Programming involves developing programs by specifying computational steps in a programming language. An algorithm is a logical list of steps to solve a problem. Developing good algorithms involves specifying clear input/output, variables, and ensuring the algorithm terminates in a finite number of steps. Flowcharts provide a pictorial representation of algorithm steps and are useful for explaining programs. A computer program consists of instructions provided to the computer to solve a problem.

2. What is programming ?
 A set of instruction to solve the problem or the
specification of the sequence of computational
steps in a particular programming language is
called program. The task of developing programs is
called programming .

3. What is algorithm ?
 A logical and concise list of steps required to
solve a problem is called algorithm.
 Languagically representation of the various
steps involved in solving problem is called
algorithm.

4. Points for developing algorithm
 Every procedure should carefully specify the
input & output requirements.
 Meaning of variable should be clearly
defined.
 Easy to understand and can be implemented
in any program language.
 It should terminate after a binite number of
operations.

5. Flowchart
 A flowchart is pictorial representations of
step by step solution of a program.
 Symbolically representations various steps
include in solving problem is called flowchart.

6. Flowchart symbols
 Terminal box :-
include start/stop box
----------------------------------------------------------------
 Processing box:-
straight forward computation
arraignment operation .

7.  Input/output box :-
Used for input data &
giving result in output
merrage.
----------------------------------------------------------------------
-
. Internal sub-routine:-
represents predefined
module .

8.  Decision box :- to chosen between
two three blanching leading other
part of flowchart
-------------------------------------------------------------------
-----
Flow lines:- used to connect different
boxes & indicates direction of flow.
-------------------------------------------------------------------
----
Connectors:- connects different
parts of flowchart.

9. Benefits of using
flowcharts.
 Being a pictorial representations they are
easier to understand .
 We can review our logic & debug the program
with the help of flowcharts.
 Easy to explain a program or discuss the
solution .
 It separates the logic development &
program syntax.

10. Computer program
 The set of instructions that is provided to the
computer to solve the problem is called as
program.

11. Components of a program
 Comment entry:- An entry following the symbol //
indicates a comment entry , and used to specify a
comment it increases readability and clarity of a
program for documentation purpose .
 Program name:- program are indicates name of the
program.
 Decimeters:- ‘{‘&’}’ indicates beginning and ending mark
of the program.
 Sentences:- each line of a program is a sentence.
 Sentence terminator:- each statement is to be
terminated with a semicolon (;) which is called sentence
terminator.
 Keywords:- words used for specific purpose in program.

12. Characteristic variable in a
program
 The program should be able to provide accurate &
variable output .
 The program should be variable ie it should continue
to work accurately over a period of time .
 Program should be able to manage the resources
efficiently .
 Structure of the program should allow further
modification it required without changing the
previous written code.
 Program should be readable .

13. Programming paradigm
 The systematic and organized principle of
writing a program is called as programming
paradigm . There are different types of
programming paradigms.

14. Procedural programming
 In this approach , the problem is viewed as a
sequence of things to be done as reading ,
calculating & printing . The principle of this
programming is “ decide which procedure
you want ; use the best algorithm you can
find”.

15. General model of procedure-
oriented programming depicts the
following characteristics .
 Emphases is on doing things .
 Global data is loosely available to all function.
 Data more openly around the system from
function to function.

16. Drawbacks of procedure oriented
approach.
 It is unstructured which gives result generally in
composed code , which is difficult to understand &
maintain .
 In a large program it is very difficult to identity what
data is used by which function.
 Due to its open availability , global data are more
vulnerable .
 It does not encourage reusability of code.

17. Structured approach
 Structured programming is process in which we
break the overall program into separate pieces of
modules . The program will more complex when
branching and looping are used then this
procedures is used to make them less error and
much easier to debug.
Structuring a program helps to break it down into
under stable chunks .

18. Advantage of structured approach
 Modification of enhancement in programs becomes
much easier due to reduction in the main problem .
 It adds the concept of hierarchies and modules with
single entry and exit points.
 Decreases debugging time .
 Allows several programmers to code
simultaneously.
 Sequence , selection , iteration are basic
construction of structed programming .

19. Modular approach
 A system or program is considered modular if it
consists of direct modules so that each modules can
be separately implemented . And a change in one
module has minimal impact on other modules .
{ module is a logically separable part of a program or
a set of related procedures with the data they
manipulate is called module . It can be a macro , a
function , a procedure , a process or a package .} .
This approach is based upon this principle .
“ Decide which module you want ; partition the
program so that data is hidden in modules .”
cont.1

20. Cont.2
Under this approach a program can be logically
separated into following functional module :-
1). Initialization
2). Input
3). Input data validation
4). Processing
5). Output
6). Error handling
7). Closing procedure

21. Advantage of modular approach
 Testing of individual modules in isolation makes
easier to find errors .
 Modules can be kept separately In a library & used
any where in the program without reverting them .
 A module can use other modules .
 The documentation of a large program is simplified
by the documentation of individual modules .
 It save development time .

22. Top down approach
 A top down design approach start by
identifying the major modules of the program
i.e. decomposing them into their low level
modules & repeating until the desired level of
details is achieved first the main module is
implemented & then their subroutine and so.
on .

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