dairy and other animal products)
6.9 Billion
55. LDC-specific Preference Schemes
Source: Based on WTO Secretariat Note
WT/COMTD/LDC/W/67.
Preference
granting Member
Duty-free tariff line coverage (and major
exclusions)b
Export in 2019
Armenia (2016) 43.9% (electrical machinery, chemicals, iron and
steel products, alcoholic beverages)
16.2 Million
Chile (2018) 99.5% (cereals, sugar, milling products) 143 Million
China (2017) 96.6% (chemicals, transport vehicles, machinery and
mechanical appliances, electrical machinery, paper)
1.03 Billion
India (2016) 94.1% (plastics, coffee and tea, alcoholic beverages,
tobacco, food residues)
1.2 Billion
Kazakhstan 62.9% (vehicles, machinery, beverages, articles of
iron and steel)
34.6 Million
Korea, Republic of 89.9% (fish and crustaceans, mineral fuels, oil seeds
and oleaginous fruits, wood products, vegetables)
370 Million
56. LDC-specific Preference Schemes
Source: Based on WTO Secretariat Note
WT/COMTD/LDC/W/67.
Preference
granting Member
Duty-free tariff line coverage (and major
exclusions)b
Montenegro 93.9% (fish and crustaceans, alcoholic beverages,
meat and dairy products)
Chinese Taipei 30.8% (machinery and mechanical appliances,
chemicals, electrical machinery, fish and
crustaceans, plastics)
Tajikistan (2017) 3.7% (Duty-free access includes machinery, glass
products, petroleum products)
Thailand (2017) 71.0% (transport vehicles, electrical machinery,
machinery and mechanical appliances, iron and steel
products, apparel and clothing)
Turkey (2016) 80.5% (iron and steel products, fish and crustaceans,
food preparations, meat, oil seeds and oleaginous
fruits)
57. 1. Preferential Market Access
C. Flexible Rules of Origin
Nairobi Decision on Preferential Rules of Origin for LDCs
1. For ad valorem based calculation method:
• Non originated material up to 75% (25% Local Content)
• Freight and Insurance not included to the inputs from other
countries
• Equivalent treatment to methods other than ad valorem
58. 1. Preferential Market Access
C. Flexible Rules of Origin
Nairobi Decision
2. For Change of Tariff Classification Method:
• Simple Change of Tariff Heading and Sub-heading
• For HS 61 and 62 –From fabric into finished products (single stage
transformation)
• For Chemical- Chemical reaction that forms a new chemical identity.
• For Agro-products – Raw agriculture products to processed products
• For Machinery and Electronics- Assembling from parts to finished products
Avoid combination of two or more criteria for the same product
3. Cumulation: sourcing from export destination, region or adjacent countries.
59. 2. Preferential Market Access for Services
Preferential Treatment to Services and Service Suppliers of
Least-developed Countries (Decision of 17 December 2011)
“Any preferential treatment accorded pursuant to this Waiver shall
be designed to promote the trade of least-developed countries in
those sectors and modes of supply that are of particular export
interest to the least-developed countries.”
• 26 Members notified their preferential schemes
• Service waiver will be available for LDCs till 2030.
• Preferential market access for services and services suppliers of
LDCs will no longer be available after graduation.
60. 2. Preferential Market Access Services
Special and Differential Treatment in
General Agreement on Trade in Services (GATS)
Flexibilities in Schedule of Specific Commitments
Average commitments among 160 subsectors:
• LDCs made commitment in 34 sub-sectors
• Developing Members- 44 sub-sectors and
• Developed countries-105 sub-sectors
• Acceding LDCs have undertaken higher level of commitments
61. 2. Preferential Market Access Services
26 Countries notified the service preferential schemes
Notifying
Member
Date of notification Notifying Member Date of notification
Australia 29-May-15 Korea, Rep. of 10-Jul-15
Brazil 04-Nov-15 Liechtenstein 30-Nov-15
Canada 14-Dec-15 Mexico 20-Aug-15
Chile 08-Oct-15 New Zealand 28-Jul-15
China 22-Jul-15 Norway 25-Jun-15
European
Union
16-Nov-15 Panama 4-May-17
Hong Kong,
China
24-Jul-15 Singapore 24-Jul-15
Iceland 09-Oct-15 South Africa 02-Dec-15
India 29-Sep-15 Switzerland 30-Jul-15
Japan 31-Jul-15 Chinese Taipei 24-Jul-15
Korea, Rep. of 10-Jul-15 Thailand 17-Feb-16
Liechtenstein 30-Nov-15 Turkey 14-Jun-16
