The document discusses various topics related to the internet and social media. It defines internet as a vast collection of interconnected networks that allow sharing of data. It explains key concepts like the world wide web, internet protocols, domain name system, IP addresses, electronic mail, browsers, search engines, and social media platforms. It provides advantages and disadvantages of social media and discusses privacy issues associated with social media use.

1. MODULE 1

2. Subject Objectives:
To understand cyber space, social media in cyber space,
advantages, disadvantages, ITAct 2000/2008, Digital Signature,
Electronic Signature, e-commerce, and e-governance

3. Unit I: Basics of internet, www, http, html, DNS, IP Address,
electronic mail, web browsers, search engines, social media:
Twitter, Facebook, YouTube, WhatsApp, LinkedIn, advantages,
disadvantages, Privacy issues

4. Basics of internet
The Internet is a powerful, all though sometimes intimidating, tool for research, communication,
and more.
WHAT IS INTERNET?
The Internet is defined as a vast collection of inter connected networks across the web. It is a
‘network of networks’.
These networks are:
• Interconnected
• Capable of communicating and sharing data with each other • Able to act together as a single
network

5. World Wide Web (WWW)
It is a set of the computers on the Internet that are
connected to one another in a specific way that makes
them and their contents easily accessible to each other.

6. Internet requires
1.Web server
2. Browser
3. Router
4. Protocol
5. Internet service provider

7. Web server
It supports the client computers of its own network and establishes connectivity to answer the
Browser
A browser or web browser is a software application designed to find the web pages and open

8. Browsers are of two types –
1) Graphical browsers that allow the user to access text as well as video and audio links in GUI
2) Text browsers that provide access to the web in text-only mode. Internet Explorer and
commonly used browsers in GUI environment.

9. Router
The core of the internet is the set of backbone connections that tie
networks together and router controls the way each piece of data
Router is responsible for sending packets of data through one or
reach the appropriate server and are reassembled.

10. Protocol
Each computer connected to the Internet uses the same set of rules and
procedures to control timing and data format.
These are called Protocols.
Most commonly used protocols for internet are Transmission Control
Protocol/Internet Protocol (TCP/IP).

11. Internet service provider (ISP)
It is an organization which connects user’s
computer to the internet by providing the
required software.

12. WHAT IS A PROTOCOL AND HTTP?
Protocol: A Protocol is a standard procedure for defining and regulating communication.
For example HTTP
HTTP is the foundation of data communication for the World Wide Web.
The HTTP is the Web’s application-layer protocol for transferring various forms of data between server and
client like
1) plaintext
2) hypertext
3) image
4) videos and sounds .

13. HOW HTTP WORKS?
 HTTP is implemented in two programs:
1) A client program and a server program, executing on different end systems, talk to each other by
exchanging HTTP messages.
2) The HTTP client first initiates a TCP connection with the server.
3) Once the connection is established, the browser and the server processes access TCP through
their socket interfaces.

14.  The HTTP provides a standard for web browsers & servers to
communicate.
 HTTP is the foundation of data communication for the WWW.
 HTTP is an application layer network protocol built on top of
TCP.
 HTTP clients & servers communicate via HTTP request &
response message.

15. Hypertext is structured text that uses logical links(hyper
links) between nodes containing text.
HTTP is the protocol to exchange or transfer hypertext.
HTTP is called a “stateless protocol” because each
command is executed independently, without any
knowledge of the commands that came before it.

16. E.g.-when you enter a URL in your browser, this actually sends
an HTTP command to the web server directing it to fetch &
transmit the requested web page.

17. DOMAIN NAME SYSTEM
 DNS Technology Allows Hosts On TCP/IP Networks To Be Address By Its Name.
 DNS Automatically Convert The Names We Type In Our Web Browsers Address Bar To The IP Addresses
Of Web Servers Hosting Those Sites.
 DNS Include A Network Protocol for Memorizing Host Name And Addresses Through A Distributed Data
Base.
 All The Top-Level domains, delegates authority for second-level domains, and a database of registered
name servers for all second-level domains Monitored by The Network Information System(NIC).

18.  Host name assignments maintained through zone files on primary DNS server.
 Secondary DNS server gets zone file from primary server.

19.  Domain name is a way to identify and locate computers connected to internet.
 No two organizations can have same domain name.
 A domain name always consists of two or more components separated by periods called dots (.)
 EXAMPLE: www.yahoo.co.in, www.facebook.com etc.
Once a domain has been established subdomains can be created within the domain
EXAMPLE: The domain for the large company could be “Vni.com” and within this domain subdomains can be
created for each of the company’s regional office.
Eg: Bombay.vni.com

22. Top level domains are classified into 3 categories
Organizational or generic domains
Geographical or country domains
Reverse domains

26. Each domain name has a corresponding IP address
When the user types the domain name in the address bar, the corresponding IP address is supplied.
Such a translation is possible with the help of system called DNS (DOMAIN NAME SYSTEM)
DEFINITION: “DOMAIN NAME SYSTEM is a collection of the databases that contain information about
domain names and their corresponding IP address.”

