The document provides an overview of web technology fundamentals, including the characteristics of the web, how it works, its evolution, and key components like web servers, applications, and services. It outlines the historical development from Web 1.0 to the present Web 3.0, highlighting significant advancements such as HTML5 and mobile-first design. Additionally, it explains essential web concepts such as HTTP, URLs, and DNS, detailing their roles in web communication.

1. INTRODUCTION TO WEB TECHNOLOGY
BY:
IORLAHA, SAMUEL KEHEM
2024

2. Course Overview
• Introduction to the Fundamentals of the Web;
• Understanding Web Technologies and
Concepts
• Building Basic Web Pages using HTML, CSS,
and JavaScript

3. What is the Web?
• The web, short for World Wide Web (WWW),
is a system of interlinked hypertext
documents accessed through the internet.
• It's a fundamental component of the internet,
enabling users to access, share, and interact
with information using web browsers.

4. Key Characteristics
• Hypertext: Text with links to other texts, images,
videos, or multimedia content.
• Web Pages: Documents containing information, linked
together.
• Web Browsers: Software applications (e.g., Google
Chrome, Mozilla Firefox) to access and display web
pages.
• HTTP/HTTPS: Protocols governing communication
between browsers and servers.
• URLs (Uniform Resource Locators): Unique addresses
for web pages (e.g., (link unavailable)).

5. How the Web Works?
• Users request web pages using URLs.
• Web browsers send HTTP/HTTPS requests to
servers.
• Servers process requests and send relevant
web pages.
• Browsers render and display web pages.

6. Components & Evolution
• Components of the Web:
1. Web servers: Store and serve web pages.
2. Web applications: Dynamic websites providing interactive
services (e.g., social media, online banking).
3. Web services: APIs enabling data exchange between applications.
• Evolution:
1. Web 1.0 (1990s): Static, read-only content.
2. Web 2.0 (2000s): Interactive, user-generated content (social
media, blogs).
3. Web 3.0 (present): Semantic web, focusing on data integration,
AI, and machine learning.

7. History of the Web
• Pre-Web (1960s-1980s)
1. ARPANET (1969): First network, precursor to the internet.
2. TCP/IP (1983): Internet Protocol Suite developed.
3. Domain Name System (DNS) (1985): Introduced domain
names
• The Web's Birth (1989-1991)
1. Tim Berners-Lee (1989): Invented the World Wide Web.
2. HTTP (Hypertext Transfer Protocol) (1990): Developed.
3. HTML (Hypertext Markup Language) (1990): Created.
4. First web browser (1990): WorldWideWeb.
5. First web server (1990): Installed at CERN.

8. Web History Continues…
• Modern Web (2010-Present)
1. HTML5 (2014): New standard for web development
2. Responsive web design (2010)
3. Mobile-first approach
4. Cloud computing and storage
5. Artificial intelligence and machine learning
integration
6. Web 3.0: Semantic web, block chain, and
decentralized networks

9. Web Basics (HTTP, URL, DNS)
• HTTP (Hypertext Transfer Protocol)
1. Protocol for transferring data over the web
2. Request-response model:
- Client (browser) sends request
- Server responds with data
3. HTTP methods:
- GET (retrieve data)
- POST (send data)
- PUT (update data)
- DELETE (delete data)
4. HTTP status codes:
- 200 (OK)
- 404 (Not Found)
- 500 (Internal Server Error)

10. Web Basics Continues(URL)
URL (Uniform Resource Locator)
• Address of a web resource (web page, image, etc.)
• Format: protocol://domain/path?query#fragment
• Components:
- Protocol (http/https)
- Domain ((samikvtu.com.ng))
- Path (/ dashboard1/login)
- Query (?name=John)
- Fragment (#top)

11. Web Basics Continues(DNS)
DNS (Domain Name System)
• Translates domain names to IP addresses
• Hierarchical system:
- Root DNS servers
- Top-level domains (TLDs) (.com, .org)
- Domain names ((e.g: Samikvtu.com.ng))
• DNS resolution process:
- Browser sends DNS query
- DNS resolver finds IP address
- Browser connects to IP address

12. How they Work Together (Web Basics)
• User enters URL in browser
• Browser sends DNS query to resolve domain name
• DNS resolver returns IP address
• Browser sends HTTP request to IP address
• Server processes request and sends response
• Browser displays received data
• Additional Concepts
1. IP addresses: Unique numbers identifying devices
2. Ports: Numbers identifying services (e.g., HTTP port 80)
3. SSL/TLS: Encryption protocols for secure connections (https)

13. Web Browsers and Search Engines