62. 3. Transition Period for Intellectual Property Rights
Intellectual Property Rights:
1. Copy rights
2. Trade marks
3. Patent and industrial design
4. Textile design
5. Geographical Indication
63. 3. Transition Period for Intellectual Property Rights
Agreement on Trade Related Aspects of Intellectual
Property Rights (TRIPS)
1. General Transition Period till 1 July 2021
2. Patent protection transition and waiver for pharmaceutical products
(01 January 2033)
3. Technology Transfer (Article 66.2)
65. 4. Domestic Support Mechanism (Subsidies)
Subsidy defined as asupport programme, measure, incentive etc., which
constitutes-
• a financial contribution
• by a government or any public body within the territory of a member
• conferring a benefit to the recipient
• Prohibited Subsidies : Not allowed
• Actionable Subsidies : Conditional
• Non-actionable Subsidies : Fully allowed
•
66. 4. Domestic Support Mechanism (Subsidies)
• LDCs are exempted from prohibition of actionable subsidies including export subsidies
for non-agricultural products (Article 27.2 and Annex VII(a))
• Developing Members which are listed in Annex VII(b) are also exempt from this
prohibition until their GNI per capita reaches USD 1,000 in constant 1990 dollars
• The 2001 Doha Ministerial Decision on Implementation-Related Issues and Concerns clarified that a
Member would remain listed in Annex VII(b) until its GNI per capita reached US$1,000 in constant 1990
dollars for three consecutive years (Art. 10.1)
• Re-inclusion if GNI falls to US$ 1000 (yearly assessment)
• In 2017 Bangladesh had GNI US$ 587 (Constant 1990 dollar), in 1990 it was US$ 210
• If the Member's share in world trade of a product is at least 3.25% for two consecutive years then it lose
the flexibility for export subsidy (Article 27.5, 27.6 ).
67. Annex VII of SCM Agreement: Developing Country Members Referred to in
Paragraph 2(A) of Article 27
The developing country Members not subject to the provisions of paragraph 1(a) of
Article 3 under the terms of paragraph 2(a) of Article 27 are:
(a) Least-developed countries designated as such by the United Nations which are
Members of the WTO.
(b) Each of the following developing countries which are Members of the WTO
shall be subject to the provisions which are applicable to other developing country
Members according to paragraph 2(b) of Article 27 when GNP per capita has
reached $1,000 per annum: Bolivia, Cameroon, Congo, Côte d'Ivoire, Dominican
Republic, Egypt, Ghana, Guatemala, Guyana, India, Indonesia, Kenya, Morocco,
Nicaragua, Nigeria, Pakistan, Philippines, Senegal, Sri Lanka and Zimbabwe.
4. Domestic Support Mechanism (Subsidies)
68. 4. Domestic Support (Subsidies) for Agro-Products
LDCs benefits-
• No reduction commitments
• No change in commitment after graduation
• But such facilities will not be available in
future negotiation
69. Challenges under Agreement on Agriculture
3. Export Competition:
Nairobi Decision 2015
LDCs and NFIDCs enjoy more favourable treatment
than other developing countries in three areas.
• Firstly, LDCs and NFIDCs can provide certain export
subsidies (i.e. subsidies to reduce the costs of
marketing exports, costs of international transport
and freight as well as internal transport and freight
charges) until 2030.
70. Challenges under Agreement on Agriculture
3. Export Competition:
Nairobi Decision 2015
• Secondly, the LDCs and NFIDCs also enjoy S&DT
over and above other developing countries in the area
of export financing support.
(36 to 54 Months for LDCs instead of 18 months for
developing countries)
71. Challenges under Agreement on Agriculture
3. Export Competition:
Nairobi Decision 2015
• Graduating LDCs can continue to benefit from these
additional transition periods and flexibilities after
graduation if they remain included in the WTO list of
NFIDCs.
• Graduating LDCs have apply to the COA for inclusion
in the NFIDC list.
72. Special and Differential Treatment Under Various WTO
Agreements
WTO Trade Facilitation Agreement
• Commitments classified as A, B and C
• LDCs have an additional year to implement category A and B
commitments
• LDCs have longer periods to notify their implementation dates for category B and C
commitments
• The LDCs have to submit their last implementation notifications by 22
August 2022 for category C.