27. Global Distribution
Data is maintained locally, but retrievable globally
No single computer has all DNS data
DNS lookups can be performed by any device
Remote DNS data is locally catchable to improve
performance

28. IPAddress
What is an IP address?
 An IP address is a 32-bit sequence of 1s and 0s.
 A way to identify machines on a network
 A unique identifier
 A numerical label

29. IP usage
 Used to connect to another computer.
 Allows transfers of files and e-mail

30. Electronic mail
 Email can be sent internally to members of an organization through their internal
computer network or they can be sent externally to anyone in the world by using web
based email services.
 It's very similar to the traditional mail system with post boxes, post offices, envelopes
and addresses.
The difference is that here messages are sent electronically to other computer users
via Internet, taking a fraction of the time to reach the recipient.
 Also one can send computer documents, graphics, software or anything else that can
be turned into a digital form attached to an email message.

31.  In order for messages to be sent from one computer to another, the
message needs to be converted into a digital form and forwarded to a
computer that acts as a mail server or post office.
This mail server sorts and directs mails to and from the users.
The only way this mail server can direct mail though, to all users is by
being connected to a network that all the users are also connected to.

32. Definitions
According to Merriam Webster: “A means or system for transmitting
messages electronically (as between computers on a network)”.
According to Business dictionary: “Almost instantaneous transfer of text,
voice and video messages from one computer to another, typically over
the internet”.

33. Importance
Saves Money
Saves Time
Instant Response
Regular Communication
Going Viral
No need to speak to recipient

34. Messages can be marked as urgent continued
Messages can be read as convenient
Incoming messages are saved
E-mail reduces volume of paper

35. Social Media

36.  The term social media refers to a computer-based technology that
facilitates the sharing of ideas, thoughts, and information through virtual
networks and communities.
 Social media is internet-based and gives users quick electronic
communication of content, such as personal information, documents,
videos, and photos.
Users engage with social media via a computer, tablet, or smartphone
via web-based software or applications.
 Social media is a computer-based technology that facilitates the sharing
of ideas, thoughts, and information through the building of virtual networks
and communities.

37. There are more than 4.5 billion social media users around the world.
The largest social media networks include Facebook, Instagram, Twitter,
YouTube, and TikTok.
Social media typically features user-generated content and personalized
profiles.
By 2023, the number of social media users in the United States is
forecast to increase to approximately 257 million.

38. The figures for the most popular social media websites as of
January 2021 are as follows:
1.Facebook (2.74 billion users)
2.YouTube (2.29 billion users)
3.WhatsApp (2 billion users)
4.Facebook Messenger (1.3 billion users)
5.Instagram (1.22 billion users)
6.Whatsapp (1.21 billion users)
7.TikTok (689 million users)

42. Twitter’s good for
 Linking up with a community of people who share your interests.
 Live event reporting: finding out what people are talking away from conferences, debates,
sporting events, etc., in real time

43. media?
Advantages of Social Media
1. Connectivity
2. Education
3. Information and Updates
4. Awareness
5. Share Anything with Others
6. Helps in Building Communities
7. Noble Cause
8. Mental Health

44. Advantages of Social Media for
Business
1. Brand Reputation
2. Brand Awareness
3. Customer Interaction
4. Promotion

45. Disadvantages of Social Media
1. Affects Social-Emotional Connection
2. Decreases Quick-witted Skill
3. Causing Distress to Someone’s Feelings
4. Present Physically Not Mentally
5. Lacking Understanding and Thoughtfulness
6. Lack of Family Quality Time

46. 7. Cyberbullying
8. Hacking
9. Distracted Mind
10. Facilitates Laziness
11. Addiction
12. Cheating and Relationship Issues

47. Privacy Issues OF Social Media
1. Privacy issues are very common and very dangerous for the users of these sites.
2. Issues like spamming, hacking, scamming, phishing are effecting people very
badly.
3. After the November 2013, security breach where hackers stole usernames and
passwords for nearly 2 million accounts at Facebook, Google, Yahoo, LinkedIn,
Twitter and 93,000 other websites.

48. Highest Privacy Issues
Social sites like Facebook and twitter have the highest privacy
issues.
Facebook:
Facebook has over a billion active users.
Teenagers of almost (18 to 35 age) are Facebook addicted.
Fake Profile and ID's with fake names (like Angel Pari,
Innoxent Ali, Cute girl, Decent boy, etc...) is one of biggest
problems on Facebook.

49. Strange people try to get into our profiles.
Accounts can be easily hacked by using different hacking websites.
According to the news from PC World Business Center which was
published on April 22, 2010, we can know that a hacker named Kirllos
illegally stole and sold 1.5 million Facebook IDs to some business
companies who want to attract potential customers by using
advertisements on Facebook.

50. Twitter
1. Twitter has mostly dodged privacy concerns. Facebook gets all the bad press, but the bigger threat to your
online privacy these days might be your Twitter account.
2. Twitter allows people to share information with their followers. Any messages that are not switched from the
default privacy setting are public, and thus can be viewed by anyone with a Twitter account.
3. Users can make their timelines private, but once a tweet is re-tweeted by another user, it irreversibly
becomes public.
4. Another issue involving privacy on Twitter deals with users unknowingly disclosing their information through
tweets. Twitter has location services attached to tweets, which some users don’t even know are enabled.
Many users tweet about being at home and attach their location to their tweet, revealing their personal home
address.

51. General Tips for avoiding Privacy Issues:
1. Become familiar with the privacy settings of any social website you use.
2. Don’t publicize your vacation plans.
3. Don’t share your age, place of birth, or birthday.
4. Don’t post your address, phone number or e-mail address on a social network.
5. Beware of strangers requests.
6. Always Logout your account on any social network.
7. Use cautions when using third-party applications.
8. Take additional precautions if you are the victim of stalking, harassment or domestic violence.