• LDCs also benefit from longer grace periods for dispute settlement – 6
years for category A (Developing 2 Years) commitments and 8 years for
category B and C (No grace period for developing countries) "due
restraint“
73. Special and Differential Treatment Under Various
WTO Agreements
WTO Trade Facilitation Agreement
• After graduation, LDC-specific timeline for submitting the
implementation notifications will not be available while the
transition periods for developing countries had already lapsed
• LDC-specific grace-periods for dispute settlement will not be
available
• If a new implementation date is longer than four years than
original notification date, it needs to be approved by the
Committee (Article 19)
74. LDC Specific Grace Period for Dispute
Settlement (Article 20) under TFA
Catego
ry
LDC Members
Developing Country
Members
A 6 years 2 years
B 8 years N/A
C 8 years N/A
Source: TFA Facility, https://www.tfadatabase.org, accessed 20 September 2019
75. Special and Differential Treatment Under Various WTO Agreements
Understanding on Rules and Procedures Governing the
Settlement of Disputes (DSU)
• Article 24.1: WTO Members to exercise ‘due restraint’ in bringing up
cases involving LDC Members and in asking for compensation or seeking
authorization to suspend the application of concessions or other
obligations against an LDC Member.
• Article 24.2: Use of good offices, conciliation or mediation of the Director
General or the Chair of the Dispute Settlement Body, upon request by an
LDC Member, before the establishment of a panel.
• To date, there has been no cases brought against LDCs.
86. What are we doing…
Lets take a look at the loosing issues…
1. Preferential Market Access for Goods with flexible Rules of Origin
2. Transition Period for Intellectual Property Rights
3. Preferential Market Access for Services
4. Domestic Support Mechanism
5. Dispute Settlement
87. What are we doing…
1. Preferential Market Access for Goods with flexible Rules of Origin
a. A motivated request has been place in the LDC group for continuing LDC
related transition period, waiver and other flexibilities for at least ten years after
graduation.
b. Gradual phasing out has also been requested in the submission
c. A reversal clause has also been included in the submission
d. PTA with Bhutan and Nepal is at final stage
e. Discussion and feasibility study is going on for FTA/CEPA with India, China, Sri
Lanka, Malaysia, Thailand, ASEAN and Japan
88. What are we doing…
2. Transition Period for Intellectual Property Rights
a. A dully motivated requested has been submitted to TRIPS Council on
07 October 2020 and was discussed in the TRIPS Council Meeting
held on 15 October 2020 with 12 years extended transition period for
graduating LDCs. Positive response is expected.
b. A request has been placed on behalf of the LDCs to enjoy the full
benefits of transition period as declared during LDC status (01 January
2033) even after graduation.
89. What are we doing…
Lets take a look at the loosing issues…
3. Preferential Market Access for Services
A request has been placed on behalf of the LDCs to
enjoy the full benefits of transition period as declared
during LDC status (2030) even after graduation.
90. Lets take a look at the loosing issues…
4. Domestic Support Mechanism
A submission was made in 2018 in the WTO to
remove the missing link in Annex VII of SCM
Agreement so that graduating LDCs can be included
in the list automatically if their GNI per capita
remain within US$ 1000. Negotiation is going on.
91. Lets take a look at the loosing issues…
5. Dispute Settlement
A request has been placed on behalf of the LDCs to extend the
flexibilities for at least ten years from the date of graduation.
Capacity building activities are going on to face the Trade
Remedy investigations (Antidumping, Countervailing,
Safeguard) initiated by the trading partners.
93. Policy Approaches
• Initiatives to get GSP+ (6.5% import threshold+ Minimum
working age, good governance, compliance, 27 conventions)
• Enhance productivity of the private sector to become more
competitive
• Social compliance: workers rights and working environment
• Development of port capacities and infrastructure
• Awareness of the private sector
• Develop API Capacities
• Ease of doing business
• Quality improvement
• IP enforcement
94. Negotiation Components
•Negotiating with WTO Members for Extension of
TRIPS Transition Period until 2033 for the newly
graduated LDCs
•Continue EU EBA for another 03 years. (However,
not granted. Current GSP scheme will expire in
2023)
•Inclusion Bangladesh at the Annex VII list of WTO
Subsidies Agreement
•GSP plus negotiation
•Signing FTAs
95. Way Forward
Concerted efforts are to be taken for obtaining GSP+ in
EU
Initiate FTA/RTA negotiations with potential countries
Diversifying export baskets & diversifying Markets
Enhancing productivities
Ensure better compliance in factories
Enhancing overall trade-related capacity
96. Way Forward
• There is no explicit theoretical framework for LDC
graduation. Bangladesh will have to develop its own.
• Graduation may increase FDI, but needs strong
professionalism and conducive economic and political
regime in attracting FDI.
• Graduation should be accompanied with
• Structural shifts towards high value added industries
• Strengthening governance
• Mobilizing domestic resources
• Develop infrastructure
• Investment in human development
• Improvement in ease of doing business
97. Thank You for Patience
Hearing
WTO Cell, Ministry of Commerce
BFTI 26 May 2016